Vol. 5
Editors Anil K Lalwani MD
Professor and Vice-Chair for Research Director, Division of Otology, Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery Director, Columbia Cochlear Implant Center Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Medical Director of Perioperative Services New York Presbyterian—Columbia University Medical Center
New York, New York, USA
Markus HF Pfister MD MBA
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Affiliated with Klinik St Anna, Lucerne, Hirslanden Group HNO Sarnen, Switzerland
Swisstinnitus, Switzerland
Kantonsspital Obwalden Hirslanden Klinik Meggen, Switzerland
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
E-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Offices
J.P. Medical Ltd.
83, Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44-20 3170 8910
Fax: +44(0)20 3008 6180
E-mail: info@jpmedpub.com
Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc.
City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton
Panama City, Panama
Phone: +1 507-301-0496
Fax: +1 507-301-0499
E-mail: cservice@jphmedical.com
Jaypee Medical Inc.
325 Chestnut Street
Suite 412
Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Phone: +1 267-519-9789
E-mail: support@jpmedus.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
17/1-B, Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali
Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207
Bangladesh
Mobile: +08801912003485
E-mail: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.
Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: +977-9741283608
E-mail: kathmandu@jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2016, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication and may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Recent Advances in Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (Vol. 5)
First Edition: 2016
9789351529408
Dedicated to
My parents—Madan and Gulab Lalwani
My in-laws—Rikhab and Ratan Bhansali
My children—Nikita and Sahil
And, most specially to my wife—Renu Bhansali Lalwani
A wonderful partner, friend, mother, community activist and the smartest internist I know!
This book is also dedicated to Ms Ann Tenenbaum and Mr Thomas H Lee for their commitment to supporting research in Otolaryngology that make advances possible — the focus of this book.
Anil K Lalwani
My parents—Ingeborg and Hermann Pfister
My brother and sister—Stefan and Andrea
And, most specially to my beloved Doris
A wonderful partner and my center of inspiration.
7International Editorial Board
Head and Neck
William I Wei MD
Hong Kong, China
Patrick J Gullane MD
Toronto, Canada
Anil K D'Cruz MD
Mumbai, India
Ashok Shaha MD
New York, USA
Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery
Fazil Apadyin MD
Izmir, Turkey
Pietro Palma MD
Milan, Italy
Peter Lohuis MD
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Holger G Gassner MD
Regensburg, Germany
Paolo Castelnuovo MD
Varese, Italy
Pediatric Otolaryngology
Marci Lesperance MD
Ann Arbor, USA
Anne Pitkaranta MD
Helsinki, Finland
Thomas P Nikolopoulos MD
Athens, Greece
Sanjay Parikh MD
Seattle, USA
Otology and Neurotology
Robert Vincent MD
Béziers, France
Masafumi Sakagami MD
Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
Chong Sun Kim MD
Seoul, South Korea
Ramesh C Deka MD
New Delhi, India
Maurizio Barbara MD
Rome, Italy
Jussi Jero MD
Helsinki, Finland
Abdulrahman Hagr MD
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Rhinology
Manuel Bernal-Sprekelsen MD
Barcelona, Spain
Antje Welge-Luessen MD
Basel, Switzerland
Tim Smith MD
Portland, USA
T Metin Onerci MD
Ankara, Turkey
Abel-Jan Tasman MD
St Gallen, Switzerland
Laryngology
Albert L Merati MD
Seattle, USA
Mark Courey MD
San Francisco, USA
Robert H Ossoff MD
Nashville, USA
Sibylle Brosch MD
9Contributors
Jennifer Alyono MD MS
Department of Otolaryngology—
Head and Neck Surgery
Stanford University
Stanford, California, USA
Nikul Amin MRCS (ENT)
ENT Specialist Registrar
Department of Otolaryngology
University Hospital Lewisham
London, United Kingdom
Soly Baredes MD FACS
Professor and Chair
Director, Head and Neck Surgery
Department of Otolaryngology—
Head and Neck Surgery
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, New Jersey, USA
Nikolaus Blin PhD
Part Time Professor
Department of Genetics
Wroclaw Medical University
Wroclaw, Poland
Rakesh K Chandra MD
Chief of the Division of Rhinology
Professor
Department of Otolaryngology—
Head and Neck Surgery
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Nipun Chhabra MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery, University of Illinois, College of Medicine
Rockford, Illinois, USA
Carleton Eduardo Corrales MD
Otology, Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery
Division of Otolaryngology—
Head and Neck Surgery
Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Alwyn D'souza FRCS (ORL-HNS)
Consultant Head and Neck/Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
Department of Otolaryngology
University Hospital Lewisham
London, United Kingdom
Jean Anderson Eloy MD FACS
Professor and Vice Chair
Director, Rhinology and Sinus Surgery
Director
Otolaryngology Research
Department of Otolaryngology—
Head and Neck Surgery Neurological Institute of New Jersey
Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
Newark, New Jersey, USA
Brianna M Griffin BA
Medical Student
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, New York, USA
Oliver N Hausmann MD
Consultant in Neurosurgery
Neuro- and Spine Center
Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna
Steven Michael Houser MD
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology
Case Western Reserve University College of Medicine
MetroHealth Medical Center
Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Benjamin P Hull MD MHA
Clinical Housestaff Instructor
Department of Otolaryngology— Head and Neck Surgery
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee, USA
Ashutosh Kacker MBBS MS MD
Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
Weill Cornell Medicine
New York, New York, USA
Chin-Lung Kuo MD PhDc
Director Department of Otolaryngology Hsinchu Armed Forces HospitalTaoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Institute of Brain Science National Yang-Ming UniversityTaiwan, Republic of China
Anil K Lalwani MD
Professor and Vice-Chair for Research
Director, Division of Otology Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery
Director
Columbia Cochlear Implant Center
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Medical Director of Perioperative Services
New York Presbyterian—Columbia University Medical Center
New York, New York, USA
Valeria Silva Merea MD
Department of Otolaryngology—
Head and Neck Surgery
Weill Cornell Medicine
New York, New York, USA
Parwane P Pagano MD
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology at Columbia University Medical Center
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University
New York, New York, USA
Darlene M Parker RPR FAPR CAPM
Director of Steno Captioning and Realtime Relations
National Captioning Institute
Chantilly, Virginia, USA
Rekesh Patel BSc MSc CCC
Principal Audiologist
The Tinnitus Clinic Ltd.
Harley Street
London, United Kingdom
Markus HF Pfister MD MBA
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery
Affiliated with Klinik St Anna Lucerne, Hirslanden Group
HNO Sarnen, Switzerland
Swisstinnitus, Switzerland
Kantonsspital Obwalden
Hirslanden Klinik Meggen Switzerland
Steven D Rauch MD
Professor, Department of Otolaryngology
Harvard Medical School
Chief, Vestibular Division
Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Steven D Schaefer MD FACS
Professor of Otolaryngology
New York Medical College
Director Sinus Surgery
New York Head and Neck Institute of North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System
New York, New York, USA
Esther Schimanski MD
Center for Middle-Ear-Surgery
Brechtener Str. 57
44536 Lünen, Germany
HNO-Department, Klinikum Westfalen
Goesta Schimanski MD
Center for Middle-Ear-Surgery
Brechtener Str. 57
44536 Lünen, Germany
HNO-Department,
Klinikum Westfalen
Ermioni Touli MD
Resident Neurosurgery
Neuro- and Spine Center
Hirslanden Klinik St Anna
Lucerne, Switzerland
Philip A Weissbrod MD
DirectorCenter for Voice and Swallowing
Assistant Professor
Division of Otolaryngology
UC San Deigo Health System
La Jolla, California, USA
Mark Williams BSc MSc Dip CCA
Chief Audiologist
The Tinnitus Clinic Ltd.
Harley Street
Preface
13Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery is a dynamic medical and surgical specialty characterized by rapid advances in its scientific foundation and of its therapeutic armamentarium. Simultaneously, there are novel technical and technological innovations that positively impact on patient care. Consequently, Otolaryngology is constantly evolving as new knowledge comes forth and new technologies become available. Recent examples of advances in Otolaryngology include application of precision medicine in treating ENT disorders, management of laryngeal trauma, what to do about empty nose syndrome, technological advances in hearing aids, incorporation of genetics and gamma knife in the treatment of glomus tumors, and the use of glass beads for obliteration of mastoid cavity, among others. The challenge for the busy clinician in the 21st century is to remain abreast of these ever-expanding body of knowledge, surgical techniques, diagnostic test, imaging technology, and prosthetics, while deeply immersed in their clinical practice. Ironically, this has become even more difficult with the explosion of technologies designed to put information at one's fingertips. This annual periodical, Recent Advances in Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, covering all the subspecialties of Otolaryngology, is designed to make it easy for the clinician to keep current with what is new. Due to its rapid publication cycle, the material is current, topical, and immediately relevant to the clinician. Reviews emphasize clear artwork rendered in color to convey new concepts and surgical approaches. We have assembled an outstanding international editorial board to assist us in this exciting project. Similarly, invited authors are leaders in the field and have made seminal contributions in their topics. We hope that you will enjoy reading this 5th Volume as much as we have enjoyed assembling it.
Anil K Lalwani MD
15Acknowledgments