Practical Histology for Medical Students SR Prasad
INDEX
A
Acini
mixed 87
mucous 87
serous 87
Actin 45
Adrenal gland 167, 171
cortex 171
medulla 171
Alveolar ducts 83
Alveolar sacs 83
Anal canal, layers of 111
Appendices epiploicae 107
Appendix, layers 107
Arteriole 63
Artery 59, 63
elastic 59
layers of 59
large 59
muscular 63
layers of 63
Astrocytes 53
fibrous 53
protoplasmic 53
Auerbach's plexus 103
B
Basal cells 91
Bile canaliculi 115
Bile duct 115
Bone 41
compact 41
sesamoid 41
spongy 41
Bone marrow 41
red marrow 41
yellow marrow 41
Bowman's capsule 123
Bronchiole 79
respiratory 79
terminal 79
Brunner's gland 103
Buck's fascia 143
Bulbourethral gland 131, 139
C
Capillaries 59, 63
continuous 63
fenestrated 63
sinusoidal 63
Cartilage 37
elastic 37
fibrocartilage 37
hyaline 37
Cell membrane 7
Cells 7
adipose 27
cytoskeleton of 7
epithelial 8
mast 27
mesenchyme 27
pigment 27
plasma 28
reticular 27
phagocytic 27
primitive 27
Cells of Meynert 163
Cellular organelles 7
Centriole 8
Centrosome 8
Cerebellar cortex 163
Cerebellar nuclei 163
dentate nuclei 163
emboliform 163
fastigial 163
globose 163
Cerebellum 163
Cerebral cortex 163
Cerebrum 163
Cervix, layers 155
Cilia 8
Collagen fibers 33
Collecting tubules 123
Cones 183
Connective tissue 33
Cornea 183
layers 183
Corneal epithelium 183
Corpora cavernosa 143
Corpus luteum 147
Corpus spongiosum 143
Crescent of Giannuzzi 87
Crypts of Lieberkühn 103, 107, 111
Cytoplasmic inclusions 8
D
Dermis 175
Descemet's membrane 183
Distal convoluted tubule 123
Duct of Bellini 123
Ductus deferens 131, 135
Ductus epididymis 131, 135
Duodenum layers 103
mucosa 103
muscularis externa 103
serosa 103
submucosa 103
E
Ejaculatory duct 131
Elastic fibers 33
Endocardium 59
Endocrine glands 167
Endometrium 151
Endoplasmic reticulum 7
Enteroendocrine cell 99
Ependymal cells 53
Epicardium 59
Epidermis 175
Epiglottis 75
Epimysium 45
Epithelium 13
pseudostratified columnar ciliated 13
simple columnar 13
ciliated 13
nonciliated 13
simple cuboidal 13
simple squamous 13
stratified columnar 17
stratified cuboidal 17
stratified squamous 17
keratinized 17
non-keratinized 17
transitional 17
Esophageal cardiac glands 95
Esophageal gland proper 95
Esophagus 95
layers 95
F
Fallopian tubes 147
Fibroblast 27
Fibrocytes 27
G
Gallbladder 119
layers 119
Gastric glands 99
cardiac gland 99
fundic gland 99
pyloric gland 99
Gastric pits 99
Genital system
female 147, 151, 155
male 131, 135, 139, 143
Giant pyramidal cell of Betz 163
Glands
apocrine 21
compound 21
endocrine 21
structural organization 22
epithelial 21
exocrine 21
structural organization 22
holocrine 21
merocrine 21
mixed 21
mucous 21
multicellular 21
serous 21
simple exocrine 21
subepithelial 21
unicellular 21
Glandular tissues 21
classification 21
Glisson's capsule 115
Goblet cells 13, 107
Golgi apparatus 7
Graafian follicle 147
Gray commissure
anterior 159
posterior 159
Gray matter 159
Gustatory cells 91
H
Hair follicle 175
Haversian system 41
Heart, layers of 59
Hepatic acinus 115
Hepatic artery 115
Hepatic cells 115
Hepatic lobule 115
Hepatic sinusoids 115
Hepatic triad 115
Hepatocytes 115
Histiocytes 27
Horizontal cell of Cajal 163
Hyaluronidase 33
Hyperthyroidism 167
Hypophysis cerebri 167
Hypothyroidism 167
I
Ileum 103
Inner band of Ballinger 163
Intermediate filament 7
Interstitial cell of Leydig 131
Intestinal villi 103
Islets of Langerhans 119
J
Jejunum 103
Juxtaglomerular apparatus 123
Juxtamedullary nephrons 123
K
Kidney 123
Kupffer cells 115
L
Lactiferous duct 179
Large intestine, layers of
mucosa 107
muscularis externa 107
serosa 107
submucosa 107
Lips 91
Liver 115
Lobar bronchii 79
Loop of Henle 123
Lungs 75
Lutein cells 147
Lymphatic system 67
Lymph node 67
cortex 67
medulla 67
Lymphocytes 67
Lysosomes 7
M
Macrophages 27
Malpighian corpuscle 123
Mammary gland 179
age changes 179
Melanocytes 27
Melanophores 27
Microfilament 7
Microglia 53
Microscope 3
optical 2
Microtubules 7
Microvilli 8
Mitochondria 7
Mucous neck cell 99
Müller cells 183
Muscle 45
cardiac 45
skeletal 45
smooth 45
Myocardium 59
Myometrium 151
Myosin 45
N
Nephron 123
parts of 123
Nerve fibers 49
myelinated 49
nonmyelinated 49
Nerve trunk 53
Nervous tissue 49, 53
Neuroglia 53
Neurons 49
bipolar 49
multipolar 49
pseudounipolar 49
unipolar 49
Nucleus 8
O
Oligodendrocytes 53
Osteoblasts 41
Osteoclasts 41
Osteocytes 41
Osteogenic cells 41
Ovarian follicle 147
Ovary 147
P
Palatine tonsil 71
Pancreas 119
alpha cell 119
beta cell 119
delta cell 119
pancreatic polypeptide cells 119
Paneth cells 107
Paralutein cells 147
Parathyroid glands 167, 171
Parietal cell 99
Parotid gland 87
Penis 143
Perichondrium 37
Perimetrium 151
Periosteum 41
Peroxisomes 7
Peyer's patch 103
Pheochromocytes 171
Pia mater 159
Pituitary gland 167
anterior pituitary 167
posterior pituitary 167
Plicae circulares 103
Pneumocyte I 83
Pneumocyte II 83
Portal lobule 115
Portal vein 115
Primary bronchus 79
Primordial follicles 147
Prostate 131, 139
Proximal convoluted tubule 123
Pulmonary alveoli 83
R
Rectum 111
Renal corpuscles 123
Renal tubules 123
Reproductive system
female 147
Rete testis 131
Reticular fibers 33
Retina 183
layers 183
neurons 183
Ribosomes 7
Rods 183
Russell body 28
S
Salivary gland 87
sublingual 87
submandibular 87
Schwann sheath 49
Sebaceous gland 175
Segmental bronchi 79
Seminal vesicles 131, 139
layers 139
Seminiferous tubules 131
Serous acinus 87, 119
Sertoli cells 131
Sharpey's fibers 41
Skin layers 175
Small intestine 103
Space of Disse 115
Spinal cord 159
Spleen 67
red pulp 67
white pulp 67
Stomach, layers 99
mucosa 99
muscularis externa 99
serosa 99
submucosa 99
Straight seminiferous tubule 131
Sustentacular cells 91
Sweat gland 175
T
Taste bud 91
Testis 131
Thymus 71
Thyroid gland 167
Tongue 91
glands of 91
papillae 91
circumvallate/vallate 91
filiform 91
foliate 91
fungiform 91
Trachea 75
U
Ureter 123, 127
layers 127
Urethra 123
Urinary bladder 123
layers 127
Uterine tube 155
Layers of 155
Uterus 147, 151
menstrual phase 151
proliferative phase 151
secretory phase 151
V
Vagina 147
layers of 155
Valve of Kerckring 103
Vasa efferentia 131, 135
Vasa vasorum 63
Vein 59, 63
Volkmann's canal 41
W
White matter 159
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Chapter Notes

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5TISSUES
  • Study of Cell
  • Study of Simple Epithelium
  • Study of Stratified Epithelium
  • Study of Glandular Tissue
  • Study of Connective Tissue: Cells
  • Study of Connective Tissue: Fibers and Matrix
  • Study of Cartilage
  • Study of Bones
  • Study of Muscle Tissue
  • Study of Nervous Tissue I
  • Study of Nervous Tissue II6

Study of CellCHAPTER 1

The cells are structural and functional unit of body. Different types of cells are present having different functions, but their basic structures are common to all. Cytoplasmic organelles differ depending upon their functions. Each cell has cell wall enclosing the cytoplasm with nucleus and organelles.
Cell membrane: It is formed by double-layered phospholipid molecule, having membrane protein in between with selective permeability. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, steroids, etc. are permeable; whereas glucose, ions or proteins pass by specific transport mechanism.
The cell membrane encloses protoplasm. It has a nucleus covered by nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm contains a number of organelles and inclusion bodies.
Cellular organelles: For the maintenance of proper homeostasis and specialized metabolic function, different organelles are present in cytoplasm of each cell. Common organelles are mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes and lysosomes, etc.
Mitochondria: It is spread all over the cell as granules or round, oval or elongated rods. It has outer and inner membranes with cristae. The cristae are folds of inner membrane. They provide energy.
Endoplasmic reticulum: It is present as extensive network of sacs and cisternae. It is of two types—rough and smooth. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is seen as many flattened interconnected cisternae studded with ribosomes. They are concerned with protein synthesis. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is devoid of ribosomes. They are concerned with further processing of proteins synthesized by rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi apparatus: It consists of smooth, curved cisternae present near the nucleus for transport of proteins. It adds sugar to form glycoprotein, lipoprotein and glycolipids.
Ribosomes: These are small, dark and dense granules. They may be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, concerned with protein synthesis.
Lysosomes: These are membrane-bound vesicle or dense bodies of various sizes and shapes, containing, lysosomal enzymes with property of phagocytosis (intracellular digestion). They are rich in glycoprotein and are abundant in phagocytic cells.
Peroxisomes: They are also membrane-bound vesicles smaller than lysosomes containing several types of oxidases and catalase. They are present mostly in liver and kidney to remove toxic materials.
 
CYTOSKELETON OF THE CELLS
Cytoskeleton gives the structural supporting framework and facilitates cell motility. They are made up of three main structural components—microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules, which are formed by proteins.
Microfilament: They are formed by protein actin, present near the cell wall and maintain the shape of the cells. It also forms the core of microvilli.
Intermediate filament: Different types of thick intermediate filaments are present in different types of cells having different names due to its different types of proteins present. They are cytokeratin in skin, vimentin in mesenchymal cells, desmin in muscles, neurofilament in nervous cells, glial filament in glial cells (astrocytes) and lamin in inner layer of nuclear membrane.
Microtubules: These are the largest filaments formed by α- and β-tubulin originating from centrosome in the cytoplasm, which contains a pair of centriole. They are visible in cilia and flagella. They are present in almost all types of cells except red blood cells.8
Centrosome and centriole: They are present near the nucleus having two centrioles lying perpendicular to one another. Centriole has nine microtubules arranged in group of three. They replicate before mitosis and form the spindles.
Cytoplasmic inclusions: They are lipids, glycogen, pigments and crystals.
Nucleus: Except RBC, all living cells have nucleus, covered by double layer of nuclear membranes containing ribosome on its outer layer. Nucleus has chromatin, nucleoli and DNA. Nuclear membrane has nuclear pores to control the movement of metabolites between nucleus and cytoplasm.
Epithelial cells: They have the followings functional surfaces:
  1. Basal surface: It rests on basement membrane formed by basal lamina and reticular lamina. At some places, basal surface shows infolding of plasma membrane to increase the surface area for transport of fluid and ions.
  2. Side surface: Specialized for cell-to-cell attachment. It is lying in contact with side surface of other cells. They are:
    1. Interlocking projections.
    2. Junctional complexes: The important junctional complexes are:
      1. Zonula occludens or tight junction.
      2. Zonula adherens or loose junction.
      3. Macula adherens or desmosomes.
    3. Free surface: It shows many types of specialization. It is exposed to either air or fluid in body cavity of system:
      1. Microvilli: These are ultramicroscopic finger-like projections from free surface of the cell. They consist of a core of apical cytoplasm covered by plasma membrane. They increase the absorptive surface.
      2. Cilia: These are hair-like processes. These may be motile or nonmotile (stereocilia). Function of motile cilia is to propel liquid, mucus or foreign bodies. They are present in respiratory tract, uterine tube and uterus, etc. Function of non-motile cilia (stereocilia) is absorptive or to act as sensory receptors. They are present in central canal of spinal cord.
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