Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management Fredric L Coe, Elaine M Worcester, Andrew P Evan, James E Lingeman
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table
A
Acetazolamide 235, 236, 502, 506, 590
inhibits carbonic anhydrase activity 506
Acid 172
base 374
balance 259
homeostasis 443
parameters 234, 234f
buffering 443
excretion, renal mechanisms of 444
homeostasis 228
load 236, 298
retention, chronic 452
stone, nonuric 621f
Acidic urine 386, 517
Acidification 465
test 451
Acidogenic diet 165
Acidosis 232f, 236, 263f, 264, 265, 267, 268f, 473
acute effects of 261
chronic effects of 263
normobicarbonatemic 237
overproduction 443
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 608
Acylcarnitine 232
Addison's disease 357
Adenine
metabolism 491f
phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency 482, 491, 492, 493f, 494f, 524, 549
Adenoma 233, 364f
double 361, 365, 366
Adenosine
diphosphate 251
monophosphate 232, 491f
triphosphate 188, 226, 232f, 444, 446f
hydrolysis 445
African green monkey renal epithelial cells 144
Air 595
Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 169, 413, 417f
Albumin 65
Alfuzosin 611
Alkali 383
citrate 473
therapy 314, 382, 459
treatment, clinical basis of 524
Alkaline urine 447
Alkalinuria 447, 455
Allopurinol 344, 506, 537, 590
Alpha-intercalated cell 445f
Alpha-ketoglutarate 227
Aluminum 397
containing drugs 590
magnesium potassium urate 590
American Urological Association 562, 566, 601, 608, 609t, 626, 641, 693, 698, 699
Amino acid 233f, 483
cystine 482
transporter 482
Aminoglycoside 609, 610
plus metronidazole 610
Aminopenicillins 505, 654
Ammonia 246
Ammonium acid urate 91, 93, 163, 581, 590, 705
stones 403, 523
Amorphous silica 590
Amoxicillin 505, 608, 609
Ampicillin 505, 607, 609
Androgen 194
deficiency 194
receptor 192
Anemia, hemolytic 458
Anesthesia 640, 654, 657
Angiomyolipoma 589
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 237, 490, 592
Animal protein 7, 9, 11
Anion exchanger 444, 445, 473
Anion gap, normal 443, 447
Anodontia 464
Antegrade techniques 627
Antibacterials 505, 590
Antibiotic 507, 610
prophylaxis 653
therapy, periprocedural intravenous 683
Antidiuretic hormone 489
Antiglomerular basement, development of 645
Antimicrobials 610t
Antiproteases 94
Antiretropulsion devices 663
Aonyx cinerea 163
Aortic dissection 589
Apatite 8385, 126, 547
stone formers 135
Apoptosis 195
Appendicitis 588, 589
Aqueous crystallizing solution 25
Arachnocampa luminosa 162
Armamentarium 678
Aromatase 193
Arthralgia 356
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor 170
Ascorbic acid 10
Atazanavir 94, 503
calculi 94f
Atomic bomb survivors 620
Atomic force microscopy 22
studies 41
Avulsion 633
Azapeptide inhibitor 503
Azoospermia, obstructive 464
B
Bacteria 436
Bacteriuria 610
asymptomatic 609, 610t
Balloon dilator, small 687
Bariatric procedures, surgical anatomy of 387f
Bariatric surgery 325, 384, 386, 388t
malabsorptive 393t
modern 388
Bartter's syndrome 169, 217, 473, 476, 477
Baseline tests 457
Basement membrane 156f
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 464
Benzbromarone 506
Benziodarone 508
Beta lactamase inhibitor 654
Betadine 655
Bicarbonate 534
concentration 260
luminal concentration of 249
sensitive adenylate cyclase gene 218
Bicarbonaturia 228, 229, 447
Bile acid 385, 401
malabsorption 385
sequestrants 397, 400
Biliopancreatic diversion 384, 389f
Biopsies, cortical 128, 135, 137
Biplanar fluoroscopy 639
Bisphosphonate 175, 314
Bladder 595, 653
calcium oxalate stones 169
diverticulum 607
neurogenic 546
stone 169
endemic 404
Bleeding 642
Blood 188, 595
count, complete 612
levels 188, 189
pressure 286
urea nitrogen 534, 591
Boari flap reconstruction 633
Body mass index 514, 514f, 515f, 517f, 642
Body surface area 416
Bone 196, 198, 207, 259, 456, 595
alkaline phosphatase 304
calcium balance 279, 293f
cell 308
cellular functions 194
cortical thickness of 169
disease 281, 454, 456
metabolic 473
severe 355f
treatment of 313
formation rate 306
fracture 6
histomorphometric findings 307t
histomorphometry 304
histopathology 303
marrow
biopsy 413f
stromal cells 195
mineral
content 303, 305
density 170, 171, 259, 281, 303305, 305t
resorption 171
structure 195
surface extension 306
turnover, biochemical markers of 304
Bowel
disease 326, 374, 384
small 386t, 396, 398f, 402
obstruction 589
resection, small 117, 120, 133
surgery 386
Brush border membrane 199
Brushite stone 91f
formers 130
section of 91f
surface of 91f
Bypass kidney stone 118
C
Cakut’ syndrome 464
Calcitonin 235
Calcitriol 287, 288f, 289f
serum values of 288f
Calcium 2, 165, 171, 187, 204, 226, 235, 246, 282, 283, 289f, 290, 299, 330, 331, 357, 386, 390, 393, 397, 417f, 508, 534, 535, 590
absorption 248, 278, 279f
adaptation 196
balance 280, 280f
carbonate 22, 163
chelator 227
citrate imbalance 343
daily excretions of 335f
diet, low 280, 344
homeostasis 196, 213f
influx, cumulative 264f
intake 310
integrative physiology of 246
kidney stones 278f
mineral distribution of 187
nephrocalcinosis 447, 467
nephrolithiasis 12f, 447, 467
osteogenic source of 456
oxalate 28, 32, 33f, 40f, 55, 77, 80, 84f, 94, 100, 126, 143, 163, 173, 204, 321f, 322, 330, 334f, 337f, 341f, 343f, 351f, 417f, 455f, 502, 525, 547, 590, 593f
oxalate crystal 38f, 413f
inhibitor 166f, 434
oxalate dihydrate 29, 79, 80f82f, 84f, 89f, 418, 431
oxalate kidney stones 7t
oxalate monohydrate 29, 78f, 79, 79f, 81f, 84f, 105, 418, 431, 434, 582f, 642
stone, large 582f
oxalate renal stone 34f
oxalate stone 7, 77, 82, 82f, 84, 85f, 102f, 166, 239, 240, 381, 416, 652
idiopathic 104f
recurring 416
oxalate tissue deposits 416
oxalate trihydrate phase 29
oxalate uroliths 169
phosphate 22, 33f, 40f, 55, 83, 87, 89, 93, 100, 117, 162, 163, 204, 246, 321f, 330, 334f, 337f, 340f, 341f, 350f, 351f, 445, 455f, 459f, 502, 590, 707
amorphous 22
crystal interactions 143
interstitial 98f
precipitation, prevention of 246
spherulites 105f
stones 11, 136f, 240, 256f, 692
plaque 99f
proximal tubule delivery of 293
reabsorption 294f
renal stones 278f
sensing receptor 170, 327, 472, 474f
serum 328f
stones 11, 324, 335
formers 321, 340, 344t
hyperuricosuric 523
prevention of 525
supplementation 399f
urate 91
wasting 473
Calciuria 471
Calgranulins 65
Calpodes ethlius 162
Calvariae, incubation of 262, 268f
Calvarial cells 264f
Calyceal diverticulum 570, 604, 643, 674, 685, 686f
incidence of 686
Calyceal stones
smaller 701
untreated 559, 560
Calyces 127
Cancer 522
Canine silica stones 164
Carbohydrates 7
Carbon
dioxide 255
skeleton 227f
Carbonate apatite 84
Carbonic anhydrase 444, 446, 448, 456, 506
inhibitors 506, 525
Carnitine 232
Caroli's disease 464
Cationic amino acids 455
Caveolin-1 scaffolding protein 169
C-cell hyperplasia 368
Ceftriaxone 505
Celecoxib 611
Celiac disease 384, 394, 395, 395f
Cell
injury 120
types 195
Central maltese cross pattern 524
Cephalexin 607
Cephalosporin 505, 610
first-generation 609
second-generation 609
Cerebrospinal fluid 213
Charge-coupled device 660
Chemotherapy 523
Chlorhexidine 655
Chloride 473, 534
anions 249
channel 473
proton exchanger 169
Chlorine 204
Chlorothiazide 537
Chlorthalidone 176, 294f, 295f, 299, 344
Cholestyramine 397, 401, 401f
effects of 401f
Cinacalcet 175
Ciprofloxacin 505, 607, 609
Cirrhosis 451
Citrate 55, 226228, 239, 251, 314, 330, 331, 335f, 343, 386, 390, 393, 405, 434, 435, 535, 692
concentration and excretion rates 229
metabolism 230f, 232f, 233
oxidation, regulation of 234f
preparations 238t
renal handling of 231f
special role of 342
structure of 227f
supplementation 538
therapy 238
transport 230
Citric acid 226, 227f, 228f, 230f, 238
Classical nucleation theory 18
Clavulanate 609
Clavulanic acid 608
Clindamycin 610
Clinical Research Office of Endourological Society 572
Cobra angiographic catheter 690, 691
Colectomy 379t, 381
disease of 378
Colesevelam 397
Colestipol 397
Colitis, ischemic 589
Collagen mineralization 45
Collateral injury 668
Collecting duct cells 550
Colloidal surface texture 33
Colon 681
disease of 378
Colonic disease 381
Colony-forming units 591
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor 649, 660
Complex stone disease 601
Computed tomography 322, 358, 470, 502, 578f, 594, 598, 600f, 612, 693
imaging 137, 569
scans 532
Confusion 608
Constipation 356, 358
Controversies regarding radiation safety 619
Coumadin therapy 608t
Creatinine 330, 535
Crohn's colitis 378
Crohn's disease 83, 377, 378, 382, 384, 400, 401, 403, 516
Crohn's symptoms 377
Crystal
adhesion 146, 147
aggregates 48
binding
epithelia 143
molecule 144
location of 155, 156f
morphology of 157f
nucleation of 146
passage 322
retention 143
Crystallization inhibitors 342
Crystalluria 149, 493, 496, 501, 516
Cumulative end-stage renal disease 545f
Cystic fibrosis 484
Cystic kidney disease 546
Cystine 92, 93, 120, 163, 482, 486, 487, 535
binding thiol drugs 488, 490
dimethylester 488
nephrolithiasis 93
stone 11, 92, 135, 240, 583, 652
bilateral 707f
formers 133
typical 94f
transport
pathophysiology of 482
physiology of 482
Cystinuria 5, 93, 98, 117, 127, 133, 134f, 435, 482, 484488, 490f, 491, 549, 591
treatment of 491
Cystitis 589
Cystoscopy 656f
Cysts 465, 467, 470, 471
cortical 465
Cytokines 68
Cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA 234f
D
da Vinci robot 669
Dalmatianization 163
D-amino-oxidase 436
Darunavir 503
Darwinian natural selection 226
Dead spots 148
Deafness 169
Dehydration 20, 489
Dehydroepiandrosterone 192
Dent's disease 5, 169, 217, 325, 473475, 482
Deoxyribonucleic acid 418, 608
Depression 356
Diabetes 6, 327, 545, 551f, 634
mellitus 6, 65, 447, 514, 518, 519f, 546, 645
Diarrhea 235, 401
Dicalcium phosphate 567
Diclofenac 611
Diet 383, 396
and stone disease 7
role of 310
Dietary alkali intake, estimation of 254f
Digital flexible ureteroscopy 661f
Dihydrate mineral phase 29
Dihydrotestosterone 192
Dihydroxyadenine 482, 524
Dihydroxyglutarate 418
Dimercapto-succinic acid 559
Distal calcium delivery 295f
Distal convoluted tubule 120f, 207
Distal nephron
calcium 285
reabsorption 282
Distal obstructive ureteral stone 600f
Distal renal tubular acidosis 87f, 98, 117, 131, 132f, 169, 325, 327, 448, 449t, 453, 454f, 459f, 467, 473, 455f
etiology of 448t
primary 217
Distal ureteric stones, management of 625t
Diverticulitis 588, 589
Dorsal lithotomy 656f
Doxazosin 611
Drosophila melanogaster 166, 231
Drug-induced stones, treatment of 509
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 304, 538
Ductal stones 127
Ducts of Bellini 98, 120f, 125f, 126, 126t, 322, 348, 430f, 455
Duodenal switch 389f
Duodenum 248, 681
Dysfunctional elimination syndrome 532
E
Efavirenz 504
Egyptian Urological Association 699
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 464
Elastosis perforans serpiginosa 490f
Electrohydraulic technology 639, 640
Endocrine 357
Endoskeletons 162
Endourologic technique 668
End-stage kidney
disease 492
failure 413f
End-stage renal disease 7, 117, 120, 412, 413, 431, 468, 473, 492, 544, 546, 546f, 551, 588, 704
Enteric hyperoxaluria 375, 384, 397t
causes of 384t
Enteritis 589
Enterococcus faecalis 610
Enzyme
aldehyde oxidase 496
replacement 436
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 59, 191
Ephedrine 505
calculi 506
Epithelial calcium channel 169
Epithelial cell 147, 150f
layers 204
Epithelial membrane antigen 146f
Epithelial phenotypical changes 147
Epithelial sodium channel 502
Epithelium, papillary surface 103f
Escherichia coli 606, 608
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 551
Estrogen 194, 235
synthesis 192
Ethylene glycol 149151, 151f
European Association of Urology 562, 565, 566, 626, 650, 698
Extracellular fluid 171f, 188
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 5, 349, 351f, 485, 488, 503, 565, 589, 609, 612, 629, 630, 674, 707, 709f
F
Fanconi syndrome 169
Fanconi-Bickel syndrome 476
Fat 595
accumulation 517
low 397
malabsorption 385
soluble vitamins 392
Fatigue 356
Fatty acids 385
Febrile complications 664
Fiberoptic technology 660
Fibroblast growth factor 192, 213f, 287, 288f, 289f, 309
regulation of 267
Fibromyalgia 589
Fibrosis
dose-dependent 645
interstitial 122, 548
Fistula, nephrocutaneous 691
Flavin adenine dinucleotide 228f, 232, 495
Flexible ureteroscopes 567, 649, 657f, 659, 660, 674, 676, 685, 687, 691, 698
Flies 165
Fluid 297, 346, 383
extravasation of 681
Fluorescein 35
Fluoroquinolone 609, 610, 654
Fluoroscopic guided puncture 675, 676
Fluoroscopy 594
Folate 232
Foraminal stenosis 589
Fosfomycin 610
Four-dimensional computed tomography 364
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy 87
Framingham offspring study 261
Furosemide 507, 590
chronic 533
G
Gallbladder 374
Gallstones 6
Gastric banding 393
adjustable 389f
Gastric bypass 588
Gastrointestinal
absorption 56
alkali losses 326
anatomy and physiology 374
bleeding 591
calcium secretion versus absorption 279
disease 415f
tract 196, 246, 374, 412
Gene therapy 437
General endotracheal anesthesia 640
Genetic hypercalciuric stone 170, 170f, 171, 171f, 176, 303
Genitourinary system 589
Gentamycin 149
Gibbs-Thomson effect 20, 21
Glafenine 504
Glands, hyperplastic 370
Glenn-Anderson ureteral advancement 689
Glenn-Anderson ureteroneocystostomy 689
Glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor 465
Glomerular filtration rate 239, 292, 326, 416, 443, 453, 485, 544, 592, 593, 608
Glomerulonephritis 546
Glomerulosclerosis 548
Glucose 255, 289
6-phosphate deficiency, autosomal recessive 516
transport 251
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase 265
Glycogen 255
Glycolate oxidase 436
Glycoproteins 692
Glycosaminoglycans 57, 145
Glycosylation 62
Glyoxylate reductase 169, 417f, 418
mutations of 414
Gnathostoma vietnamicum 163
Gonadal steroids 192
Gout 6, 327
Gower's in vitro model system 31
G-protein-coupled receptor 190
Granulomatous disease 357
Granulomatous structures 157f
Growth
hormone 193
plate 193
Guaifenesin 505, 590
calculi 505
Guanosine triphosphate 228f
Gynecologic pelvic surgery 653
H
Hearing loss 458
Heart
disease, coronary 6
failure, congestive 588
valves 607
Helicobacter pylori 507
Hematoma
incidence of 633, 634, 644
retroperitoneal 567
subcapsular 644
symptomatic 633
Hematuria 482, 516, 644, 666, 567, 686, 705, 706, 708f
gross 634
macroscopic 705
Hemihypertrophy, congenital 464
Hemodialysis 435
Hemolysis 608
Hemolytic syndrome 608
Hemorrhage 589, 633
ranges, incidence of 633
Hepatic fibrosis, congenital 464
Hereditary hypomagnesemia-hypercalciuria syndrome 473
Herpes zoster 588, 589
High magnification scanning electron microscopy 46f
High-resolution micro-computed tomography 113f, 125f
High-resolution scanning electron microscopy 34f
Holmium laser fiber 662
Holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser 711
Hormone 189, 287
regulation 190
role of 308
Horse-shoe kidney 464, 573f, 687, 687f, 688
Hounsfield units 582, 598, 612
Human calcium oxalate 114f, 173
Human chorionic gonadotropin 612
Human idiopathic hypercalciuria 171t
Human immunodeficiency virus 502
Human kidney
biopsies 155f
stones 77
Human serum albumin 65
Human xanthinuria 168
Hyaluronic acid 147f
Hydrochlorothiazide 344, 473, 537
Hydrogen ion buffering 262
Hydronephrosis 169, 422f, 546, 692f
obstructive 421f
persistent 600f, 603
proximal 600f
Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase 418
Hydroxyapatite 23, 62, 84, 325
interstitial 61
Hydroxyproline 173
dehydrogenase 436
feeding 166f
Hydroxypyruvate 417f
reductase 169, 418
mutations of 414
Hypercalcemia 327, 357t, 472
Hypercalciuria 13, 80f, 89f, 100, 164, 169, 175, 176, 187, 204, 209, 217, 218, 259, 277f, 284, 287, 289, 303, 308, 336, 356, 451, 455, 456, 467, 469, 471473, 474f, 475, 477, 506, 531, 532, 537, 538, 690, 705
absorptive 290, 305, 473, 477
acid-induced 297f
etiologic categories of 236
fasting 305, 473
human monogenic 278, 464, 471
hyperprolactinemic 175
idiopathic 100, 259, 276, 277, 277f, 278, 279f, 280, 280f284f, 285, 286f, 288f290f, 292, 295f, 303, 305, 307t, 435, 476
protein induced 172
Hyperkalemia 251f, 256, 447, 473, 489
Hypermagnesemia 169, 219
Hyperoxalemia 169
Hyperoxaluria 13, 84f, 149, 151, 169, 325, 387, 392, 393, 401, 412, 415f, 416, 507, 532, 538, 550, 705
moderate-to-severe 416
primary 84f, 98, 117, 138f, 143, 154, 155f, 169, 327, 412, 413, 413f, 414, 414f, 415f, 416t, 417f, 418, 418t, 432f, 433, 434, 482, 549, 591
types 117, 122, 137, 325, 412, 413, 706
secondary 416, 418
severe 390
Hyperparathyroidism 357, 371, 464, 468, 469, 472, 588, 591
inherited 472
persistent 368
primary 6, 89f, 98, 117, 129f, 209, 325, 326, 328f, 330, 355, 357, 361, 371, 472
recurrent 368
Hyperphosphaturia 169, 214, 217
Hyperplasia 361, 365
Hypersensitivity reaction 608
Hypertension 6, 10, 357, 358, 546, 551f, 631, 634, 704
arterial 473
familial hyperkalemic 473, 477
Hyperthyroidism 357
Hypertrophic disorders 464
Hyperuricemia 170, 508, 551f
Hyperuricosuria 163, 170, 516, 523, 537, 690
acquired causes of 516
Hypobicarbonatemia 444
Hypocalcemia 190, 256, 473
autosomal dominant 472
familial 473, 477
Hypocalcemic hypercalciuria, autosomal dominant 325
Hypocalciuria 219
familial hypercalcemic 325
hypercalcemia, benign familial 357
Hypocitraturia 13, 14, 226, 230, 232f, 236, 237, 246, 381, 386, 402, 447, 452, 455, 456, 471, 473, 477, 506, 531, 532, 537
clinical pathophysiology of 236
idiopathic 237
mechanisms of 232f
Hypokalemia 235, 326, 447, 457, 458, 476, 477
Hypokalemic paralysis, episodes of 473
Hypomagnesemia
familial 218, 477
low serum 326
Hypomagnesuria 219, 400
Hypoparathyroidism 370, 472
Hypophosphatemia 190, 217, 447, 473, 475, 690
Hypophosphatemic rickets, hereditary 169, 217, 473, 475
Hypothesis 268, 382
Hypothyroidism 357
Hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome 485
Hypouricemia 496, 523
Hypouricosuria 496
I
Ibuprofen 611
Idiopathic calcium
oxalate stone 99f, 101f, 116f
former 98, 100f, 106f, 111f, 112f, 117, 120, 126, 129f, 336
phosphate stone formers 347
Ileocolitis 377
Ileostomy 117, 131, 325
Indapamide 344
Indinavir 94, 502
Indomethacin 473
Infantile hypercalcemia, idiopathic 169, 472
Infection 642, 681
recurrent 686
signs of 693
Inflammatory bowel disease 6, 376, 377, 377t, 516, 538, 588, 589
Inflammatory response syndrome 609
Infundibular stenosis 570
Injury 349
Inner medullary collecting duct 106, 144, 119f, 249, 454f
Inositol hexaphosphate 57
Insulin 289
role of 522
Intact stone-plaque complex, examination of 110
Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor 68
Interfacial energy, reduction of 21
International Cystinuria Consortium 484
Interstitial fibrosis, medullary 120
Intestinal calcium absorption 169
Intestinal disease 376
small 384
Intestinal lipase inhibitors 384
Intestine 209, 455
small 374
Intracellular calcium
buffer 169
transport 209
Intracellular carbonic anhydrase 255
Intracorporeal lithotripsy devices, development of 649
Intrarenal collecting system 685, 687f, 691, 695
Intrarenal surgery, retrograde 629, 652
Intratubular crystalline deposits 117
Ionized plus complexed forms 188
Ions 116, 232
Irrigation pressure 669
Ischemia
mesenteric 384, 589
reperfusion injury 62, 66
J
Jejunoileal bypass 384386, 387f
induced enteric hyperoxaluria 143
Jejunum 199, 681
Juxtamedullary nephrons 249
K
Kaplan-Meier analysis 559
Ketorolac 611
Kidney 196, 207, 246, 456, 595, 653
damage 433
disease 416
chronic 6, 7, 237, 247, 260, 327, 387, 412, 473, 476, 482, 544, 551, 551f
failure 433
function
monitored 434
preservation of 414f
reduced 416
injury, acute 492, 547, 549
loss of 642
stone 3, 5, 98, 176, 238, 355, 475, 530, 544, 545, 547, 588, 645
consortium 413f
disease 565
formation 98f, 164, 332f, 531
formers, evaluation of 330t
history of 3f
incidence 3, 4
natural history of 559
pathology of 215
prevalence of 3, 559
prevention 8f
recurrence 3, 4
silica-induced 504
types of 44f
Kidney, ureter and bladder 618, 707f709f, 713f
Krebs cycle 226
Kyphoscoliosis 356f
L
Lanthanum carbonate 397
Laparoscopic surgery, role of 698
Laser 661
fiber 662
papillotomy 471
Laxative abuse 404
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 506, 516, 549, 706
Leukemias 357
Levofloxacin 607
Lich-Gregoir procedure 689
Linear growth 193
Lipotoxicity 520
role of 520
Lithium 357
Lithogenicity 508
Lithotomy 654, 678
Lithotripsy
electrohydraulic 569, 661
intracorporeal 650
pneumatic 569
ultrasonic 661
ureteroscopic 652
Lithotripters 638, 640
aperture 640
electrohydraulic 631, 639, 652
electrokinetic 661
electromagnetic 566
intracorporeal 660
piezoelectric 566
pneumatic 661
technology 638
trigger shock waves 639
ultrasonic 678, 693
Liver 246, 595, 681
disease 451
Loin-pain hematuria syndrome 468
Loops of Henle 42f, 58, 101f, 102, 111, 116, 116f, 120, 120f, 128, 135, 476
Lowe's syndrome 475
Lower pole stone 629, 666
Lower ribs, costochondritis of 589
Lymphomas 357
M
Macrocallista nimbosa 162
Macrolides 610
Macromolecules 57
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells 144
Magnesium 7, 10, 56, 189, 204, 235, 246, 330, 344, 375, 386, 397, 400, 435, 474, 508, 534, 535, 692
absorption of 248
ammonium 707
phosphate 89, 163, 705
deficiency 375
mineral distribution of 187
oxalate 56
transport 200
urate 91
Malpighian
crystallopathy 168
tubules 166, 167, 167f, 168
Mammalian nephron 445f
Mammary gland 246, 249
Marfan's syndrome 464
Matrix stones 581
Maximally acidic urine 447
Meckel's diverticulum 589
Medical expulsive therapy, trial of 589
Medium chain triglyceride supplements 397
Medium fibroblast growth factor 268
Medullary sponge kidney 117, 120, 464, 465f, 466, 467, 468f, 469, 469f
disease 137, 139f
partial 471f
severe case of 470f
stone, computed tomography image of 139f
unilateral 470f
Menopause 469
Metabolic acid 260, 261
Metabolic acidosis 169, 235, 266f268f, 443, 447, 458, 476
hyperchloremic 217, 252, 256f, 473
medium simulating 262
Metabolic disorders 705
Metabolic syndrome 327, 514
Metanephric blastema 466f
Metasilicic acid 505
Metastability, upper limit of 323, 338, 340
Methionine 58, 405
Micro-computed tomography 102, 104f, 115f, 168f, 454f
Microhematuria 475
Midureteral stone 708f
Milk alkali syndrome 357
Minerals 374
balance, hereditary disorders of 215
homeostasis 189
metabolism, regulation of 187
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, success of 367
Mitochondria 414
Mitochondrial
citrate metabolism 232f
enzyme 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate, deficiency of 415
transporters 232
Mobile hydrogen nuclei 619
Molecular weight, low 64, 469, 473
Monitoring urine potassium excretion 383
Monogenic mutations 448
Mood disorder 608
Multigland disease 361
Multi-institutional cohort study 650
Multiorgan abnormalities 171f
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome 591
Multiple echogenic foci 708f
Multiple endocrine neoplasia 466
type 1 358, 367, 472
type 2 368, 472
Multiple medullary tip stones 426f
Muscle 595
Myeloma, multiple 357
Myeloproliferative disease 588
Myeloproliferative disorders 522
N
N-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole 590
Narrow-caliber ureteroscopes 625
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 259, 545, 551
Nausea 706
Nelfinavir 503
Neobladder 683, 684
Nephrectomy 488, 674, 698
Nephric ducts 467
Nephrocalcinosis 155f, 169, 218, 323, 412, 414, 416, 420f, 423f, 428f, 431, 432f, 434, 447, 451, 452, 465, 470f, 471f, 472475, 477, 533, 590, 604
frequency of 432f
intratubular 143f
medullary 452, 469
progression of 468f
severe papillary 468f
Nephrogenesis 467
Nephrolithiasis 5, 6, 6t, 13f, 143, 173, 204, 215, 236, 238, 467, 468, 472, 473, 477, 514, 525t, 531533, 536t, 537t, 551t, 590, 604, 606, 607, 618, 621
adult 204
drug-induced 501, 509
hypocitraturic 236
hypophosphatemic 473
presentation of 588
radiological imaging of 618
symptomatic 653
Nephrolitholapaxy, bilateral percutaneous 632
Nephrolithotomy
anatrophic 570, 579
bleeding, post-percutaneous 682
laparoscopic 630
anatrophic 630, 700
and robotic anatrophic 700
percutaneous 100, 109, 548, 559, 565, 568, 569, 571, 604, 608, 624, 629631, 643, 674, 651, 674, 680, 683, 698, 699, 707, 711
Nephron, upper 465
Nephropathy
contrast-induced 597
crystalline 549
Nephrostolithotomy, percutaneous 485
Nephrostomy
drainage, percutaneous 667
tube 644
percutaneous 694
Net acid
excretion 517, 522f
load 299
Neutral phosphate 434
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 228f, 495
Nitrofurantoin 607, 608, 610
Nonadsorbing polymers 27f
Non-bicarbonate buffer 444
Nonclassical crystallization processes 18, 22
Noncontrast computed tomography 425f428f
Nonprotease inhibitor antiretroviral-based treatment 504
Nonstaghorn calculus 650
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 597, 612
Nonvolatile acid 44
Normal glands, location of 359
Normocalciuria 169, 170, 305
Novel interstitial plaque structures 135
Nuclear
factor kappa-b ligand, receptor activator of 309
magnetic resonance imaging 471
medicine scans 600
scintigraphy 600
O
Obesity 6, 117, 547, 588, 652
intestinal bypass surgery for 128
severe 389f
Octacalcium phosphate 89
Oral antimicrobials, mechanism of action of 608t
Oral citrate therapy 238
Oral fluid intake 488
Organs 195
Orthopedic hardware 607
Orthotopic liver transplantation 436
Osteoblastic collagen synthesis 267f
Osteoblasts 194, 195, 208, 208f, 264f, 268f
Osteoclast 194, 195, 208, 208f, 264f, 268f
Osteocyte 194, 195
apoptosis 194
Osteoid 195
Osteomalacia 473
Osteopenia 314
Osteopontin 5759, 68, 145, 153
expression 59
Osteoporosis 6, 473, 588
Osteoprotegerin 194, 309
Ostwald-Lussac law of stages 19
Ovarian torsion 589
Oxalate 7, 9, 173, 330, 331, 335f, 345, 375, 386, 390, 393, 535
anion exchanger 169
binders 397
binding agents 398
content 9
degradation 436
degrading bacteria 391, 397, 401
enteric hyperabsorption of 416
injury 434
low 397
nephropathy, acute 549
precursors 173
Oxalobacter formigenes 9, 391, 436, 507
Oxalosis 412
systemic 413f, 434
Oxiadipate 232
Oxolinic acid 505
Oxypurinol 590
P
Paget's disease 357
Pain 642, 686
kinds of 322
musculoskeletal 588
Pancreas 374
Pancreatic insufficiency 384
Pancreatitis 358, 396
Papillary biopsy 129f, 132f, 134f, 136f, 138f, 139f
light micrographs of 124f
Papillary calcification 170
Papillary interstitial tissue 128
Papillary interstitium 85f
Papillary plaque, urine correlates of 109f
Para-aminohippuric acid 232
Paracellular transport 206
Parafollicular tissues, location of 359f
Parathyroid adenoma 360, 362f, 369f
ectopic 368
intrathymic 364f
right lower 363f
undescended right lower 364f
Parathyroid cancer 365f
surgery for 370
Parathyroid carcinoma 370
large 370f
Parathyroid gland 196, 211f, 213f, 362f, 363f, 367f, 370
abnormal 360
hyperplastic 360f
large 363f
location of 358
number of 358
undescended lower 359
Parathyroid hormone 165, 171, 189, 190, 209, 210, 213f, 259, 267f, 268f, 291, 308, 356, 472, 473, 534
fasting 287
intraoperative 366f, 367f
serum 287, 288f, 289f, 327
Parathyroid surgery 358t
Parathyroid tissues, location of 359f
Parathyroidectomy 328f, 355f, 366, 371
indications for 357
minimally invasive 361, 365, 366f
Pediatric
cystoscopes 649
kidney stone disease 530
nephrolithiasis 537t
stone disease 704
urolithiasis, incidence of 705
urologic population 652
Pelvic
inflammatory disease 589
pain syndrome 589
stones, larger 701
structures 600f
Pelvicalyceal system 675
Pelvis 127
Peptic ulcer 358
Periodic acid-Schiff 150, 156f
Periplaneta americana 162
Phenazopyridine 505
Pheochromocytoma 357
Phosphate 246, 288f
absorption of 248
crystals 322
inorganic 246
low serum 473
nephropathy, acute 154
triple 593f
Phosphaturia 169
Phosphocreatine 250
Phosphorus 165, 172, 188, 204, 330, 375, 534, 535
mineral distribution of 187
transport 198
Photosensitivity 608
Phytate 7, 10, 57
Piezoceramic elements 639
Piperacillin 610
Plasma
chemistry 447
free fatty acid 521f
Plug formation, mechanisms of 126
Pneumohydrothorax 569
Politano-Leadbetter procedure 689
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 62f
Polyaspartic acid 102
Polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant 464
autosomal recessive 467
Polydipsia 356, 477
Polyelectrolytes 24
Polyethylene glycol 196
Polymer-induced liquid precursor 33f, 36f, 40f
Polyuria 169, 356, 473, 477
Posner's clusters 23, 30, 39
aggregation of 30
Post-transplantation biopsy 143f
Potassium 10, 204, 330, 344, 386, 405, 508, 534, 536
alkali 459f, 524, 525
treatment 525t
bicarbonate 489
channel, medullary 64
chloride 311
citrate 168, 174, 238, 240, 293, 296f, 297, 299, 311, 343, 524f, 537
administration 5
effects of 295f, 296f
induces complex 174
deficiency 235, 237
magnesium citrate 239
rich foods 7
urate 91
Pregnancy 235, 610, 691
antibiotic use in 610
ectopic 589
Prenucleation clusters, existence of 22
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen 149, 156f
Propidium iodide 147f
Prostate 595
Protease inhibitors 502, 504, 581, 590
Protein 116, 172, 299, 344, 345
aggregates 19
catabolic rate 299
intake 296, 299, 310
Proteinuria 169
Proteoglycans 145
Prothrombin fragment 58, 68
Provocative acid-loading tests 458
Proximal convoluted tubule 248, 251
Proximal renal
stones 651
tubular acidosis 236, 448
Proximal tubular
cells 550
proteinuria 169
Proximal tubule 249, 282, 284f
cytoplasmic citrate metabolism 234f
reabsorption 282
Proximal ureter 566, 569
Proximal ureteral stones 624, 651, 711
large 627
Pseudoephedrine 505, 506
Pseudohypoaldosteronism 477
Pyelocalicotomy 579
Pyelogram
intravenous 594, 598, 599f, 653, 686
retrograde 657, 686f, 691, 713f
Pyelography, intravenous 323
Pyelolithotomy 570
laparoscopic 572, 573f, 575, 630
and robotic 699, 707, 712
Pyelonephritis 467, 468, 588, 589
acute 608
xanthogranulomatous 604, 698
Pyeloplasty 713f
laparoscopic 701
Pyeloureteral abnormalities 464
Pyloric stenosis, congenital 464
Pyridinoline 304
Pyridoxal phosphate 391
Pyridoxine 10, 434, 435, 437
Pyrimidine nucleotide 232
Pyrophosphate 56, 435
Q
Quantitative computerized tomography 304
Questionable ureteral duplication 603
Quick parathyroid hormone 367
Quinolones 608
R
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome 464
Radiation
enteritis 384
injury 83
Radiolucent stones 323
Rana pipiens 162
Randall's plaque 29, 46, 60, 61, 63, 77, 79, 79b, 83, 85f, 99, 100, 101f, 102, 104, 105, 109, 111f, 112, 113f115f, 116, 116f, 121, 121f, 123f, 128, 130, 135, 140, 396, 430f, 452
earliest stages of 42f
scanning electron microscopy of 103f
Randomized controlled trial 3, 309, 576, 643
Rash 608
Reactive oxygen species 65, 66, 68
Regional enteritis 377
Reimplanted ureter 690
Renal access, endoscopic-guided 676
Renal acid excretion 444
Renal acidification
abnormal 453t
mechanisms of 444f
principles of 444f
Renal anomalies 674
Renal artery
aneurysm 566
fibromuscular dysplasia 464
Renal blood flow 592, 593
Renal calcifications 169
Renal calculi 162, 358, 650
Renal calyces 707f
Renal calyx stones 575
Renal cells 143
Renal citrate
handling 230
metabolism 226, 233
transport 230
Renal colic 321
recurrent episodes of 539
Renal damage 639
Renal deterioration, development of 604
Renal dysfunction 690
Renal failure 169, 472, 475
Renal hematomas 634
Renal inner medullary collecting duct 322
Renal magnesium excretion 381
Renal neoplasms 589
Renal obstruction, unilateral 593
Renal outer medullary potassium 473
Renal pathology 382, 396
Renal pelvic stone 709f, 710
Renal pelvis 569, 576, 596f
Renal phosphate wasting 169
Renal physiology 593t
Renal replacement therapy 435
Renal salt wasting 476
Renal stone 114f, 473, 650
asymptomatic 601
composition of 581, 652
density 581
disease 355
fragility 581
infection related 583
intraparenchymal 426f
location and conformation 575
management of 627
number 579
Renal subcapsular hematoma 567
Renal surgery, percutaneous 609
Renal tissue injury 117
Renal transplantation 690
Renal trauma 634
Renal tubular acidosis 120, 132f, 253f, 260, 330, 443, 447, 453, 547, 590
classification of 447t
incomplete 246, 256f
Renal tubule, calcium infarction of 443
Renal ultrasound 533, 653
Renal unit loss 668
Residual stones, incidence of 664
Resorptive hypercalciuria 591
Restrictive index 597
Retroperitoneal ultrasound image 692f
Retroperitoneum 595t
Rhodnius prolixus 162
Rickets 169, 473
Ritonavir 503
Robotic assisted anatrophic nephrolithotomy 700
Robotic pyeloplasty 701, 713f
Robotic surgery, role of 698
Rodent bone 176
Rodent phenotype 169, 170
Routine ureteral stenting 711
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 384, 387f, 390
Ruptured ovarian cyst 589
S
Sacroiliitis 589
S-adenosylmethionine 232
Salivary glands 374
Sandwich therapy 578
Sarcoidosis 325, 326, 357, 588
Scanning electron microscopy 47f, 157f
Sclerostin 309
Sepsis 591
severe 591
Septic shock 591
Sestamibi scanning 362, 363, 363f, 368
Sestamibi tests 365f
Shock wave lithotripsy 122, 429, 549, 559, 565567, 571, 572, 582, 624, 625, 628, 629, 638, 641, 643, 650, 683, 698, 699, 709
complications 643
monotherapy 642
revolutionized 638
Sialic acid
modifications 64
residues 62
Silica 163, 504, 505
Single nucleotide polymorphism 60, 218
nonsynonymous 233f
Single-photon
absorptiometry 304
emission computerized tomography 362
Sinopulmonary infections, chronic 464
Sjögren's syndrome 451, 455, 458
Skeletal
malformations, severe 641
maturity 187
muscle 250, 252
cells 251
Skin-to-stone distance 642
Sleeve gastrectomy 389f
Smooth cystine stones 583
Sodium 7, 9, 11, 120, 165, 173, 204, 286, 299, 330, 345, 386, 405, 508, 534, 536
acid urate 126
alkali 525
treatment 525t
citrate 238
dodecyl sulfate 62f
hydrogen exchanger 520
hypochlorite 36f
intake 294, 310
interaction of 296
proximal tubule delivery of 293
urate 91, 524
Soluble adenylyl cyclase gene 312
Southeast Asian ovalocytosis 253
Spherites 162
Spinal bone density, low 477
Spinal deformities 169
Spleen 595, 681
Spondylolisthesis 589
Spontaneous ureteral stone passage 562
Sprint
acid phase of 252
alkaline phase of 251
Staghorn calculi 577, 601, 604t, 642, 710
classification of 605t
complete 700
Staghorn monotherapy 642
Staghorn morphometry 681
classification 681
Staghorn renal calculi 577, 579
Staghorn stone 91f, 560
Stagnant urine 127
Staphylococcus aureus 607, 608
Steatosis 520
Steinstrasse 634, 642, 667
Stent symptoms, management of 669
Stereomicroscopy 87f
Stevens Johnson's syndrome 608
Stimulants 506
Stomach 248
Stone 83, 416, 419, 434, 627
activity of 323
analysis 90b, 323t
burden 323
classification 681
complications 681
clearance 624
composition 126t, 581, 652, 674
conformation 577
containing diverticulum, ureteroscopic management of 686
containing kidney 690
density 582
disease 544, 705
management of 622
treatment of 473
drug-induced 501, 509
factors 565, 571, 651
formation 171, 692
clinical evaluation of 321
drug-induced 501
general considerations of 28
incidence of 590
mechanism of 590
metabolic aspects of 430
model of 116
fragments, nonstruvite 624
free rate 624, 625, 630, 650
growth 79b, 83b, 87b, 651
imaging of 420
inorganic composition of 163
location 649, 674
major component of 85, 87
management of 638, 649, 674
medical management of 434
passage 321
plaque complex 110
producing kidney 690
production, mechanism for 336
range, treatment of 704
removal procedures, long-term effects of 549
retrieval devices 662
retropulsion 663
risk factors, urinary concentrations of 337f
size 572, 573, 575, 651, 674
small 618
surgery 588
treatment of 382
types of 590
Streptomyces hyaluronidase 146
Stromal cells 194, 195
Struvite 69, 163
stone formers 547
Succinyl coenzyme 227
Sugars 10, 297, 345
Sulbactam 609
Sulfadiazine 94
Sulfamethoxazole 94, 504, 607609, 654
Sulfasalazine 504
Sulfonamides 504, 590, 610
Sulfur 204
Superstiff wire 685
Swiss lithoclast 660, 661
Systemic diseases, screening for 325t
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 591
Systemic lupus erythematosus, glomerular complications of 451
T
Tamm-Horsfall protein 57, 61, 62, 62f, 63f, 64, 68, 238, 249, 336
Tamsulosin 611
Tazobactam 610
Technetium 99m mercaptoacetyl triglycine 601
Terazosin 611t
Testicular torsion 589
Testosterone 192
Tetracycline 607, 610
double-label protocol 307
Thiazide 297, 299, 313, 344, 357, 471, 473
diuretics 174, 235, 237, 293
segmental nephron effects of 294f
sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter 314
Thiazolidinedione 521f
Thiosulfate 175
Thyroid
gland 364f
tissue 363f
location of 359f
Thyrothymic ligament 359
Tienilic acid 508
Tissue 595
damage, acute 644
mineralization, patterns of 98
repair 68
triglyceride 517f
type 595
Titrated non-bicarbonate buffer 444
Topiramate 506, 590
Total body sestamibi scan 370f
Tractip laser fiber 669
Transcellular transport 205
Transient receptor potential proteins, structure of 206f
Transmission electron microscopy 34, 111
Transplant urolithiasis, treatment of 691
Trans-stomal ureteroscopy 683
Transureteroureterostomy ureters 712
Trauma 384
Triamterene 502, 590
salts 590
stones 502
Tricarboxylic acid 226, 228f
cycle 226
Triglycerides 255
Trimethoprim 607610, 654
Tuberculosis 357
Tubo-ovarian abscess 589
Tubular
abnormalities 469
atrophy 548
cells
apical membrane of 150f
apical surface of 147f
epithelial cells 155, 156f
epithelium 155f
function, monogenic disorders of 473t
injury, attenuation of 149
morphology, general evaluation of 152f
nephrocalcinosis 118
segment 447
Tumor
necrosis factor alpha 309, 592
solid 357
Tursiops truncatus 163
Typical urine chemistry abnormalities 532t
U
Ulcerative colitis 376, 377
Ultrasonography 362, 594, 595t
mechanism of 594f
Ultrasound 362, 420
sonography test 675
Ultraviolet light microscopy 306
United Nations Scientific Committee 620
United States Renal Data System 547
Upper tract dilation, setting of 603
Upper tract urothelial
cancer, development of 683
disease 695
Upper urinary tract 683, 689
stones, removal of 638
Urates 91
Urea splitting bacteria 683
Ureaplasma 607
Urease, bacterial source of 253
Ureter 653
navigate narrow aspects of 658f
Ureteral access sheaths 649, 658, 658f
Ureteral avulsion 667
Ureteral calculi 624
Ureteral dilation 610, 657
Ureteral inflammation 610
Ureteral injury 667
Ureteral kinks 665
Ureteral orifice 665, 689
setting of 665
Ureteral perforation 631
Ureteral reimplantation technique 689
Ureteral stent 583, 650
placement 667
removal of 664
Ureteral stone 568, 649, 653
based on randomized controlled trials 625
blind extraction of 649
episode, acute 588
management of 624, 711
treatment of 650t
Ureteral stricture 566, 568, 653, 659, 668
disease 607
Ureteral wall 665
Ureterolithotomy 570, 575
first retroperitoneoscopic 701
laparoscopic 627, 699
and robotic 701
open 627, 699
Ureteropelvic junction 422f, 424f, 569, 603, 627
obstruction 607
Ureterorenoscopy 567
Ureteroscope 633, 649, 657
advanced 686
flexibility, loss of 669
Ureteroscopic portion 655
Ureteroscopic stone 661
extraction 688, 691
removal 561
surgery 654
Ureteroscopic task 684
Ureteroscopy 110, 429, 548, 565, 566, 566t, 567, 571, 609, 624, 625, 649, 657, 660f, 683, 684, 686, 688, 690, 695, 707, 711
future of 669
indications for 649
room setup scheme 655f
semirigid 659, 660
Ureterovesical junction 425f
Urethral outlet obstruction 607
Uric acid 55, 91, 93, 100, 120, 126, 162, 163, 168, 321f, 322, 330, 333, 334f, 386, 405, 502, 518f, 523, 524f, 525, 536, 547, 581, 593f
bladder stones 170
nephrolithiasis 240
epidemiology of 514
etiologic causes of 515f
idiopathic 515f, 518, 518f, 519f
solubility 379f, 515f
stones 11, 91, 240, 327, 379, 533, 618, 621f, 705
epidemiology 514
formers 518f
morphologies of 92f
pathophysiology 514
prevalence of 514
proportion of 514f
risk of 379t
treatment 514
supersaturation 380
index of 519f
Uricosuric drugs 508
Urinary acid excretion 298
Urinary acidification defects 520f
Urinary alkalinization 489
Urinary ammonium 447, 520f, 521f
Urinary anion gap 447, 457
Urinary buffer 444
Urinary calcium 13f, 235, 525
Urinary catheters, chronic 583
Urinary citrate 457, 525
evolutionary origins of 226
excretion 226, 235t
physiologic regulation of 233
impact of 237
levels of 692
Urinary diversion 609, 683, 685, 690
Urinary factors 13
Urinary glycoproteins 692
Urinary lithogenic chemistry 458
Urinary magnesium 235
Urinary obstruction 482, 593
bilateral 593
effects of 593t
Urinary osmolar gap 458
Urinary oxalate 418f
Urinary pellet calcium analysis 151f
Urinary phosphate 229
Urinary stasis 83b
Urinary stones 77, 94, 95, 619, 622
disease 13f, 704
Urinary sulfate 523
Urinary tract 709
immunity 170
infection 64, 86f, 468, 477, 566, 591, 604, 606, 607, 633, 650, 705, 706
complicated 606t
epidemiology of 604
recurrent 546
treatment of 531, 608t
obstruction, pathophysiology of 591
Urine 380, 692
calcium 13, 259, 280f, 295, 328, 342
and volume 333
concentration 298f
distribution of 276f
excretion 289, 292f, 296f, 297f, 334f
losses 282f
phosphate 283
chemistry 447
citrate 14, 56f
concentration 342
excretion 342
contamination of 253
creatine 417f
crystallization inhibitors, biology and clinical relevance of 55
excretions, molarities 336
flow, low 386
interpretation 326
leakage rate 700
magnesium 331
matrix molecules play special role 336
organic acids 418t
osmolal gap 458
oxalate 13, 416, 417f, 436
excretion 394f, 395f, 398f, 415f
phytate 7
proteins 58
sodium 348f
excretion 292f, 295f
supersaturation 347f
uric acid 14
volume 298, 331, 516, 532
Urography 471f
intravenous 618, 707
Urolithiasis 374, 386t, 402, 443, 452, 504, 546, 687, 692, 698, 701, 702, 704, 705
animal models of 162
idiopathic 386t
management of 690, 698, 699, 712
open surgical management of 712
pathophysiology of 455
polygenic rat model of 168
prevalence of 377t
risk of 392f
treatment of 711, 712
ureteroscopic management of 695
Urologic disease 546
Urologic stone
size 571
surgery 570
laparoscopic 570
Urologic surgery 609
Uromodulin 170
Urosepsis 681
Urothelium damage 662
Uroxatral 611
V
Vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase 446f, 451
Vas washdown hypothesis 116
Vas washdown theory 104
Vesicoureteral reflux 689
Vipomas 357
Viscera injury 676
Vitamin
A intoxication 357
B6 10, 435, 437
C 7, 10, 507, 590
overdose of 549
deficiency 375
hormone system 281
metabolic pathway 190
metabolism 197, 474f
metabolites, overview of 212f
receptor 169, 192, 281
receptor, number of 170, 303
resistant rickets, hereditary 169
supplements 508
D2 191
D3 191, 472
synthesis 190
Volatile acid 444
Volvulus 589
Vomiting 706
von Kossa method 153f, 157f
von Kossa positive tubules 153f
von Kossa stained sections 151f
W
Wave technology 641
White blood cell 591
Widespread tissue uricosis 170
Wilms’ tumor 464
Wolff's duct 465
Worsening renal function 690, 693
X
Xanthine 163
dehydrogenase 491, 491f
oxidase 495
inhibitors 383
oxidoreductase, deficiency of 495
stones 524, 581
Xanthinuria 168, 482, 495
type I 495
type II 496
X-linked hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency 516
Y
Yasue method 135
Young's syndrome 464, 467
Z
Zonisamide 507
×
Chapter Notes

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KIDNEY STONES MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
KIDNEY STONES MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
SECOND EDITION
Editors Fredric L Coe MD Professor Department of Medicine, Nephrology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois, USA Elaine M Worcester MD Professor Department of Medicine, Nephrology University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois, USA Andrew P Evan PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, USA James E Lingeman MD FACS Professor Department of Urology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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© 2019, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
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Kidney Stones: Medical and Surgical Management
First Edition: 1996
Second Edition: 2019
9789351529422
Printed at:
All patients that suffer from the stone, that what we have accomplished might comfort them and better their lives.
Contributors Preface
The Plough and the Star
Fifty years have gone since I first came, and many who worked this field with me are gone. I have read or heard some say nothing alters, we are where we were before, have learned little we did not know. I say that is wrong, and they who have said it are wrong. Here is my evidence, this ample book filled with new knowledge, knowledge of what our senses show us and reasonable visions of how things came to be the way they are.
This field of mine—I lay some claims being an elder, though it is ours, of course—this field is like everywhere we do science. But, may be being so present, so undeniable, the stones themselves can make their causes seem, by contrast, gauzy dreamy things, and those who seek them dreamers. That is not new. The causes of stones have always been uncertain. But we care because of ancient distinctions, treatment by cause or treatment empiric, medicine of remedies or medicine of science.
This is a book for physicians and we all know how things are. Patients are ill and we seek in them a disease that causes their illness. Stones are a disease and their illnesses obvious. As if one satisfaction were not enough, surgeons can cure the disease. It is for them a kind of perfection: the stones so evident, and the result so much a cure, for a time.
But, what next? Stones recur. Surgeons tire of repetition, patients more so. Inevitably comes the question. We must treat by cause or by empirics, by science or by remedy, and as we do so judge this field of ours as to its fitness and maturity. Judge the work that came before us, and the work done now.
It is strange but true that a field matures by causes, by understanding things as they are in terms of things that made them be as they are. Yet those causes, those things that make the evident diseases be as they are, they are themselves impossibly distant gleaming brilliant things beyond our common ken. We can know what is there, but only imagine why.
So it is for stones. We observe them, catalog their crystals, perhaps the proteins of their matrix, study the patients who form them, and imagine. The word for our imaginings saves us from seeming dreamers. It means where we push off from. But hypotheses arise from dreams, from images, from imaginings. There is no other way, and we all know it.
Physicians have imagined the causes of disease forever. What changed things, perhaps five hundred years ago, was the deduction, the demand for the necessary prediction which would prove the imaginings false or not false as if each prophetess were tested by the happening.
Have we all not done this? Have we all not tested visions? Even in the microcosm of our practices, we imagine– illness comes from this disease, or that one, and we test if we are right, or wrong.
Surgeons, perhaps, least suffer from the enigma of imagination. Stones, as I have said, are remarkably present, and the purpose of the surgeon their extirpation—the success of which is rarely doubtful. They do research. But surgical research itself is not usually about causes. It is about remedy: better ways, better instruments. And the test gives a clear answer: better, no better, worse.
The rest of us, cognitive, and physically less inclined, care about remedies too, and test them with results, perhaps less clear, for we end up counting stones and bickering among ourselves about bias and sufficiency. Did this remedy slow their recurrence? Did we repeat the trials often enough to be done with them and simply use what we have?
Both enterprises, the hunt for better surgery, the hunt for better medicines, are often called technology research, practical research, pragmatic research, and the answers are more or less what one would find in testing refrigerators, or dishwashers, or automobiles: better, worse, no different, not good, good.
That is to say medicine is about the remedy. It is humble that way. Ultimately, we serve people who are ill because of disease, who want health and for us to restore it: rightly so. But we dream, sometimes, about the invisible causes of things and say with some reasons that treatment by cause is ultimately a grace because ultimately better than treatment by empirics, treatment by remedy.
We have examples.
Do you remember peptic ulcer?
It was the corrosive acid caused it, how could things be otherwise? Antacids helped them heal. When industry produced the acid blockers, they worked, they helped the ulcers heal. What more could we desire? What more should we desire? The remedy was workable, and based on an evident cause—a cause afloat on oceans of measurement, shielded by mountains of published papers, central to a universe of understanding.
The silly dream that bacteria could live in stomach acid and cause the ulcers was just that, silly and a dream, silk and gossamer in the stern winter of finished science, of working technology, but true even so. Those who dreamed were scorned and slighted, hardly thought of by working scientists who ruled the field—until the proof came, and everything altered. The remedy from the dream is more enduring and more efficient than any that had been before. Even more, somehow those bacteria cause cancer that can, one hopes, be avoided.
Do you want another?
Remember, then, when rising systolic blood pressure was natural, part of how we age, the way nature contrived to force blood through old and narrowed vessels. Lower it, and cause great harm. When that was first tried those who tried it feared. But they were right. To lower it staves off strokes, and heart attacks, and heart failure, and death. No one anymore thinks grandma should have her high systolic pressure as a defense against stroke, as a way to perfuse her brain. It would be as wrong as it was wrong, once, to think the opposite.
There is a power that cause confers, not always channeled into remedy, at least not right away, but a power of vision, of prophecy, of understanding. I would like to say we pursue the causes of things because of that power, but the truth may be otherwise.
The world our senses show us came to be the way it is, somehow, and how is present never to our senses, only to our imaginings, our dreaming selves. Bacteria living in our stomachs, an idle trait of age a lurking killer, how odd to imagine this. But those who did conceived a change of kind, of type, of truth as we can know it.
Such time as we spend in dreaming, howsoever profitable, is time not spent in more pragmatic, workmanlike pursuits. Thus, the unavoidable tension, the inevitable dispute. If false dreams issue from the gates of ivory, the time for them is lost time, the money spent for them lost money while the world waits for us, expecting something better for our pay. So it is, the dreamer lives in hopes of vindication, while the rest content themselves to do the work of the world.
This book depicts, whose preface I am writing, all we have, our field in full abundance and, as best we know, what made it so, and what might come of knowing.
As every book of medicine portrays some field caught up in time, like smiling pictured children age long since has swept away, we are here upon a moment, knowledge and uncertainties, wisdom and silliness mixed together as in all of medicine. Those experts who wrote here made of what they think is true a grand and royal portrait time will prove false howsoever beautiful its colors and its shapes. They made a book of certainties. They made a book of dreams.
Who worked this field before us, were as fine as we, but we have worked as they, and taken things beyond their time. I have heard some say nothing alters, and we are where we were a generation past. This book is our rebuke, our argument, and our disdain in trade for theirs.
Science is forever moving, not toward eternal truth, for that is silliness, but toward a greater richness. Scientists measure, and what they measure an enduring legacy to whom their field will pass. Tests of remedy or a dream, all dreams that fail and those not failed enrich the treasury. What's false is burned away. The rest, like jeweled crowns and diadems, remains the kingdom's riches. Thus it is that science is forever growing, and forever new.
As for me, I have long worked this amiable soil and offered up to the judgments of time what it has yielded me. I have had my dreams proved false, some hopeful yet, in seeming true. And I delight to look upon this thing, this work of those I work with, those I know and prize for their accomplishments. Here are their offerings, the gorgeous artifacts of labor spent, the brilliancies of cultivated minds. Strangers come, someday, to work our field will gaze upon this portrait at a time we cannot know, and say: ‘Who worked this field before us were as fine as we, but we shall carry things beyond their time.’
Fredric L Coe
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Mr Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President) and the editorial team at Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India for their dedicated guidance and expertise with special mention of Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director—Content Strategy) and Ms Anamika Talukdar (Development Editor) to help me complete the chapters. It was a pleasure working with all the publishing team at Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India for the book proofs and editing, etc.