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Pediatric Spots Saad Saleh Al Ani

CHAPTER 1:Accidents and Emergency
- 1.1. Estimate the Bruise's Age by Color
- 1.2. Causes of Miosis Include {(CO) 2P3S}
- 1.3. Causes of Mydriasis Include (AAAS)
- 1.4. Causes of Diaphoretic Skin (SOAP)
- 1.5. Causes of Red Skin
- 1.6. Causes of Blue Skin
- 1.7. Activated Charcoal is Ineffective or Contraindicated in the Following: (CHEMICAL CamP)
- 1.8. The Symptoms of Acetaminophen Overdose Occur in Four Stages
- 1.9. Symptoms of Anticholinergics Overdose
  - 1.9.1. Anticholinergic agents include
  - 1. 9.2. The symptoms are key
- 1.10. The Symptoms of Iron Overdose
  - 1.10.1. There are 5 phases of iron toxicity
  - 1.10.2. An elemental iron ingestion of
- 1.11. Opiate Overdose
  - 1.11.1. Common opiates include: (M3PHC) n
  - 1.11.2. The classic triad of
  - 1.11.3. Other expected findings of opiate overdose
- 1.12. Salicylates Poisoning
  - 1.12.1. Three systems are affected
  - 1.12.2. Salicylate level
- 1.13. Theophylline Overdose
- 1.14. Tricyclic Antidepressant Ingestion
  - 1.14.1. CNS effects are more prominent in children and include
  - 1.14.2. Be aware of CCCA in tricyclic antidepressants
- 1.15. Caustic Substance Ingestion
  - 1.15.1. Alkaline agents and characteristic
  - 1.15.2. Acidic agents and characteristics
- 1.16. Ethanol Ingestion
  - 1.16.1. Signs and symptoms of ethanol ingestion include
  - 1.16.2. A high osmolal gap should make one suspicious for ingestion of
- 1.17. Methanol Ingestion
  - 1.17.1. Symptoms
  - 1.17.2. Look for triad of
- 1.18. Ethylene Glycol Ingestion
  - 1.18.1. There are 3 stages of intoxication
  - 1.18.2. Like methanol, ethylene glycol ingestion leads to
- 1.19. Organophosphate Ingestion
  - 1.19.1. Inhibition of cholinesterase leads to the cholinergic toxidrome (DUMBELS) (N.B. there is increased secretions)
- 1.20. Hydrocarbon Ingestion
  - 1.20.1. The clinical findings include
- 1.21. Burn
  - 1.21.1. Classification of burn
  - 1.21.2. Measurement of burn areas follows the rule of nines (>14 years old)
  - 1.21.3. Rule of Palm (<10 years of age)
- 1.22. Head Injury
  - 1.22.1. Physical findings indicating more serious injury include
  - 1.22.2. When to definitely order a CT scan (high-risk) in head injury
  - 1.22.3. Intermediate-risk patients who have the followings
  - 1.22.4. When to discharge with instruction (low-risk)
  - 1.22.5. Concussion grades
  - 1.22.6. Concussion and time before return to contact sports
- 1.23. Grade of Ankle Sprains
CHAPTER 2:Cardiology
- 2.1. ECG Findings
- 2.2. Normal or Innocent Murmurs
- 2.3. Cardiac Catheterization; Normal Heart
- 2.4. Congenital Heart Diseases
CHAPTER 3:Dentistry
- 3.1. The Times of Eruption of the Primary and Permanent Teeth
  - 3.1.1. Primary dentition
  - 3.1.2. Permanent dentition
- 3.2. Angle Classification of Occlusion
- 3.3. Traumatic Oral Injury
  - 3.3.1. Injuries to teeth
    - 3.3.1.1. Tooth fractures
- 3.4. Discolored Teeth
- 3.5. Conditions Associated with Natal Teeth
- 3.6. Systemic Problems that Cause Aggressive Periodontitis in Children
- 3.7. Differential Diagnosis of Oral Ulceration
- 3.8. Bilateral Enlargement of the Submaxillary Glands
- 3.9. Benign Salivary Gland Hypertrophy
- 3.10. Xerostomia
CHAPTER 4:Dermatology
- 4.1. Skin Lesions
  - 4.1.1. Primary skin lesions
    - 4.1.1.1. Definition of primary skin lesions
  - 4.1.2. Secondary skin lesions
    - 4.1.2.1. Definition of secondary skin lesions
- 4.2. Nonpathological Neonatal Skin Lesions
- 4.3. Disorders with Café-au-lait Spots
CHAPTER 5:Endocrinology
- 5.1. Relationship between Average Blood Glucose Level (mmol/L) and ‘Glycosylated Hemoglobin’ (HbA1c)
- 5.2. Drugs and Conditions that Affect Thyroid Function Tests
- 5.3. Overview of a Thyroid Function Workup
- 5.4. Symmetrical Goiter
- 5.5. Thyroid Scans are Used for the Following Reasons
- 5.6. Relationship between Calcium, Phosphate and Vitamin D Metabolism
- 5.7. Differential Diagnosis of Rickets
- 5.8. Insulin Therapy
  - 5.8. 1. Insulin therapy—Types, peak and duration
CHAPTER 6:Fluids, Electrolytes and Nutrition
- 6.1. Glucose in the Maintenance Fluids
- 6.2. Goals of Maintenance Fluids to Prevent
- 6.3. Body Weight Method for Calculating Daily Maintenance Fluid Volume
- 6.4. Hourly Maintenance Water Rate
- 6.5. Composition of Intravenous Fluids
- 6.6. Natural Sources of Water Loss
- 6.7. Adjustments in Maintenance Water
- 6.8. Replacement Fluid for Diarrhea
- 6.9. Replacement Fluid for Emesis or Nasogastric Losses
- 6.10. Adjusting Fluid Therapy for Altered Renal Output
- 6.11. Clinical Evaluation of Dehydration
  - 6.11.1. Mild dehydration
  - 6.11.2. Moderate dehydration
  - 6.11.3. Severe dehydration
- 6.12. Fluid Management of Dehydration
  - 6.12.1. Steps
- 6.13. Monitoring Therapy
- 6.14. Treatment of Hypernatremic Dehydration
  - 6.14.1. Steps
- 6.15. Treatment of Hyponatremic Dehydration
  - 6.15.1. Steps
- 6.16. A Guideline for Oral Rehydration
- 6.17. Composition of Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS)
- 6.18. Composition of Oral Rehydration Salts Solution for Severely Malnourished Children (ReSoMal)
- 6.19. Causes of Hypernatremia
- 6.20. Causes of Hyponatremia
- 6.21. Causes of Hyperkalemia
- 6.22. Causes of Hypokalemia
- 6.23. Causes of Hypercalcemia
- 6.24. Causes of Hyperphosphatemia
- 6.25. Causes of Hypophosphatemia
- 6.26. Causes of Hypomagnesemia
- 6.27. Systematic Evaluation of an Arterial Blood Gas Sample
- 6.28. Plasma Osmolality
- 6.29. Basic Mechanisms of a Metabolic Acidosis
- 6.30. Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
- 6.31. Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis
- 6.32. Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
- 6.33. Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis
- 6.34. Causes of Rickets
- 6.35. Absolute and Relative Contraindications to Breastfeeding due to Maternal Conditions
- 6.36. Formula Feeding
  - 6.36.1. Facts
  - 6.36.2. Cow's milk protein-based formulas
  - 6.36.3. Soy formulas
  - 6.36.4. Protein hydrolysate formula
  - 6.36.5. Amino acid formulas
- 6.37. Endocrine Causes of Obesity
- 6.38. Genetic Causes of Obesity
CHAPTER 7:Gastroenterology
- 7.1. Causes of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
  - 7.1.1. Neuromuscular disorders
  - 7.1.2. Metabolic and autoimmune disorders
  - 7.1.3. Infectious diseases
  - 7.1.4. Structural lesions
  - 7.1.5. Others
- 7.2. Causes of Esophageal Dysphagia
  - 7.2.1. Neuromuscular disorders
  - 7.2.2. Mechanical
- 7.3. Acid-base Imbalance
- 7.4. First and Second Lines of Defense Against pH Shift
- 7.5. Derangement in Acid-base Balance
  - 7.5.1. Metabolic acidosis
  - 7.5.2. Metabolic alkalosis
  - 7.5.3. Respiratory acidosis
  - 7.5.4. Respiratory alkalosis
- 7.6. Diagnosis of Acid-base Imbalances
- 7.7. Easy Blood Gas Interpretation
- 7.8. Compensation-attempt to Normalize pH
- 7.9. Evaluation of Liver Function Tests
- 7.10. Clues for Diagnosis of Functional Abdominal Pain
- 7.11. Clues that Indicate an Organic Cause for the Abdominal Pain
- 7.12. Holliday-Segar Formula
  - 7.12.1. Holliday-Segar formula for daily calories required under basal conditions
  - 7.12.2. Holliday-Segar formula for maintenance of calories and fluids
- 7.13. Foreign Body Ingestions
- 7.14. Certain Contraindications to Oral Replacement Therapy
- 7.15. The “Rule of 2‘s” for Meckel Diverticulum
- 7.16. Comparison of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn Disease
- 7.17. Who is at High-risk for Hepatitis A Infection or Complications
  - 7.17.1. Hepatitis A; typical sequence of events following infection
- 7.18. Hepatitis B (HBV)
  - 7.18.1. The main 3 antigenic markers in hepatitis B
- 7.19. Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection with Recovery; Typical Serology Course
- 7.20. The Rising and Falling Hepatitis B Serologic Markers after Months of Exposure
- 7.21. The 3 Types of Carrier States Concerning Hepatitis B
- 7.22. Possible Outcomes after Hepatitis B Infection
- 7.23. Hepatitis B Scenarios
- 7.24. Types of Viral Hepatitis and their Serological Tests
- 7.25. Conditions Associated with an Increased Risk of Hepatitis C
- 7.26. Hepatitis E
- 7.27. Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- 7.28. Types of Esophageal Hiatal Hernia
- 7.29. Congenital Duodenal Atresia
- 7.30. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
- 7.31. Most Common Causes of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia (Transfer Dysphagia)
- 7.32. Most Common Causes of Esophageal Dysphagia
- 7.33. Common Causes of Emesis
  - 7.33.1. Common causes of emesis during Infancy
  - 7.33.2. Common causes of emesis during childhood
  - 7.33.3. Common causes of emesis during adolescence
- 7.34. Common Causes of Gastrointestinal Obstruction
  - 7.34.1. Common congenital causes of intestinal obstruction
  - 7.34.2. Common acquired causes of intestinal obstruction
- 7.35. Criteria for Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
- 7.36. Complications of Vomiting
- 7.37. Common Causes of Childhood Diarrhea
  - 7.37.1. Common causes of acute childhood diarrhea
  - 7.37.2. Common causes of chronic childhood diarrhea
- 7.38. Common Causes of Constipation
- 7.39. Chronic Abdominal Pain in Children
  - 7.39.1. Nonorganic causes of chronic abdominal pain
  - 7.39.2. Gastrointestinal tract causes of chronic abdominal pain
  - 7.39.3. Gallbladder and pancreas tract causes of chronic abdominal pain
  - 7.39.4. Genitourinary tract causes of chronic abdominal pain
  - 7.39.5. Miscellaneous causes of chronic abdominal pain
- 7.40. Common Causes of Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Childhood
  - 7.40.1. Common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in infancy
  - 7.40.2. Common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in children
  - 7.40.3. Common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding in adolescence
CHAPTER 8:Genetics
- 8.1. Indications for Genetic Counseling
- 8.2. Pedigree Symbols
- 8.3. Autosomal Dominant (AD) Inheritance
- 8.4. Autosomal Recessive (AR) Inheritance
- 8.5. X-linked Recessive (XR) Inheritance
- 8.6. Y-linked Inheritance
- 8.7. Mitochondrial Inheritance
- 8.8. Clues that Genetic Disorder is likely
- 8.9. Indications for Chromosomal Analysis
- 8.10. Abnormal Maternal Screen Study
- 8.11. Down Syndrome Features
- 8.12. Characteristic Findings of Trisomy 18 (Edwards' Syndrome)
- 8.13. Common Clinical Findings of Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) (Think of Midline Defects)
- 8.14. Turner Syndrome—45, X
  - 8.14.1. Common clinical findings of Turner syndrome—45, X
  - 8.14.2. Associated findings with Turner syndrome—45, X
- 8.15. Common Clinical Findings of Fragile X Syndrome
- 8.16. Common Clinical Findings of Klinefelter Syndrome—47, XXY
- 8.17. Indications for Karyotype
CHAPTER 9:Growth and Development
- 9.1. Predicting Midparental Height in Children
- 9.2. Quick Pearls to Remember about Growth
  - 9.2.1. Birth weight
  - 9.2.2. Birth length
  - 9.2.3. Head growth
- 9.3. Definitions of Failure to Thrive (FTT)
  - 9.3.1. One point on the growth curve
  - 9.3.2. A series of points on the growth curve
- 9.4. Developmental Milestones
  - 9.4.1. Reflexes
  - 9.4.2. Head control
  - 9.4.3. Rolling and sitting
  - 9.4.4. Hands/Fingers
  - 9.4.5. Ambulating
  - 9.4.6. Social
  - 9.4.7. Speech and language
- 9.5. Tooth Development
- 9.6. Routine Childhood Immunization Administration
  - 9.6.1.
  - 9.6.2. Live vaccines include
  - 9.6.3. OPV
  - 9.6.4. Anaphylactic reaction associated with special vaccines
  - 9.6.5. Facts about vaccination
- 9.7. Screening Scheme for Development Delay Upper Range
- 9.8. Expressive Language Development
- 9.9. Clues to Abnormal Speech and Language Development by Age
- 9.10. Factors Associated with Hearing Loss in Neonates
- 9.11. Behaviors Suggestive of ADHD
- 9.12. Suggested Metabolic Syndrome Indices in Children and Adolescents
- 9.13. Grasping and Handedness: Facts
- 9.14. Social Learning, Self and Others, Play and Adaptive Skills Include
- 9.15. Constructional and Drawing Skills
- 9.16. Importance of Skill Delays
- 9.17. The Differential Diagnosis of Delay in Motor Milestones
- 9.18. Specific Neurodevelopmental Impairments Include
- 9.19. Classification of Sexual Maturity States in Girls
- 9.20. Classification of Sexual Maturity States in Boys
CHAPTER 10:Hematology
- 10.1. Anemia Mechanism Summary
- 10.2. The Peripheral Smear—Significance of Specific Changes
- 10.3. Anemia due to Iron Deficiency vs. Anemia of Chronic Inflammatory Disease (ACD)
- 10.4. Lab Results of Bleeding Disorders
- 10.5. Lab Results in DIC
- 10.6. Use of the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Reticulocyte Count in the Diagnosis of Anemia
- 10.7. Hematology and Laboratory Features of Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia
- 10.8. Laboratory Studies Differentiating the Most Common Microcytic Anemias
- 10.9. Selected Cutoff Values to Define Iron Deficiency Anemia
- 10.10. Possible Complications of Blood Transfusions
- 10.11. Inherited Causes of Lymphocytopenia
- 10.12. Causes of Red Cell Fragmentation Syndromes
- 10.13. Causes of a Raised Platelet Count (Thrombocytosis)
- 10.14. Causes of Thrombocytopenia
- 10.15. Causes of Immune Thrombocytopenia
- 10.16. Hemophilia A and B—Level of Clotting Factor Related to Clinical Features
- 10.17. Complications Associated with Sickle Cell Trait
CHAPTER 11:Infectious Diseases
- 11.1. Diagnostic Criteria of Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
- 11.2. Diphtheria
- 11.3. Late Manifestations of Congenital Syphilis
- 11.4. Definition of Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
- 11.5. Children At High-risk of Invasive Pneumococcal Infection
- 11.6. Scarlet Fever
- 11.7. Pathophysiologic Events in Postnatally Acquired Rubella Virus Infection
  - 11.7.1. Complications of postnatally acquired rubella virus infection
- 11.8. Schematic Representation of the Development of Antibodies to Various Epstein-Barr Virus Antigens in Patients with Infectious Mononucleosis
- 11.9. Pathophysiologic Events in Measles, Rubella, Scarlet Fever and Roseola Infantum
- 11.10. Complications of Infectious Mononucleosis
- 11.11. Definition of Positive Tuberculin Skin Testing
- 11.12. Clinical Features of Congenital Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Toxoplasmosis
- 11.13. Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
- 11.14. Recommendation of Usage of Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines (PPV)
- 11.15. Factors Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) of HIV
CHAPTER 12:Metabolic Disorders
- 12.1. Suspicion of Inborn Errors
  - 12.1.1. Symptoms can include
  - 12.1.2. Examples of the most common, associated diseases are
- 12.2. The Classical Galactosemia (Deficiency of Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase)
  - 12.2.1. The signs and symptoms of classic galactosemia include
    - 12.2.1.1 Galactosemia include:
- 12.3. Friedreich Ataxia
  - 12.3.1. Facts about Friedreich ataxia
  - 12.3.2. Symptoms include
- 12.4. Recognition Pattern of Mucopolysaccharidosis
- 12.5. Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (Hurler Syndrome)
  - 12.5.1. Facts about Hurler syndrome
  - 12.5.2. Common findings in Hurler syndrome
- 12.6. Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (Hunter Syndrome)
  - 12.6.1. Facts about Hunter syndrome
  - 12.6.2. Common findings in Hunter syndrome
- 12.7. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- 12.8. Metabolic Screening
- 12.9. Some of the Most Common Reasons for Referral to a Metabolic Clinic
- 12.10. Disorders of Fatty Acid Metabolism
- 12.11. Inborn Errors of Metabolism that Cause Elevated Blood Lactate
- 12.12. Flowchart for Differential Diagnosis of Hyperammonemia
- 12.13. Flowchart for Evaluation of Metabolic Acidosis in the Young Infant
- 12.14. Special Smell that Indicate the Inborn Error of Metabolisms (IEMs)
- 12.15. Quick References for Differential Diagnosis of Inborn Error of Metabolism
- 12.16. Organic Acidemias
- 12.17. Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects
- 12.18. Primary Lactic Acidosis
- 12.19. Aminoacidopathies
- 12.20. Urea Cycle Defects
- 12.21. Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
- 12.22. Lysosomal Storage Disorders
- 12.23. Peroxisomal Disorders
CHAPTER 13:Neonatology
- 13.1. Lethal Neonatal Dwarfism
  - 13.1.1. Usually fatal
  - 13.1.2. Often fatal
  - 13.1.3. Occasionally fatal
- 13.2. Usually Nonlethal Dwarfing Conditions
  - 13.2.1. Most common
  - 13.2.2. Less common
- 13.3. Incidence of Malformation and Degree of Maternal Hyperglycemia Prior to Conception
- 13.4. Known Risk Factors for Prematurity Include
- 13.5. Independent Risk Factors for Increased Mortality among Preterm Infants
- 13.6. Algorithm for Management of Baby Born to Mom with Group B Streptococcus Infection (GBS) Prophylaxis
- 13.7. Apgar Score (After Virginia Apgar)
  - 13.7.1. Apgar score elements
- 13.8. The Used Endotracheal Tube (i.e. diameter) Based on Body Weight
  - 13.8.1. The size
  - 13.8.2. The length
- 13.9. A “White Pupillary Reflex” is Abnormal, so Think of
- 13.10. Prechtl States of Sleep and Wakefulness in the Newborn
- 13.11. Glucose Screening
  - 13.11.1. Screening should be directed toward those infants at risk for pathologic hypoglycemia
  - 13.11.2. Screen if any of these clinical signs are noted
- 13.12. The “Primitive” Reflexes
- 13.13. The Clinical Problems Associated with Small for Gestational Age (SGA) at Birth
- 13.14. Complications of Diabetes in Pregnancy on the Fetuses and Infants
- 13.15. The Risk of Developing Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) is
  - 13.15.1. The risk increased by the following factors
  - 13.15.2. Reduced by the following factors
- 13.16. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)—The Most Commonly Identified Etiologies
- 13.17. Do Not Use Indomethacin in Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) if the Infant has Any of the Following
  - 13.17.1. Note:
- 13.18. Meconium Plugs Occur More Commonly in Infants with
- 13.19. Risk Factors for Severe Hyperbilirubinemia
  - 13.19.1. Other minor risk factors include
- 13.20. Neonatal Jaundice
  - 13.20.1. Jaundice appears after the 3rd day during the first week suggests
  - 13.20.2. Jaundice occurs after the first week considers
  - 13.20.3. Jaundice is persistent, so think of the following
- 13.21. Guidelines for Implementing Phototherapy in Hyperbilirubinemia
  - 13.21.1. For infants at low-risk
  - 13.21.2. For infants at medium risk
  - 13.21.3. For infants at high-risk
  - 13.21.4. Risk factors
- 13.22. Guidelines for Implementing Exchange Transfusion in Hyperbilirubinemia
  - 13.22.1. For infants at low-risk
  - 13.22.2. For infants at medium risk
  - 13.22.3. For infants at high-risk
- 13.23. Congenital Syphilis
- 13.24. Neonatal Seizures
  - 13.24. 1. Causes of neonatal seizures
  - 13.24.2. Facts about neonatal seizures
- 13.25. Characteristic Features of Early- and Late-onset Neonatal Listerosis
- 13.26. Characteristic Features of Early- and Late-onset GBS Disease
- 13.27. Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism that Cause Neonatal Seizures
  - 13.27.1. Blood glucose low
  - 13.27.2. Blood calcium low
  - 13.27.3. Blood ammonia high
  - 13.27.4. Blood lactate high
  - 13.27.5. Metabolic acidosis
- 13.28. Pathophysiology of Meconium Passage and the Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
- 13.29. Congenital Infections
  - 13.29.1. Features of congenital Cytomegalovirus infection
  - 13.29.2. Features of congenital rubella infection
  - 13.29.3. Features of congenital toxoplasmosis infection
- 13.30. Neonatal Features of Maternal Drugs Intake Prenatally
  - 13.30.1. Fetal alcohol syndrome
  - 13.30.2. Fetal phenytoin syndrome
- 13.31. Definitions by World Health Organization (WHO)
  - 13.31.1. Gestation (independent of birth weight)
  - 13.31.2. Birth weight (independent of gestation)
  - 13.31.3. Size for gestation
  - 13.31.4. The neonate
  - 13.31.5. Mortality rates
- 13.32. Conditions Predisposing to Birth Injury
- 13.33. The Major Clinical Features for Grading the Severity of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
- 13.34. Differential Diagnosis for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
- 13.35. Etiology of the Small for Gestational Age (Sga) Neonate
- 13.36. Problems of the Small for Gestational Age (Sga) Neonate
- 13.37. Etiology of the Large for Gestational Age (Lga) Neonate
- 13.38. Problems of the Large for Gestational Age (LGA) Neonate
- 13.39. Complications of Parenteral Nutrition
- 13.40. Factors Affecting the Incidence of RDS
CHAPTER 14:Nephrology
- 14.1. Most Frequent Hereditary—Metabolic Diseases of Childhood that Lead to End-stage Renal Disease
- 14.2. Causes of End-stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Vary with the Patient's Age and Include
- 14.3. Causes of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- 14.4. Schwartz Formula for Estimation of Creatinine Clearance
  - 14.4.1. Creatinine clearance
- 14.5. Important Concepts Used in Determining Acid-base Status
  - 14.5.1. What effect ventilation, which is reflected in the PaCO2, has on pH and HCO3–
  - 14.5.2. What effect metabolic alkalosis or acidosis, reflected in the HCO3–, has on PaCO2 (ventilation)
  - 14.5.3. Anion gap and osmolal gap
- 14.6. Changes in Blood Chemistry—Respiratory vs Metabolic Disorders
- 14.7. Metabolic Acidosis
- 14.8. Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis
- 14.9. Analysis of Acid-base Problems
  - 14.9.1. First step
  - 14.9.2. Second step
- 14.10. Persistent Asymptomatic Hematuria
- 14.11. Evaluation of Hematuria in Children—Tests for All Children at Initial Presentation
- 14.12. Evaluation of Hematuria in Children—Tests for Selected Children
  - 14.12.1. Laboratory tests
  - 14.12.2. Voiding cystourethrogram
  - 14.12.3. Renal biopsy indicated for the following
  - 14.12.4. Cystoscopy indicated for the following
- 14.13. Classical Features of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) (Anaphylactoid Purpura)
- 14.14. Classical Features of Nephrotic Syndrome Usually Includes
- 14.15. Poor Prognostic Features of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
- 14.16. Facts About Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
  - 14.16.1. Facts concerning RTA
  - 14.16.2. Facts concerning serum K+, remember
- 14.17. Type II RTA (Proximal RTA)
  - 14.17.1. Facts concerning type II RTA (proximal RTA)
  - 14.17.2. Causes of type II RTA
- 14.18. Type IV RTA
  - 14.18.1. Facts concerning type IV RTA
  - 14.18.2. Causes of type IV RTA
- 14.19. Type I RTA (Distal RTA)
  - 14.19.1. Facts concerning type I RTA
  - 14.19.2. Causes of type I RTA
- 14.20. Acute Renal Failure
  - 14.20.1. Facts concerning acute renal failure
  - 14.20.2. Prerenal causes of acute renal failure
  - 14.20.3. Intrarenal causes of acute renal failure
  - 14.20.4. Postrenal causes of acute renal failure
- 14.21. Causes of Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
- 14.22. Risk Factors Associated with the Development of UTI
- 14.23. Effects of Constipation on Urinary System
- 14.24. Differential Diagnosis of Enuresis
- 14.25. VUR Grading
- 14.26. Causes of Hematuria
- 14.27. Investigations for Children with Renal Calculi
- 14.28. Classification of Glomerular Disorders
  - 14.28.1. Primary glomerulonephritis
  - 14.28.2. Glomerulonephritis associated with systemic disorders
- 14.29. Causes of Proteinuria
  - 14.29.1. Intermittent proteinuria
  - 14.29.2. Persistent proteinuria
- 14.30. The Features of Nephrotic Syndrome
- 14.31. Indications for Renal Biopsy in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome
  - 14.31.1. Renal biopsy is recommended before treatment with corticosteroids when the nephrotic syndrome occurs
  - 14.31.2. Renal biopsy may be considered in children with nephrotic syndrome
- 14.32. Causes of Infantile Nephrotic Syndrome
  - 14.32.1. Primary causes
  - 14.32.2. Secondary causes
- 14.33. Causes of Hypertension
  - 14.33.1. Causes of hypertension in newborn
  - 14.33.2. Causes of hypertension in the first year
  - 14.33.3. Causes of hypertension 1–6 years
  - 14.33.4. Causes of hypertension 6–12 years
  - 14.33.5. Causes of hypertension 12–18 years
- 14.34. Causes of Renal Hypertension
- 14.35. Biochemical Urine Indices in Renal Failure
- 14.36. Guidelines on the Indications for Dialysis
- 14.37. Stages of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
CHAPTER 15:Neurology
- 15.1. MRI of the Head
- 15.2. Cytogenetic Chromosome Testing for Mental Retardation
- 15.3. Delayed Language Development
- 15.4. Diagnostic Criteria for Migraine Headaches
- 15.5. Febrile Infection-related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES)
- 15.6. EEG Series
  - 15.6.1. Absence seizure
    - 15.6.1.1. Absence (Petit mal) seizure in an 8-year-old boy
    - 15.6.1.2. Atypical absence seizure in a patient with encephalopathic generalized epilepsy
  - 15.6.2. Myoclonic seizure
  - 15.6.3. Infantile spasm
  - 15.6.4. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
  - 15.6.5. Simple partial seizure
  - 15.6.6. Temporal lobe epilepsy
  - 15.6.7. Frontal lobe epilepsy
- 15.7. Screening Scheme for Developmental Delay: Upper Range
- 15.8. Head Growth
  - 15.8.1. The average rate of head growth in a healthy premature infant
  - 15.8.2. The head circumference of an average term infant
- 15.9. Permanent Causes of Anosmia (Loss of Smell)
- 15.10. Horner Syndrome
  - 15.10.1. Characterized by
  - 15.10.2. Horner syndrome may be
- 15.11. Causes of True or Apparent VIth Nerve Weakness in Children
- 15.12. Most Common Clinical Features of Progressive Infantile Hydrocephalus
  - 15.12.1. 50% of progressive infantile hydrocephalus cases are asymptomatic
  - 15.12.2. Symptoms of progressive infantile hydrocephalus
  - 15.12.3. Signs of progressive infantile hydrocephalus
- 15.13. Clinical Features of Decompensated Hydrocephalus (Children with Shunts)
  - 15.13.1. Symptoms of decompensated hydrocephalus
  - 15.13.2. Signs of decompensated hydrocephalus
- 15.14. Causes of Acquired Hydrocephalus
- 15.15. Dandy-Walker Malformation
  - 15.15.1. This incorporates
  - 15.15.2. Facts on Dandy-Walker malformation
- 15.16. Classification of Spina Bifida
- 15.17. Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1)
  - 15.17.1. Incidence of NF1
  - 15.17.2. Genetics of NF1
  - 15.17.3. Diagnostic criteria for NF1: Two or more of the following are required
- 15.18. Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2)
  - 15.18.1. Incidence and genetics of NF2
  - 15.18.2. The diagnosis for NF2 is based on the following criteria
- 15.19. Diagnostic Criteria for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
  - 15.19.1. Major features
  - 15.19.2. Minor features
  - 15.19.3. Criteria for diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
- 15.20. Principal Purposes for the Usage of EEG, to
- 15.21. Generalized, Self-limited Seizures
  - 15.21.1. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS)
  - 15.21.2. Tonic seizures
  - 15.21.3. Clonic seizures
  - 15.21.4. Myoclonic seizures
  - Special types of myoclonic seizure
  - 15.21.5. Atonic seizures
  - 15.21.6. Epileptic spasms (previously called infantile spasms)
  - 15.21.7. Absence seizures
  - 15.21.7.1. Typical absence seizures
  - 15.21.7.2. Atypical absence seizures
- 15.22. Focal, Self-limited Seizures
  - 15.22.1. Focal motor seizures
- FOCAL MOTOR SEIZURES SUBTYPES INCLUDE
  - 15.22.2. Focal sensory seizures
- FOCAL SENSORY SEIZURES SUBTYPE INCLUDE
  - 15.22.3. Gelastic seizures
  - 15.22.4. Hemiclonic seizures
  - 15.22.5. Secondary, generalized seizures
  - 15.22.6. Autonomic seizures
- 15.23. Indications for Neuroimaging in Children with Headache
- 15.24. Causes of Ataxia in Children
  - 15.24.1. Metabolic causes of ataxia in children
  - 15.24.2. Acute/subacute causes of ataxia in children
- 15.25. Transient Movement Disorders in Childhood
CHAPTER 16:Oncology
- 16.1. Common Chemotherapeutic Agents; Mechanism of Action and Toxicity
- 16.2. Some Conditions Predispose to AML
- 16.3. Differences between Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma
- 16.4. The Most Common Signs and Symptoms of Cancer in Children
- 16.5. Uncommon Signs and Symptoms of Cancer in Children
  - 16.5.1. Uncommon signs and symptoms of cancer in children related directly to tumor
  - 16.5.2. Uncommon signs and symptoms of cancer in children not related directly to tumor
- 16.6. Oncologic Emergencies
- 16.7. Potential Long-term Sequelae of Childhood Cancer
- 16.8. Categorical Etiological Factors for CNS Tumors
  - 16.8.1. Heritable syndromes as etiological factors for CNS tumors
  - 16.8.2. Immunodeficiency (intracerebral lymphomas) as etiological factors for CNS tumors specially
- 16.9. The WHO Classification Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Hodgkin's Disease (HD)
- 16.10. Factors Predisposing to Childhood Leukemia
  - 16.10.1. Genetic conditions predisposing to childhood leukemia
  - 16.10.2. Environmental conditions predisposing to childhood leukemia
- 16.11. French-American-British (FAB) Classification of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
- 16.12. Location of Childhood Brain Tumors within the Central Nervous System
CHAPTER 17:Ophthalmology
- 17.1. Useful Screening Questions for Older Children with Perceptual Visual Difficulties Related to Central Nervous System (CNS) Disease
- 17.2. Refractive Errors
- 17.3. Causes of Cerebral Visual Impairment
- 17.4. Conditions that may Present with (Apparent) Concomitant Strabismus
- 17.5. Causes of True or Apparent VIth Nerve Weakness in Children
- 17.6. Mnemonic ‘DWARF’ for Evaluation of Nystagmus
- 17.7. Causes of Sensory Congenital Nystagmus
  - 17.7.1. Albinism
- 17.8. Causes of Acquired Nystagmus in Children
- 17.9. Ocular Defects that may Cause Bilateral Congenital Blindness
- 17.10. The Blind Infant with Apparently Normal Eyes
- 17.11. Causes of Visual Loss in Children Evident on Ophthalmic Examination
- 17.12. Congenital Ptosis
- 17.13. Causes of Congenital Cataracts
- 17.14. Abnormalities of the Optic Disk and Retina
- 17.15. Corneal Clouding
- 17.16. Differential Diagnosis of Retinal Hemorrhages in an Infant with Suspected Shaking Injury (Not Exhaustive)
- 17.17. Ophthalmological Photos
- 17.18. Stages of Papilledema (Frisen Scale)
CHAPTER 18:Orthopedic
- 18.1. Differential Diagnosis of Joint Pain in Children
- 18.2. Hypermobility, Criteria Most Frequently Used to Define
- 18.3. Inherited Syndromes with Significant Hypermobility
- 18.4. Inherited Skeletal Dysplasias
- 18.5. Differential Diagnosis of Inflammatory Arthritis in Childhood
- 18.6. The Differential Diagnosis of Joint Pain in Children
- 18.7. Comparison of Synovial Fluid Analysis in Children with Infective and Inflammatory Arthritis
- 18.8. Psoriatic Arthritis
- 18.9. Criteria for the Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever
- 18.10. Roles of Radiological Imaging in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
  - 18.10. 1. All imaging modalities may have a potential role in JIA to
  - 18.10. 2. Stages of radiographic changes are seen on plain radiographs in JIA are 3
- 18.11. Kawasaki Disease
- 18.12. Juvenile Dermatomyositis
- 18.13. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
CHAPTER 19:Otolaryngology
- 19.1. Facts about ENT
- 19.2. Causes of Sensorineural Deafness
- 19.3. Symptoms of Sensorineural Deafness
  - 19.3.1. Sensorineural deafness is hearing loss that occurs from damage to
  - 19.3.2. Symptoms may include
- 19.4. Common Causes of Stridor in Infants and Children
- 19.5. Normal CT Scan for the Paranasal Sinuses
- 19.6. Lateral Soft Tissue X-ray of a 4-year-old Boy
- 19.7. Adenoidectomy
  - 19.7.1. Indications
  - 19.7.2. Fact
- 19.8. Tonsillectomy
  - 19.8.1. Indications
  - 19.8.2. Facts
- 19.9. Causes of Hoarseness in Children
  - 19.9.1. Laryngeal diagnoses of the causes of hoarseness in children
- 19.10. Complications of Tonsillitis
  - 19.10.1. Complications specific to group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes (GABHS) pharyngitis
- 19.11. The Most Common Causes of Epistaxis in Children
- 19.12. Serous Otitis Media (Secretory Otitis Media)
  - 19.12.1. Causes of serous otitis media
  - 19.12.2. Symptoms of serous otitis media
- 19.13. Predisposing Factors for Acute Suppurative Otitis Media
CHAPTER 20:Respiratory Disorders
- 20.1. The AAP Guidelines for RSV Immunoprophylaxis for High-risk Infants and Children
- 20.2. Signs of Respiratory Distress in an Infant Older than 2 Months of Age
- 20.3. Tachypnea Thresholds based on Age—A Comparison
- 20.4. Recommendations of Chest X-ray for Chest Infection
- 20.5. Side Effects of Systemic Corticosteroids
- 20.6. Problems that may be Caused by the Usage of Inhaled Steroids
- 20.7. Risk Factors for Poor Prognosis in Drowning and Submersion Events Include
- 20.8. Reasons to Consider Sweat Test
  - 20.8.1. GI pearls for testing
  - 20.8.2. Respiratory pearls for testing
  - 20.8.3. Miscellaneous pearls for testing
- 20.9. Hemoptysis in Children
  - 20.9.1. The most common etiologies in children are
  - 20.9.2. Rare causes include
- 20.10. Sarcoidosis
  - 20.10.1. Indications for systemic corticosteroids in sarcoidosis
  - 20.10.2. Radiological staging of sarcoidosis
  - 20.10.3. Facts concerning sarcoidosis
  - 20.10.4. Dermatologic manifestations of sarcoidosis
  - 20.10.5. Laboratory evaluation of sarcoidosis
- 20.11. Conditions Predisposing to Aspiration Lung Injury in Children
  - 20.11.1. Anatomical and mechanical conditions
  - 20.11.2. Neuromuscular conditions
  - 20.11.3. Miscellaneous
- 20.12. Finger Clubbing
  - 20.12.1. Nonpulmonary diseases associated with clubbing
- 20.13. Spirogram Showing Lung Volumes and Capacities
- 20.14. Pulmonary Function Testing
  - 20.14.1. Pulmonary function testing, although rarely resulting in a diagnosis, is helpful in
  - 20.14.2. Spirometer and pulmonary function
  - 20.14.3. Restrictive diseases and pulmonary function
  - 20.14.4. Obstructive diseases and pulmonary function
- 20.15. The Most Common Causes of Epistaxis in Children
- 20.16. Condition that can Mimic the Common Cold
- 20.17. Exercise-induced Bronchospasm
  - 20.17.1. Sport activities that less likely than others to trigger exercise-induced bronchospasm
  - 20.17.2. Symptoms of exercise-induced bronchospasm
- 20.18. Lung Function Abnormalities in Asthma
- 20.19. Lung Function Patterns (For Spirometry)
- 20.20. Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS)
- 20.21. Factors Suggesting Need for Hospitalization of Children with Pneumonia
- 20.22. Differentiation of Pleural Fluid
- 20.23. Low Glucose or pH in Pleural Fluid
- 20.24. Causes of Spontaneous Pneumothorax
  - 20.24.1. Conditions associated with increased intrathoracic pressure
  - 20.24.2. Congenital lung disease
  - 20.24.3. Infection
  - 20.24.4. Diffuse lung disease
  - 20.24.5. Other conditions
- 20.25. Cystic Fibrosis
  - 20.25.1. Respiratory symptoms may include the following
  - 20.25.2. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms may include
  - 20.25.3. Genitourinary symptoms may include the following
  - 20.25.4. Pulmonary complications
  - 20.25.5. Gastrointestinal complications
  - 20.25.6. Liver and pancreatic complications
  - 20.25.7. Metabolic complications
  - 20.25.8. Nasal complications
CHAPTER 21:Rheumatology
- 21.1. Criteria for Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- 21.2. Common Presentation of Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
- 21.3. Diagnosis of Juvenile Dermatomyositis
- 21.4. Kawasaki Disease
- 21.5. Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
  - 21.5.1. Poor prognostic indicators (3–6 months) of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  - 21.5.2. High-spiking intermittent fever in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- 21.6. Characteristics Differentiation of the Spondyloarthritides
- 21.7. Viruses Associated with Arthritis
- 21.8. Morbidity in Childhood Lupus
- 21.9. Definition of Arthritis
- 21.10. Arthralgias without Physical Findings for Arthritis
- 21.11. Arthritis as a Presenting Manifestation of Multisystem Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood
- 21.12. Symptoms Characteristic of Inflammatory Back Pain
- 21.13. Reactive Arthritis
- 21.14. Drug-induced Lupus
- 21.15. The Screening Musculoskeletal Examination in a Child
- 21.16. Causes of Migratory Arthritis
- 21.17. Causes of Polyarthritis
  - 21.17.1. Causes of symmetric polyarthritis
  - 21.17.2. Causes of asymmetric polyarthritis
- 21.18. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
CHAPTER 22:Pediatric Mnemonics
- 22.1. APGAR Score Components
- 22.2. Autistic Disorder: Features
- 22.3. Breastfeeding: Contraindicated Drugs
- 22.4. Branches of Facial Nerve
- 22.5. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases
- 22.6. ECG: T Wave Inversion Causes
- 22.7. Innocent Murmurs
- 22.8. Meckel's Diverticulum-Rule of 2's
- 22.9. Murmurs: Questions to Ask
- 22.10. Murmurs: Innocent Murmur Features.8 S's
- 22.11. Paramyxoviruses Family
- 22.12. Pheochromocytoma-rule of 10%s
- 22.13. Potter Syndrome
- 22.14. Protein Content of Milk
- 22.15. Psoriasis: Pathophysiology
- 22.16. Radial Nerve Innervates the BEST!!!!
- 22.17. Rash Appearance in a Febrile Patient
- 22.18. Risk Factor for Neonatal Jaundice
- 22.19. Raynaud's Phenomenon: Causes
- 22.20. STURGE Weber
- 22.21. White Patch of Skin: Differential
- 22.22. Williams Syndrome
- 22.23. DiGeorge Syndrome
- 22.24. Short Stature
- 22.25. Breastfeeding: Contraindicated Drugs BREAST
- 22.26. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
- 22.27. Causes of Elevated Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
- 22.28. Causes of Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
- 22.29. Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis
- 22.30. Measles: Complications “MEASLES COMP” (Complications)
Suggested Reading

INDEX

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Chapter Notes