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Clinical Microbiology & Parasitology (For DMLT Students)
Nanda Maheshwari
SECTION 1: MICROBIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1:
General Biology
CLASSIFICATION
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
Comparison Chart
CHAPTER 2:
Discovery of Microbial World
EARLY HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
LOUIS PASTEUR AND THE GERM THEORY
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
MODERN MICROBIOLOGY
HIGHLIGHTS OF MICROBIAL DISCOVERY
CHAPTER 3:
Growth of Bacteria
INTRODUCTION
GROWTH CURVE
Lag Phase
Logarithmic or Exponential Phase
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
CHAPTER 4:
Nutrition of Bacteria
NUTRITION AND FOOD REQUIREMENTS
Classification
Phototrophs
Chemotrophs
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Organic Compounds (Table 4.1)
BASIC MODE OF NUTRITION
Osmotrophic
Phagotrophic
Pinocytosis
CHAPTER 5:
Classification of Bacteria
ENERGY SOURCE
Depending Upon Energy Source
Phototrophic
Chemotrophic
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
GROWTH IN LIVING TISSUE
Depending upon their Ability to Grow in Living Tissue
Saprophytes
Parasites
TEMPERATURE
Depending upon Temperature Required for the Growth
Mesophilic
Thermophilic
Psychrophilic
OXYGEN
Depending upon Oxygen Requirement
Aerobe
Anaerobe
STRUCTURE AND FORM
Depending upon Morphology
Cocci (Fig. 5.1)
Bacilli (Fig. 5.6)
Vibrio (Fig. 5.7)
Spirilla (Fig. 5.8)
Spirochetes (Fig. 5.9)
Actinomycetes (Fig. 5.10)
Mycoplasmas (Fig. 5.11)
CHAPTER 6:
Microscope
PARTS OF A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Mechanical Parts
Tube
Body
Coarse Adjustment
Fine Adjustment
Stage
Arm
Substage
Foot
Magnifying Parts
Objectives
Eyepiece
Illuminating Parts
Light Source
Mirror
Iris Diaphragm
Condenser
USE OF THE MICROSCOPE
ROUTINE CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF A MICROSCOPE
CHAPTER 7:
Laboratory Equipment
INCUBATOR
HOT-AIR OVEN
AUTOCLAVE
Working of Autoclave
WATERBATH
Incubator Waterbath
Boiling Waterbath
ANAEROBIC JAR
REFRIGERATOR
CENTRIFUGE
Hand Centrifuge
Electric Centrifuge
CHAPTER 8:
Sterilization and Disinfection
DEFINITIONS
METHODS OF STERILIZATION
Physical Sterilization
Sunlight
Drying
Heat
Temperature below 100°C
Temperature at 100°C
Temperature above 100°C
Filtration
Radiation
Ultrasonic and Sonic Vibrations
Chemical Sterilization
CHAPTER 9:
Collection of Specimens for Microbiological Examinations
URINE
BLOOD
STOOL
SPUTUM
SWAB
Pus Swabs
Throat Swab
CHAPTER 10:
Types of Culture Media
COMPOSITION OF CULTURE MEDIA
Basic Ingredients
Water
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Nitrogen Source
Sodium Chloride
Buffer
Indicator
Solidifying Agent
Selective Agent
Additive for Enrichment
Reducing Substance
CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
Ingredients
Synthetic Media
Nonsynthetic Media
Consistency
Liquid Media
Semisolid Media
Solid Media
Oxygen
Aerobic Media
Simple Media
Peptone water
Nutrient agar
Enriched Media
Blood agar:
Enrichment Media
Differential Media
Indicator Media
Selective Media
L-J medium
Deoxycholate-citrate agar
Sugar Media
Transport Media
Cary-Blair Transport Medium
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA CULTURE
Definition
Sources of Infection
Need of Anaerobic Culture
Specimen Collection
Anaerobic Culture Media
Special Culture Techniques
Selecting Media as Per Our Need
Identification
CHAPTER 11:
Techniques for Isolation
STREAK PLATE TECHNIQUE
SPREAD PLATE TECHNIQUE
POUR PLATE TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 12:
Staining of Bacteria
TYPES OF STAINING METHODS
Simple Stain
Principle
Procedure
Gram Stain
Principle
Reagents
Procedure
Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
Principle
Reagents
Procedure
Albert's Stain
Principle
Reagents
Procedure
Endospore Staining
Reagents
Principle
Procedure
Negative Staining
Principle
Procedure
CHAPTER 13:
Biochemical Tests
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Coagulase Test
Principle
Procedure
Oxidase Test
Principle
Procedure
Catalase Test
Principle
Procedure
Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test
Principle
Procedure
Methyl Red (MR) Test
Principle
Procedure
Urease Test
Principle
Procedure for Urease Test
Urease Test is Useful in
Citrate Utilization Test
Principle
Procedure of Citrate Utilization Test
Expected Results in Citrate Utilization Test
Indole Test
Principle
Procedure
Expected Results
Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSI) Test
Composition of Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSI)
Procedure
Interpretation of Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test
Some Examples of Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar Reactions
Hanging Drop Technique
Principle
Procedure
CHAPTER 14:
Identification of Bacteria by Bacterial Typing
TYPING
1. Phenotyping Methods
(i) Biotyping
(ii) Bacteriocine Typing
(iii) Phage Typing
(iv) Serotyping
2. Genotyping Methods
CHAPTER 15:
Normal Flora of Human Body
CHAPTER 16:
Gram-negative Bacilli
INTRODUCTION
1. SALMONELLA
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
H Antigen
O Antigen
Vi Antigen
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Hematological Investigations
Bacteriological Investigations
Serological Test
2. SHIGELLA
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
3. ESCHERICHIA COLI
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Somatic Antigen (O)
Surface Antigen (K)
Flagellar Antigen (H)
Fimbrial antigen (F)
Pathogenesis
Urinary Tract Infections
Diarrhea
Pyogenic Infection
Septicemia
Laboratory Diagnosis
Hematological Investigations
Bacteriological Investigations
4. KLEBSIELLA
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
5. PROTEUS
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
6. PSEUDOMONAS
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
7. VIBRIO
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
8. HAEMOPHILUS
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 17:
Gram-positive Bacilli
INTRODUCTION
1. CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Site of Infection
Classification
Malignant
Septic
Hemorrhagic
Complications
Laboratory Diagnosis
Smear Examination
Culture
Virulence Test
In Vivo Test
In Vitro Test
2. MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Niacin Test
Aryl Sulfatase Test
Neutral Red Test
Catalase-peroxidase Test
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Hematological Investigations
Bacteriological Investigations
3. MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Pathogenesis
Tuberculoid
Lepromatous
Antigenic Characters
Lepromin Test
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 18:
Gram-positive Cocci
1. STAPHYLOCOCCI
Staphylococcus aureus
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
2. STREPTOCOCCI
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Serological Test
3. PNEUMOCOCCI
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 19:
Gram-negative Cocci
NEISSERIA
Neisseria meningitidis
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Neisseria gonorrheae
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 20:
Anaerobic Bacilli
CLOSTRIDIA
1. Clostridium tetani
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Clostridium perfringens
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Clostridium botulinum
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Biochemical Reactions
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 21:
Mycoplasma
MORPHOLOGY
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Biochemical Reaction
ANTIGENIC PROPERTY
PATHOGENSIS
1. M. pneumoniae
Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Ureaplasma urealyticum
CHAPTER 22:
Actinomycetes
MORPHOLOGY
1. Actinomyces—[actis- ray, mykes- fungus]
Pathogenesis
Laboratory diagnosis
2. Nocardia
CHAPTER 23:
Rickettsiaceae
GENUS RICKETTSIA
Morphology
Pathogenesis
(i) Typhus Fever Group
(ii) Spotted Fever Group (SFG)
GENUS ORIENTIA
GENUS EHRLICHIA
GENUS COXIELLA
GENUS BARTONELLA
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 24:
Chlamydia
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGY
Elementary Bodies
Reticulate Bodies
GROWTH CYCLE
Pathogenicity
Chlamydia Trachomatis
Pathogenesis
Trachoma
Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Infant Pneumonia
Ocular Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Urogenital Infections
Reiter's Syndrome
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (C. trachomatis biovar: LGV)
Chlamydia Psittaci
Pathogenesis
CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Cytology
Culture
Serological Diagnosis
Antigen Detection
Nucleic Acid Probes
CHAPTER 25:
Spirochetes
TREPONEMA
Treponema pallidum
Morphology
Cultural Characteristics
Antigenic Characters
Pathogenesis
Congenitally-acquired Syphilis
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 26:
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
ANTIBIOTICS
Principle
Procedure
Preparation of Antibiotic Disk
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY TEST
Limitation of Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
CHAPTER 27:
Pathogenic Fungi
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
Molds
Yeast
Yeast-like Fungi
Dimorphic Fungi
MYCOLOGY
Some Important Terms in Mycology
Hyphae
Pseudohypha
Nodular Body
Conidiophore
Conidia (Singular: Conidium)
Mycelium
Spore
CANDIDA ALBICANS
Culture
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
ASPERGILLUS
Culture
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
DERMATOPHYTES
Classification
Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 28:
Bacteriological Examination of Air, Water and Milk
AIR
Bacteriological Examination of Air
Sedimentation Method
Slit Sampler
WATER
Collection of Specimen
Quantitative Analysis of Water
Most Probable Number
Qualitative Analysis of Water
Presumptive Test
Confirmed Test
Completed Test
MILK
Bacteriological Examination of Milk
Viable Count
Methylene Blue Reductase Test
CHAPTER 29:
Immunity, Antigen and Antibody
IMMUNITY
Innate Immunity
Species Immunity
Racial Immunity
Individual Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
ANTIGEN
Classification
A Complete Antigen
Hapten
Antigenic Properties
Foreignness
Size
Chemical Nature
Susceptibility to Tissue Enzymes
Antigenic Specificity
ANTIBODY
Structure of Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
CHAPTER 30:
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
GENERAL FEATURES
TYPES OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS
Complement Fixation Test
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation and Result
Agglutination
Principle
Procedure
Precipitation Test
Principle
Procedure
Neutralization Test
Principle
Procedure
APPLICATIONS OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTIONS
CHAPTER 31:
Serological Tests
INTRODUCTION
1. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) TEST
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
2. VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY (VDRL)
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
3. C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) TEST
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
4. ANTISTREPTOLYSIN O (ASO) TEST
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
5. WIDAL TEST
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
6. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
7. HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAG) TEST
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
8. MANTOUX TEST
Requirement
Procedure
Result and Interpretation
9. PREGNANCY TEST
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Observation
SECTION 2: VIROLOGY
CHAPTER 32:
Viruses
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF VIRUSES
CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES
VIRUS STRUCTURE
Size of Viruses
Shape of Viruses
a. Icosahedral
b. Envelope
c. Complex
d. Helical
VIRUS FAMILY
VIRUS REPLICATION
1. Adsorption/Attachment
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Biosynthesis
5. Maturation
CULTIVATION OF VIRUSES
Animal Inoculation
Disadvantages
Chick Embryo
Advantages
Disadvantages
Tissue Culture
Organ Culture
Explant Culture
Cell Culture
PATHOGENESIS OF VIRUSES
Inapparent Infections
Apparent Infections
CHAPTER 33:
Virus and Diseases
CHAPTER 34:
Virology Specimen Collection
VIRAL TRANSPORT MEDIA
TYPES OF SPECIMENS
1. Autopsy or Biopsy Specimens
2. Blood Specimens
3. Cerebrospinal Fluids (CSF)
4. Cervical Specimens
5. Eye Specimens
6. Rectal Swabs
7. Saliva
8. Semen Specimens
9. Stool Specimens
10. Throat and Nasopharyngeal Specimens
11. Urine Specimens
12. Vesicular Lesion Specimens
CHAPTER 35:
Serological Diagnostic Methods
LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST
THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST
Principle
Procedure
1. Complement Fixation Step
2. Indicator Step
IMMUNOASSAYS
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
Principle
Procedure of RIA
ELISA
ELISA Principle
Procedure
Types of ELISA
WESTERN BLOT
Principle
Procedure
Step 1: Sample Prepration
Step 2: SDS-PAGE
Step 3: Membrane Transfer (Wet Transfer)
Step 4: Immunoblotting
Step 5: Detection
Advantages of Western Blotting
Disadvantages of Western Blotting
Medical Diagnostic Applications
ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES (ANA)
Symptoms
Tests for ANA
Amount of Autoantibody Present
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
1. Direct Immunofluorescence
2. Indirect Immunofluorescence
Advantages of indirect immunofluorescence
Microimmunofluorescence
Patterns of Cellular Fluorescence
Conditions Associated with a Positive ANA Test
CHAPTER 36:
Molecular Diagnostic Tests
INTRODUCTION
PCR
Principle
Requirements
Procedure
Step 1: Initialization
Step 2: Denaturation (Alteration of Structure)
Step 3: Annealing (Joining)
Step 4: Extension/Elongation
Step 5: Final Elongation
Step 6: Final Hold
Precautions to Avoid Contamination
Applications of PCR
Medical Applications
Forensic Applications
Diagnostic Applications
Reverse Transcriptase—PCR
DNA HYBRIDIZATION
Principle
Procedure
Stringency
Southern Hybridization
Principle
Procedure
Application
Northern Hybridization
Principle
Procedure
Applications
CHAPTER 37:
HIV and AIDS
DEFINITION
STRUCTURE
Envelope
Capsid
Core
EPIDEMIOLOGY
HIV-1
HIV-2
TRANSMISSION
Sexual Contact
Blood Transfusion
Perinatal Transmission
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS
Group I: Acute HIV Infection
Group II: Asymptotic HIV Infection
Group III: Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy (PGL)
Group IV: AIDS and AIDS-Related Conditions (AIDS and ARC)
PEDIATRIC AIDS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Specific Test
Isolation of Virus
Antigen Detection
Antibody Detection
Non-specific Test
CHAPTER 38:
Dengue Fever
INTRODUCTION
TRANSMISSION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 39:
Chikungunya
INTRODUCTION
CAUSATIVE AGENT
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 40:
Herpesviruses
INTRODUCTION
HERPES VIRUS STRUCTURE—GENERAL
Envelope
Tegument
Capsid
Genome
Replication
GENERAL BIOLOGIC PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND PATHOGENESIS
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUSES
1. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Oral Herpes—Cold Sores (Gingivostomatitis)
2. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2
Symptoms of Genital Herpes
Other Clinical Manifestations
Pathogenesis
Herpes Keratitis
Herpes Whitlow
Herpes Gladiatorum
Eczema Herpeticum
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
3. Varicella-Zoster Virus
Herpes Zoster
4. Epstein-Barr Virus
5. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Clinical Manifestations
6. Human Herpesvirus 6 (Roseola Infantum/Exanthem Subitum)
7. Human Herpesvirus 7
8. Human Herpesvirus 8
DIAGNOSIS OF HSV INFECTIONS
Testing Methods
Herpes Culture
HSV DNA Testing or HSV PCR
HSV Antibody Testing
CHAPTER 41:
Influenza
INFLUENZAVIRUS A
INFLUENZAVIRUS B
INFLUENZAVIRUS C
STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES, AND SUBTYPE NOMENCLATURE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
FLU COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA
Respiratory specimens
Blood specimens
LABORATORY TESTS
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Isolation Methods
Embryonated Egg Culture
Cell Culture
Serology
Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI)
Complement fixation (CF)
Immunofluorescence
Ezyme Immunoassays (EIA)
Single Radial Hemolysis (SRH)
Rapid Tests
CHAPTER 42:
Rabies
STRUCTURE
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Incubation Period
Prodromal Stage
Acute Neurological or Excitation Phase
Coma or Terminal Phase
DIAGNOSIS
Fluorescent Antibody Test
Antigen Detection by FAT
CHAPTER 43:
Oncogenic Viruses
CANCER CELL PROPERTIES
Cancer Viruses: Transformation
CANCER VIRUSES: CLASSES
DNA Viruses
RNA Viruses
1. THE EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS
Symptoms of Mononucleosis
Diagnosis of EBV Cancer
2. THE HEPATITIS B VIRUS
Symptom
Diagnosis
1. Liver Panel Test
2. Liver Biopsy
3. Serological Tests
4. PCR
3. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUSES (HPV)
Symptoms
Diagnosis
1. Pap test
2. Colposcopy
3. HPV DNA Test
4. HUMAN HERPES VIRUS-8
Symptoms
The Skin
The Internal Organs
Types of Kaposi's Sarcoma
HIV-related Kaposi's Sarcoma
Endemic African Kaposi's sarcoma
Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma
Transplant-related Kaposi's Sarcoma
Diagnosis
Biopsy
Endoscopy
Serology
PCR
5. HUMAN T LYMPHOTROPHIC VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-I)
Transmission
HTLV-1
Symptoms
Diagnosis
6. HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV)
Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
CHAPTER 44:
Vaccines
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
Live Attenuated Vaccine
Killed Vaccines
Toxoid
Subunit Vaccines
VACCINES
SCHEDULE OF VACCINATION
SECTION 3: PARASITOLOGY
CHAPTER 45:
Parasitology
INTRODUCTION
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY
Protozoan Parasites
Cestoda—Tapeworms
Trematoda—Flukes
Nematoda—Roundworms
Arthropods
CHAPTER 46:
Entamoeba Species
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
HABITAT
MORPHOLOGY
Trophozoite
Nucleus
Precystic Stage
Cyst
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENECITY
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYMPTOMS
Extraintestinal Amoebiasis
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Intestinal Amoebiasis
Symptomatic Group (Acute amoebic dysentery)
Asymptomatic Group (Cyst carriers)
HEPATIC AMOEBIASIS (EXTRAINTESTINAL AMOEBIASIS)
Amoebic Liver Abscess
ENTAMOEBA COLI
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Trophozoite
Cysts
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity
Clinical Diagnosis and Symptoms
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 47:
Giardia lamblia
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
HABITAT
MORPHOLOGY
Trophozoite
Cyst
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity
Clinical Diagnosis and Symptoms
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 48:
Trichomonas
INTRODUCTION
T. tenax (ALSO CALLED AS T. buccalis)
T. hominis
T. vaginalis
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity
Clinical Diagnosis and Symptoms
Females
Males
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 49:
Leishmania
INTRODUCTION
Leishmania donovani
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Amastigote Stage
Promastigote Stage
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity
Clinical Diagnosis and Symptoms
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
L. infantum
L. tropica
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity
Clinical Diagnosis and Symptoms
Laboratory Diagnosis
Microscopic Examination
Culture
Montenegro Test
L. major
L. braziliensis AND L. mexicana (NEW WORLD-LEISHMANIASIS)
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathogenecity
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Microscopy
Polymerase Chain Reaction
CHAPTER 50:
Trypanosoma
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Habitat
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI GAMBIENSE
Morphology
Life Cycle
Antigenetic Variation
Pathogenicity
Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Direct method
2. Indirect method
3. Biopsy
Trypanosoma rhodesiense
CHAPTER 51:
Plasmodium
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
HABITAT
LIFE CYCLE
Life Cycle in Man
Pre-erythrocytic Cycle
Erythrocytic Cycle
Post-erythrocytic Cycle
Life Cycle in Mosquito
PATHOGENECITY
Blood Cells
Blackwater-fever
Bone Marrow
Spleen
Liver
Lungs
Cardiovascular System
Gastrointestinal Tract
Kidneys
Central Nervous System
Ability to Resist Malaria Attacks
Clinical Diagnosis and Symptoms
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Peripheral Smear Examination
Thick Smear
Thin Smear
Staining
Thick Films
Thin Films
Preparation of the Stain
Staining
Parasitemia in Blood Films
Thick Blood Film
Thin Blood Film
Advantages of Microscopy
Disadvantages of Microscopy
Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) Test
Method
Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs)
The Rapid Malaria Tests
Advantages of RDTs
Disadvantage of RDTs
Other Tests for Malarial Parasite
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Detection of Antimalarial Antibodies
Intraleukocytic Malaria Pigment
Other Investigations
CHAPTER 52:
Toxoplasma gondii
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
MORPHOLOGY
1. Tachyzoite
2. Tissue Cyst
3. Oocyst
LIFE CYCLE
1. Sexual Reproduction in Cats (Definitive Host)
2. Shedding of Oocysts in Soil
3. Asexual Reproduction in Intermediate Host
PATHOGENESIS
1. Healthy People (Nonpregnant)
2. Mother-to-Child (Congenital)
3. Persons with Ocular Disease
4. Persons with Compromised Immune Systems
LAB DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 53:
Taenia saginata and T. solium
INTRODUCTION
Common Names
Taenia saginata
Taenia solium
Geographical Distribution
T. saginata
T. solium
Habitat
MORPHOLOGY
T. saginata
Adult worm
Eggs
T. solium
Adult Worm
Eggs
LIFE CYCLE OF T. solium
Life Cycle in Man
Life Cycle in Pig
LIFE CYCLE OF T. saginata
Cysticeri Larva of T. saginata
PATHOGENECITY
Adult Worm
Larva
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Adult worm
Eggs
CHAPTER 54:
Echinococcus granulosus
COMMON NAMES
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
HABITAT
MORPHOLOGY
Scolex
Neck
Strobila
Eggs
Larval Forms
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENECITY
Adults
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYMPTOMS
Laboratory Diagnosis
CHAPTER 55:
Schistosoma–Blood Flukes
INTRODUCTION
MORPHOLOGY
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
LIFE CYCLE
Life Cycle in Intermediate Host
Life Cycle in Definitive Host
PATHOGENESIS
Intestinal Schistosomiasis
Urogenital Schistosomiasis
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 56:
Fasciola hepatica
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
MORPHOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENESIS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 57:
Trichuris trichiura
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
MORPHOLOGY
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENESIS
Lab Diagnosis
CHAPTER 58:
Ancylostoma and Necator Species
INTRODUCTION
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Habitat
MORPHOLOGY
Adult Worm
A. duodenale
Eggs
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENECITY
Adult Worm
Migrating Larvae
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYMPTOMS
Laboratory Diagnosis
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
Specific Diagnosis
CHAPTER 59:
Enterobius vermicularis
COMMON NAMES
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Habitat
MORPHOLOGY
Adult Worm
Eggs
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENECITY
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Adult Worms
Eggs
CHAPTER 60:
Ascaris
COMMON NAME
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Habitat
MORPHOLOGY
Adult Worm
Male
Female Worm
Eggs
LIFE CYCLE
PATHOGENECITY
Adult Worm
Larvae
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYMPTOMS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Direct Evidences
Adult Worm
Eggs
Indirect Evidences
CHAPTER 61:
Wuchereria bancrofti
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Habitat
MORPHOLOGY
Adult Worm
Microfilaria
LIFE CYCLE
Life Cycle in Man
Life Cycle in Mosquito
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND SYMPTOMS
PATHOGENECITY
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
Direct Evidence
Microfilariae
Polycarbonate Membrane Filtration
Method
Saline/Saponin Method
Method
Staining Methods for Microfilariae
Supravital Staining
Permanent Staining
Method
Giemsa
Method
Rapid Field's
Immersion Oil
Method
Adult Worm
Indirect Evidence
CHAPTER 62:
Automation in Microbiology
IMPORTANCE OF AUTOMATION
CURRENT SITUATION OF LABORATORIES IN INDIA
NEED OF AUTOMATION
1. Industry Changes
2. Personnel Shortages
3. Quality Issues
REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATION
Automation in Microbiology
1. Liquid-based Microbiology
2. Specimen Screener
3. Specimen Processors
i. Innova
ii. InoqulA FA/MI
iii. PREVI Isola
iv. WASP
4. Automated Systems
MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Kiestra TLA
FMLA
WASPLab
VITEK® 2 Test Cards Offered
Identification
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST)
INDEX
TOC
Index
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