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Diagnosis and Management of Dermatologic Disorders (Including STDs, Leprosy, HIV and AIDS)
SK Punshi
CHAPTER 1:
Global Panorama of Dermatology including Scope of Skin Diseases in India
INTRODUCTION
THE INDIAN SCENARIO
THE WORLD STATISTICS
SCOPE OF DERMATOLOGY
SKIN CONDITIONS CAUSED BY PARASITES
STRESS AND SKIN
CHAPTER 2:
Structure of Skin
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
EPIDERMAL CELL MULTIPLICATION CYCLE
IMPORTANT CELLS OF EPIDERMIS
MELANOCYTES AND BIOLOGY OF MELANIN
EPIDERMAL APPENDAGES
Hair
Life Cycle of Hair
Nails
Structure of Nail
Functions of Nails
Sweat Glands
Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Sebaceous Glands
DERMIS
DERMOEPIDERMAL JUNCTION
CHAPTER 3:
Physiology of Skin
IMMUNOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF SKIN
EMBRYOLOGY OF SKIN
SUMMARY
ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Organs of the Immune System
Immune System Components
Antigen–Antibody Interactions Classification of Immunologic Reactions
CHAPTER 4:
Diagnosis of Dermatological Diseases
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
Primary Lesions
Secondary Lesions
Certain Dermatological Terms (Special Lesions)
Uncommon Configurations
Localization of Common Dermatoses
AIDS in Dermatological Diagnosis
CHAPTER 5:
Cutaneous Infestations: Scabies and Pediculosis
SCABIES
Clinical Features
Supportive Treatment
Control Measures to Prevent Scabies
PEDICULOSIS (LICE INFESTATION)
Pediculosis Capitis
Treatment
Pediculosis Corporis
Pediculosis Pubis
Treatment
HUMAN DEMODEX MITE: THE VERSATILE MITE OF DERMATOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
CHAPTER 6:
Cutaneous Infections with Pyogenic Bacteria
IMPETIGO (IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA)
ECTHYMA
FOLLICULITIS
FURUNCLE AND CARBUNCLE
CARBUNCLE
ACUTE PARONYCHIA
PERIPORITIS (MULTIPLE SWEAT GLAND ABSCESSES)
ERYSIPELAS AND CELLULITIS: PITTED KERATOLYSIS THERAPY OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Topical Antibiotics
Systemic Antibiotics
Summary of Treatment of Bacterial Infections
CHAPTER 7:
Cutaneous Tuberculosis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CLINICAL FEATURES
TUBERCULIDS
Treatment
CHAPTER 8:
Fungal Infections (Mycosis)
PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR (TINEA VERSICOLOR, DERMATOMYCOSIS, FURFURACEA, CHROMOPHYTOSIS)
Etiology
Treatment
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
CANDIDIASIS
Candidal Intertrigo
Clinical Manifestation
Candidal Paronychia (Chronic Paronychia)
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Manifestation
Genital Candidiasis
Oral Candidiasis
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Systemic Candidiasis
Investigations
Treatment
General Measures
Specific Treatment
Systemic Therapy
Synopsis of Candidiasis
DERMATOPHYTOSIS
Tinea Capitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
The Efficacy and Safety of Sertaconazole Cream (2%) in Diaper Dermatitis Candidiasis
Tinea Barbae
Clinical Features
Treatment
Tinea Corporis
Clinical Features
Treatment
Tinea Cruris
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Tinea Pedis and Tinea Manuum
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Clinical Features
Treatment
Treatment
Synopsis
DEEP FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Mycetoma (Madura Foot)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Sporotrichosis
Other Deep Fungal Infections
Course
CHAPTER 9:
Viral Infections
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Etiology
Clinical Features
TYPES OF VIRAL WARTS
Verruca Vulgaris (Common Warts)
Clinical Features
Verruca Vulgaris (Common Warts)
Filiform Warts (Digitate Warts)
Superficial Plantar Warts (Mosaic Warts)
Deep Palmoplantar Warts (Myrmecia)
Plane Warts (Verruca Plana)
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
Genital Warts
Course and Complications
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Corns
Treatment
Removal of Warts
OTHER VARIETIES OF WARTS
VARICELLA (CHICKENPOX, PRIMARY INFECTION WITH VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS [VZVI])
HERPES ZOSTER
Herpes Zoster (Reactivation or Secondary Attack of Infection)
Advanced Antiviral Therapy Simplifying Herpes Management
Famciclovir
Genital Herpes
Patient Profile
History
Morphology
Distribution
Complications of Herpes Zoster
Therapy
Summary
HERPES SIMPLEX
HERPES LABIALIS
HERPES GENITALIS
CHAPTER 10:
Eczemas and Dermatitis
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGIC GROUPING OF ECZEMAS
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Genetic
Immunological Mechanisms
Points of Focus
Clinical Features
Subacute
Chronic
Clinical Implication
Xerotic Eczema
Superantigens and Eczema
COMMON PATTERNS OF ECZEMA
ATOPIC ECZEMA
Azathioprine Dosed by Thiopurine-Methyltransferase Activity for Atopic Eczema
CONTACT DERMATITIS
SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS
ATOPIC DERMATITIS
Clinical Features
Adolescent and Adulthood Phase
Dignostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis
Diagnosis
Treatment
INFANTILE ECZEMA (ECZEMA IN INFANTS)
Complications
Progress of the Disease
Investigations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
General Measures
What should be Avoided?
Topical Therapy
SEBORRHEIC DERMATITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Patterns
Distribution
Investigations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Topical Treatment
Systemic Therapy
Points of Focus
IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS
Contact Sensitization in Very Young Children
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Morphology
Distribution
How to Investigate a Patient with Suspected Contact Allergy?
Treatment
POMPHOLYX
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
LICHEN SIMPLEX CHRONICUS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Topical Aspirin for Neurodermatitis
NUMMULAR (DISCOID) ECZEMA
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
STASIS ECZEMA (GRAVITATION ECZEMA)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
ASTEATOTIC ECZEMA
Prevention
DIAPER DERMATITIS
Prevention
Acute Phase
CHAPTER 11:
Disorders of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
ACNE VULGARIS
Etiology
Morphology
Treatment
Other Modalities of Therapy
Predictive Markers of Response to Isotretinoin in Female Acne
Evaluation of Self-treatment of Mild-to-moderate Facial Acne with a Blue Light Treatment System
ACNE SCARRING
Classification of Acne Scars
Treatment of Acne Scarring
Syndromes Associated with Acne
Tips for Acne Prevention
ROSACEA (ACNE ROSACEA)
PERIORAL DERMATITIS
Common Disorders of the Sweat Apparatus
CHAPTER 12:
Papulosquamous Diseases
PSORIASIS
Etiology
Pathology
Current Understanding
Morphology
Distribution
Variations in Morphology and Distribution
Sebopsoriasis
Erythrodermic Psoriasis
Pustular Psoriasis
Generalized Pustular Psoriasis
Guttate Psoriasis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Complications
Retinoids
Indications for Retinoids
Side Effects and How to Monitor Patients on Retinoids
Cyclosporin
Treatment of Severe Scalp Psoriasis from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation
Treatment Algorithm
Etiopathogenesis
HIV and Psoriasis
Phototherapy for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis
SYMPATHETIC RECEPTION
Treatment of Psoriasis
Clinical Implication
Topical Therapy
Emollients
Steroids
Coal Tar
Dithranol
Clinical Implication
Keratolytics and Humectants
Calcipotriol, Calcitriol, Tacalcitol, Maxacalcitol
Systemic Therapy
Methotrexate
PUVA Therapy
Steroids
Retinoids
Cyclosporin
Newer Evolution in Psoriasis Management
Mechanism of Action
Tazarotene Action in Psoriasis
Benefits of Tazarotene
Hair Regrowth following TNF-α Blockade in Coexisting Psoriasis Vulgaris and Alopecia Areata
Long-term Oral Azithromycin in Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
Psoriatic Arthritis is a Strong Predictor of Sleep Interference in Patients with Psoriasis
Increasing Use of More Potent Treatment for Psoriasis
Guidelines of Care for the Management of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis
Intertriginous Pustular Psoriasis
Drugs that Aggravate Acne
Topical Dapsone
Azithromycin
Pityriasis Rosea
Therapy
Lichen Planus
Patient Profile
Distribution
Therapy
Increased Serum Apelin-12 and Lipid Profile in Patients with and without Psoriasis
Planus
CHAPTER 13:
Disorders of Pigmentation
ALBINISM
VITILIGO
Clinical Profile
Morphology
Distribution
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment of Vitiligo
Recent Advances in Genetic Studies in Vitiligo
PUVA THERAPY
PUVA Therapy for Vitiligo
Side Effects of PUVA Therapy
Topical Therapy
Systemic Therapy
PUVA Therapy in Other Disorders
A Measurement of the Stigma among Vitiligo and Psoriasis Patients of India
Hyperpigmentation
Melasma (Pregnancy Mark)
Patient Profile
Morphology
Therapy
TREATMENT
Topical Agents
Classification of Melasma
Oral Therapy
Chemical Peels
Laser Treatments
Reliability Assessment and Validation of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and a New Modified MASI Scoring Method
Efficacy and Safety of Tarcrolimus Cream 0.1% in the Treatment of Vitiligo
Low-dose 1064-nm Q-switched Nd: YAG Laser for the Treatment of Melasma
308 nm Excimer Lamp vs laser for Vitiligo
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Clinical Presentation
CHAPTER 14:
Drug Reactions
COMMON ERUPTIONS DUE TO DRUGS
Machanism Involved in Drug Reactions
Common Drugs that Cause Eruptions
Therapy of Drug Eruptions
FIXED DRUG ERUPTION
ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME
STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME
TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS
MISCELLANEOUS DRUG-INDUCED RASHES
Photosensitive Dermatoses
Photosensitivity (Photosensitive Dermatitis)
Management of Photosensitive Disorders
Photoprotection
CHAPTER 15:
Disorders of Hair and Nails
ALOPECIA
Classification, Clinical Features, and Management
Scarring and Nonscaring Alopecia
Alopecia Areata
Androgenetic Alopecia (Common Baldness)
Telogen Effluvium
Therapeutic Strategies
Phototrichogram Analysis
Hirsutism
Treatment
HYPERTRICHOSIS
NAILS
Management of Chronic Paronychia
Etiology
Differential Diagnosis
Trichotillomania
Value of Trichoscopy Versus Trichogram for Diagnosis of Female Androgenetic Alopecia
Phototrichogram Analysis of Normal Scalp Hair Characteristics with Aging
Increasing Hair loss and Scalp Disorders due to Pollution
A Descriptive Study of Alopecia Patterns and their Relation to Thyroid Dysfunction
Hair and Scalp Evaluation by Trichoscopy in Female Patient with Thyroid Insufficiency
Senescence of Male Balding Dermal Papilla Cells is Associated with Oxidative Stress
Role of Estrogen Receptors in the Modulation of Hair Growth
Optimization of Cell Construct Grafting Procedure for Hair Regeneration Therapy
Modulation of Hair Growth Markers in Hair Follicle
CHAPTER 16:
Skin and Internal Disease
SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASES
LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (LE)
SCLERODERMA
SKIN MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
BUTTERFLY RASH
CHAPTER 17:
Vesicobullous Disorders
PEMPHIGUS
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Morphology
Associated Features
Investigations
Histology
Immunopathology
Diagnosis
Treatment
General Measure
Specific Treatment
DERMOEPIDERMAL BULLAE
Bullous Pemphigoid
Etiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Associated Features and Complications
Investigations
Diagnosis
Treatment
ERYTHEMA NODOSUM
Etiology
Therapy
ERYTHRODERMA (EXFOLIATIVE DERMATITIS)
Etiology
Management
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
Vitamin A Deficiency
Phrynoderma
Vitamin B Complex
Pellagra (Niacin Deficiency)
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Adjuvant Triamcinolone Acetonide Injections in Oropharyngeal Pemphigus Vulgaris
CHAPTER 18:
Skin Tumors
CUTANEOUS NEOPLASMS, BENIGN, PREMALIGNANT AND MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE SKIN
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma (Rodent Ulcer)
Therapy
Melanoma
Melanoma Epidemiology of Austria Reveals Gender-related Differences
BENIGN NEOPLASMS
Seborrheic Keratosis
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS
CAROTINEMIA
CUTANEOUS HYPERPLASIAS
Keloid
Therapy
Palmoplantar Keratoderma
Clavus (Corn)
Cutaneous Malformations
NEVI
Melanocytic Nevi
Photodynamic Therapy with Intradermal Administration of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid for Port-wine Stains
Photodynamic Therapy of Port-wine Stains
Melanoma Epidemiology of Austria Reveals Gender-related Differences
Acquired Tufted Angioma in Pregnancy Showing Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors
CHAPTER 19:
Miscellaneous Disorders
SUBCUTANEOUS NODULES
Differential Diagnosis
Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Infections
Granulomatous Disorders
Deposits
Tumors
Miscellaneous
Erythema Nodosum
Clinical Features
Treatment
VESICULAR RASH
Differential Diagnosis
Infections
Eczemas
Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Photosensitive Dermatoses
Chronic Vesicobullous Dermatoses
Miscellaneous
RASH WITH FEVER
Differential Diagnosis
Viral Infections
Non-viral Infections
Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Autoimmune Diseases
Miscellaneous
HIRSUTISM
PRURIGO MITIS
APHTHOUS ULCER
MILIARIA (PRICKLY HEAT, HEAT RASH)
PRURITUS (ITCHING)
URTICARIA, ANGIOEDEMA
Current and Future Therapeutic Options for Management of Refractory Chronic Urticaria
SKIN CHANGES AND OLD AGE
Formation of Wrinkles
Treatment
Drugs for Skin Rejuvenation
HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA
Adams Oliver Syndrome: A Variant
Extrinsic Skin Ageing Symptoms in Seafarers Subject to High Work-related Exposure to UV Radiation
CHAPTER 20:
Ichthyosis and Keratodermas
ICHTHYOSIS
Ichthyosis Vulgaris
Etiology
Clinical Features
Associated Features
Complications
Investigations
Diagnosis
Treatment
X-linked Ichthyosis (Ichthyosis Nigra)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Associated Features
Investigations
Diagnosis
Treatment
CHAPTER 21:
Leprosy (Hansen's Disease)
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
INCUBATION PERIOD
PREVALENCE
CLASSIFICATION OF LEPROSY BASED ON CLINICAL, MICROBIOLOGIC, PATHOLOGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC PARAMETERS
Indeterminate
Clinical
Bacteriology
Histopathology
Immunology
Tuberculoid (TT)
Clinical
Treatment of Lepra Reactions
Correction of Deformities due to Leprosy
Treatment Regimes
Prevention of Leprosy
Control of Leprosy
Rehabilitation in Leprosy
CHAPTER 22:
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
DEFINITION
Prevention of STDs (Counseling for STD Patients)
Vertical Transmission of STDs
SYPHILIS
Acquired Syphilis
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
Cardiovascular and Neurosyphilis (Quaternary Syphilis)
Therapy of Syphilis
Congenital Syphilis
Clinical Implication
Early Congenital Syphilis
Late Congenital Syphilis
Stigmata of Congenital Syphilis
URETHRITIS
Treatment of Gonorrhea
Diagnosis of Urethritis
NON-GONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS
Chlamydia Urethritis
Mycoplasma Urethritis
Therapy
GENITAL ULCERATIVE DISEASE (INCLUDING DD OF GENITAL ULCERS)
CHANCROID (SOFT CHANCRE)
Donovanosis
STDs
FILARIASIS
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM (LGV)
PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT OF STDS (SYNDROMIC MANAGEMENT OF STDS)
Genital Ulcer: In both Males and Females
Urethral Discharge in Males
Inguinal Bubo
Vaginal Discharge
CHAPTER 23:
HIV and AIDS
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF HIV INFECTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION OF HIV INFECTION
NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV INFECTION
CLINICAL FEATURES AND STAGES OF HIV INFECTION
Primay Infection Illness (Seroconversion)
Early HIV Disease (Latent HIV Infection/Asymptomatic HIV Infection)
Intermediate Stage HIV Disease (AIDS-related Complex/Symptomatic HIV Infection without AIDS)
Late Stage HIV Disease (AIDS)
Malignant Tumors like
Direct Effect of HIV Infection like
New Drugs
HIV Vaccines
Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
How can Patients Live Longer and Healthier after HIV Infection?
Bibliography
Further Reading
INDEX
TOC
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