Honorary Director: Pediatric Education Network

Editor: The Short Textbook of Pediatrics; Textbook of Pediatric Emergencies, Neonatal Emergencies, Pediatric Nutrition and Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Influenza: Complete Spectrum Towards MRCPCH Part II (Theory) Examination, Pediatric Yearbook (Series), Newer Horizons in Tropical Pediatrics, etc.

Author: Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics, Instructive Case Studies in Pediatrics, Pediatric Drug Directory, Nutrition in NICU, Influenza, Perspectives in Influenza, Infant Feeding, Speaking of Child Care, The Baby Book: The Parents' Guide from Birth to Infancy

Co-editor: Asian Journal of Maternal and Child Health (Manila, Philippines)

Section and Guest Editor: Pediatrics Today (New Delhi)

Editorial Advisor: Asian Journal of Pediatrics Practice (New Delhi)

Editorial Advisory Board Member/Reviewer: Indian Journal of Pediatrics (New Delhi), Indian Pediatrics (New Delhi), Synopsis (Detroit, USA), Indian Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (Jaipur, Rajasthan) Maternal and Child Nutrition (Preston, UK), Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Turkey), Indian Journal of Child Health (Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh)

Examiner: National Board of Examinations (NBE) for DNB, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh; Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar; Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi, India, and several other universities

Pediatric Faculty Selection Expert: All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Punjab Public Service Commission, Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission, Union Public Service Commission, etc.

4 Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd

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The Bourse

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Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.

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© 2015, Shamma-Bakshi Gupte/Manu Gupte (Executive Editors)

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Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.

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First Edition: 2015

Quick on the heels of global threat of the fatal Ebola virus infection/disease, the reputed British Medical Journal, in a recent editorial comment, has drawn attention to the growing menace of infectious/communicable diseases. Though smallpox got eradicated over three decades ago and polio eradication is around the corner, continuing as also emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are having a field day notwithstanding herculean efforts by the WHO and other organizations to counter the trend. For instance, in the Indian subcontinent, over and above malaria, dengue is contributing to a significant morbidity and mortality as a consequence of poor control of the vector. Not just that. Chikungunya and even typhus have re-emerged. In certain endemic belts, Japanese encephalitis remains a huge threat. Food-borne diseases (say diarrhea) as also zoonosis (say, leptospirosis) and parasitic infestations (both intestinal and extraintestinal) are very much around. So are respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis B. To cap all that, the growing menace of antimicrobial resistance as also further emergence of drug-resistant bugs and superbugs is adding fuel to the fury.

Grateful acknowledgments are made to: