• Principles of Homeopathy system of medicine:
  • First principle – ‘similia similibus curenter’ ^Q : Homeopathy is system of pharmaco-dynamics based on treatment of disease by use of small amounts of a drug that, in healthy persons, produces symptoms similar to those of the disease being treated (known as ‘Human drug pathogenicity study’)
  • Second principle: Single medicine at the time of treatment
  • Third principle: Minimum dose to be used
• Founding Father of Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann^Q (Germany^Q)

 

• Ayurveda means the ‘science of life’
• Tridosha theory of disease ^Q : Disease occurs when there is disequilibrium in three doshas (humors), namely, Vata (wind), Pitta (gall) and Kapha (mucus)

 

• Siddha means ‘achievement’
• Is practiced in Tamil speaking parts in India and abroad
• Based on notion that medical treatment has to take into account the patient’s environment, age, sex, race, physiological constitution, etc.

 

• Originated from Greece^Q
• ‘Based on the humoral theory’^Q: Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
• Patient’s character: Sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and malancholic

 

• Germ theory of disease ^Q : Louis Pasteur
• Multi-factorial causation of disease: Pattenkoffer^Q
• Spontaneous generation theory: Aristotle^Q

 

• First vaccine developed ^Q : Small pox (Edward Jenner)
• Term ‘Vaccination’^Q : Edward Jenner
• Term ‘Vaccine’^Q : Louis Pasteur
• Vaccines- Anthrax, Rabies: Louis Pasteur
• First Polio Vaccine: Jonas Salk
• Penicillin (First antibiotic): Alexander Fleming^Q
• Growth Chart: David Morley^Q
• Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann
• Blood group types: Karl Landsteiner
• Citrus fruits in prevention of Scurvy: James Lind
• Transmission of Yellow fever: Walter Reed
• Life cycle of Plasmodium: Ronald Ross^Q

 

• The Canon of Medicine: Avicenna^Q
• The Book on Healing: Avicenna
• Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery: Joseph Lister^Q
• Air, Water and Places: Hippocrates^Q
• Ayurvedic Text Nidana: Madhav
• Charaka Samhita: Charaka
• Susruta Samhita: Susruta

   

• Also known as: Father of Medicine, First True Epidemiologist^Q
• Wrote book: Air, Water and Places^Q
• First physician to reject superstitions, legends and beliefs that credited supernatural or divine forces with causing illness
• Hippocratic school held that all illness was the result of an imbalance in the body of the four humors, blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm
• First to describe clubbing

 

• Wrote ‘Sushruta Samhita’
• Is also known as ‘Father of Plastic Surgery and Cosmetic Surgery’
• Is regarded as ‘Father of Indian Surgery’^Q

   

• John Snow, an English epidemiologist, studied Cholera^Q (1848-54) and established the role of drinking water in its spread (Causative agent was identified much later)
• John Snow is also known as,
  • Father of Epidemiology/Modern Epidemiology ^Q
  • Greatest doctor
• John Snow studied and calculated dosages for use of ether and chloroform as surgical anesthesia

 

• John Snow (1813-1858): Found the link between cholera and contaminated drinking water (1854 using Spot maps^Q)
• William Budd concluded that spread of typhoid was by drinking water
• Robert Koch microscopically identified V. cholerae as bacillus causing the disease (1885)
• Father of Public Health: Cholera (Father of PH is a disease, not a person)

 

• Father of (Modern) Medicine: Hippocrates^Q
• Father of Indian Medicine: Charaka^Q
• Hindu God of Medicine: Dhanvantari
• Father of (Modern) Surgery: Ambroise Pare
• Father of Indian Surgery: Sushruta^Q
• Father of Epidemiology/Modern Epidemiology: John Snow^Q
• Father of Bacteriology: Louis Pasteur^Q
• Father of Biology: Aristotle
• 47 Father of Genetics: Gregor Mendel^Q
• Father of (Modern) Anatomy: Vesalius^Q
• Father of Physiology: Claude Bernard
• Father of Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud^Q
• Father of Homeopathy: Samuel Hahneman^Q

 

• Discovered Small Pox vaccine in 1796
• Small pox vaccine was the ‘First Vaccine’ to be discovered^Q
• Small Pox is the ‘First and Only’ disease to be eradicated
• Term ‘Vaccination’ was coined by Edward Jenner

 

• Gave the ‘Germ theory of disease’
• Coined term ‘Vaccine’
• Developed ‘Vaccines for Rabies and Chicken Cholera’
• Techniques of ‘Sterilization’ and ‘Pasteurization’

   

• ISM&H (Indigenous Systems of Medicine and Homeopathy) have been now re-designated as ‘AYUSH system’ of medicine
  • Ayurveda
  • Yoga and Naturopathy
  • Unani
  • Siddha
  • Homeopathy
• Mainstreaming of AYUSH is a key component of National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) 2005-12

   

• State Medicine: Provision of free medical services to the people at government expense
• Socialized Medicine ^Q : Provision of medical service and professional education by the State (as in state medicine), but the programme is operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by government
  • Prevents competition between practitioners and clients
  • Provision of medical services supported by state government
  • Ensures social equity that is universally operated by professional health services
• Social medicine: Study of the social, economical, environmental, cultural, psychological and genetic factors, which have a bearing on health

 

• First country to socialize medicine completely ^Q : Russia
• First country to introduce compulsory sickness insurance ^Q : Germany
• First country to start family planning programme: India
• First country to start blindness control programme: India
• First country to establish finger printing bureau ^Q : India (Calcutta, 1897)

   

• Isolation’ is the separation for the period of communicability, of infected persons from others in such places/conditions as to prevent/limit transmission to those susceptible
  • It applies to persons who are known to be ill with a contagious disease
• ‘Quarantine’ (meaning “40 Days”) is the restriction of activities of apparently healthy persons who have been exposed to a case of communicable disease during its period of communicability
  • It applies to those who have been exposed to a contagious disease but who may or may not become ill
  • Quarantine was first applied for plague ^Q
  • Quarantine period for Yellow fever ^Q : 6 days (maximum IP)
  • Quarantine currently has been ‘replaced with active surveillance’

• 	Isolation	Quarantine
  Separation of	Cases	Healthy contacts of casesQ
  Done for	Cases themselves	Other persons around
  Level of Prevention Q	Secondary (Treatment)	Primary (Specific Protection)
  Duration	Till recovery (period of communicability)	Till maximum incubation periodQ

 

• Last case of smallpox in world ^Q : 26th October 1977 (Somalia)
• WHO declared global eradication of smallpox ^Q : 8th May 1980
• Last indigenous case of smallpox in India: 17th May 1975 (Bihar)
• Last known case of smallpox in India: 24th May 1975 (Importation from Bangladesh)
• India declared smallpox free: April 1977

 

• Father of Public Health: Cholera^Q
• Barometer of Social Welfare: Tuberculosis
• Slims’ Disease: HIV/AIDS^Q
• Black Sickness: Kala Azar (Leishmaniasis)^Q
• Black Death: Plague^Q
• Cerebrospinal fever: Meningococcal meningitis
• Break-bone fever: Dengue^Q
• Monkey fever/ disease: KFD (Kyasanur Forest Disease)^Q
• 5-day fever: Trench fever
• 8th day disease: Tetanus neonatorum^Q
• 100-day cough: Pertussis (Whooping cough)
• Koch’s Phenomenon: Tuberculosis^Q
• Hansen’s disease: Leprosy^Q
• Rubeola: Measles
• Rubella: German measles^Q
• Rubula: Mumps

 

Institute	Location
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)Q	Lucknow
Central Leprosy Training & Research Institute (CLTRI)	Chengalpattu
Central Research Institute	Kasauli
Haffkine Institute	Mumbai
LRS Institute of T.B & allied Diseases	New Delhi
National Tuberculosis Institute (NTI)Q	Bangalore
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)Q	Nagpur
National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)	New Delhi
National Institue of Communicable Disease(NICD)	New Delhi
National Institue of Virology (NIV)	Pune
National Institute of Nutrition (NIN)	Hyderabad
National JALMA Institute for Leprosy	Agra
Tuberculosis Research Institute (TRC)	Chennai
National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH)Q	Ahmedabad
National Institute Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS)	Bangalore

                  53    

• Founding Father of Homeopathy: Samuel Hahnemann (Germany)

• Authors of important books in Public Health:
  • The Canon of Medicine: Avicenna
  • The Book on Healing: Avicenna
  • Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery: Joseph Lister
  • Air, Water and Places: Hippocrates
  • Ayurvedic Text Nidana: Madhav
  • Charaka Samhita: Charaka
  • Susruta Samhita: Susruta

• Also known as: Father of Medicine, First True Epidemiologist
• Wrote book: Air, Water and Places

   

• Profounder of theories in Public Health:
  • Germ theory of disease: Louis Pasteur
  • Multi-factorial causation of disease: Pattenkoffer
  • Spontaneous generation theory: Aristotle

• Father of Public Health is cholera disease, not a person

• Edward Jenner discovered Smallpox vaccine in 1796
  • Smallpox vaccine was the ‘First Vaccine’ to be discovered
  • Smallpox is the ‘First and Only’ disease to be eradicated
  • Term ‘Vaccination’ was coined by Edward Jenner

  55  

• Malaria: Total cases in India annually were 1.31 million (2011)
• Yaws:
  • Causative agent is Treponema pertenue
  • ‘Yaws has been declared Eliminated from India in September 2006’.
• Leprosy:
  • ‘Leprosy Elimination was achieved in India by 31st December 2005’
  • Elimination level for Leprosy is ‘<1/10,000’
• Kala Azar:
  • Total cases in India annually were 33,133 (2011)
  • The National Health Policy (2002) had set the goal for ‘Elimination of Kala-Azar by year 2010’

 

• State Medicine: Provision of free medical services to the people at government expense
• Socialized Medicine: Provision of medical service and professional education by the State (as in state medicine), but the programme is operated and regulated by professional groups rather than by government
  • Prevents competition between practitioners and clients
  • Provision of medical services supported by state government
  • Ensures social equity that is universally operated by professional health services
• Social Medicine: Study of the social, economical, environmental, cultural, psychological and genetic factors, which have a bearing on health

• Socialized medicine cannot ensure increased utilization of health services alone; it requires ‘Community participation (Health by the people)’ also

 

• WHO declared global eradication of smallpox: 8th May 1980

 

• Theme for WBFW 2014: Breast feeding - A winning goal for life!