Index

Textbook of Critical Care: Including Trauma and Emergency Care Yatin Mehta, Jeetendra Sharma, Mukesh Kumar Gupta

SECTION 1: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 1:Recognition of Critical Illness
- INTRODUCTION
- ASSESSMENT OF A CRITICAL ILLNESS1,2
- HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- MONITORING THE ILLNESS AND INVESTIGATIONS
- CRITICAL CARE WITHOUT WALLS2
CHAPTER 2:Scoring Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- SEVERITY SCORES AIM
  - Describing Clinical Status at Intensive Care Unit Admission
  - Describing Patient's Clinical Status Evolution (e.g. SOFA and MODS)
- USE OF ORGAN FAILURE SCORING
- OTHER ICU SCORING SYSTEMS FOR DAY-TO-DAY USE
- SCORE COMPARISONS
- BENCHMARKING
- LIMITATIONS
- RESOURCE USE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3:Resuscitation of Cardiac Arrest, Postresuscitation Care and Therapeutic Hypothermia
- INTRODUCTION
  - History of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- BASIC LIFE SUPPORT AND ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT ALGORITHMS OF CPR IN THE JAPANESE COUNCIL OF RESUSCITATION GUIDELINES2
- POST-CARDIAC ARREST SYNDROME4
- THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA: METHODS, REWARMING AND COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY OF THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA
CHAPTER 4:Airway Management
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS OF AIRWAY MANAGEMENT IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
- PREOXYGENATION IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
- PREPARATION FOR AIRWAY MANAGEMENT IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
- PREOXYGENATION AND VENTILATION
- OTHER PREPARATIONS
- ASSESSMENT FOR DIFFICULT INTUBATION
- PROPOSED CHECKLIST BEFORE INTUBATION
  - Endotracheal Intubation
- THE “INTUBATION BUNDLE”
- CRICOTHYROIDOTOMY
- SUMMARY: KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 5:Hemodynamic Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING
  - Arterial Pressure Monitoring
  - Central Venous Pressure and Central Venous Oxygen Saturation
- ADVANCED HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING
- DERIVED CALCULATIONS
- INTERPRETATION OF HEMODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:Respiratory Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC RESPIRATORY MECHANICS
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- MONITORING GAS EXCHANGE
  - Pulse Oximetry
- INVASIVE AND NONINVASIVE MONITORING OF CARBON DIOXIDE
  - Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Monitoring
  - Capnography and Dead Space Calculation
  - Volume Capnograph
    - Clinical Applications of Capnography
    - Limitations of Capnography
- SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
  - Artefactual Changes in Arterial Blood Gas Values
  - Transcutaneous Blood Gas Monitoring
  - In-line Blood Gas Monitoring
- CENTRAL AND MIXED VENOUS OXYGEN MONITORING
- TISSUE OXYGENATION
- CO-OXIMETRY
- LUNG WATER ANALYSIS
- BASIC RESPIRATORY MECHANICS
- TRANSPULMONARY AND ESOPHAGEAL PRESSURES
- INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE
- STATIC COMPLIANCE
- LUNG VOLUMES AND ALVEOLAR RECRUITMENT
- PRESSURE/VOLUME CURVES
  - Static Pressure Volume Curves
- STRESS INDEX
- INTRATIDAL PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP
- VENTILATOR-PATIENT ASYNCHRONY, FLOW-VOLUME AND PRESSURE CURVES
- MEASURING VENTILATION: MINUTE VENTILATION PLUS ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
- ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY
- MEASURING RESPIRATORY DRIVE
- MEASURING WORK OF BREATHING
- PRESSURE TIME PRODUCT
- BREATHING PATTERN (RAPID SHALLOW BREATHING INDEX)
- MEASURING RESPIRATORY MUSCLE STRENGTH
- DIAPHRAGMATIC FUNCTION
- GASTRIC TONOMETRY
- IMAGING
  - Quantitative Computed Tomography
  - Lung Ultrasound
- DIAPHRAGMATIC ULTRASOUND
- CARDIOPULMONARY INTERACTION
  - Hemodynamic Monitoring
  - Jugular Venous Bulb Oximetry
  - Bronchoalveolar Lavage Studies
CHAPTER 7:Neuromonitoring
- INTRODUCTION
- NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
- SYSTEMIC MONITORING
- NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING
  - Electroencephalogram and its Derivatives
  - Evoked Potentials
- CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW MONITORING
- MONITORING INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
- MEASUREMENT OF CEREBROVASCULAR REACTIVITY
- TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER
- JUGULAR VENOUS OXIMETRY
- PARENCHYMAL BRAIN TISSUE OXYGEN MONITORING
- NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
- CEREBRAL MICRODIALYSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:Imaging in ICU
- INTRODUCTION
- X-RAYS IN ICU
- LINES, TUBES AND OTHER DEVICES
  - The Endotracheal Tube
  - Thoracostomy Tube
  - The Feeding Tube
  - Central Lines
  - Monitoring of Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
  - Cardiac Pacing Devices
  - Intra-aortic Balloon Counterpulsation Device
- PNEUMOTHORAX
- PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM
- PNEUMOPERICARDIUM
- PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
- PERICARDIAL EFFUSIONS
- PNEUMONIA IN ICU
- TRAUMATIC DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
- PULMONARY EDEMA
- ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPHY
- X-RAY IN TRAUMA
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN ICU
- CARDIAC APPLICATIONS
- THORACIC APPLICATIONS
- AIRWAY APPLICATIONS
- ABDOMINAL APPLICATIONS
- VASCULAR APPLICATIONS
- OPTIC ULTRASOUND
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 9:Sedoanalgesia and Delirium
- INTRODUCTION
- PAIN
- AGITATION AND SEDATION
  - Management
  - Pharmacological Measures
- DELIRIUM
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10:Fluids and Electrolytes
- INTRODUCTION
- FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY
- INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS IN COMMON USE
- DYSELECTROLYTEMIAS: A BRIEF DESCRIPTION
- DISORDERS OF SODIUM
- HYPONATREMIA
  - Symptoms and Etiology29,31
  - Diagnosis and Evaluation
- HYPOVOLEMIC HYPONATREMIA
  - Management
- A NOTE ON OSMOTIC DEMYELINATION SYNDROME
- HYPERNATREMIA
  - Management of Hypernatremia
- DISORDERS OF POTASSIUM
  - Hyperkalemia36,37
  - Hypokalemia37,38
- DISORDERS OF CALCIUM40,41
  - Hypocalcemia
  - Hypercalcemia
- DISORDERS OF MAGNESIUM
  - Hypomagnesemia
  - Hypermagnesemia
- DISORDERS OF PHOSPHATE
  - Hypophosphatemia
  - Hyperphosphatemia
- DISORDERS OF CHLORIDE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:Acid-Base Balance and Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- WATER, pH AND ACID-BASE
- pH, PaCO2 AND ACID-BASE1,2
- PaCO2/pH RELATIONSHIP
- KIDNEY EFFECT
- WEAK ACIDS
- THE TWO APPROACHES
- HOW TO APPROACH AN ACID-BASE DISORDER—A STEPWISE APPROACH BASED ON A CASE SCENARIO
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:Nutrition
- INTRODUCTION
- NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT IN THE CRITICALLY ILL
- ROUTES OF NUTRIENT ADMINISTRATION
- GENERAL STRATEGY FOR ICU PATIENTS
- ENTERAL NUTRITION
  - Complications of Enteral Nutrition
- REFEEDING SYNDROME
- TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION
  - Complications of Total Parenteral Nutrition
- IMMUNONUTRITION
- NUTRITION IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:Glycemic Control
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPORTANCE OF GLYCEMIC MANAGEMENT IN ICU
- BARRIERS TO GLYCEMIC MANAGEMENT IN ICU
- MEDANTA INSULIN PROTOCOLS16,17
  - Glucometrics
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:Pressure Sore Prevention and Management
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE, MORTALITY AND COSTS
- ETIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
  - Risk Assessment Tool
    - Braden Scale
    - Norton Scale
- HOW TO IMPLEMENT A PREVENTION PLAN
- MANAGEMENT OF PRESSURE ULCERS
- ADJUNCTIVE THERAPIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15:Principles of Mechanical Ventilation
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF VENTILATION
  - Negative Pressure Ventilation
  - Positive Pressure Ventilation
- INDICATIONS FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION
- FUNCTIONING OF THE VENTILATOR
- MODES OF CONVENTIONAL VENTILATION
  - Positive End-expiratory Pressure
  - Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation
- PATIENT MONITORING DURING VENTILATION
- NONINVASIVE VENTILATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:Newer Modes of Ventilation
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
CHAPTER 17:Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGY OF WEANING
- SPONTANEOUS BREATHING TRIAL (SBT)
  - Protocol for Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation and Extubation4
- THE CUFF-LEAK TEST
- TREATMENT OF CORD EDEMA TO PREVENT EXTUBATION FAILURE
- WEANING FAILURE
- ROLE OF NONINVASIVE VENTILATION IN WEANING23
- CAUSES OF WEANING FAILURE, STRUCTURED AS “ABCDE”24
CHAPTER 18:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
- INTRODUCTION
- AIMS OF ECMO
- DEFINITION
- HISTORY
- TYPES OF ECMO
  - Veno-Venous ECMO
    - Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Removal with V-V ECMO
  - Veno-Arterial ECMO
- CARDIAC INDICATIONS FOR ECMO
- NONCARDIAC INDICATIONS FOR ECMO
- ECMO IN ICU
  - ECMO and its Use in Sepsis
  - CESAR Study Conventional Ventilation or ECMO for Severe Adult Respiratory Failure9
- ECMO IN H1N1 INFLUENZA
- INTEGRATED ECMO IN CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  - Benefits of Integrated ECMO
  - Timing of ECMO is Important to Prevent End-organ Damage
- CARDIOGENIC SHOCK AND ECMO
- ECMO FOR HEART FAILURE
- USE OF CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN SERIES WITH ECMO
  - Low Flow V-A ECMO
- ECPR (ECMO CPR) HELICOPTER TRANSFER WITH CARDIOHELP
- ECMO FOR DROWNING AND ACCIDENTAL HYPOTHERMIA
- ECMO AND CATH LAB INTERVENTIONS
- ECMO AND ORGAN PRESERVATION
- ECMO COMPLICATIONS AND ITS MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 19:Transport of Critically Ill
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION
- EMERGENCY ON-SITE TRANSPORTATION/EVACUATION/PREHOSPITAL/PRIMARY TRANSPORTATION
- THE GOLDEN HOUR RULE
- AMBULANCE DESIGN STANDARDS
- PREHOSPITAL AIR MEDICAL TRANSPORTATION
- INTRA- AND INTERHOSPITAL TRANSFER
  - Intrahospital Transfers
    - Preshifting Planning and Coordination
    - Equipment and Medications
  - Interhospital Transfer
    - Air Medical Interhospital Transportation
    - Equipment for Air Medical Transportation
- MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT
SECTION 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CHAPTER 20:Pharmacology of Inotropes and Vasopressors
- INTRODUCTION
- CATECHOLAMINES
- VASOPRESSORS
- INOTROPES
CHAPTER 21:Acute Coronary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY MANAGEMENT
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
CHAPTER 22:Emergencies in Valvular Heart Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANICAL VALVE MALFUNCTION/OBSTRUCTION
- THROMBOLYSIS
  - Treatment Protocols
    - Streptokinase (STK)
    - Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
  - Evaluation of Thrombolysis Outcome
- PROSTHETIC HEART VALVE THROMBOSIS
  - Key Points
- INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
- EXCESSIVE ANTICOAGULATION AND BLEEDING
CHAPTER 23:Arrhythmias and Heart Block
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF ARRHYTHMIAS
- BRADYARRHYTHMIAS
  - Management of Bradycardias
    - Heart Blocks
  - Procedure of Temporary Pacing
- TACHYARRHYTHMIAS
- ATRIAL FLUTTER
CHAPTER 24:Acute Decompensated Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS AND CAUSES
  - Echocardiography
  - Plasma Biomarker
    - Brain-type Natriuretic Peptide
    - Troponin
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
- RIGHT HEART FAILURE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 25:Hypertensive Crisis
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - Accelerated Hypertension
  - Malignant Hypertension
- HYPERTENSIVE URGENCY
- HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY
- SPECIAL CONDITIONS
  - Neurological Hypertensive Emergency
- AORTIC DISSECTION
- HYPERTENSIVE EMERGENCY IN PREGNANCY
  - Hyperadrenergic State
- MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
- ACUTE HEART FAILURE
- ACUTE POSTOPERATIVE HYPERTENSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 26:Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS OF DVT AND PE
- MANAGEMENT OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM
  - Primary Therapy of Pulmonary Embolism
  - Secondary Prevention of Recurrences
    - Anticoagulation Therapy
    - Inferior Vena Caval Filters
- SEQUELAE OF DVT AND PE
- PRIMARY PREVENTION OF VTE
- FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
CHAPTER 27:Aortic Dissection and Aneurysm
- AORTIC DISSECTION
- ANEURYSM
- INDICATION FOR ICU CARE
- COMPLICATIONS
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND ICU MANAGEMENT
  - Ascending Type A Dissection
    - Control Blood Pressure
    - Fluid Resuscitation
  - Type B Dissection (Management of BP with β-Blockers)
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  - Post-Bentall's Procedure/Arch Replacement
  - Post-thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  - Type A Aortic Dissection
  - Type B Dissections
    - Methods Available for Improving Spinal Cord Protection
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT
CHAPTER 28:Cardiac Tamponade and Constrictive Pericarditis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN ICU SETTING
- EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PERICARDIAL TAMPONADE
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS AND RECURRENT PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 29:Anticoagulants, Thrombolytic and Antiplatelet Agents
- INTRODUCTION
- VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS
  - Warfarin
- HEPARIN AND HEPARINOIDS
- ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
- DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS
- FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS
- PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 30:Oxygenation and Respiratory Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- PHYSIOLOGY OF OXYGENATION
  - Important Equations
- TYPES OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE5,6
  - Type 1 Respiratory Failure
  - Type 2 or Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
- CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- APPROACH TO A PATIENT OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31:Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION AND CRITERIA
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Incidence
- PATHOGENESIS
- PATHOLOGY
- MANAGEMENT
  - Ventilatory Techniques
  - Adjunctive and Rescue Therapies
CHAPTER 32:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Acute Severe Asthma
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 33:Community-acquired Pneumonia
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- MICROBIAL ETIOLOGY
- RISK STRATIFICATION
  - Criteria for Intensive Care Unit Admission
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- NONRESPONDING PNEUMONIA
- PREVENTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 34:Nosocomial Pneumonia
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- TREATMENT
- DURATION OF THERAPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 35:Massive Hemoptysis
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- ANATOMY OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY5,6
- IATROGENIC CAUSES
- CLINICAL APPROACH
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - History and Physical Examination
  - Laboratory Studies
- RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES
- MANAGEMENT
- BRONCHOSCOPIC TREATMENT
- MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
- OUTCOME
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 36:Pleural Effusion and Pneumothorax
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMON CAUSES OF PLEURAL EFFUSION IN ICU
- ETIOLOGY
- APPROACH TO PLEURAL EFFUSION IN ICU
- PLEURAL FLUID EXAMINATION
- MANAGEMENT OF PLEURAL EFFUSIONS IN ICU
- PLEURODESIS
  - Pleurodesis for Persistent Air Leak through Chest Tube
- PNEUMOTHORAX IN ICU
  - Diagnosis
    - Undiagnosed Pneumothorax
  - Management of Pneumothorax in ICU
    - Tube Thoracotomy
- BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULAS
SECTION 4: RENAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 37:Acute Kidney Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 38:Renal Replacement Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
- MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
  - General Measures
  - Specific Measures
- RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
- USE OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
SECTION 5: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, PANCREAS AND HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 39:Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Stress Ulcer Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF UGIB
- NON-VARICEAL BLEEDING
- VARICEAL BLEEDING
  - Management of Variceal Bleed
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 40:Paralytic Ileus
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION
- POSTOPERATIVE ILEUS
- SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 41:Mesenteric Ischemia
- INTRODUCTION
- MESENTERIC PHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ACUTE MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA
- INHERITED HYPERCOAGULABLE STATES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 42:Fulminant Colitis and Toxic Megacolon
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 43:Approach to Elevated Liver Enzymes
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY OF DERANGED LIVER FUNCTION TESTS IN ICU PATIENTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 44:Acute Liver Dysfunction and Hepatic Encephalopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 45:Acute Pancreatitis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY AND DEFINITION OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- ASSESSING SEVERITY OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  - Local Complications
- USE OF SCORING SYSTEMS IN ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS
  - Initial Management
  - Long-term Management
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 46:Hepatorenal Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION AND DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
- CLINICAL TYPES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (FLOWCHART 1)
  - Renal and Systemic Hemodynamic Changes
  - Neurohumoral Abnormalities
- RISK FACTORS
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
  - Basic Metabolic Panel
- PSEUDOHEPATORENAL SYNDROME
- PREVENTIVE MEASURES
- GENERAL APPROACH TO TREATMENT
- OTHER THERAPEUTIC METHODS
CHAPTER 47:Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATHOGENESIS
- PHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOXEMIA
- LABORATORY EVALUATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- KEY POINTS
CHAPTER 48:Intra-abdominal Sepsis and Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- PERITONITIS
- INTRA-ABDOMINAL HYPERTENSION AND ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
CHAPTER 49:Approach to Portal Hypertension and Ascites
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
- CAUSES OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
- EVALUATION OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
- VARICES
  - Managing Acute Bleeding
    - Resuscitation
- ASCITES
SECTION 6: NEUROLOGY
CHAPTER 50:Approach to Unconscious Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS1
- ETIOLOGY OF COMA
- CLINICAL APPROACH TO COMA
- HYPOXIC ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
- OUTCOMES FROM COMA14
  - Traumatic Coma
  - Nontraumatic Coma
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 51:Acute Ischemic Stroke
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- ACUTE NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS IN INTENSIVE CARE
- SUPPORTIVE AND PALLIATIVE CARE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 52:Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRAPARENCHYMAL BLEED
- SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 53:Seizure and Status Epilepticus
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS
- CLASSIFICATIONS
  - Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus
    - Subtle Status Epilepticus
- TREATMENT OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS
CHAPTER 54:Central Nervous System Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
- VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM MYCOSIS
CHAPTER 55:Neuromuscular Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME
- MYASTHENIA CRISIS
- CRITICAL ILLNESS POLYNEUROPATHY AND MYOPATHY IN THE ICU
- RHABDOMYOLYSIS
  - Laboratory Findings
  - Management
SECTION 7: ENDOCRINOLOGY
CHAPTER 56:Glycemic Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ADVERSE OUTCOMES OF HYPERGLYCEMIA
- OUTCOMES OF BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL
- GLYCEMIC VARIABILITY
- GLYCEMIC GOALS
- BLOOD GLUCOSE MANAGEMENT (INSULIN) PROTOCOLS
- HYPERGLYCEMIC EMERGENCIES
CHAPTER 57:Thyroid Dysfunction in Critically Ill
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SICK EUTHYROID
CHAPTER 58:Adrenal Dysfunction in Critically III
- INTRODUCTION
- ADRENAL PHYSIOLOGY (TABLE 1)
- CONTROL OF SECRETION
- PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION
- FUNCTIONAL INADEQUACY
- POSTULATED MECHANISMS OF GLUCOCORTICOID INSUFFICIENCY IN CRITICAL ILLNESS
- DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
- STEROID THERAPY IN CRITICAL ILLNESS (BOX 2)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 59:Diabetic Insipidus and Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Secretion
- INTRODUCTION
- DIABETES INSIPIDUS
  - Causes of Diabetes Insipidus
    - Central Diabetes Insipidus
    - Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus11
  - Approach to a Patient Presenting with Polyuria in Intensive Care Unit
- SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE HYPERSECRETION
  - Schwartz Criteria for Diagnosis of SIADH
    - Essential Criteria
    - Supplemental Criteria
  - Hyponatremia
SECTION 8: POST-SURGICAL CRITICAL CARE
CHAPTER 60:General Principles
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- OBJECTIVES OF POSTSURGICAL CRITICAL CARE
- ADMISSION CRITERIA
- POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION
- POSTOPERATIVE HYPOTENSION
- UNCONSCIOUS PATIENTS AND BASIC GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
- STRESS ULCER PROPHYLAXIS
- MONITORING
- NUTRITION
  - Routes of Nutrition
- PREVENTION OF DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS AND VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM
- CARE OF THE SURGICAL SITE AND DRAINS
  - Drains
  - Antibiotics
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 61:Cardiac Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL GOALS IN THE IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
- CONCERNS AND MANAGEMENT
  - Hypothermia
  - Bleeding
    - Management of Postoperative Bleeding
- POSTOPERATIVE MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION
- RENAL DYSFUNCTION
- NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION
- MANAGEMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS
- POSTOPERATIVE PAIN MANAGEMENT
  - Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 62:Vascular Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECTRUM OF VASCULAR DISEASES REQUIRING CRITICAL CARE
- REQUIREMENTS OF VASCULAR PATIENTS IN ICU CARE
CHAPTER 63:Neurosurgery
- INTRODUCTION
- GOALS OF POSTOPERATIVE NEUROSURGICAL CARE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 64:Renal, Heart and Lung Transplant
- INTRODUCTION
- KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
- HEART TRANSPLANT
- LUNG TRANSPLANT
  - Monitoring and Supportive Care
  - Respiratory Management45,46
- COMPLICATIONS47-51
- MANAGEMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 65:Liver Transplant Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- LIVER ALLOGRAFT FUNCTION
- SYSTEMIC MANAGEMENT
- POORLY FUNCTIONING GRAFTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 66:Immunosuppression in Solid Organ Transplant
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY
- TYPES OF SOLID ORGAN TRANSPLANT
- PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
- PHASES OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
- ANTIREJECTION DRUGS
- IMMUNOSUPPRESSION OF THE ICU PATIENT
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 9: OBSTETRIC CRITICAL CARE
CHAPTER 67:Approach to Critically III Pregnant Female
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES OF PREGNANCY IMPACTING CRITICAL ILLNESS
- AIRWAY
- CHALLENGES TO THE DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH OF THE PREGNANT ICU PATIENT
- COMMON CONDITIONS REQUIRING ICU CARE IN OBSTETRIC PATIENTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 68:Pregnancy-induced Hypertension and HELLP Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- ECLAMPSIA
  - HELLP Syndrome
  - Pathophysiology
- EVALUATION AND WORK-UP
  - Maternal Work-Up
  - Fetal Work-up
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 69:Liver Dysfunction in Pregnant Female
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH TO LIVER DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
- ACUTE FATTY LIVER OF PREGNANCY
  - Diagnosis
  - Management
- INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS OF PREGNANCY
- HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
- VIRAL HEPATITIS
- GALLSTONE DISEASE
- BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME
- OTHER RARE LIVER DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 70:Amniotic Fluid Embolism
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS3-8
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES9,14,20-23
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT9,20,21-23,31
  - Perimortem Cesarean Delivery
  - Other Treatment Modalities
- RISK OF RECURRENCE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 71:Ectopic Pregnancy, Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGE
- ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
  - Etiology
    - Placenta Previa
    - Abruptio Placentae
  - Management
- POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
- RUPTURED ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 10: HEMATOLOGY, RHEUMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY
CHAPTER 72:Coagulation Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- THROMBOCYTOSIS
- THROMBOCYTOPENIA
  - Evaluation of Thrombocytopenia
- DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
CHAPTER 73:Thrombocytopenia in ICU
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CAUSES AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- SEPSIS AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA7,6
- HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
- THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS10
CHAPTER 74:Anemia in ICU
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY OF ANEMIA IN CRITICALLY ILL
- EFFECTS OF ANEMIA IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
- PREVENTION
- TREATMENT
  - Blood Transfusion
    - Infectious Risks
    - Noninfectious Risks
- ROLE OF RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN
- BLOOD SUBSTITUTES
- IRON SUPPLEMENTATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 75:Transfusion Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- ANEMIA IN ICU AND RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSION
- COAGULOPATHY AND FRESH FROZEN PLASMA TRANSFUSION IN ICU
  - Risks Associated with FFP Transfusion
- THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND PLATELET TRANSFUSION IN ICU
- MASSIVE TRANSFUSION
- TRANSFUSION-RELATED LUNG INJURY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 76:Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Vasculitis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Imaging
  - Histology
- TREATMENT OF VASCULITIS
  - Plasma Exchange
  - Biological and Newer Therapies
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 77:Hemophagocytic Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 78:Oncology Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- STRUCTURAL AND OBSTRUCTIVE ONCOLOGICAL EMERGENCIES
  - Cardiac Tamponade
- SUPERIOR VENA CAVA (SVC) SYNDROME
- METABOLIC OR HORMONAL EMERGENCIES
  - Hypercalcemia
  - Hyponatremia and SIADH
- TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 79:Integrating Palliative Care in Intensive Care
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY PALLIATIVE CARE IS ESSENTIAL IN ICU?
- BARRIERS TO PROVIDING EFFECTIVE PALLIATIVE CARE IN THE ICU
  - How to Integrate?
- ICU—PALLIATIVE CARE MODELS
  - Consultative Model
  - Integrative Model
- ADDRESSING INDIVIDUAL ISSUES OF PALLIATIVE CARE IN ICU
  - CONCLUSION
SECTION 11: INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 80:Evaluation of Fever in ICU
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF FEVER
- METHODS USED FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT7,12-16
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF FEVER
- CAUSES OF FEVER IN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
- ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS
CHAPTER 81:Pharmacology of Antimicrobial Agents
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
  - Mechanisms of Action
- PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF ANTIMICROBIALS
  - Pharmacokinetics
  - Antimicrobial Uses in Specific Condition in ICU
CHAPTER 82:Principles of Antimicrobial Use
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  - Epidemiology of Fungal Infections in the ICU
  - Empirical Antifungal Therapy
- OPTIMIZING THE USE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
- COMBINATION ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
- FAILURE OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
- DE-ESCALATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
- ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
CHAPTER 83:Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Molecular Basis
  - Physiological Derangements
- MANAGEMENT
- TREATMENT OF ORGAN DYSFUNCTION AND SUPPORTIVE THERAPY IN SEPSIS
- GENERAL INTENSIVE CARE
- SETTING GOALS OF CARE
- THERAPIES DIRECTED AGAINST INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS
- COMPENSATORY ANTI-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 84:Clostridium difficile Colitis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- MICROBIOLOGY
  - Toxins
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
  - Usual Presentations
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Specimen
    - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Endoscopy
- TREATMENT
  - General Principles16
- PRIMARY CDAD
  - Nonsevere Disease16,19
  - Severe Disease
    - Antibiotics
    - Surgery
- RECURRENT CDAD
  - Management of Recurrences
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 85:Prevention of Nosocomial Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DEFINITIONS OF HAIs
- DETERMINANTS OF HAI
- SURVEILLANCE
- ADMINISTERING INFECTION CONTROL
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 86:Fungal Sepsis
- INTRODUCTION
- CANDIDIASIS
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment Choices for Candidemia13
- CRYPTOCOCCOSIS14
- ASPERGILLOSIS
- MUCORMYCOSIS26
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 87:ICU Care of HIV Infected Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HIV INFECTION
- CRITICAL ILLNESS IN HIV
  - Spectrum of Diseases Requiring ICU Care
- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
  - Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia
  - Bacterial Pneumonia
- OTHER CAUSES OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
- HIV AND HEALTH-CARE WORKERS
CHAPTER 88:Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts
- INTRODUCTION
- THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
- ELDERLY AS AN IMMUNECOMPROMISED HOST4
- PREVENTING EARLY DISEASE (0–100 DAYS AFTER HCT)
  - Recommendations of CDC13
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTENSIVE CARE FOR SEPSIS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS
CHAPTER 89:Tropical Infections
- INTRODUCTION
  - Some Points in the Differential Diagnosis of Tropical Infections
- SEVERE FALCIPARUM MALARIA
- SEVERE MALARIA IN PREGNANCY
- SEVERE VIVAX MALARIA
- DENGUE5,6
  - Management of Severe Dengue
- LEPTOSPIROSIS
  - Diagnosis of Leptospirosis8
  - Treatment
- SCRUB TYPHUS9
  - Laboratory Features of Scrub Typhus
  - Treatment of Scrub Typhus
CHAPTER 90:Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPETIGO
- ECTHYMA
- ERYSIPELAS
- FOLLICULITIS
- FURUNCLE (FIG. 1)
- CARBUNCLE (FIG. 2)
- CUTANEOUS ABSCESS (FIG. 3)
- CELLULITIS
- BITE WOUNDS
  - Surgical Site Infections
- NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS (FIG. 4)
- APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 91:Acute Viral Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
- KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE
- SWINE FLU
- RABIES
- JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS
- DENGUE FEVER
- HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME
- INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
SECTION 12: TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INJURIES
CHAPTER 92:General Approach to Poisoning
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL GENERAL MANAGEMENT AND INDICATION OF ICU CARE (FLOWCHART 1)
  - History Taking and Initial Management
  - Clinical Examination and Identification of Toxidromes (Table 3)
- DECONTAMINATION AND ENHANCED ELIMINATION
  - Decontamination
  - Enhanced Elimination
- INVESTIGATIVE WORKUP
  - Biochemical Investigations
  - Radiological Investigations
- STATUS OF VARIOUS TOXIN SCREENING TESTS
- MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT RELATED TO POISONING
- PROPER WAY OF DOCUMENTATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 93:Organophosphate Poisoning
- INTRODUCTION
- MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
- PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORGANOPHOSPHATES
  - Absorption
- BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES
- DIAGNOSIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Signs and Symptoms37
- INTERMEDIATE SYNDROMES38
- MANAGEMENT
- GENERAL MEASURES
- CONTRAINDICATED DRUGS IN ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONING
- VENTILATORY SUPPORT50
- SPECIFIC MEASURES
- CARBAMATES
  - Commonly Used Carbamates
- ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES
  - Commonly Used Organochlorine Compounds
- HERBICIDES
- RODENTICIDES
- INSECT REPELLENTS
  - Ethylene Dibromide
  - Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
CHAPTER 94:Common Poisoning
- INTRODUCTION
- PARACETAMOL POISONING
- SALICYLATES POISONING
- TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT POISONING
- LITHIUM POISONING
- SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS POISONING
- DIGITALIS POISONING
- CALCIUM-CHANNEL BLOCKERS POISONING
- BETA-BLOCKERS POISONING
CHAPTER 95:Snakebite
- INTRODUCTION
- SYMPTOMS
- LOCAL SYMPTOMS
- NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
- VASCULOTOXIC SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 96:Hypothermia and Drowning
- INTRODUCTION
- THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA
- HYPOTHERMIA AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL INJURY
- ETIOLOGY (BOX 3)
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- DRUG THERAPY
- REWARMING TECHNIQUES
- APPROACH TO REWARMING
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 97:Hyperthermia and Heat Stroke
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- TYPES OF HEAT STROKE
  - Classical Heat Stroke
  - Exertional Heat Stroke
- INCIDENCE
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- THERMOREGULATION
- ACCLIMATIZATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 98:Electric Injuries
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- BASICS OF ELECTRICITY8,9
- EFFECTS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY
- TYPES OF ELECTRICAL INJURY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- PREHOSPITAL CARE16,18
- EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT CARE
- MANAGEMENT IN ICU
- INVESTIGATIONS31
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 13: TRAUMA
CHAPTER 99:Initial Management of Polytraumatic Patient
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- OUT-OF-HOSPITAL INITIAL MANAGEMENT
  - Objectives
- INHOSPITAL MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMA
- INITIAL EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
- ADJUNCTS TO PRIMARY SURVEY
- PATIENT TRANSFER
- SECONDARY SURVEY
- ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS
  - Radiology
  - Blood Tests
- TERTIARY SURVEY
- PATIENT'S HANDOVER TO THE CONCERNED DEPARTMENT FOR DEFINITIVE CARE
CHAPTER 100:Traumatic Head Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEAD INJURIES
  - Ischemic Brain Damage7
  - Traumatic Brain Edema8
- ACUTE MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY9-13
- NEUROMONITORING FOR TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
  - Intracranial Pressure Monitoring14-17
  - Multimodality Monitoring
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY31-34
  - Indications for Surgery in Head Injury
- BARBITURATE COMA IN HEAD INJURY35,36
- HYPOTHERMIA IN HEAD INJURY37,38
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 101:Thoracic Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY SURVEY
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT THORACOTOMY
  - Indications and Contraindications for Emergency Room Thoracotomy
- BLUNT TRAUMA
- PENETRATING TRAUMA
- COMPLICATIONS OF THORACIC TRAUMA4
- ROLE OF VIDEO-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY4
CHAPTER 102:Abdominal Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIAL MANAGEMENT
- DAMAGE CONTROL SURGERY
- EVALUATION OF AN ABDOMINAL INJURY
- PANCREATIC AND DUODENAL INJURY
- GASTRIC INJURY
- SMALL BOWEL INJURY
- COLORECTAL INJURY
- ABDOMINAL GREAT VESSEL INJURIES
- GENITOURINARY INJURIES
CHAPTER 103:Spinal Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MECHANISM OF INJURY
  - Primary Mechanism
  - Secondary Mechanism
- EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND TRANSPORT
- ACUTE MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
- INTENSIVE CARE MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURY
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- NEUROLOGICAL SYNDROMES
- SPINAL SHOCK
- RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
- TWO TO THREE COLUMN CONCEPTS AND SPINAL STABILITY
- CLOSED REDUCTION (TRACTION)
- EXTERNAL ORTHOSIS
  - Halo
  - Minerva Jacket
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL INJURIES
- REHABILITATION
CHAPTER 104:Pelvic and Long Bone Injuries
- INTRODUCTION
- MODES AND MECHANISMS OF INJURY
- EMERGENT MANAGEMENT/PREHOSPITAL CARE AND TRANSPORT
- INTENSIVE CARE UNIT MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS IN MULTIPLY INJURED
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES
CHAPTER 105:Rhabdomyolysis and Fat Embolism Syndrome
- INTRODUCTION
- RHABDOMYOLYSIS
- FAT EMBOLISM SYNDROME
SECTION 14: MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 106:Immunological Emergencies
- INTRODUCTION
- ANGIOEDEMA
  - Presentation
  - Cause
- ANAPHYLAXIS
  - Presentation
  - Cause
- STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME AND TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS5,6
- GENERAL CARDIOPULMONARY SUPPORTIVE MEASURES
- SPECIFIC PHARMACOLOGIC MEASURES
- SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT
  - Angioedema (ACEI-induced)
  - SJS and TEN5,6
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 107:Brain Death and Care of Patient for Organ Donation
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN DEATH
- CARE OF POTENTIAL BRAIN-DEAD DONOR
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 108:End of Life Care
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS
- FOREGOING OF LIFE-SUPPORT THERAPY AND QUALITY OF DYING
- INDIAN SCENARIO
- PRESENT LEGAL POSITION OF FLST IN INDIA
CHAPTER 109:Quality and Errors in ICU
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- DEFINITION OF QUALITY
- WHAT EXACTLY IS PATIENT SAFETY?
  - Limiting Blame
  - Evolution of Quality in Healthcare
- HEALTHCARE SAFETY—A NEW DISCIPLINE
- WHERE DOES PATIENT SAFETY OCCUR AND HOW IS IT ACHIEVED?
- METHODS FOR BRINGING ABOUT CHANGE
  - Quality Indicators in ICU19
  - Outcome Indicator
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 110:Intensive Care Design, Organization, Functions and Administration
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY NEED FOR A NEW ICU OR RENOVATION OF THE OLD ONE?
- GOAL
- ICU PLANNING
  - Initial Planning (Table 1)
  - Decision about ICU Level, Number of Beds, Design and Future Thoughts1,2,7-9
- ICU–FUNCTIONAL MODEL (TABLE 3)1-4,8-10
  - Size and Arrangement of Critical Care Unit
  - Equipment (Table 4)1,2,15-18
    - Design of Patient Care Zone
- CLINICAL SUPPORT ZONE
- UNIT SUPPORT ZONE
- FAMILY SUPPORT ZONE
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INDIAN ICUS FOR LEVEL 1 AND 2 (TABLE 7)
  - High Dependency Unit (HDU)
- CONCLUSION1
CHAPTER 111:Critical Care Research
- INTRODUCTION
- CONTEXT OF CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH
- CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
- FRAMEWORK OF CRITICAL CARE RESEARCH
  - Basic Sciences
- TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
- CLINICAL RESEARCH
- HEALTH SERVICES AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
- CONCLUSION
APPENDICES
Appendix-I: Cardiovascular Imaging
Appendix-II: Neuroimaging
Appendix-III: Respiratory Imaging

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes