Textbook of Interventional Cardiology Samir Kapadia, Derek Chew, Fernando Cura, Philippe L L’Allier, Marco Roffi, E Murat Tuzcu
INDEX
Note: Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, t refer to tables, and fc refer to flowchart, respectively.
A
Abbott vascular devices 624f
Abciximab 31, 179, 386, 1459
controlled 356
Abdomen 846
Academic Research Consortium 236, 328, 354
Access-site infections 630
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education 1488
Acetyl salicylic acid 795
Acetylcholine 76, 83
Activated clotting time 43, 45, 69, 197, 322, 386, 1246
Adenosine 76, 78, 327
diphosphate 29, 30f, 42, 174
antagonists 175
induced hyperemia 1543
receptor 78
trial 79
triphosphate 34f, 176, 544
Adequate balloon positioning,
angiographic confirmation
Adjunctive antithrombotic therapy 66
Adjunctive coronary angiography 66
Adjunctive hemodynamic support 305
Adjunctive invasive diagnostic testing 1483
Adjunctive reperfusion therapy 18
Adult congenital interventions 1291
African American paradox 420
Air embolism 323
Akinetic myocardium 164
Alcohol
dehydrogenase 584
injection 1317, 1405
septal ablation 1042, 1312, 1314t, 1319, 1399, 1404, 1405
procedure 1400
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 583
Alfieri surgical technique 1056f
Alfimeprase 945
Allen's test 594
Ambiguous angiograms 525, 526
Ambulatory blood pressure
measurement 792
monitoring. 999, 1000
American Board of Internal Medicine 1487
American Board of Medical Specialties 147
American College of Cardiology 147, 152, 165, 287, 316, 318, 318t, 627, 1193, 1260, 1467, 1473, 1489
Foundation 530
American Diabetes Association 364
American Heart Association 152, 165, 287, 318, 530, 815, 1193, 1260
American Indian paradox 422
American Society of Anesthesiologists 828
American Society of
Anesthesiology 100102
Amlodipine 998
Amplatzer atrial septal occluder 1277
Amplatzer cardiac plug 1048f, 1340
Amplatzer cribriform
device 1277
septal occluder 1272
Amplatzer duct occluder device 1294
Amplatzer muscular ventricular septal defect 1283
Amplatzer patent foramen ovale 1043
occluder device 1277
Amplatzer septal occluder 1263
Amyloidosis 314, 1188
Analgesia 98
Anatomic defect localization 1324
Anatomic revascularization, complete 298
Anchor wire 1328
modified 1328
technique, modified 1329f
Anchoring hooks 831
Ancillary services 1493
Anemia 314, 342, 1439
Anesthesia
general 98100
local 100, 956, 962f
Aneurysm
complex 811
repair, small 837
reperfusion/growth, late 1006f
rupture 847
trial, acute 837
Aneurysmal aorta 842
Aneurysmal disease 880
Angina pectoris grading 1475
Angiogenesis 575, 576f, 578, 781
inhibitors 580
Angiogenetic sprouting 577f
Angiogenic growth factors 580
Angiogenic therapies 587
Angiogenin 580
Angiographic restenosis 234t
Angiographic stenosis, greater 1477t
Angiography 882, 975f, 980, 980f, 1016,1131, 1400, 1405
control 776f
intial 695f, 697f
preprocedural 797
AngioJet 903
Angioplasty 161, 535, 872
compared to medicine 3, 160
trials 161
complications 356
development of 139
equipment, early 140
in acute myocardial infarction 307f
primary 171
transferring for 172
versus thrombolysis, primary 172t
Angiopoietin-1 580
Angioseal hemostasis system 626f
Angiosoma 775
distributions 774f
Angiostatin 580
Angiotensin converting enzyme 826
inhibitors 165, 260, 826, 1439, 1443
Angiotensin-receptor blocker 260
Ankle brachial index 753, 755, 761f, 767, 769, 770, 907
Annuloplasty 1195
Annulus 1073, 1083, 1186
Antiangiogenic antithrombin III 580
Antibiotics 826
Anticoagulant 394
agents 41, 112
classification of 43
during PCI 116t
in catheterization laboratory 56t
therapy 6t
Antidiuretic hormone 91
Antigenicity 30
Antihypertensive drugs 826
Antihypertensive medication 420
course of 988t
Antiplatelet
agents 9, 164, 364
effect, duration of 30
therapy 195, 383, 393, 434fc, 484
discontinuation 236
duration of 23
for reduction 18
timing of 23
Antiproliferative drugs 437
Antithrombin III 43
Antithrombotic agent 41, 368
Antithrombotic regimen 6
Antithrombotic therapy 6, 173, 484, 597, 744
Anxiolysis, awake 99
Aorfix 832
Aorta 1072f, 1192f, 1261f
bifurcation stenosis, abdominal 746
calcified stenosis 1024f
coarctation of 769, 1291, 1297
distal 907f
stenosis, distal abdominal 746
stent trial, coarctation of 1296, 1299
Aortic anatomy 1168
Aortic aneurysm 841
abdominal 742, 823, 826, 828, 841, 890
classifications of abdominal 825
management of abdominal 827t
types of abdominal 825t
Aortic annular plane 1127f
Aortic annulus 1065, 1066f, 1166
dimensions 1126
Aortic arch 858, 1071
types of 858f
Aortic coverage 849
Aortic dissection 314, 329, 769
mimicking 640
Aortic endografting 837
Aortic insufficiency, hemodynamics of 1521f
Aortic isthmus atresia 1299
Aortic lesions, classification of 742t
Aortic neck anatomy 848
Aortic paravalvular leak 1112
closure 1329
Aortic pressure 1516f, 1519f, 1527f, 1536f
Aortic pseudoaneurysm closure 1042
Aortic regurgitation 1070f, 1154, 1520
severe chronic 1156f
Aortic root
anatomy 1126f, 1138, 1140f
angiography in left 1140f
assessment 1124
calcification 1129, 1130f
dimensions 1125
relationships of 1069
Aortic stenosis 1070f, 1148, 1161, 1219, 1237f, 1357, 1517, 1518f, 1528f
calcific 1150f
hemodynamics of 1519f, 1520f
combined mixed 1522f
low pressure gradient 1523f
severe 1139, 1415f, 1417f
Aortic transcatheter valves 1466
Aortic valve 1065, 1072f, 1169f, 1357, 1364f, 1518f
annulus 1075f
area, postprocedure 1161
calcification 1071
cartoon of 1067f
disease, treatment of 1468
junction of 1139f
leaflets 1168
replacement 1067, 1162, 1504
surgical 1161, 1345, 1501
stenosis, severe 729
Aortic transcatheter valve 1165
Aortic valvuloplasty, antegrade 1357
Aortocoronary graft 285
Aortoiliac
angiography 968f, 971f
angioplasty 934
disease 1026f
complex 742
obstructive disease 739
occlusive disease 905, 907f, 1022
treatment of 741t
percutaneous interventions 744t
stenting 905
Aorto-ostial lesions 253
Apixaban 57, 1459
Arrhythmias 314, 329, 1265, 1377, 1480t
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia 1381
Arteria lusoria 733
Arterial access 1431
Arterial hypertension 815
Arterial puncture 774, 1377
Arterial revascularization trial 370
Arteriogenesis 575
Arteriogenic therapies 587
Arteriovenous fistula 603, 627, 629
formation 618
Arteriovenous malformation 1042
Artery 520
angioplasty, lower extremity 929, 931t, 932t
anterior descending 299
basilar 1021f
below knee 916
left
anterior descending 654f
circumflex 273, 510, 512
posterior descending 1188
Artery-to-artery embolism of thrombus 856
Artifacts 524
Ascorbic acid 1442, 1443
Asian Indian paradox 406, 409
Aspiration catheters 941
and filters 467
Aspiration thrombectomy, primary 869, 871f
Aspirin 4, 6, 14, 16, 17, 48, 196, 260, 364, 383, 386, 393, 663f, 772, 795
Asymptomatic cardiac ischemia pilot trial 161
Ataxia 881
Atherectomy 477
angioplasty 779
optimally perform 480
use of rotational 535
Atheroemboli 381
Atheroembolic renal disease 381
Atheroembolism 314, 331
Atherosclerosis in diabetes 361
Atherosclerotic
artery 520, 522
disease 260t
plaque
characteristics 495
types 522f
renal artery stenosis 794
Atherothrombotic embolization, distal 325
Atherothrombotic ischemic events 22, 22f
Atrial angiography, right 1143f
Atrial appendage
transcatheter closure of left 1056
Atrial fibrillation 1217, 1235, 1265, 1377
ablation 1357
Atrial hemodynamics 1514
Atrial myxoma 1188
Atrial pressure, right 1218
Atrial remodeling 1057
Atrial septal
aneurysm 1271, 1283
closure 1042f, 1257
transcatheter closure of 1042
hypertrophy 1283
multiple 1283
Atrial septum 1140
Atrial umbrella
left 1042f
right 1042f
Atrioventricular block 1162
Atrioventricular valve rim 1261
Atrium
Axillary artery 1351
B
Balloon
advance 1029f
angioplasty 535, 923, 943f, 1298
in vessels 926
of aortoiliac lesions 923
of femoropopliteal lesions 924
of infrapopliteal lesions 925
plain old 335, 480, 488, 919fc, 925
aortic valvuloplasty 1042, 1050, 1051, 1161, 1164
assisted tracking 597, 598
catheter 818, 1162
central lumen of 1400f
conventional 235
dilatation 776f, 860
with log 776f
exclusion 811
expandable
bare-metal stent 910
stent 905
in balloon 1297
inflation 1030f
long 982f
mitral valvotomy 1216t, 1218f, 1219f,1225f, 1226f, 1227t, 1233, 1233f, 1234f
techniques 1216t
noncompliant 250
occlusion of aorta 1416f
percutaneous transluminal
angioplasty in below-the-knee 775
coronary angioplasty era 4
valvuloplasty 1162
pericardiotomy 1042
positioning and inflation 1163
postdilatation 908f
pulmonary valvuloplasty 1049
recovery 337
rupture 903
scoring 235
valvotomy 1236f
valvuloplasty 1357
Barbiturates 102
Bare metal 335, 756
stent 4, 5, 17, 69, 196, 233, 288, 289, 298, 353, 369f, 433, 434, 535, 777, 916, 919
deployment 529, 535
Barlow's disease 1189
Basal septum, enhancement of 1405f
Basal stenosis resistance 551
Baseline angiogram 658, 661f, 1024, 1026, 1027
Belgian Netherlands stent study 144
Below-the-knee
angioplasty 775
arteries 1034f
stenting 916
treatment of 772
Benzodiazepines 102
Bezold-Jarisch reflex 329
Bicuspid aortic valve 1150
Bifurcation bad krozingen 219
Bifurcation devices 228
Bifurcation disease, left main 506, 721
Bifurcation lesion 217, 502, 526, 635, 719
classification of 218f
Bifurcation stenoses 550
Bifurcation stenting 657
Bioabsorbable stent
in below-the-knee lesions 778
technology 146
Biodegradable self-expandable stent 914
Biodegradable-polymer 444
drug release 440
drug-eluting stents 445t
Biolimus-eluting stents 447
Bioprosthetic valve 1324f
Bioresorbable scaffold 919
Bioresorbable vascular scaffold 375, 515, 531
Biovascular scaffold 325
Bisoprolol 998
Bispectral analysis 99
Bispectral index 103
Bivalirudin 8, 52, 120, 121, 197, 385, 386, 1459
Biventricular assist device 564
Bleeding 314, 561, 603, 627, 1447
Academic Research Consortium 1448, 1449t
active internal 948
avoidance strategies 396
complications 314
incidence 608
risk models 1451t
Blood
biochemistry 999, 1000
chemistry 792
cholesterol 418
examination, complete 999, 1000
pressure 556f
control 419, 794, 816
high 419
maintenance 815
measurement 988
measurement, course of 990t, 993t
monitoring 103, 860
uncontrolled high 1000
speckling 525f
sugar 423
vessel formation 579f
Body temperature 103
Bone marrow 584
mononuclear cells 583
autologous 782
Brachial artery 593, 620, 620f
loops, management of 598fc
perforation, management of 605fc
Brachiocephalic
artery disease 876, 878
signs 876
symptoms 876
disease 878
intervention 884
Brachytherapy 235
Bradycardia 83, 1377
Broca's aphasia 1014f
Brockenbrough transseptal needle system 1357f
Bundle branch block, left 64, 173, 328, 1180
Bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation 142, 298, 370
Bypass graft 104
cannulation 601
Bypass surgery 156, 754
C
Cactus 219
Calcified lesion 243, 254
stenting of 253
Calcium 1218
antagonists 166
channel
antagonists 166
blocker 76
scoring 567, 569
Calories 418
Calreticulin fragment 580
Canadian Cardiovascular Society 158, 260, 582, 1318
Classification System 1475
Cangrelor 33, 367
Capnography 103
Cappella sideguard 450
Captopril renography 792
Captopril test 792
Carbohydrates 418
Carcinoid disease 1242
Cardiac
allograft vasculopathy 526
catheter 695, 697
catheterization 623t, 627t, 1402, 1489, 1567, 1568
laboratory 97, 99f
laboratory, anesthesia in 97
setup 1280
causes 307f
complication 328, 847
computed tomography 567
cycle 1509
death 354, 355, 372
embolization 769
events 288
adverse 6, 354, 372, 1454
after stenting, prevention of major 6t
index, low 91
interventions, structural 1137
magnetic resonance 1147, 1311, 1380
imaging technique 1147
mass 1381
output 103
perforation 315
stem 585
surgery 278
tamponade 314, 330, 1528, 1534f
valves, anatomy of 1063
CardiApex 1354
Cardioband system 1207
CardioClose 1353
Cardiogenic shock 100, 307, 315, 317, 318, 356, 396, 555, 556, 564f, 640, 729, 1477
coronary for 356
persistent 730
treatment algorithm in 564fc
Cardiology, vasoactive agents in 91
Cardiomyopathy 1380t
Cardiopulmonary bypass 1319
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 65
Cardioseal septal occluder 1277
Cardiosphere-derived cells 584
Cardiothoracic surgery, emergent 338
Cardiovascular
angiography 741t
assessment 1124
complications 319
death 365
total 393
disease 351, 362, 401405, 412, 413t, 420f, 985
management 867
spectrum 404
events, adverse 485
function 99
mortality rate 403f
procedures optimization 1429
systems, advanced 141
testing 392
Carillon mitral contour system 1204f
Cariporide 179
Carotid angiogram
left 1020
right 1020
Carotid artery 863, 1352
external 860
internal 855, 868
intervention 855
left 846f
occlusion 857
revascularization 1555f
right 846f, 1020f
stenosis, critical left internal 611f
stenting 858, 858t
anatomic considerations 858
emergent 872
tandem internal 1012
Carotid endarterectomy 855, 857, 857t, 858
Carotid lesions 859
Carotid stenosis 856
measurement of 859f
Carotid stent 861t
indications for 857t
Carotid subclavian bypass graft 881
Cartilage-derived inhibitor 580
Catechol-O-methyltransferase 92
Catheter 817, 894f, 1099f
flushing 525f
manipulation 244
selection 244, 600
technique 1517t
thrombosis 50
Catheter-based
angiography 792
therapy 889
Catheter-directed
thrombectomy 867
thrombolysis 891t
Catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy, acute 1450
Catheterization laboratory, anesthesia in 133
Catheter-related trauma 951
Caval stent valves 1249
Celiac artery aneurysm 809
Celiac trunk stenting 1011f
Cell
deformation 718f, 726f
therapy 588
Cell-based therapy 583
Cerebellar artery, left posterior inferior 1020f
Cerebral artery 797
occlusion, right middle 1013f
trunk, superior middle 1015f
Cerebral hemorrhage 864
Cerebrovascular
accident 314, 315, 365, 948
disease 260, 317, 401
Chest
discomfort 151
pain 151, 1377
classification of 1475
radiograph 1407f, 1409f
Chinese paradox 415
Chlamydia pneumoniae 825, 826
Cholesterol
acyltransferase 536
embolization syndrome 331
lowering medication 420
profile, abnormal 1540
Chordae 1084, 1186
tendineae 1076
Chordal techniques 1200, 1201f
Chronic total occlusion 157, 158, 257, 260, 260t, 457, 460, 773, 801, 859
Cilostazol 773
Claudication symptoms, treatment of 754
Clonidine 998
Clopidogrel 7, 1618, 48, 196, 365, 386, 663f
for high atherothrombotic risk 18
in unstable angina 7, 16, 365
Coagulation cascade 42
Coil occlusion 1293
Collagen XVIII fragment 580
Compartment syndrome 603, 605, 951
Complete blood count 891
Computed tomography angiography 740
Congenital heart disease 101, 1042t, 1257
Congestive heart failure 316, 318, 332, 340, 1206, 1440, 1441, 1511f
Conscious sedation 98, 99, 956
Constrictive cardiac hemodynamics 1528
Constrictive pericarditis 1535t
Contralateral access 947f
Contralateral nerve palsy 857
Cordis randomized iliac stent project 745
Coronary angiogram 687, 689691, 716, 716f
Coronary angiography 119, 125f, 126f, 129f, 152, 152t, 274, 480, 644f, 648, 652, 724f, 1403, 1403f, 1483t
early 70
left 641f
right 641f
Coronary artery 61, 496f
acute 61
bypass graft 160, 164, 165t, 174, 273, 275, 276, 278, 285, 291, 315, 328, 362, 370, 374f, 530, 582, 584, 601, 1193, 1466, 1471, 1494f, 1504
bypass graft
emergency 313
surgery 38, 298, 306, 372, 373f, 375, 550, 1216
trial 288
bypass surgery 1472f
calcium 569
score 408
complications 314, 319
disease 16, 17, 151, 165, 194, 297, 316, 328, 335, 340, 352f, 361, 374f, 375, 391, 401, 403407, 412, 413, 417f, 420, 433, 530, 568, 1107, 1188, 1216, 1441, 1471, 1477, 1498, 1545
burden of 408t
complex 1468f
left main 507f, 526, 527
non-left main 527
dissection 533f
classification of 320f
fistula 1291, 1300, 1302f, 1377
left 635f, 639f, 1400f
anterior descending 504, 510, 512, 514
main 273, 275, 1168
open 24f
perforation 319
right 317, 337, 593, 636f, 640, 647, 654f, 1069, 1300, 1302f
stenosis, left main 274
vasospasm 322
Coronary atherectomy, directional 488
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 137
Coronary balloon occlusion 549
Coronary bifurcation 219
stenting 324
Coronary blood flow 543, 1539
measurements 1544
regulation 75
Coronary calcium score 1478
Coronary circulation 543
Coronary CT angiography 567, 569
Coronary cusp
right 1064, 1064f, 1081f
Coronary devices 434fc
Coronary dissection 314, 319, 463, 531
Coronary Doppler flow velocity 1543
Coronary endothelial function 83
Coronary events, acute 356
Coronary flow 1543
reserve 543, 545, 1540f, 1543, 1544f
reduction of 1540t
velocity 1543
Coronary guidewires 457
Coronary heart disease 1447
Coronary hemodynamics 1538
Coronary hyperemia 1542
Coronary intramural hematoma 314
Coronary lesions 153t
pathway of 162f
Coronary macrovasodilators 76
Coronary microcirculation injury 325
Coronary microvasodilators 78
Coronary occlusion risk 1129
Coronary ostia 1168
left 1131f
right 1131f
Coronary perforation 314, 320, 462
Coronary pressure tracings 1541f
Coronary pulse wave analysis 1542
Coronary revascularization 155
Coronary sinus 1117f, 1144f, 1204f
annuloplasty 1057
Coronary stenosis severity, functional 543
Coronary stents 25, 433, 917f
classification of 434
Coronary syndrome, acute 6, 13, 17, 23, 23f, 29, 36, 41, 78, 316, 328, 362, 365, 374f, 375, 383, 384, 392, 536, 548, 1448, 1477t, 1500, 1548, 1549
Coronary thrombosis 61, 323
Coronary vasoactive agents 75, 76t
Coronary vasodilation 543
Coronary vasodilators, mixed 81
Coronary vasodilatory reserve 1543
Coronary vasospasm 322, 1540
Crawford classification 842f
C-reactive protein 331
Creatine
kinase 515
kinase–myocardial band 328
phosphokinase 219
Critically ill patients (emergency) 1235
Crush stenting 227
Crush strategy, step 227
Cryoplasty balloon angioplasty 779
Cryptogenic stroke 1272
Culotte stenting, steps of 226f
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 6, 77, 78, 95
Cyclooxygenase 15
inhibition of 14
synthase 14f
Cyclopentyl triazolopyrimidine 15
D
Dabigatran 57
Dalteparin 43, 197
Debulking techniques 235
Deep sedation 98, 99
Deep vein thrombosis 341, 890
Deep venous disease 889
Degenerative mitral regurgitation 1188, 1194
type of 1189t
Dehydration 1439
Delivery systems 103
Depigmented scar 603
Dexmedetomidine 102
Diabetes 361, 412, 419, 422, 772, 779, 1439, 1540
comparing bare metal stents 369f
mellitus 260, 302, 316, 317, 325, 328, 332, 335, 340, 363f, 372, 372t, 375, 767, 768
prevalence of 361
Diabetic patient 878
complicated 688
Diagnostic angiogram 700f
Dialysis fistula, management of 899
Diastolic blood pressure 65
Diastolic mitral valve gradient 1530f
Dietary cholesterol intake 418
Diffuse coronary artery disease 524f
Diffuse disease 514f
Digital subtraction angiography 740, 771, 878
Dipyridamole 6
Direct annuloplasty 1057, 1205
Direct flow medical valve 1181
Direct thrombin inhibitors 8, 45, 50, 56, 111, 112, 114, 116, 173
function 50
structure 50
Directional atherectomy 477, 481, 483, 486
devices 479
Distal embolic protection devices 862t
Distal embolization 314, 325, 951
Diver catheter 473f
Dizziness 881
Dobutamine 92, 93, 95
Dopamine 92, 93
Dorsalis pedis artery access 963f
Double balloon technique 1222, 1237f
Double lumen accura balloon 1227f
Double orifice mitral valve 1188
Double-wire technique 337
Drug release, mechanisms of 438
Drug-coated balloon 235
Drug-eluting 756
balloon 336, 759, 773, 778, 801, 925
self-expandable stent 912
stent 4, 8, 17, 69, 182, 234, 237, 287, 288, 298, 353, 364, 375, 433, 434, 437, 485, 535, 758, 773, 801, 917, 919
deployment 529
second-generation 145, 646
Dual antiplatelet therapy 4, 13, 17, 327, 332, 433, 773
Dual balloon delivery system 799f
Duke treadmill score 1476
Durable polymer 442
drug release 439
drug-eluting stents 440, 441t
Dysarthria 881
Dysfunctional valve 1197f
Dyslipidemia 767, 768
Dysphagia 881
Dyspnea 876
E
Echo in catheter laboratory 640
Echocardiographic anatomy 1072, 1080, 1085, 1087
Echocardiography 1400, 1478
Edoxaban 57
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 881, 824, 1188, 1189
Ejection fraction 317, 584, 1441
Elastic membrane, external 522
Electrical-based sealing pads 626
Electrocardiogram 36, 999, 1000, 1166, 1315
Electroencephalogram 104
Electrophysiological heart disorders 101
Elinogrel 38
Embolic protection 291, 862
device 291, 856
distal 862
with filter devices, distal 468
with occlusive devices, distal 471
Embolism 769
Emory angioplasty versus surgery trial 141
Endeavor resolute zotarolimus-eluting stents 443
Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent 335, 440, 443
Endocardial closure devices 1334
Endocarditis 1242
Endoleak
classification 831
types of 835f
Endomyocardial biopsy 1371, 1377t, 1378, 1379f, 1380, 1380t
Endomyocardial fibrosis 1188, 1242
Endostatin 580
Endothelia 576f
Endothelial adrenergic system 84
Endothelial cells 77f, 576f
Endothelial dysfunction 83
Endothelial progenitor cells 444, 578
Endothelin 325
Endovalve-hermann prosthesis 1208f
Endovasculaire 838
Endovascular
abdominal aortic aneurysm repair 835
aneurysm management trial 836
aortic aneurysm repair 830t
repair 846, 1007
aneurysm 823
two-stage 1001
revascularization 793
stent grafts, infection of 831
strategy, intended 1023, 1027
technique 811, 884
therapy 879, 883
treatment
complications of 829
devices for 795
of aneurysms 835
of complex lesions 800t
options 868
techniques for 795
End-systolic pressure volume 1539f
End-tidal expiratory carbon dioxide 104
Eniporide 179
EnligHTN catheter system 817f
Enoxaparin 43, 52, 197
Ephedrine 100
Epicardial closure devices 1335
Epicardial lesions 1547
Epinephrine 92, 93
Eptifibatide 32, 386, 1459
Ergonovine 76, 82
Esophageal transesophageal echocardiogram 1324f
Ethnicity 401
Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate 439
European ambulance acute coronarysyndrome angiography 8
European carotid surgery trial 859
European Society of Anesthesiology 102
European Society of Cardiology 363, 375, 923, 1260
Everolimus-eluting stent 290, 324, 442, 447, 777
Excimer laser coronary atherectomy 253
Extracorporeal life support 555, 560, 561
complete 555
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 555
Extracorporeal therapies 1442
Extravascular compression 769
Eyebrow carina 503
F
Fat 418
Fatal bleeding rate 772
Favorable valve morphology 1107
Female sex 758
Femoral access 796, 800
antegrade 974, 975
management 617
Femoral arterial access 1402f
Femoral artery 618, 619f, 620, 628f, 629f, 735f
anterograde puncture technique for 621f
common 739, 742, 856, 905, 955
stenosis
common 746
severe right superficial 610f
stenting trial 756
Femoral cannulation 957
Femoral closure devices 623
Femoral occlusive disease 1025
superficial 1025
Femoral randomized investigation 386
Femoral vein
access 1248
common 892f
left 892f
Femoropopliteal angioplasty 756, 934
Femoropopliteal disease 753, 925
anatomic classifications of 755t
Femoropopliteal occlusion, long 1027f
Femoropopliteal stenting 756, 909
Fentanyl 102
Fibrinogen 768
Fibrinolysis, local 943
Fibrinolytic agents 62
Fibrinolytic therapy 61, 64, 69t
complication of 66
for STEMI 61, 122, 124
Fibroblast growth factor 578, 781
family 580
Fibroelastic deficiency 1188, 1189
Fibromuscular dysplasia 769, 789, 801, 856
Fibronectin fragment 580
Fibrous skeleton of heart 1064
anatomical relationships 1064f
Figulla occlutech patent foramen ovale occluder 1277
Filipino paradox 418
Filterwire device. 293f
Final angiogram 1033f
left renal artery 987f, 996f
First-generation drug-eluting stents 145
Fluoroscopic anatomy 1071, 1078, 1084, 1086
Focal
lesion management in diabetics 685
stenosis, short 916f
Fondaparinux 8, 49, 114
Food and drug administration 4
Foramen ovalis 1098f
Forearm hematoma 605f
Frame fracture 1266
G
Gastroepiploic artery 811
Gastrointestinal bleeding 948
Gene therapy 783
growth factors for 576f
Giant cell 881
vasculitis 769
Glomerular filtration rate 317, 318, 570, 792, 1347
estimated 339, 795, 1440
Glycoprotein 7, 29, 32, 33, 45, 47, 52, 69, 177, 197, 327, 623
IIB/IIIA inhibitor 55
Goldblatt phenomenon 791
Gore septal occluder 1264
Graft thrombosis 769
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 580
Guardwire device 292f
Guidewire thermodilution blood flow technique 1543
H
Headache 881
Heart
block 1377
complete 1377
catheterization 1482
disease
interventions, structural 1491
structural 101, 792, 1093, 1147
failure 68, 96, 260, 314, 584, 1203, 1380
chronic 96
hemodynamics 1511
interventions, structural 1058
surgery, open 1185
team 1465, 14671469
composition of 1466
future of 1469
role of 1466
transplant 1378, 1378t, 1380
valve dysfunction, hemodynamics of 1515
Helex device 1264
Helex septal occluder 1277
Hematoma 331, 603, 605, 620, 628
Hematopoietic stem cells 583
Hemianopsia 881
Hemodialysis 984, 1443
Hemodynamic
baseline 1386
monitoring, advanced 103
support, mechanical 555
Hemorrhage 951
Hemorrhagic stroke 340, 951
Hemostasis device 623t
Hemostasis strategy, type of 623
Hemostatic valve 796f
Heparin 8, 43, 56, 111, 112, 116
function 43
hexasaccharide fragment 580
induced thrombocytopenia 43
structure 43
Hepatic artery 808
aneurysm 808
common 808
Hepatocyte growth factor 580
Heterotopic caval stents 1249f
Hirudin 51
Hispanic paradox 418
Hollenhorst plaque 856
Homocysteine 768
Honolulu Heart Program 417
Horner's syndrome 1378
Human
chorionic gonadotropin 580
coronary arteries 467
leukocyte antigen 1381
Hybrid 458
algorithm 269
procedures 743
repair 846
Hypercholesterolemia 325
Hyperemia 544
Hyperemic myocardial resistance 1544
Hyperglycemia, acute 325
Hyperlipidemia 260
Hyperperfusion syndrome 864
Hyperplasia, intimal 645f
Hypertension 260, 412, 415, 421, 767, 768, 816, 999, 1022, 1540
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1188, 1311, 1363f
obstructive 94, 1311, 1525, 1527f, 1528f
Hypertrophy 1540
Hypotension 381, 1377, 1439
management of 863
Hypothermia, role of 873
I
Iatrogenic atrial septal defect 1120f
Iatrogenic injury 381
Iatrogenic promotion of thrombosis 42
Iliac artery 829
common 741, 742, 906
external 741, 742, 906, 971
internal 741
left
common 907f, 1024f
external 748f
occlusions, common 746
perforation, right external 749f
right common 894f
stenosis
anatomy of 826
severe right common 609f
Iliac vein
compression syndrome 894f
left common 890f, 894f
right common 890f, 894f
Iliofemoral
disease 971f
segment, left 894f
vascular assessment 1133f
vasculature 1131
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 1555f
Infectious aortitis 826
Infective endocarditis 1188
Inflammatory disease 1188
Infrarenal abdominal aorta, distal 797
Infrarenal aorta to celiac artery 846f
Inoue balloon 1226
across valve orifice 1108
system 1223f
technique 1215, 1222, 1225f
Inoue mitral balloon valvuloplasty 1531f
In-stent restenosis 279, 314, 333, 335
Insulin 260
treated diabetes mellitus 373
Integrilin therapy 7
Interatrial septum 1221, 1221f, 1233
anatomy of 1095
Interferon inducible protein 580
Interleaflet fibrous triangle 1067
Intermittent claudication classifications 769t
International Atomic Energy Agency 1424
Intra-aortic balloon 555
counterpulsation 555
pump 316, 327, 330, 340, 555, 556, 558, 559f, 561, 653, 1440, 1441
hemodynamic effect of 556f
Intra-arterial nitroglycerin 323
Intra-atrial access, right 1248
Intracardiac
echocardiography 1221
shunt 1157, 1512
evaluation 1482t
Intracoronary
balloon inflation 1557
bolus 544
stenting 6
tissue plasminogen 323
Intracranial
hemorrhage 23f, 868
trauma 948
Intraluminal crossing devices 936
Intraluminal thrombus 842
Intraprocedural mortality 315
Intrarenal fenoldopam 1443
Intrathoracic blood volume 103
Intravascular ultrasound 144, 234, 274,290, 320, 519, 521f, 525, 527, 530, 533, 535, 893, 895, 1483
during coronary interventions 534
imaging 519, 525, 528
Intravenous fibrinolytic agents 62t
Invasive angiography 878
Invasive cardiac procedures 391
Invasive therapy, timing of 200
Ionizing radiations 1425
Ischemia 948, 1544
driven revascularization 35, 36, 37
global 794
in asymptomatic diabetics 362
Ischemia-guided strategy 194
Ischemic brain lesions 855
Ischemic cardiomyopathy 582
Ischemic complications, prevention of 7
Ischemic heart
disease 151, 580
failure, acute 100
Ischemic injury 325, 381
irreversible 948
Ischemic mitral regurgitation 1201
Ischemic muscle damage 782
Ischemic stroke 340
acute 867
Ischemic syndrome 8
management 7
J
Japanese paradox 417
Jenavalve technology 1178f
Jugular vein
access, right internal 1246, 1248
internal 1373
Juvenile mitral stenosis 1235
K
Kaplan-Meier analysis 1175f
Kawasaki's disease 706
Ketamine 102
Kidney
disease, chronic 206, 304, 338, 340, 381, 384, 385, 571, 1437, 1439
failure 422
injury, acute 314, 316, 338, 1437, 1438, 1439t, 1440, 1441t, 1443t
classification 1438t
transplant 810f
King-mills umbrella 1042f, 1043f
Kissing balloon 1025f
inflation 222, 227
first 662f
lad-intermediate 704f
left main trunk 693f
postdilatation 908f
Kommerell diverticulum 880
Kussmaul's sign 1512f
L
Lacrosse system 1367f
Leaflets techniques 1195, 1202
Leg arteries, lower 945f
Leptin 580
Lesion
absence of 1107
borderline 298
evaluation
anatomical 527
functional 527
Limb
ischemia
acute 942t
chronic 767
chronic classifications for 741
critical 740, 753, 767
lower 1023, 1026
occlusion 830
pad, classification of lower 769
salvage 918
symptom, etiology lower 769t
Lipoprotein 408
high-density 403
Low-molecular weight heparins 385
Lumen area, minimum 504
Lumen diameter
mean 335
minimal 237, 792
Lung disease, chronic 316318
Lutembacher's syndrome 1236
M
Magnetic resonance angiogram 890
Magnetic resonance angiography 740, 771, 843, 878, 1147
Mammalian target of rapamycin 438
Mammary artery
bilateral internal 370
internal 601
left internal 165
single internal 370
Mammary catheter, internal 958f
Mammary coronary graft, left 1015
Managing microvascular obstruction 79
Marfan's syndrome 824, 881, 1188
Matrix metalloproteinases 580, 825, 841
inhibitors 827
Medical management 368, 370, 754
Medication, course of 989t, 993t
Medtronic melody pulmonic valve 1051f
Medullary syndrome, lateral 881
Mehran's criteria 1440f
Mehran's risk score 1441
Melody valve 1244f
Melody valve-in-valve implantation 1244f
Mesenchymal stromal cells 585
Mesenteric artery
aneurysm, superior 809
superior 805, 846f, 1009f
Metalloproteinase inhibitors 580
Methoxy estradiol 580
Microcirculation injury 325
Microvascular
angina 392
disease 1540t
obstruction 328
Middle cerebral artery 868
occlusion 1012
distal 1014
Migraines 1273
Milrinone 92, 93, 95
Mini-invasive thoracotomy 582
MitraClip
implantation 1137
percutaneous therapy 1203
placement 1138f
Mitral annular calcification 1064, 1363f
Mitral annulus 1075f
anatomy of 1187f
posterior 1324f
Mitral commissurotomy 1215
Mitral interventions 1357
Mitral paravalvular leak 1111
closure 1326
Mitral regurgitation 1056, 1064, 1077f, 1078, 1154, 1188, 1189, 1189f, 1193, 1201f, 1216, 1225f, 1226f, 1233, 1233f, 1234, 1234f, 1351, 1469, 1526
absence of moderate to severe 1107
acute 1234f
causes of 1188t
chronic 1185
duration of 1189
functional 1187, 1193, 1203
mechanisms of 1187
severe 1533f
severity of 1190
Mitral stenosis 1077, 1077f, 1215, 1218f, 1221f, 1233f, 1237f, 1357
pathology of 1216f
severity 1218t
anatomy 1137
annular dilation 1188
annulus, calcification of 1188
apparatus 1186f
area 1216, 1217
balloon valvuloplasty 1530f
chordae 1076f
clefts 1188
complex, anatomy of 1185
disease 1185
treatment of 1468
fenestrations 1188
leaflets 1076f
prolapse 1188
regurgitation, chronic functional 1205
repair 1185
replacement 1233, 1357
stenosis 1251, 1526
Mitralign direct annuloplasty system 1205
Mitralign percutaneous annuloplasty 1205
Mitralign system 1206f
Molecular regulation of angiogenesis 577f
Molecular structure 30
Molecular weight 30
heparin, low 7, 43, 45, 113
Monoamine oxidase 92
Morganella morganii 688
Morphine 102
Mortality
stratified for diabetes status 363f
thirty-day 315
Multidetector computed tomography 1065, 1347
Multifactorial causes of late stent thrombosis 237t
Multimodality fusion imaging 1141
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome 564f
Multivalvar stenosis 1236
Multivessel coronary artery disease 1549f
Multivessel disease 548, 633, 638
management of 302, 372
Multivessel intervention 297, 306, 673
Muscarinic cholinergic agonist 76
Myocardial contrast echography guidance 1405
Myocardial damage during angioplasty 18
Myocardial distribution 1404f
Myocardial fibrosis 1148
Myocardial infarction 4, 5f, 14, 20f, 21f, 22f, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 52, 55, 173, 193, 199, 202, 204, 260, 277, 285, 291, 314, 315, 328, 328t, 332, 337, 356, 365, 366f, 372, 373f, 384, 402, 485, 488, 578, 1152, 1188, 1448, 1454, 1540, 1546f
acute 6, 8, 64, 79, 162f, 306, 391, 498, 555, 640, 1188, 1447, 1532
intervention, acute 733
management of acute 640
prevention of acute 80
rates 373f
silent 362
trial, acute 8
Myocardial ischemia 313, 328, 328t
acute 584
injury 325
Myocardial metabolism, abnormal 1540
Myocardial perforation 1377
Myocardial reperfusion injury 325
Myocyte hypertrophy 1148
Myxomatous degeneration 1188
N
N-acetylcysteine 339, 1442, 1443
Nadroparin 43
National Cardiovascular Data Registry 316318, 353, 392, 1447, 1457f, 1458f, 1553, 1557f
Native aortic valve 1162
Native tricuspid valve apparatus 1251
Nausea 881
Near-infrared spectroscopy 103, 104
Nephropathy trial 383
Nephropathy
contrast-induced 313, 381
development of contrast-induced 382
Neuromuscular monitoring 103
Neurosurgery 948
Neutrophil count 325
New York Heart Association 317, 318, 1190, 1326, 1440
Newer oral anticoagulants 890
New-generation drug-eluting stents 442
Nickel allergy 1266
Nicorandil 76, 81
Nitinol 458
Nitrates 76, 166
Nitric oxide 76, 77f
donor 76
Nitroglycerin 864
Nitroprusside 76
Nonatherosclerotic conditions 392
Noncardiac death 275
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema 314
Noncardiovascular complications 338
Noncoronary artery bleeding 21f
Noncoronary cusp 1064, 1064f
Nonflip-tip technology 798
Nonhyperemic pressure-derived functional indexes 551
Noninvasive angiography 792
Nonpolymeric drug release 440
Non-Q-wave myocardial infarction 199
Nonrandomized data 1273
Nonresorbable stents 529
Non-ST elevation
acute coronary syndromes 36
myocardial infarction 17, 32, 33, 196, 199, 202, 651
Non-ST segment elevation
acute coronary syndrome 1454
myocardial infarction 315, 317, 327, 356, 391, 1448
Nordic stent technique study 220
Norepinephrine 92, 93
Normal cardiac anatomy 1064f
No-touch technique 797f
Novel generation bioresorbable scaffolds 513
Novel therapeutic agents 536
Novolimus-eluting stents 444, 448
Numeric revascularization, complete 298
O
Obesity 412, 419
waist circumference, abdominal 414
Observer's assessment of alertness 103
Obstructive disease 789
Optical coherence tomography 154, 335, 493, 507, 510, 512, 514, 719, 893, 1489
Optimal medical therapy 1500
Oral
anticoagulation 57
antiplatelet
agents 15t
therapy 13, 25
Orbital atherectomy devices 477, 478, 481
Orthotopic heart transplant 1376
Orthotopic tricuspid valve stenting 1251
Osteogenesis imperfecta 1188, 1189
Ostial and bifurcation lesions 526
Ostial common iliac artery 746
Ostial coronary dissection 244
Ostial flared stent technology 798
Ostial left coronary artery stent positioning 246f
Ostial lesions 243, 526
Ostial right coronary artery stent 246f
Ostial stenosis of renal arteries 791f
Ostium secundum 1394f
P
P2Y12 inhibitors 365
P2Y12 receptor antagonists 384
P2YX receptor antagonists 14
Paclitaxel-eluting
balloon 336
stent 196, 289, 335, 368, 369f
Pain, abdominal 807f
Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm 808
Papaverine 76, 80
Papillary muscle 1077, 1084, 1187, 1188
Par antagonists 15
Paracetamol 102
Parachute mitral valve abnormality 1188
Paraprosthetic mitral regurgitation 1330f
Paravalvular
aortic regurgitation 1125, 1178
defect 1392f
posteromedial 1325f
leak 1150, 1165
severe 1391f
mitral leak 1390
mitral regurgitation 1324f
prosthetic
aortic valve regurgitation 1408
mitral regurgitation 1323, 1325f
Paravascular prosthetic mitral valve regurgitation, repair of 1406
Parenteral
anticoagulant agents 56
antiplatelet agents 29
Partial thromboplastin time 341
Patent ductus arteriosus 1041, 1042, 1157, 1291, 1292
transcatheter closure of 1044
Patent foramen ovale 1042, 1220, 1264,1271, 1272, 1357, 1499, 1512
closure 1096
devices 1277t
Patent foramen ovalis 1095
PCI-related vascular complications 330
Pentoxifylline acts 773
Percutaneous
aortic percutaneous leak 1140f
assist devices 555
balloon angioplasty, first 13
balloon mitral
valvotomy 1215
valvuloplasty 1055, 1107, 1137
cardiovascular interventions 1423
closure of patent foramen ovale 1271
coronary intervention 3, 13, 14f, 32, 33, 41, 45, 47, 52, 55, 68, 69, 75, 91, 137, 152, 157, 193, 196, 197, 202, 217, 260, 273, 275, 278, 285, 297, 307, 313, 315, 317, 317t, 327, 328, 340, 342, 361, 364, 368, 372, 381, 384, 385, 391, 468, 497, 530, 535t, 558, 594, 698, 727, 1204, 1437, 1441, 1447, 1451, 1454, 1466, 1468f, 1471, 1472f, 1477, 1489, 1494f, 1495f, 1499, 1545, 1545f, 1549f, 1553, 1554f, 1557f
basis for multivessel 298
complications of 313
primary 8, 171, 395
procedure 314t
coronary revascularization 195
endovascular revascularization 753
interventions 146, 243
mitral balloon valvuloplasty 1532f, 1534f
paravalvular leak
closure 1137, 1326
repair 1332
patent foramen ovale closure 1274, 1280
pulmonary valve implantation 1042, 1050
repair of mitral insufficiency 1112
septal ablation 1311
sinus septal shortening system 1205f
technical aspects 207
technique 1391
therapies 1063
transluminal angioplasty 610f, 739, 905, 923
balloons 926
failed 919fc
transluminal coronary angioplasty 3, 137, 141, 199, 313, 391, 477
transluminal renal angioplasty 794
treatment of mitral regurgitation 1185
valve
first 1053f
next generation 1054f
ventricular septal rupture 1143f
Pericardial
disease 1481t
tamponade 315
Pericatheter thrombosis 951
Peripheral administration 94
Peripheral arterial disease 923, 1034, 1036
lower extremity 909
management of 755
Peripheral arterial surgery 949
Peripheral artery 878
disease 739, 753, 767, 770
prevalence of 905
Peripheral balloons 923
Peripheral below-the-knee angioplasty 767
Peripheral interventions 737
Peripheral ischemia 314, 561
Peripheral stents 905
Peripheral transluminal angioplasty 770, 773, 789
Peripheral vascular
access 1168
complications 314
disease 260, 317, 318
interventions 607
Periprocedural administration 177
Periprocedural antithrombotic therapy 107
Periprocedural bivalirudin 117
Perivalvular prosthetic leak 1188
Permanent atrial fibrillation 1106f
Peroneal artery, severe lesion of 776f
Pharmacokinetics 111
of common anticoagulants 44t
Pharmacologic therapy 595
Pharmacological intervention, preprocedural 383
Pharmacological stress testing 639
Pharmacological thrombolysis 872
Phenylephrine 92, 93, 94, 100
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor 76
Placental growth factor 580
Plasmin 946
Plasminogen
fragment 580
inhibitors 580
Platelet
activation 41
aggregation, inhibition of 30f
derived endothelial cell growth factor 580
factor-4 580
function testing 1503
IIB/IIIA receptor with integrilin therapy 7
inhibition 14f, 20f, 21, 21f
kinetics of 30f
receptor inhibition 7
Pleotrophin 580
Plug-based sealing devices 624
Pneumothorax 1377
Polycystic
kidney disease 824
ovarian syndrome 1540
Polylactic-co-glycolic acid 585
Poly-l-lactic acid 146
Polymer-free
biolimus-eluting stents 450
drug-eluting stents 448, 449t
paclitaxel-eluting stents 449
sirolimus-eluting stents 448
Polytetrafluoroethylene 322, 460, 743, 754, 828, 1264
expanded 828
Polyvinyl chloride 139
Popliteal aneurysm 769
Popliteal artery 620, 621f, 982f
stenting 756
Positive inotropes 95
Post-BAV management 1163
Postinfarct ventricular septal defect closure 1042
Post-percutaneous coronary intervention therapy 13
Post-premature ventricular contraction 1528
Post-thrombus aspiration 129f
Post-transcatheter aortic valve 1152f
Potential treatment algorithms 563
Prasugrel 17, 20, 176, 196, 366, 386
Prasugrel-thrombolysis 20f
Preangiogram 1016
Predilatation with NC balloons 702f
Prefibrinolytic therapy electrocardiogram 124f
Pregnancy 1235
Preinterventional angiogram 1034f, 1036f
Premere patent foramen ovale occluder 1277
Pressure half time 1217, 1218
Pressure loss across stenosis 1539
Pressure waveforms 1510
Pre-therapeutic screening process 1023, 1026
Prevent distal embolization 183t
Profunda femoral artery 957
Progenitor cells 585
Prolactin 16-KD fragment 580
Proliferin 580
Prominent eustachian valve 1283
Propofol 102
Prosthetic valvular disease 1481
Protease activated receptor 15
Prothrombin time 386
Proton pump inhibitors 25
Proximal circumflex artery 317
Proximal common iliac artery 797
Proximal embolic protection devices 862t
Proximal external iliac artery occlusions 746
Proximal isovelocity surface area 1218
Proximal location patency 918
Pseudoaneurysm 603, 627, 629, 1418f
Pseudolesions 464
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum 881
Pulmonary artery 1088f, 1217
main 1156f, 1221
pressure 103
right 1295f
stenosis, left 1295f
systolic pressure 1192
Pulmonary
capillary wedge 1529f
edema 1440
hypertension 1215, 1482t
severe 100
regurgitation 1086
stenosis 1049
vein 1145f
interventions 1357
procedures 1158
Pulmonic stenosis 1086
Pulmonic valve 1086, 1088f
regurgitation 1155
stenosis 1155
Pulse
oximetry 103
volume recordings 754
Pulsed wave Doppler 1191
Puncture site 955
Puncture technique, antegrade 620
Puncture, antegrade 957
Purine nucleoside 76
Pursuit 7
Q
Qualitative angiography 152
Quantification of myocardial fibrosis 1152
Quantitative coronary angiography 153, 522, 527, 1544
Quinolone 773
R
Radial access 959
Radial artery 596f, 605f, 606f, 620
access 1490
loops, management of 598fc
occlusion 597, 603, 606
perforation, management of 605fc
small caliber of 599f
spasm 603
classification of 604t
management of 597fc
Radial-brachial perforation, classification of 604t
Radiation-related complications 314
Radiation safety 1143
Radical neck surgery 857
Ranolazine 167
Rapamycin 145
Recatheterization, emergency 314
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator 946
Recurrent ischemia 1540
Red blood cell 315
transfusions 315
Regurgitant fraction 1191
Regurgitant orifice area, effective 1191
Remifentanil 102
Renal artery 846f
aneurysm 805. 809
angiogram
of both 986f, 995f
right 791f
inferior branch of 810f
left 799f, 1009f
stenosis 608f
obstruction, mechanical 989
perforation 801
recanalization, right 1010f
right 820, 1008f
stenosis 789, 799f
stenting of bilateral 994
stenting 984, 989
vasodilation 1442
Renal blush grade 793
Renal complication 381, 847
Renal denervation 381, 383, 815, 816
Renal disease 386t
end-stage 386
Renal dysfunction 384t, 385t
anticoagulation in 385
Renal failure 779
acute 697
chronic 695, 775
Renal frame counts 793
Renal function 794
course of 990t, 993t
trial 794
Renal Guard System 1441, 1443
Renal hormone 999, 1000
Renal insufficiency 30, 792
acute 314
Renal protection 305
Reperfusion injury 325
Residual stenosis 917f
Resolute zotarolimus-eluting stent 440
Respiratory complication 847
Restenosis 233, 290, 533
classification 233
of carotid endarterectomy 859
treatment of 706
Resting translesional index of stenosis severity 1542
Restrictive cardiac hemodynamics 1528
Reticuloendothelial system 45
Retinoids 580
Retrograde dissection 268
Retrograde puncture 774f
technique 618
Retrograde tibiopedal access 961
Retrograde transpopliteal arterial access 963
Retrograde wire crossing 267
Retroperitoneal bleeding 314, 315, 331
Retroperitoneal hemorrhage 628
Revascularization modality 741
Revascularization strategies 209, 372t
Revascularization, complete 298
Revascularization, surgical 780
Reverse crush 224, 224f
Rheolytic thrombectomy system 473f
Rheumatic fever 1215
Rheumatic heart disease 1188
Right heart catheterization 608
Right ventricular outflow tract 1156
Rivaroxaban 57, 1459
Robotic aortic surgery 824
Rotational atherectomy 477, 480, 484, 677
after 708f
before 708f
devices 477, 478, 481
Rupture of chordae 1188
Ruptured descending thoracic aortic aneurysm 850
Ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysms 850
S
Salbutamol 76
Salmonella 826
Saphenous vein graft 285, 288, 327, 328, 332, 340, 601
angioplasty 291
intervention 285, 291, 395
Saturated fat 418
Scleroderma 1188
Secundum atrial septal defect closure 1101
Segment elevation myocardial infarction 315
Seldinger's technique 860, 1355
Septal anatomy 1139
Septal aneurysm, large 1098f
Septal branch selection 1316, 1404
Septal defects, transcatheter closure of ventricular 1046
Septal perforator artery 1400f
Septal reduction techniques
advantages of 1319t
disadvantages of 1319t
SeptRx occluder 1277
Septum primum 1095
Septum secundum 1095
Sequential deployment technique 1328
Serum creatinine 985f, 988f, 994f, 998f
Side-branch
closure 314
occlusion 314, 324
Sideris buttoned device 1277
Silverhawk plaque excision system 479
Simultaneous coronary angiography 1143f
Simultaneous deployment technique 1327
Simultaneous kissing
stent techniques 225
stenting 225f
Sinotubular junction 10651168
Sinuses of valsalva 1065, 1067, 1067f
Sirolimus-eluting
cypher stent, early-generation 440
stent 196, 332, 368, 369f, 440, 444, 485
Snare technique 337
Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions Lesion Classification System 318t
Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention 318
Society of Thoracic Surgeons 278, 1194
Society of Thoracic Surgery 370, 1559
Sodium
bicarbonate 1443
nitroprusside 79
Solitary functioning kidney 794
Solysafe septal occluder 1277
Sones’ brachial cut-down technique 593
Spasm 903
Spasmolytic therapy 595
Spinal cord ischemia 845, 849
symptoms of 1011f
Splenic artery aneurysm 806
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection 392
Spontaneous echo contrast 1217
Spontaneous rupture of chordae 1188
Spontaneous ventilation 99
ST elevation myocardial infarction, management of 695
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 327
Stable angina 152t, 633
chronic 1476t
Stable coronary
disease 362
syndromes 151
Stable ischemic heart disease 156, 278
Standard infusion catheter 891
Staphylococcus aureus 342
Staphylococcus lugdunensis 688
Starflex device 1277
Statins 167, 826
ST-elevation
acute coronary syndrome 386
myocardial infarction 17, 24f, 31, 65, 68, 374f, 548, 695, 1490, 1494, 1502
Stem cell homing 586
Stenosis 1021f, 1546
of right common iliac artery 943f
severe 1107
Stent anticoagulation restenosis study 6
Stent choice 289
Stent crush technique 337
Stent deployment failure 314
Stent failure 682
Stent implantation 1298
complications 314, 332
Stent longitudinal deformation 314
Stent loss 314, 337
Stent placement in iliac artery 906t
Stent thrombosis 37, 120, 121, 233, 235, 236, 236t, 280, 314, 315, 328, 332, 354, 485, 531
acute 236
predictors of 236
timing of 236
Stent-graft, branched 1007
Stentriever thrombectomy 868
Stents, self-expanding 798, 906
Still's disease 1188
St. Jude medical portico valve 1181
Streptokinase 62
Stress
cardiomyopathy 392
testing 1475
Stridor 876
String sign 859
Stroke 21f, 314, 315, 339, 372, 373f, 412, 421, 867, 1177
acute 868
interventions, acute 867
ipsilateral 857
management algorithm of postprocedural 341fc
mortality rates 417f
treatment for posterior 883
Strut design 436
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 8, 53, 61, 142, 171, 317, 355, 391, 498, 1447, 1451
Subaortic stenosis 1357
Subarachnoid hemorrhage 340
Subclavian artery 1016f
left 846f
stenting 879t, 881t
Subclavian stenosis
critical right 610f
left 876f, 1015
Subclavian tortuosity 733
Subclavian-vertebral steal syndrome 881
Subcutaneous
cellular tissue 769
granulomatous reaction 603
Subintimal angioplasty 1029
Subintimal recanalization 932
Subintimal technique 1028f
Subocclusive stenosis 686f
Suboptimal stent deployment 531
Sudden cardiac death 1311
Superficial femoral artery 754, 915t, 924, 957
stent fracture 910f
Supraventricular tachycardia 1377
Surgical myectomy 1318
Surgical repair, open 823
Sutura heartstitch suturing device 1277
Sweet spot 5
Symetis Acurate valve 1181
Sympathetic hormone 999, 1000
Sympathetic nervous system 815, 816
Symptomatic cardiac resynchronization therapy 1202
Symptomatic carotid stenosis 855
Syntax score 153
Synthetic chordae tendineae 1252
Systemic fenoldopam 1443
Systemic lupus erythematosus 1188
Systolic
anterior motion 1077, 1311, 1313f
blood pressure 65, 340, 418
T
Tachyarrhythmias 314
Takayasu's disease 769
Takotsubo's cardiomyopathy 392
Tandemheart 560, 565
Target lesion
failure 354, 368
revascularization 14, 31, 52, 234, 316, 319, 364, 368, 485, 488, 912, 918
Taxus paclitaxel-eluting stents 440
Temporary endovascular bypass 869
Tenecteplase 64
Theophylline 1443
Therapeutic
angiogenesis 585
decision 665
Thin-cap fibroatheroma 512, 524
Thoracic aorta 841, 968f
Thoracic aortic aneurysms 841
descending 841, 844, 846
Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair 845
Thoracoabdominal
aortic aneurysm 842f, 843f, 845, 845f, 846f, 848, 848f, 1001, 1001f, 1007
device, branch 1003f
Thoracophrenolaparotomy, left 845f
Thoracotomy 1319
Thorax 846
Thrombectomy 104, 902, 941, 1010f
devices 182, 471
manual 472
mechanical 473
Thrombin
clotting time 58
receptor antagonist 22, 22f, 23
Thromboangiitis obliterans 769
Thromboaspiration 645f, 942
catheter, export 472f
Thrombocytopenia 96, 314, 342
Thrombolysis 171
for ischemia of lower extremity 949
in cerebral infarction 868
in myocardial infarction 22f, 48, 62, 79, 194, 313, 326, 499, 868
Thrombolytic infusion catheters 947t
Thrombolytic therapy 948t, 950t
complications to 951t
Thromboplastin time, activated partial 197
Thrombosis 769, 903
subacute 317
Thrombospondin 580
Thrombotic hemiplegia 855
Thromboxane 42, 325
Thrombus 859
containing lesion 801
extraction 207
formation 1235, 1265
in left external iliac vein 892f
left common femoral vein 892f
removal 468
removal/destruction, active 891t
Thyrocervical trunk 875
Tibial artery
anterior 944f, 962f, 976f, 977f
distal anterior 977f
posterior 776f, 916f, 917f, 962f
Tibial recanalization, anterior 1035
Tibio-peroneal trunk 944f
Ticagrelor 6, 17, 21, 176, 196, 367, 386
in catheterization laboratory 24f
Tirofiban 31, 1459
Tissue plasminogen activator 63, 199, 891
Tobacco 768
Toe-brachial index 753, 770
Torasemide 998
Tornus catheter 253
Torsades des pointes 545
Tortuosity of aorta-angle 826
Tracheostoma 857
Tracts-Horner's syndrome 881
Transaortic valve
pressure 1519f
replacement 741
Transapical left ventricular puncture 620
Transapical mitral valve 1210f
replacement 1207
Transatlantic intersociety consensus 739, 906
Transatrial intrapericardial tricuspid annuloplasty 1251
Transcatheter
alcohol septal ablation 1529f
aortic valve 1167f
implantation 1064
next generation of 1178f
replacement, hemodynamics of 1519
mitral valve
implantation 1196t, 1207, 1208f
repair/implantation 1042
therapies 1057t
pulmonary valve replacement 1050
repair of aortic coarctation 1049
rigid annular rings 1253
therapy for mitral regurgitation 1056
tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation 1245t
valve therapy 1554, 1555
valve-in-valve therapy 1243
Transesophageal
echocardiogram 1324, 1336, 1359, 1394, 1397, 1398, 1407f, 1502
echocardiography 97, 101, 1065, 1085f, 1093, 1097, 1138, 1192, 1217, 1217t, 1219t, 1221, 1233f, 1246, 1260, 1359
Transient ischemic attack 69, 856, 881,1217, 1273
Transmyocardial laser revascularization 587
Transradial access 593, 959
Transseptal
catheter 1220f
equipment 1355
left heart catheterization 1042
needle puncture 1282
for MitraClip procedure 1364f
screw 1367
system 1367f
Transthoracic echocardiogram 699f
two-dimensional 643
Transthoracic echocardiography 1065, 1148, 1190, 1217, 1218, 1221, 1225f, 1234f, 1316, 1394, 1397, 1399, 1409f
Traumatic rupture of chordae 1188
Treadmill test 770
Treating bifurcation lesion 502
Treovance device 834
Treponema pallidum 826
Trerotola percutaneous thrombectomy device 903
Tricinch procedure 1251
Tricuspid annulus 1083f
Tricuspid aortic valve, calcification of 1130f
Tricuspid balloon valvuloplasty 1042
Tricuspid regurgitation 1083, 1084, 1241, 1251, 1292f, 1377, 1378
etiologies of 1242t
severe 1515f
Tricuspid valve 1082, 1085f, 1353f
leaflets 1083f
regurgitation 1218, 1219, 1221
Triggers of angiogenesis 578
Tumor 1188
necrosis factor-α 580
Tumstatin 580
Turner's syndromes 824
U
Unfractionated heparin 4, 29, 4547, 52, 55, 113, 197, 385, 386, 744, 1452, 1454
Unstable angina 55, 193, 196, 199, 202, 333, 335
Unusual site hematoma 603
Urinary catheter 103
Urine albumin 999, 1000
V
Valsalva's maneuver 1097f, 1311
Valve 1107
anatomy, assessment of 1218
area calculations 1518
assessment of 1219
general orientation of 1063
replacement 1172
selection 1171
Valve-in-valve approaches 1185, 1209
Valvotomy by balloon 1233
Valvular disease 1148, 1481
Valvuloplasty 1172
Vascular closure device 396, 396, 1450, 1457f
Vascular complication 330, 603t, 627, 1180
Vascular death, endpoint of 21f
Vascular disease 317
Vascular endothelial growth factor 578, 580, 782
Vascular reactivity, abnormal 1540
Vasculitis syndromes 1540
Vasculogenesis 575
Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein 19
Vasospastic angina 82, 126
Vasostatin 580
Vasovagal reaction 1377
Vein graft
interventions 286, 288
lesions, locations of 291f
Vena cava
filters, inferior 889
inferior 889, 894f, 1084, 1221, 1249, 1261f, 1357
rim
inferior 1261
posteroinferior 1261
posterosuperior 1261
superior 1261
superior 1220, 1220f, 1261f, 1358
Vena contracta 1192
Venous angioplasty 889, 893
Venous stenting 889, 893
Venovenous hemofiltration, continuous 1443
Ventricle, left 1191
Ventricular arrhythmia 314, 1377
Ventricular assist device, left 555, 561, 564, 564f
Ventricular dysfunction, left 303
Ventricular ejection fraction, left 332, 395, 583, 1153, 1162, 1190
Ventricular end-systolic diameter, left 1193
Ventricular hypertrophy, left 1296
Ventricular outflow tract, left 1064, 1125, 1165, 1186
Ventricular pacing, right 1188
Ventricular remodeling 1057
Ventricular septal defect 1042, 1044, 1157, 1158
Ventricular systolic function, left 263
Ventricular tachycardia 1377
Ventriculography, left 691
Verapamil 76, 81, 327
Vertebral angiogram
left 1020
right 1021, 1021f
Vertebral artery 875, 881, 882
disease 880
distal left 1020f
procedures 885
stenosis 883f
critical left 612f
stenting 883t
surgical treatment of 884
Vertebral
intervention 875, 884
mammary catheter 958f
ostial stent, right 1021
stenosis 1019
stent, distal right 1021
Vertebrobasilar symptoms 1019
Vessel occlusion 627, 629
Vessel rupture 903
Visceral artery aneurysm 805, 806
treatment of 805
Visual cortex within occipital lobe 881
Vitamin
K antagonists 56
Vomiting 881
Von Willebrand's factor 41
Vorapaxar 17
W
Warfarin 1459
reinfarction study 6
therapy 57
Wave Doppler, continuous 1191
Wire body 930
Wire caliber 929
Wire externalization 655f
Wire tip 458, 930
entrapment and fracture 463
Wire under fluoroscopic guidance 962f
Wire with loop, advance 1029f
Wiring technique 460
shaping wire 460
Women's ischemia syndrome evaluation 393
World Health Organization 406
Z
Zenith flex 834
Zenith low profile 834
×
Chapter Notes

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Textbook of Interventional Cardiology A Global Perspective
Textbook of Interventional Cardiology A Global Perspective
Editor-in-Chief Samir Kapadia MD Section Head, Invasive and Interventional Cardiology Director, Sones Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories Director, Interventional Cardiology Fellowship Program Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Global Editors Derek Chew MD MBBS MPH FRACP Professor, Cardiology Flinders University Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Fernando Cura MD PhD Chief, Interventional Cardiology ICBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina Director, Interventional Cardiology and Endovascular Therapies Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires and Sanatorio Anchorena Buenos Aires, Argentina Philippe L L'Allier MD Chief, Interventional Cardiology Montreal Heart Institute (MHI) Montreal, Quebec, Canada Marco Roffi MD Director, Interventional Cardiology, Geneva, Switzerland Vice-Chairman of Cardiology, and Director of the Interventional Cardiology Unit University Hospital of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland E Murat Tuzcu MD Professor, Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Chief Academic Officer and Chief of Cardiovascular Medicine Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Textbook of Interventional Cardiology
First Edition: 2017
9789351529439
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To our families for their selfless support.
To our mentors for invaluable life lessons.
To our institutions for successful partnership.
Contributors Foreword
When I was a fellow learning to do coronary angioplasty from Richard Myler and Simon Stertzer, I had the privilege of meeting Andreas Gruentzig. By 1984, when we got to have a chat at one of his Emory University teaching courses, he was already regarded as the father of interventional cardiology. It took considerable courage in 1977 for him to be the first doctor to thread a balloon into the coronary artery to open the channel and relieve the patient's angina—and it worked. But those were the early days of the field, when all we had were rigid balloons, we had no idea of the right drugs (and doses) to have on board, and there were many patients who suffered significant complications. In spite of that, Gruentzig was an inspirational force with extraordinary charisma and infectious enthusiasm. His persona certainly helped propel the field forward.
Fast forward to the 1990s when I moved from the University of Michigan, running the catheter lab, to Cleveland Clinic, and the opposite happened to me. Over the ensuing years I had the rarified opportunity to work with so many über-talented fellows—and especially closely with the interventional fellows for we were connected by caring for patients together, doing procedures, and engaged in research projects. This was a heady and exciting time when we were testing new drugs like abciximab, bivalirudin, clopidogrel—and new devices including stents and atherectomy. Everything was seemingly new; we had so much to learn. The group of fellows took it all on with unmatched eagerness and work ethic. Each one demonstrated early in their careers that they truly fulfilled the proverbial “triple threat” of excellence in patient care, education (teaching each other and me) and research. Every fellow wrote and published multiple papers, and many of these were in leading journals with significant impact for how interventional cardiology would subsequently be practiced. They are now leaders in the field in many countries all over the world, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Israel, Italy, Argentina, Korea, Switzerland, and throughout the United States.
The fellows did more than all these things. They were the pivotal inspirational force to me. Throughout our years and the chance to work together, they provided intellectual stimulation because their curiosity was limitless. And their desire to make an impact in the field that they had chosen to be their life work was unbridled. All of this was admixed with humor and fun, although it seems hard now to remember how we were somehow able to weave that in.
So it was no surprise that many years later this group of former fellows—now leaders—would come to me with the plan to write and edit a new textbook on interventional cardiology. It would be one that would feature a global perspective, since collectively this group surely had that. Once again it surfaced: the interest and willingness to take time from their busy daily professional lives and families to work assiduously on developing this information resource.
I am immensely proud of this “fellow” group, now representing many of the go to gurus in the field, for having put this wonderful textbook together along with so many other experts in the field from all over the world. This is a group of some of the finest individuals, doctors, educators, and researchers I have ever had the privilege of working with in my career. We have lasting friendships and I always relish the chance to get to visit with them, not just to reminisce about a rarified time when there was such unique and accelerated progress in our field, but also to exchange ideas on how it can still advance. When we worked together interventional coronary procedures were quite unpredictable, with not infrequent dissections, thrombosis, and abrupt closures. Hardly were there any noncoronary structural cardiac interventions at the time, but now there are so many diverse ones with left-sided valves and beyond. So interventional cardiology grew up when we had the chance to work together. It is hardly recognizable from what it was in the 1990s.
Predictably, this textbook captures all of the ways it works now. And the father of the interventional cardiology—Andreas—would be thrilled to know that four decades later he spawned multiple generations of exemplary physician leaders. They will be relentless in striving to make the field better for patients. Their work to put this remarkable resource together exemplifies the same passion and spirit as when we all worked together—without question, a time I shall never forget.
Eric J Topol
Professor of Genomics
The Scripps Research Institute
Director, Scripps Translational Science Institute
La Jolla, California, USA
Preface
The field of interventional cardiology is growing rapidly across the globe, with advances in devices, techniques, imaging, and collaboration with surgical subspecialties. Technological advances and their adoption is quite variable across different continents. We, all editors of this textbook, although we practice in different continents, bring a unifying perspective from training at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States. We thought that bringing thought leaders from different continents to write a textbook would provide a unique textbook that can be practical and applicable all around the globe.
Interventional cardiology has three major foci for clinical practice and research, including coronary, peripheral, and structural interventions. The book is organized to address important disease states and interventions in each of these fronts. Each chapter is clinically focused and provides important technical pearls where necessary. Devices and their use are discussed including those available in different parts of the world. Despite being clinically oriented, the book is evidence-based, with tables and figures to provide organized presentation of available data. Each chapter also highlights important gaps in our understanding for future investigations. Case studies are provided with chapters to organize thought processes and procedural steps for practical guidance.
Authors who are world-renowned thought leaders in their fields and editors with their diverse but unifying background provide depth and consistency in the book that is unique. The production of the book with tables and illustrations of exquisite quality makes the book easy to read and comprehend. Tremendous effort has gone behind the scenes to make this project a success with outstanding contributions from all authors. Perspective on history and evolution of each field also provides a unique insight from stalwarts in the field who have lived through the advances.
We are hopeful that the book will be a great resource for fellows in training, physicians in practice eager to stay updated, and for researchers interested in understanding clinically important knowledge gaps.
Samir Kapadia MD
Section Head, Invasive and Interventional Cardiology
Director, Sones Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories
Director, Interventional Cardiology Fellowship Program
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all authors for their support and diligent work along with Mr Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director—Content Strategy), Angima Shree (Senior Development Editor), Joe Rusko, Bridget Meyer and Kinjal Banerjee and the Production team of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India for the successful completion of this project.