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Basic Ophthalmology
Renu Jogi
CHAPTER 1:
Embryology and Anatomy
CHAPTER 2:
Physiology of Vision
1. REFRACTION OF THE LIGHT RAYS
Lens
2. ACCOMMODATION OF THE EYES TO LIGHT
1. Size of the Pupil
2. Movements of the Eyeballs—convergence
Photochemical Changes
1. Light Sense
Light Minimum
Dark Adaptation
2. Form Sense
3. Sense of Contrast
4. Colour Sense
Etiology
Types
CHAPTER 3:
Neurology of Vision
1. THE OPTIC NERVES
2. THE OPTIC CHIASMA
3. THE OPTIC TRACT
4. THE LATERAL GENICULATE BODIES
5. THE OPTIC RADIATIONS
6. THE OCCIPITAL CORTEX
1. HEMIANOPIA
Etiology
Types
2. AMBLYOPIA (BLUNT)
Etiology
Treatment
3. AMAUROSIS (DARK)
Etiology
CHAPTER 4:
Examination of the Eye
PRESENT HISTORY
PAST HISTORY
PERSONAL HISTORY
FAMILY HISTORY
1. EXAMINATION OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
2. EXAMINATION OF THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
1. INSPECTION
2. PALPATION
3. INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
1. Digital Tension
2. Schiotz Tonometer
3. Applanation Tonometer
Method
4. BINOCULAR LOUPE AND SLIT-LAMP EXAMINATION
5. GONIOSCOPE EXAMINATION
Types of Gonioscopy
6. TRANSILLUMINATION
1. VISUAL ACUITY
Snellen's Test Type
1. Recording of Visual Acuity for Distance
Other Test Types
2. Recording of Visual Acuity for Near
2. THE FIELD OF VISION
The Normal Field of Vision
Perimetry
Uses
1. Peripheral Field
i. Confrontation Method
ii. The Perimeter—(Lister's, Goldmann's)
2. Central Field (Campimetry)
3. COLOUR VISION
1. Electroretinogram (ERG)
2. Electro-oculogram (EOG)
CHAPTER 5:
Errors of Refraction
1. LENSES
Types
1. Spherical Lens
2. Cylindrical Lens
2. PRISM
ASTIGMATIC KERATOTOMY
CHAPTER 6:
The Conjunctiva
II. DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
III. SYMPTOMATIC CONDITIONS
IV. CYSTS AND TUMOURS
I. EVALUATION
1. Discharge
2. Conjunctival Reactions
Membrane
3. Lymphadenopathy
II. DIAGNOSIS
III. TREATMENT OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
I. ACUTE PURULENT CONJUNCTIVITIS
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Local Treatment
Systemic Treatment
Prognosis
Prophylaxis
II. OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Etiology
Membranous and Pseudomembranous Conjunctivitis
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Incidence
Diagnosis
Course
Treatment
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Types
Complications
Treatment
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
1. Conjunctival
2. Corneal
I. Mac Callan Classification
II. World Health Organization (WHO) Classification
Diagnosis
1. Clinical
2. Laboratory
Sequelae and Complications
Treatment
1. Medical
2. Surgical Treatment
Prophylaxis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Etiology
Histopathology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Clinical Types
Complications
Course
Treatment
Etiology
Incidence
Histopathology
Symptoms
Types
1. Palpebral Form
2. Bulbar Form
Course
Complications
Keratopathy
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Incidence
Clinifical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Treatment
Pathophysiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Etiology
Signs
Pathology
Treatment
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Pathology
Parts
Course
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
I. Atrophic Pterygium
II. Progressive Pterygium
Etiology
Symptom
Sign
Course
Treatment
Etiology
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Sjögren's Syndrome)
Visual Display Terminal Syndrome (VDTS)
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Conjunctivochalasis
Etiology
1. Congenital Tumour
2. Papilloma
3. Simple Granuloma
4. Pyogenic Granuloma
5. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Epithelioma)
6. Kaposi Sarcoma
7. Pigmented Tumours
CHAPTER 7:
The Cornea
KERATITIS
Etiology
TYPES
Etiology
Predisposing Factors
Stages of Corneal Ulcer
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Complications
1. Corneal Opacity
2. Ectatic Cicatrix [Keratectasia] (Ectasia = Bulge Forwards, Cicatrix = Fibrous Scar)
3. Descemetocele [Keratocele]
4. Perforation
Complications of Perforation
Principles
1. Local
2. General
Treatment
TREATMENT OF CORNEAL ABSCESS
Treatment
TREATMENT OF IMPENDING PERFORATION (DESCEMETOCELE)
TREATMENT OF PERFORATED CORNEAL ULCER
Etiology
Predisposing Factors
Pathogenesis
Types
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Etiology
Incidence
Predisposing Factors
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Principles
I. Medical Therapy
II. Surgical Treatment
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Etiology
Sign
Treatment
Etiology
Symptom
Signs
Treatment
Etiology
Types
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Etiology
Incidence
Mechanism of Ocular Involvement
Clinical Stages
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Etiology
Predisposing Factors
Symptoms
Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Etiology
Signs
Treatment
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Etiology
Treatment
Megalocornea
Keratoglobus
Microcornea
Cornea Plana
Posterior Embryotoxon
1. Arcus Senilis
2. Arcus Juvenilis
3. White Limbal Girdle of Vogt
4. Amyloid Degeneration
5. Pigmentary Degeneration
6. Band-shaped Keratopathy
Anterior Dystrophies
1. Reis-Buckler's Dystrophy
2. Cogan's Microcystic Dystrophy
3. Messman's Juvenile Epithelial Dystrophy (Recurrent Corneal Erosion Syndrome)
Stromal Dystrophies
1. Granular Dystrophy
2. Macular Dystrophy
3. Lattice Dystrophy
Endothelial Dystrophies
1. Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy
2. Cornea Guttata
Etiology
Classification
Symptoms
Signs
Associated Clinical Conditions
Treatment
Etiology
Differential Diagnosis
Indications
Method
Indications
Method
Types
Types
Indications
Contraindications
1. Full Thickness (Penetrating) Keratoplasty
Method
Complications
2. Lamellar (Partial thickness) Keratoplasty
Types
Advantages
Procedure
Objective of Eye Bank
Equipments for an Eye Bank
Enucleation
Contraindications for Collection of Donor Eyes
Evaluation of Donor Tissue
Preservation of the Donor Eye
1. Short-term Preservation (Upto 96 hours)
2. Intermediate-term Preservation (Upto 2 Weeks)
3. Long-term Preservation (Months to Years)
Promotion and Awareness About Eye Donation
Grief Counselling
Publicity
Advantages
Indications
Pre-operative Requirement
Complications
Indications
Technique
CHAPTER 8:
The Sclera
CHAPTER 9:
The Uveal Tract
I. IRIS
Parts
Structure
II. CILIARY BODY
Parts
Structure
Ciliary Processes
Functions
III. CHOROID
Structure
The Blood Supply
II. SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH UVEITIS
III. VASCULAR DISTURBANCES
IV. DEGENERATIONS
V. DETACHMENT OF CHOROID
VI. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
VII. TUMOURS
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Forms
Symptoms
Signs
Complications and Sequelae
Diagnosis
Investigations
TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR UVEITIS
Principles
1. Atropine
2. Heat Application
3. Corticosteroids
4. Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
5. Antibiotics
6. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs), Immunosuppressive and Cytotoxic Drugs
7. Specific Treatment
Treatment of Complications
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Clinical Forms
Symptoms
Signs
Fundus Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Types
Complications
Treatment
Symptoms
Signs
Slit-lamp Examination
Complications
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Etiology
Clinical Features
Bacterial Endophthalmitis
Fungal Endophthalmitis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Indications for Immediate Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Prevention
Etiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
1. SYPHILIS
Incidence
Clinical Features
Treatment
2. GONORRHOEA
Clinical Features
Treatment
3. TUBERCULOSIS
Incidence
Clinical Features
Treatment
4. TOXOPLASMOSIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
5. LEPROSY
Incidence
Types
Treatment
6. SARCOIDOSIS
1. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
Etiology
Incidence
Clinical Features
Paediatric AIDS
Diagnosis of HIV Infection
Treatment
2. UVEOPAROTITIS (HEERFORDT'S DISEASE)
3. BEHCET'S SYNDROME (RECURRENT IRIDOCYCLITIS WITH HYPOPYON)
Clinical Features
Treatment
4. REITER'S DISEASE AND UVEITIS
Clinical Features
Treatment
5. ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
6. VOGT-KOYANAGI SYNDROME
7. STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME (ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME)
Etiology
Complication
Treatment
8. HETEROCHROMIC IRIDOCYCLITIS OF FUCHS'
Complications
9. OCULAR HISTOPLASMA SYNDROME
Treatment
RUBEOSIS IRIDIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Prophylaxis
1. SENILE IRIS ATROPHY
2. ESSENTIAL (PROGRESSIVE) ATROPHY OF IRIS
3. PRIMARY CHOROIDAL DEGENERATIONS
Treatment
4. SECONDARY CHOROIDAL DEGENERATIONS
Etiology
Signs
Prognosis
Complications
Treatment
1. HETEROCHROMIA IRIDUM
2. HETEROCHROMIA IRIDIS
3. POLYCORIA
4. CORECTOPIA
5. ANIRIDIA
6. PERSISTENT PUPILLARY MEMBRANE
Incidence
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
7. COLOBOMA
Etiology
Clinical Features
8. ALBINISM
Types
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
9. CYSTS
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Incidence
Types
1. Iris
Treatment
2. Ciliary Body
3. Choroid
Stages
Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
Indications
Technique
LASER PERIPHERAL IRIDOTOMY
Indications
Contraindications
Pretreatment Regimen
Choice of Laser for Iridotomy
Post Laser
Complications
ENUCLEATION
Indications
Technique
EVISCERATION
Indications
Technique
FRILL EXCISION
Technique
IMPLANT AND ARTIFICIAL EYE
CHAPTER 10:
The Lens
II. DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION
III. CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
Incidence
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Clinical Types
Investigations
Treatment
LENS ASPIRATION
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
Postoperative Complications
LENSECTOMY
Indication
Technique
Visual Rehabilitation
Etiopathogenesis
Classification
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Morphological Types
Clinical Stages
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Incidence
Clinical Stages
Symptoms
Signs
Etiology
Symptom
Signs
Course
DIABETIC CATARACT
Slit-lamp Examination
PARATHYROID TETANY
Slit-lamp Examination
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
MONGOLIAN IDIOCY (DOWN SYNDROME) AND CRETINISM
GALACTOSAEMIA
DRUG INDUCED
Early
Late
SIGNS OF CATARACT
COMPLICATIONS
Medical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Choice of Surgical Technique
I. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATIONS
1. Prophylactic Antibiotics
2. Dilatation of Pupil
3. Anaesthesia and Akinesia
a. Topical Anaesthesia
b. Regional Block
4. Ocular Hypotony
II. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
A. Corneoscleral Section
B. Lens Extraction
Indications
Techniques
Complications
1. Immediate Complications
2. Late Complications
3. Delayed Complications
Sterilization
Indications
Technique
Advantages of ECCE Over ICCE
Sutures
Technique of Phacoemulsification
1. Phaco Incision
2. Anterior Capsulotomy [Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis (CCC)]
3. Hydroprocedures
4. Nucleus Emulsification
5. Aspiration of the Residual Cortex
6. Intraocular Lens Implantation
Complications
1. Immediate Complications
2. Postoperative Complications
Advantages of Phacoemulsification
Disadvantages of Phacoemulsification
1. Diagnostic Procedures
2. In Surgery
1. Correction by Spectacles
Advantages
Disadvantages
2. Contact Lens
Advantage
Disadvantages
3. Intraocular Lens (IOL) Implant
Biometry
Advantages
Complications
Treatment
Precaution
Clinical Types
Treatment
Etiology
Types
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
CHAPTER 11:
The Vitreous
1. ANTERIOR VITRECTOMY
Indications
2. PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY
Indications
Technique
Vitrectomy
Prognosis
Indications
CHAPTER 12:
Glaucoma
I. MEDICAL TREATMENT
1. Systemic
2. Local
3. Hyperosmotic Agents
II. SURGICAL TREATMENT
Laser Interventions
Indications
Postoperative Management
Complications
Prophylaxis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Etiology
Treatment
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Signs
Treatment
CHAPTER 13:
The Retina
1. PHOTOCOAGULATION
Mode of Action
Therapeutic Uses
Complications
2. PHOTODISRUPTION
Uses
3. PHOTOABLATION
Uses
CHAPTER 14:
The Optic Nerve
1. TOBACCO AMBLYOPIA
Etiology
Incidence
Predisposing Factors
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Prognosis
2. ETHYL ALCOHOL AMBLYOPIA
3. METHYL ALCOHOL AMBLYOPIA
Etiology
Incidence
Pathology
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
4. LEAD AMBLYOPIA
5. QUININE AMBLYOPIA
Signs
6. CHLOROQUINE AMBLYOPIA
7. ETHAMBUTOL AMBLYOPIA
8. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES AMBLYOPIA
Types
Pathogenesis
1. Primary (Simple) Optic Atrophy
2. Secondary Optic Atrophy
3. Consecutive Optic Atrophy
4. Postneuritic Optic Atrophy
5. Ischaemic Optic Atrophy
6. Toxic Optic Atrophy
7. Glaucomatous Optic Atrophy
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Glioma
Meningioma
1. Coloboma of the Optic Disc
2. Medullated (Opaque) Nerve Fibres
CHAPTER 15:
Injuries to the Eye
CHAPTER 16:
The Ocular Motility and Squint (Strabismus)
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
I. The Recti Muscles
II. The Oblique Muscles
Blood Supply
Action of the Extraocular Muscles
Horizontal Recti (Medial and Lateral Rectus)
Vertical Recti (Superior and Inferior Rectus)
The Action of Extraocular Muscles in Binocular Movements
Synergist Muscles
Antagonist Muscles
Types
Etiology
Symptoms
Investigations
Diagnosis
1. Cover Test
2. Maddox Rod Test
3. Maddox Wing Test
4. Prism Vergence (Prism bar) Test
Treatment
Etiology
Types
1. Uniocular Concomitant Squint
2. Alternating Concomitant Squint
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
I. History
II. Examination
1. UNIOCULAR CONCOMITANT SQUINT
1. Optical Correction
2. Occlusion
3. Orthoptic Training
4. Operative Methods
Principle of Surgery
Indications
Technique
Methods
2. ALTERNATING SQUINT
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Compensatory Mechanisms for Diplopia
Investigations
History
Examination
1. Grades of Binocular Vision
2. Suppression
3. Retinal Correspondence
Types of Ocular Paralysis
3rd Nerve Palsy
4th Nerve Palsy
6th Nerve Palsy
Treatment
Etiology
Clinical Features
Duane's Retraction Syndrome
Brown's Superior Oblique Tendon Sheath
Strabismus Fixus
Dysthyroid Ophthalmopathy
Treatment
Etiology
1. Ocular Nystagmus
2. Vestibular Nystagmus
3. Central Nystagmus
4. Congenital (Hereditary) Nystagmus
Treatment
Prognosis
CHAPTER 17:
The Lids
CHAPTER 18:
The Lacrimal Apparatus
CHAPTER 19:
The Orbit
CHAPTER 20:
General Therapeutics
1. CONJUNCTIVAL DISEASES
2. CORNEAL ULCER
3. EPISCLERITIS AND SCLERITIS
4. ACUTE IRIDOCYCLITIS
5. GLAUCOMA
CHAPTER 21:
The Causes and Prevention of Blindness
CHAPTER 22:
Ophthalmic Equipment and Instruments
1. STRAIGHT FORCEPS
1. Plane Forceps
Uses
2. Corneal or One Tooth Forceps
Uses
3. Fixation Forceps
Use
4. Epilation Forceps
Uses
2. SINGLE CURVE FORCEPS
1. Intracapsular Forceps (Arruga's)
Use
2. Extracapsular Forceps
Use
3. Kelman-mcPherson Iris Forceps
Uses
4. Intraocular Lens Implant Forceps
Use
5. Lens Holding Forceps for Foldable Intraocular Lenses
3. DOUBLE CURVE FORCEPS
1. Superior Rectus Forceps
Use
2. Iris Forceps
Use
3. Utrata Capsulorhexis Forceps
Use
1. Plane Straight Scissors
Use
2. Plane Curved Scissors
Uses
3. Corneal Scissors or Section Enlarging Scissors
Uses
4. De-Wecker's Scissors or Iridectomy Scissors
Uses
5. Vannas Scissors
Uses
6. Spring scissors (Westcott's)
Uses
7. Artery Forceps
Uses
8. Enucleation Scissors
Use
1. Needle Holder
Use
2. Blade Holding Forceps
Uses
1. Vectis
Uses
2. Irrigating Vectis
Use
3. Lens Expressor
Use
4. Irrigation Cannula and Air Cannula
Uses
5. Two Way Suction Irrigation Cannula (Simcoe's Cannula)
Use
6. Sinskey Hook or IOL Dialer
Use
7. Chopper
Use
8. Hydrodissection Cannula
Use
1. Chalazion Clamp
Use
2. Chalazion Scoop
Use
3. Lid Clamp
Uses
4. Lid Spatula
Use
5. Lid Retractor (Desmarres' Retractor)
Use
1. Punctum Dilator (Nettleship's)
Use
2. Lacrimal Probes
Use
3. Lacrimal Sac Dissector and Curette
Use
4. Müller's Skin-Muscle Retractor
Uses
5. Chisel and Hammer
Use
6. Bone Punch
Use
1. Muscle Hook or Strabismus Hook
Use
2. Caliper and Rule
Uses
1. Wire Speculum
Uses
2. Trephine
Use
3. Evisceration Scoop or Spatula
Use
4. Enucleation Spoon (Optic Nerve Guide)
Use
1. Convex Spherical Lens
Use
2. Concave Spherical Lens
Use
3. Convex Cylindrical Lens
Use
4. Concave Cylindrical Lens
Use
5. Red and Green Glasses or Filters
Uses
6. Occluder
Use
7. Pin Hole
Use
8. Stenopic Slit
Uses
9. Maddox Rod
Uses
10. Retinoscope
Use
11. Trial Frame
Use
12. Placido's Disc
Use
13. Maddox Wing
Use
METHODS
1. Heat Sterilization
2. Chemical Sterilization
3. Radiation Sterilization
INDEX
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