3
Editor-in-Chief
Dwarkadas K Baheti
MD
Guest Editors
Snehalata H Dhayagude
MBBS DA FFARCS
Jayant K Deshpande
MD MPH
Ramesh Menon
MD FRCA
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This issue has been published in good faith that the contents provided by contributors contained herein are original, and is intended for educational purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of information, the publisher and the editors specifically disclaim any damage, liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figures and tables are courtesy of the contributing authors. Where appropriate, the readers should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug or device.
Cover images: (Left) Posterior fossa tumor. Courtesy: Hemangi S Karnik, Chinmaya P Bhave. (Right) Penumatosis intestinalis: gas within the wall of bowel. Courtesy: Taran S Sangari, Sarah Tariq.
WORLD CLINICS Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain: Pediatric Anesthesia-II
July 2015, Volume 3, Number 1
2320-3978
9789351529842
Printed in India
fm5Contributors
Editor-in-Chief
- Dwarkadas K Baheti MD
- Consultant Anesthesiologist and Pain Physician
- Bombay, Lilavati, Shushrusha, and Raheja Hospitals
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Guest Editors
- Snehalata H Dhayagude MBBS DA FFARCS
- Consultant Pediatric Anesthesiologist
- Department of Anesthesia
- Bombay Hospital and Medical Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Jayant K Deshpande MD MPH
- SVP/Chief Medical Officer
- Harvey and Bernice Jones Endowed Chair in Pediatrics
- Jonathan Bates, MD Endowed Chair for Improving Children’s Health
- Director, Jonathan Bates, MD Center for Improving Children’s Health
- Arkansas Children’s Hospital
- Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Ramesh Menon MD FRCA
- Specialist, Pediatric Anesthesia
- Department of Anesthesia
- Christchurch Hospital, University of Otago Medical School
Contributing Authors
- Chinmaya P Bhave MBBS DNB PDF
- Consultant, Department of Anesthesiology
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- James G Crosland MD MAR
- Associate Professor
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Pain Management
- Arkansas Children’s Hospital
- Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Nandini M Dave MD DNB MNAMS PGDHHM PGDMLS
- Additional Professor
- Department of Anesthesiology
- Seth GS Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Stephen R Hays MD FAAP
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics
- Associate Professor
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
- Pediatric Pain Service/Pediatric Pain Clinic
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital
- Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Megha K Kanjia MD
- Assistant Professor, Texas Children’s Hospital
- Houston, Texas, USA
- Hemangi S Karnik MD
- Professor, Department of Anesthesiology
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Anila D Malde MD DA
- Professor, Department of Anesthesiology
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital
- Mamta V Manglani MD DCH
- Professor and Head
- Department of Pediatrics
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Taran S Sangari MBBS MD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- Staff Anesthesiologist
- Arkansas Children’s Hospital
- Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Ratna A Sharma MD DNB DCH
- Consultant, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Jupiter Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sarah Tariq MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children’s Hospital
- Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Joseph D Tobias MD
- Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics
- The Ohio State University
- Chief, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital
- Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Emmett E Whitaker MD FAAP
- Attending Pediatric Anesthesiologist
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital
- Clinical Assistant Professor
- Department of Anesthesiology
- The Ohio University College of Medicine
The second part of the special issue will provide the pediatric anesthesiologists updated information on advances in multiple fields of pediatric anesthesia.
It is imperative that pediatric anesthesiologists become familiar with recent information on neurosurgical; long-term laproscopic and thoracoscopic procedures; anesthesia and perioperative care for neonatal emergencies; blood dyscrasias and anesthesia in children; perioperative complications of anesthesia in children; neurotoxicity of anesthesia on developing brain; and ethical issues in pediatric anesthesiology.
We acknowledge that there are many acceptable methods of practice in any situations. So we have tried to encompass a variety of these, including a discussion of advantages and disadvantages, where appropriate.
The editors are grateful to all the distinguished colleagues with high credentials globally, who have contributed to this herculean task.
I express my heartfelt gratitude to guest editors Snehalata Dhayagude, Jayant Deshpande, and Ramesh Menon for their invaluable contribution to bring out two issues on World Clinics-Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain: Pediatric Anesthesia.
Dwarkadas K Baheti
MD
Consultant Anesthesiologist and Pain Physician
Bombay, Lilavati, Shushrusha, and Raheja Hospitals Mumbai, Maharashtra, Indiafm12
fm13Abbreviations
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
ADHD
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
AIHA
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
APACHE II
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
ASA
American Society of Anesthesiologists
ASRA
American Society of Regional Anesthesia
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
BAX
Bcl-2-associated X protein
CBF
Cerebral blood flow
CDH
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
CLD
Chronic lung disease
CMRO2
Cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen
CPAP
Continuous positive airway pressure
CPB
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
C-section
Cesarean section
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
DCC
Deleted in colorectal cancer
DCD
Donation after cardiac death
DDAVP
1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin
DDR
Dead-donor rule
DLTs
Double-lumen tubes
DNIâDNR
Do Not Intubate/Do Not Resuscitate
DTI
Direct thrombin inhibitor
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
EA
Esophageal atresia
EACA
Epsilon-aminocaproic acid
ECG
Electrocardiogram
ECMO
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
ECoG
Electrocorticography
EEG
Electroencephalography
EP
Evoked potential
EPO
Erythropoietin
ETCO2
End-tidal CO2 ETT Endotracheal tubes
ETV
Endoscopic third ventriculostomy
Fas
First apoptosis signal
FasL
Fas ligand
FiO2
Fraction of inspired oxygen
FL
flt3 ligand
FLICE
FADD (Fas-associated protein with death domain)-like interleukin-1β-converting enzyme
FOB
Fibrotic bronchoscope
FRC
Functional residual capacity
G6PD
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GA
General anesthesia
GABA
γ-aminobutyric acid
GAS
General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia
GCS
Glasgow Coma Scale
G-CSF
Granulocyte colonystimulating factor
GM-CSF
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
HIE
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
HPV
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
ICP
Intracranial pressure
ICU
Intensive care unit
ID
Internal diameter
IgE
Immunoglobulin E
IHPS
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
IHR
Inguinal hernia repair
IL-5
Interleukin-5
IM
Intramuscular
INR
International Normalized Ratio
IO
Intraosseous
IQ
Intelligence quotient
fm14ITP
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
LMA
Laryngeal mask airway
LMWHs
Low-molecular-weight heparins
LSMT
Life-sustaining Medical Therapy
MAC
Minimum alveolar concentration
MASK
Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids
M-CSF
Macrophage colonystimulating factor
MEP
Motor evoked potential
MH
Malignant hyperthermia
MHAUS
Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States
MN
Minnesota
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
ND
Neurodevelopmental
NEC
Necrotizing enterocolitis
NICU
Neonatal intensive care unit
NMDA
N-methyl-d-aspartate
NSAID
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug
P75NTR
p75 neurotrophin receptor
PANDA
Pediatric Anesthesia Neuro Development Assessment
PaO2
Partial pressure of arterial oxygen
PCA
Postconceptual age
PDA
Patent ductus arteriosus
PE
Pulmonary embolism
PEEP
Positive end-expiratory pressure
PIP
Peak inspiratory pressure
PONV
Postoperative nausea and vomiting
proNT
pro-neurotrophins
PVR
Peripheral vascular resistance
RAD
Reactive airways disease
RCH
Royal Children’s Hospital
RL/NS
Ringer’s lactate and normal saline
ROP
Retinopathy of prematurity
RSI
Rapid sequence induction
SCD
Sickle cell disease
SCF
Stem cell factor
SIP
Spontaneous intestinal perforation
SLV
Single-lung ventilation
SSEP
Somatosensory evoked potential
SVR
Systemic vascular resistance
tBID
Truncated BID (BCL-2 interacting domain)
TEE
Transesophageal echocardiography
TEF
Tracheoesophageal fistula
TIPP
Trial of indomethacin prophylaxis in preterms
TNF
Tumor necrosis factor
TNFR
Tumor necrosis factor receptor
TPO
Thrombopoietin
TRALI
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
TrkA/C
Tropomyosin receptor kinase A/C
UCSF
University of California San Francisco
UFH
Unfractionated heparin
URI
Upper respiratory infection
VACTERL
Vertebral anomalies, imperforate Anus, Congenital cardiac defect, Tracheo Esophageal fistula, Renal abnormalities and Limb defects
VAE
Venous air embolism
VATS
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
VILI
Ventilator-induced lung injury
VTE
Venous thromboembolism
vWD
von Willebrand disease
vWF
von Willebrand factor