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Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology: Basic Principles and Interpretation
Kamala G Pillai
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction
THE STUDY OF RADIOLOGY
CHAPTER 2:
Nature and Characteristics of Radiation
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
NUCLEUS
ELECTRONS
IONIZATION
ISOTOPES
PARTICULATE RADIATION
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Cathode Rays
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
CHAPTER 3:
Electromagnetic Radiation andSpectrum
QUANTUM OR PHOTONS
FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC PHOTON
COMPONENTS OFELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
X-RAYS
GAMMA RAYS
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
CHAPTER 4:
Discovery, Production and properties of X-rays
CONTROL PANEL
YOKE
EXTENSION ARM
TUBE HEAD
X-RAY TUBE
X-RAY GENERATING APPARATUS
ANODE
LINE FOCUS PRINCIPLE
CATHODE
PRODUCTION OF HIGH-SPEED ELECTRONS
FOCUSING OF ELECTRONS
TRANSFORMERS
Step-down Transformer
Filament Circuit
Step-up Transformer
Autotransformer
PRODUCTION OF X-RAYS
Types of X-rays Produced(X-ray Spectra)
BREMSSTRAHLUNG RADIATION
CHARACTERISTIC RADIATION
INTENSITY ANDINVERSE SQUARE LAW
Primary Radiation
Secondary Radiation
Scattered Radiation
Properties of X-rays
Uses of Radiation
IMAGING PROCESS
REFLECTION IMAGING
CHAPTER 5:
Interaction of X-rays with Matter
ATTENUATION
ATTENUATION MECHANISMS
Coherent Scattering
Compton (Incoherent, Modified) Scattering
Photoelectric Absorption
CHAPTER 6:
Radiation Biology
EXCITATION
IONIZATION
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
DIRECT EFFECT
Direct Alterations of Biological Molecules by Ionizing Radiation Involve Three Steps
Chromosomal Effects from Direct Damage
INDIRECT EFFECT
FREE RADICALS
TARGET THEORIES
RADIOLYSIS OF WATER
CHANGES IN BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Types of DNA Alteration Produced by Radiation
ACCUMULATED DAMAGE
Latent Period
CELLULAR EFFECTS
NUCLEUS
CHROMOSOME ABERRATION
CYTOPLASM
FACTORS MODIFYING THE CELL RESPONSE
Radiosensitivity of Cells
Organ System Radiosensitivity
Relative Radiosensitivity of Organs
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION (SOMATIC AND GENETIC)
DETERMINISTIC (NONSTOCHASTIC) EFFECTS ON CELLS
STOCHASTIC EFFECTS
GENETIC STOCHASTIC EFFECT
EFFECTS ON FETUS/UNBORN CHILD
RADIATION EFFECTS AT THE TISSUE AND ORGAN LEVEL
Short-term Effects
Long-term Effects
MODIFYING FACTORS
Dose
Dose Rate
Somatic Effects
ACUTE OR IMMEDIATE EFFECTS (ACUTE RADIATION SYNDROME)
Prodromal Period
Latent Period
Hematopoietic Syndrome
Gastrointestinal Syndrome
Cardiovascular and Central Nervous System Syndrome
RADIATION EFFECT ON ORAL TISSUES
Radiation Mucositis
Taste Buds
Salivary Glands
Teeth
RADIATION CARIES
BONE
CHAPTER 7:
Sources of Radiation and Radiation Protection
METHODS OF RADIATION PROTECTION
X-RAY EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 8:
Radiographic Film and Its Properties
COMPOSITION OF X-RAY FILM
FILM BASE
EMULSION
GELATIN
SILVER HALIDE
Types of Radiographic Films
CONTENTS OF INTRAORALFILM PACKET
Types of Intraoral Films
Periapical Films
Bitewing Films
Occlusal Film
EXTRAORAL FILMS
SCREEN FILMS
STORAGE OF FILMS
INTENSIFYING SCREENS
CASSETTE
CHAPTER 9:
Infection Control in Dental Radiography
INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
WEARING GLOVES FOR ALL RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES
DISINFECT WORKING SURFACES AND COVER X-RAY MACHINE, CHAIR AND LEAD APRON
STERILIZE NONDISPOSABLE INSTRUMENTS
USING BARRIER PROTECTED FILM
PREVENTING CONTAMINATION OF PROCESSING SOLUTIONS
PANORAMIC AND CEPHALOSTAT
CHAPTER 10:
Intraoral Radiography
GENERAL GUIDELINES ONPATIENT CARE
PRINCIPLES OF SHADOW CASTING
DISTORTION
Size Distortion
Shape Distortion or Dimensional Distortion
PERIAPICAL RADIOGRAPHY
Indications for Periapical View
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE MAKING AN EXPOSURE
Procedure
BISECTING ANGLE TECHNIQUE
HEAD POSITION OF THE PATIENT
POSITIONING OF THE FILM
ANGLES FOR MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR PROJECTIONS
Point of Entry (Placement of the Cone)
Maxillary Teeth
Mandibular Teeth
Advantages of Bisecting Angle Technique
Disadvantages of Bisecting Angle Technique
PARALLELING TECHNIQUE/RIGHT ANGLE TECHNIQUE
Advantages of Paralleling Technique
Disadvantages of the Paralleling Technique
Comparison of Bisecting Angle and Paralleling Techniques
BITEWING RADIOGRAPHY
Procedure for Bitewing Radiography
Horizontal Bitewing Films
Vertical Bitewing Films
Advantages of Bitewing
Disadvantages of Bitewing
OCCLUSAL RADIOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHIC OR STANDARD PROJECTION OF THE ANTERIOR MAXILLA
LATERAL MAXILLARYOCCLUSAL PROJECTION
MAXILLARY TRUE OR CROSS-SECTIONAL PROJECTION (VERTEX OCCLUSAL)
MANDIBULAR TOPOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Indications
MANDIBULAR TRUE OCCLUSAL OR CROSS-SECTIONAL PROJECTION
Indications
CHAPTER 11:
Extraoral Radiography
STANDARD RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
General Considerations
RADIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE PLANES/POINTS
THE CANTHOMEATAL LINE (ORBITOMEATAL LINE)
Interpupillary Line
Frankfort Horizontal Line
TRUE LATERAL SKULL VIEW
Indications
Procedure
Centering Point
LATERAL PROJECTION FOR NASAL BONES
CEPHALOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Indications
TRUE CEPHALOMETRIC LATERAL SKULL PROJECTION
Procedure
CEPHALOMETRIC POSTEROANTERIOR VIEW OF THE JAWS (CEPHALOMETRIC PA JAWS)
Procedure
MANDIBULAR LATERAL OBLIQUE VIEW
Indications
MANDIBULAR PROJECTION FOR PREMOLAR/MOLAR REGION
MANDIBULAR RAMUS PROJECTION
Indications
POSTEROANTERIOR VIEW, POSTERO-ANTERIOR PROJECTION OF THE SKULL (PA VIEW OF THE SKULL)
Indications
Procedure
POSTEROANTERIOR VIEW FOR MANDIBLE (PA VIEW FOR MANDIBLE)
Indications
REVERSE TOWNE’S VIEW
Indications
WATER’S PROJECTION FOR PARANASAL SINUS(PA VIEW FOR PARANASAL SINUS)
Indications
Procedure
SUBMENTOVERTEX VIEW
Indications
Procedure
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT RADIOGRAPHY (TMJ RADIOGRAPHY)
TRANSCRANIAL PROJECTION
Indications
TRANSPHARYNGEAL TMJ PROJECTION
TRANSORBITAL VIEW
Indications
PANORAMIC TMJ PROJECTION
Indications
MRI OF THE TMJ
CHAPTER 12:
Panoramic Radiography
TOMOGRAPHY
CURVED LAYER TOMOGRAPHY
MOVING ROTATIONAL CENTERS
Advantage of Panoramic Radiography
Disadvantages of Panoramic Radiography
Indications of Panoramic Radiography
Procedure
CHAPTER 13:
Processing and Mounting of Radiographic Films
PROCESSING ROOM/DARK ROOM
LOCATION AND SIZE
SAFE LIGHTING
FILM FOGGING
METHODS IN PROCESSING A FILM
Manual Processing Procedures
Procedure
Replenishment
Advantages
Disadvantages
Automatic Processing
Daylight Loader
Advantages
Disadvantages
Precautions to be Taken while Feeding the Film into the Automatic Processor
Self-developing Films
Advantages
Disadvantages
COMPOSITION OFDEVELOPER SOLUTION
DEVELOPER REPLENISHER
RINSE
FIXER
FIXING SOLUTION
WASHING
DRYING
FILM MOUNTING
CHAPTER 14:
Radiographic Errors
TECHNIQUE ERRORS INCLUDING EXPOSURE FACTORS
Patient Preparation Errors
Poor Positioning of Films
PROCESSING ERRORS
Film Clip Dot Artifact
Film Density
Unsharp Image (Blurred Image)
FILM HANDLING ERRORS
Films Marked
Processing Fault
CHAPTER 15:
Procedures of Radiographic Interpretation
LOCALIZATION
OBSERVATION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
INTERPRETATION
CONCLUSION
DESCRIBING A LESION
CHAPTER 16:
Normal Anatomical Landmarks
NORMAL ANATOMY
Enamel and Dentin
Primary Dentin
Secondary Dentin
Reparative Dentin
Sclerotic Dentin
CEMENTUM
PULP AND ROOT CANAL
STRUCTURES COMMON TO BOTH MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE (RADIOLUCENT AND RADIOPAQUE)
Radiopaque
Radiolucent Structures
RADIOLUCENT LANDMARKS OF MAXILLA
RADIOPAQUE LANDMARKS OF MAXILLA
RADIOLUCENT LANDMARKS OF MANDIBLE
RADIOPAQUE LANDMARKS OF MANDIBLE
CHAPTER 17:
Pathologic Calcification and Ossification of Soft Tissues
IDIOPATHIC CALCIFICATION
Salivary Calculus (Sialolith)
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Presence of Spots
An Embedded Tooth or Retained Root
Hyoid Bone
Torus Mandibularis
SCLEROTIC BONE
PHLEBOLITH
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
RHINOLITH
Radiographic Features
ANTROLITH
Radiographic Features
DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION
CALCIFIED LYMPH NODE
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Calcification in the Tonsils (Tonsillar Calculi, Tonsil Concretions and Tonsilloliths)
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
PULP STONES
Radiographic Features
CALCIFIED ACNE LESIONS
CALCIFICATION INTHE WALLS OF THE ARTERY
METASTATIC CALCIFICATION
PATHOLOGIC OSSIFICATION
Ossification of the Stylomandibular Ligament and Stylohyoid Ligament
STYLOHYOID LIGAMENT
Radiographic Features
OSTEOMA CUTIS/MULTIPLE MILIARY OSTEOMA CUTIS
Radiographic Features
MYOSITIS OSSIFICATIONS
Localized (Traumatic) Myositis Ossification (Post-traumatic Myositis Ossificans and Solitary Myositis)
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
PROGRESSIVE MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS
CHAPTER 18:
Trauma to the Teeth and Facial Structures
FRACTURES OF THE FACIAL BONES
Pathologic Fracture
Traumatic Fracture
STANDARD RADIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF FACIAL TRAUMA
NASOMAXILLOZYGOMATIC COMPLEX
MANDIBLE
Classification of Fractures
Types of Fractures
Fracture of the Maxilla
Mandibular Fractures
INJURIES TO THE TEETH
Radiographic Signs of Trauma in Teeth
Classification of Injuries to the Teeth and Supporting Structures
Injuries to the Periodontal Tissues
Injuries to the Supporting Bone
Injuries to Gingiva or Oral Mucosa
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
INJURY TO THE JAWBONES
MAXILLA
Radiographic Evidence of Fracture (Both Jaws)
MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
Sites of Weakness in the Mandible
Clinical Features of Mandibular Fracture alone
CHAPTER 19:
Developmental Anomalies of Teeth
SIZE OF THE TEETH
Microdontia
Macrodontia
Differential Diagnosis
NUMBER OF TEETH
Anodontia
Hypodontia
Common Conditions Associated with Anodontia
Radiographic Features
SUPERNUMERARY TEETH
Radiographic Features
SHAPE OR ALTERED MORPHOLOGY OF TEETH
Gemination
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
FUSION
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CONCRESCENCE
Radiographic Features
TAURODONTISM
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
DILACERATION
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
DENS INVAGINATUS
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
DENS EVAGINATION (DENS EVAGINATUS)
Radiographic Features
ENAMEL PEARL
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Talon Cusp
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
SUPERNUMERARY ROOTS
Radiographic Features
DISTURBANCES IN TOOTH FORMATION (STRUCTURE)
AMELOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Clinical Features
GENERALIZED HYPOPLASIA
Radiographic Features
GENERALIZED HYPOMINERALIZATION
Radiographic Features
HYPOMATURATION
Radiographic Features
HYPOMATURATION/HYPO- CALCIFICATION/TAURODONTISM
Differential Diagnosis
DENTINOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (HEREDITARY OPALESCENT DENTIN)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
DENTIN DYSPLASIA
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
REGIONAL ODONTODYSPLASIA (ODONTOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, GHOST TEETH)
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
ERUPTION OF TEETH
Premature Eruption
Delayed Eruption
Ectopic Eruption
TRANSMIGRATION
TRANSPOSITION
ROTATION
HYPERCEMENTOSIS
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 20:
Periodontal Diseases
LOCAL FACTORS
NORMAL RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF HEALTHY ALVEOLAR BONE
LIMITATIONS OF THE RADIOGRAPH
USEFULNESS OF RADIOGRAPHS IN PERIODONTAL DISEASES
Main Radiographic Views Used
GINGIVITIS
PERIODONTITIS
CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES
EARLY RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN PERIODONTITIS
AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS
Radiographic Features
NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE PERIODONTITIS
PAPILLON-LEFÈVRE SYNDROME
SYSTEMIC DISEASES OR GENERALIZED CONDITIONS AFFECTING PERIODONTIUM
EVALUATION OF BONE DEFECTS
FURCATION INVOLVEMENT
MODERATE TO SEVERE PERIODONTAL LESIONS
PERIODONTAL ABSCESS
CHAPTER 21:
Dental Caries
INTRODUCTION
Advantages of Radiography
Disadvantages
Points for Consideration
INTERPROXIMAL CARIES
LAMELLAR CARIES
INCIPIENT CARIES
DENTINAL CARIES
RAMPANT CARIES
ACUTE AND CHRONIC CARIES
OCCLUSAL CARIES
PULPAL CARIES
FACIAL/LINGUAL CARIES
ROOT OR CEMENTAL CARIES
RECURRENT OR SECONDARY CARIES
ARRESTED CARIES
Radiographic Views to be taken for Caries
Intraoral Periapical Radiographs
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF CARIES
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 22:
Inflammatory Lesions of the Jaws
ACUTE PULPITIS
Reversible Pulpitis
Irreversible Pulpitis
CHRONIC PULPITIS
PERIAPICAL INFECTIONS
Etiology
PERIAPICAL RADIOLUCENCIES
False Radiolucency
True Radiolucencies
PERIAPICAL LESIONS, SEQUELA OF PULPITIS
ACUTE APICAL PERIODONTITIS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
ACUTE APICAL ABSCESS (ACUTE ALVEOLAR ABSCESS, ACUTE DENTOALVEOLAR ABSCESS)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHRONIC ALVEOLAR ABSCESS (CHRONIC APICAL ABSCESS)
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
SECONDARY ABSCESS (PHOENIX ABSCESS)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA (CHRONIC APICAL PERIODONTITIS)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
RAREFYING OSTEITIS
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CONDENSING OSTEITIS (PERIAPICAL SCLEROSING OSTEITIS, FOCAL SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
OSTEOSCLEROSIS
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
PERIAPICAL SCAR
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
SURGICAL BONE DEFECT
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 23:
Cysts and Cyst-like Lesions of the Jaw
CYSTS OF THE JAWS
Epithelium Lined Cysts
Developmental Origin
Inflammatory Origin: (Odontogenic Cysts)
Non-epithelial Lined Cyst (Pseudocysts)
ODONTOGENIC CYSTS OF INFLAMMATORY ORIGIN
Periapical Cyst (Radicular Cyst, Apical Periodontal Cyst, Dental Cyst)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
RESIDUAL PERIAPICAL CYST
Differential Diagnosis
PARADENTAL CYSTS
LATERAL PERIODONTAL CYST
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
BOTRYOID ODONTOGENIC CYST
Clinical Features
DENTIGEROUS CYST
ERUPTION CYST
Clinical Features
DENTIGEROUS CYST (CENTRAL, LATERAL AND CIRCUMFERENTIAL)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
BUCCAL BIFURCATION CYST
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
NON-ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Incisive Canal Cyst (Nasopalatine Duct Cyst)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST (ABC)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Differential Diagnosis
SIMPLE BONE CYST (TRAUMATIC BONE CYST, SOLITARY HEMORRHAGIC CYST)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
STAFNE’S BONE CYST (LINGUAL SALIVARY GLAND DEPRESSION)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
MEDIAN MANDIBULAR CYST
CHAPTER 24:
Osteomyelitis
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS (PYOGENIC OSTEOMYELITIS)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHRONIC DIFFUSE SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
OSTEOMYELITIS WITH PROLIFERATIVE PERIOSTITIS (GARRE’S OSTEOMYELITIS, PERIOSTITIS OSSIFICANS, NON-SUPPURATIVE OSTEOMYELITIS)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
PERICORONAL INFECTIONS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
OSTEORADIONECROSIS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 25:
Benign Tumors of the Jaw
ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
Classification of Odontogenic Tumors
AMELOBLASTOMA
CONVENTIONAL SOLID OR MULTICYSTIC INTRAOSSEOUS AMELOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
UNICYSTIC AMELOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
EXTRAOSSEOUS/PERIPHERAL TYPE OF AMELOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
DESMOPLASTIC AMELOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
ADENOMATOID ODONTOGENIC TUMOR (ADENOAMELOBLASTOMA)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CALCIFYING EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMOR (PINDBORG TUMOR)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Initial Stage
Advanced Lesion
SQUAMOUS ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
KERATOCYSTIC ODONTOGENIC TUMOR (ODONTOGENIC KERATOCYST)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
BASAL CELL NEVUS SYNDROME
MYXOMA (ODONTOGENIC MYXOMA, MYXOFIBROMA)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CENTRAL ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA (SIMPLE ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA, ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
PERIPHERAL ODONTOGENIC FIBROMA
Clinical Features
MIXED EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
Ameloblastic Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
AMELOBLASTIC FIBRODENTINOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
AMELOBLASTIC FIBRO-ODONTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
MIXED TUMORS (OF ODONTOGENIC EPITHELIUM, ODONTOGENIC ECTOMESENCHYME)
Odontomas
COMPLEX ODONTOMA (COMPLEX COMPOSITE ODONTOMA)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
COMPOUND ODONTOMA (COMPOUND COMPOSITE ODONTOMA)
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
ODONTOAMELOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CYSTIC ODONTOMA
CALCIFYING ODONTOGENIC CYST OR CALCIFYING CYSTIC ODONTOGENIC TUMOR
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
DENTINOGENIC GHOST CELL TUMOR
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
OSTEOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
GARDNER’S SYNDROME
OSTEOID OSTEOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
OSTEOBLASTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
BENIGN CEMENTOBLASTOMA (CEMENTOBLASTOMA, TRUE CEMENTOMA)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Comparison between Osteoblastoma and Cementoblastoma
CHONDROMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
HEMANGIOMA AND VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
CENTRAL HEMANGIOMAS/INTRABONY VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 26:
Malignant Diseases Affecting the Jaws
BORDERS OF THE LESION
ADJACENT CORTICAL BONE
RADIODENSITY
EFFECTS ON SURROUNDING STRUCTURES
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
METASTATIC MALIGNANCY (SECONDARY MALIGNANCY)
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CENTRAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA (PRIMARY INTRAOSSEOUS CARCINOMA)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA ORIGINATING FROM ODONTOGENIC CYSTS
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CENTRAL MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
MAXILLARY SINUS CARCINOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
SARCOMAS (FLOWCHART 26.1)
OSTEOSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
FIBROSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHONDROSARCOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
EWING’S SARCOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
LEUKEMIA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
BURKITT’S LYMPHOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 27:
Fibro-osseous Lesions of the Jaws
FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
Clinical Features
MONOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
POLYOSTOTIC FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
OSSEOUS DYSPLASIAS (CEMENTO-OSSEOUS DYSPLASIAS)
Focal Osseous Dysplasia (Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
PERIAPICAL OSSEOUS DYSPLASIA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Early Stage
Intermediate Stage
Matured Stage
FLORID OSSEOUS DYSPLASIA
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
FAMILIAL GIGANTIFORM CEMENTOMA
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
OSSIFYING FIBROMA
Conventional Ossifying Fibroma (Cemento-Ossifying Fibroma, Cementifying Fibroma)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
JUVENILE OSSIFYING FIBROMA
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHERUBISM
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
GIANT CELL TUMOR
Central Giant Cell Granuloma (Giant Cell Lesion, Giant Cell Tumor, Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
CHAPTER 28:
Systemic Diseases Manifested in the Jaws
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
SCLERODERMA
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
Radiographic Features
VANISHING BONE DISEASE
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
THALASSEMIA
Clinical Features
Beta-thalassemia
Alpha-thalassemia
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Clinical Features
CHAPTER 29:
Localization Techniques
RIGHT ANGLE TECHNIQUE (MILLER’S TECHNIQUE)
PARALLAX METHOD (CLARK’S RULE, TUBE SHIFT METHOD, SLOB RULE) IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE
PARALLAX IN THE VERTICAL PLANE
WINTER’S LINES
CHAPTER 30:
Imaging of Salivary Glands
SIALOGRAPHY
Indications
Contraindications
Procedure
Advantages
Disadvantages
NORMAL SIALOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PAROTID AND SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS
ULTRASOUND IMAGING
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Indication
Contraindications
Advantages
Disadvantages
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIALOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
CHAPTER 31:
Specialized Imaging
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
Advantages
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Advantages
Disadvantages
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
CONE-BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Advantages
CHAPTER 32:
Important Concepts at a Glance, Definitions and Glossary
RADIOLUCENCIES OF THE JAWS
Periapical Radiolucency
False Radiolucencies (Variations of Normal/Superimposition)
True or Pathological Radiolucencies
Not Frequently Occurring Periapical lesions
Pericoronal Radiolucency and lesions are:
Rare lesions as pericoronal radiolucency
Radiolucency at the Side of a Root
Rare lesions at the Side of a Root
Lesions Common to the Maxilla
Lamina Dura is not seen in—
Osteoporosis is seen in—
Sunray/Sunburst Appearance is seen in—
Periosteal Reactions are Characterized as—
Floating or Hanging Tooth Appearance is seen in—
Radiographic Appearance is Described as—
Locally Aggressive Tumors are—
Tumors that are Especially Prone to Resorb Roots are—
Onion Peel or Onion skin/laminated Appearance is Seen in
Periodontal ligament space is increased in—
Examples of multilocular lesions are—
SEQUENCE OF RADIOLOGIC EVENTS
DEFINITIONS
INDEX
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