Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Basic Dental Materials
John J Manappallil
SECTION 1: STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS
CHAPTER 1:
Overview of Dentistry and Dental Materials
DENTAL TREATMENT
PREVENTIVE
DISEASE CONTROL AND ELIMINATION
RESTORATIVE
MAINTENANCE PHASE
THE DENTAL SPECIALTIES
THE DENTAL LABORATORY
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL MATERIALS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO)
US STANDARDS FOR DENTAL MATERIALS
ADA CERTIFICATION
SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2:
Structure and Properties of Dental Materials
STRUCTURE OF MATTER
INTERATOMIC BONDS
PRIMARY BONDS
SECONDARY BONDS (VAN DER WAALS FORCES)
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
NONCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
STRESS AND STRAIN
DIFFUSION
SURFACE TENSION
WETTING
STRESS
TYPES OF STRESSES
Tensile stress
Compressive stress
Shear stress
STRAIN
COMPLEX STRESSES
POISSON’S RATIO
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
ELASTIC LIMIT
YIELD STRENGTH
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
FLEXIBILITY
RESILIENCE
IMPACT
IMPACT STRENGTH
PERMANENT DEFORMATION
STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
Tensile strength of brittle materials
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
SHEAR STRENGTH
Application
TRANSVERSE OR FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Three-point flexural test
Four-point flexural test
Biaxial flexural test
Application
WEIBULL STATISTICS
STRESS CONCENTRATION
FATIGUE
STATIC FATIGUE
TOUGHNESS
BRITTLENESS
DUCTILITY
MALLEABILITY
HARDNESS
BRINELL
Application
ROCKWELL HARDNESS NUMBER (RHN)
Application
VICKERS HARDNESS TEST (VHN)
Application
KNOOP HARDNESS TEST (KHN)
THE SHORE AND THE BARCOL
Applications
ABRASION RESISTANCE
TERMS AND PROPERTIES IN RHEOLOGY
VISCOSITY
CREEP
Importance
FLOW
THIXOTROPIC
RELAXATION
SHEAR STRESS AND SHEAR STRAIN RATE
NEWTONIAN
PSEUDOPLASTIC
DILATANT
FORMS OF MATTER
CHANGE OF STATE
MELTING POINT
BOILING POINT
DENSITY
GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE (TG)
SOLUBILITY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY
THERMAL EXPANSION
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION (CTE)
DIMENSIONS OF COLOR
HUE
VALUE
CHROMA
MEASUREMENT OF COLOR
METAMERISM
TOOTH ESTHETICS
TRANSPARENCE, TRANSLUCENCE, AND OPACITY
FLUORESCENCE
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
RADIOPACITY AND RADIOLUCENCY
Significance in dentistry
Measurement of radiopacity
CLASSIFICATION
TERMS
TYPES
USES
CHAPTER 3:
Structure and Properties of Metals and Alloys
USES IN DENTISTRY
METALLURGY
PERIODIC TABLE
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
VALENCE ELECTRON
METALLIC BONDING
ALLOYS
PHASE
SOLID SOLUTIONS
DENTAL APPLICATIONS
SOLIDIFICATION AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF METALS AND ALLOYS
GRAINS
Nuclei of crystallization
CRYSTALLIZATION FORMS
Dendritic microstructure
Equiaxed polycrystalline microstructure
Columnar polycrystalline alloys
Single crystal
GRAIN BOUNDARIES
GRAIN REFINEMENT AND GRAIN SIZE
Control of Grain Size
TIME-TEMPERATURE GRAPH
EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS
HOMOGENIZATION HEAT TREATMENT - MICROSTRUCTURE
Definition
Procedure
EUTECTIC ALLOYS
PERITECTIC ALLOYS
SOLID STATE REACTIONS
GOLD-COPPER PHASE DIAGRAM
HEAT TREATMENT OF GOLD ALLOYS
TYPES OF HEAT TREATMENT
Homogenization
Softening heat treatment
Hardening heat treatment
CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOYS
FUNCTIONS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
CHAPTER 4:
Electrochemical Properties of Materials
DEFINITIONS
TARNISH
PASSIVATION
CORROSION
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE SERIES (EMF)
CLASSIFICATION OF CORROSION
CHEMICAL OR DRY CORROSION
ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROCHEMICAL OR WET CORROSION
TYPES OF ELECTROLYTIC CORROSION
GALVANIC CORROSION
HETEROGENEOUS COMPOSITIONS
STRESS CORROSION
CONCENTRATION CELL CORROSION OR CREVICE CORROSION (FIG. 4.3)
FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION OF RESTORATIONS IN THE MOUTH
PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION
PASSIVATION
INCREASING NOBLE METAL CONTENT
POLISHING
OTHER METHODS
CHAPTER 5:
Biological Properties of Dental Materials
BIOMATERIALS
BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS OF DENTAL MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS FROM A BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
BIOHAZARDS RELATED TO THE DENTAL MATERIALS
BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF RESTORATION DESIGN
PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING PULP HEALTH
MICROLEAKAGE
Microleakage can result in
THERMAL CHANGE
GALVANISM
CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERSE REACTIONS FROM DENTAL MATERIALS
TOXICITY EVALUATION
LEVEL I TESTS (SCREENING TESTS)
LEVEL II (USAGE TESTS)
LEVEL III (HUMAN TRIALS)
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF DENTAL MATERIALS
OSSEOINTEGRATION
EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON TISSUES
EFFECT OF PONTIC DESIGN
EFFECT OF MATERIAL — PORCELAIN VERSUS RESIN
INFECTION CONTROL
INFECTION ROUTES
DISINFECTION OF DENTAL MATERIAS
Impressions
Contaminated restorations and prostheses
SECTION 2: DIRECT RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
CHAPTER 6:
Introduction to Restorations, Luting and Pulp Therapy
TEMPORARY RESTORATIONS
INTERMEDIATE RESTORATIONS
REQUIREMENTS OF A TEMPORARY FILLING MATERIAL
PERMANENT
DIRECT AND INDIRECT RESTORATIONS
ESTHETIC AND NONESTHETIC
TYPES
TEMPORARY CEMENTATION
PERMANENT CEMENTATION
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF LUTING MATERIALS
CRITERIA FOR PULP CAPPING
TYPES OF PULP CAPPING
DIRECT PULP CAPPING
INDIRECT PULP CAPPING
Indications
TYPES
PROPERTIES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 7:
Cavity Liners and Varnish
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
OTHER LINERS
APPLICATION
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
PRECAUTIONS
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
COMPOSITION
MANIPULATION
CONTRAINDICATIONS
CHAPTER 8:
Dental Cements
CLASSIFICATION
GENERAL STRUCTURE
USES OF CEMENTS
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENTS
NET SETTING TIME
STRENGTH
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (MOE)
SOLUBILITY AND DISINTEGRATION
FILM THICKNESS
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
FLUORIDE RELEASE
Fluoride recharging
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
MANUFACTURE
SETTING REACTION
STRUCTURE OF SET CEMENT
NET SETTING TIME
Control of setting time
PROPERTIES
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (STIFFNESS)
SOLUBILITY AND DISINTEGRATION
Factors affecting solubility
FILM THICKNESS
THERMAL PROPERTIES
ADHESION PROPERTY
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ZINC PHOSPHATE
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
APPLICATIONS
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
MANUFACTURE
SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
CONDITIONING
PROPORTIONING
PROCEDURE
MIXING TIME AND SETTING TIMES
Points to note
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CLASSIFICATION (ISO 3107:2011)*
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENTS
MANIPULATION
EBA-ALUMINA MODIFIED CEMENTS
USES
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
Setting time
POLYMER REINFORCED ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT
USES
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
Factors affecting setting time
OTHER ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL PRODUCTS
ENDODONTIC SEALERS
SUPPLIED AS
USE
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
Setting time
APPLICATION
CLASSIFICATION
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
MANUFACTURE
SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
PREPARATION OF TOOTH SURFACE
PROPORTIONING AND MIXING
Powder/liquid ratio
Mixing
Consistency after mixing
Setting time
PROTECTION AND SHAPING OF CEMENT DURING SETTING
PROTECTION OF CEMENT AFTER SETTING
FINISHING
Precautions
PACKABLE GLASS IONOMER FOR POSTERIOR RESTORATIONS
ATRAUMATIC RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY (ART)
FISSURE SEALING (SPECIAL APPLICATIONS)
MODIFIED GLASS IONOMERS
TYPES
USES
PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
MANIPULATION
PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
SETTING TIME
LIGHT ACTIVATED CALCIUM HYDROXIDE CEMENT
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE ROOT CANAL SEALING PASTES
APPLICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
POLYMERIZATION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ETCHING THE RESTORATION
ETCHING THE TOOTH SURFACE
BONDING AND CURING
Chemically activated systems
Dual cure system
REMOVAL OF EXCESS CEMENT
APPLICATIONS
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
BONDING AND CURING
MANIPULATION
PROPERTIES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 9:
Dental Amalgam
INDICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF AMALGAM ALLOYS
BASED ON COPPER CONTENT
BASED ON ZINC CONTENT
BASED ON SHAPE OF THE ALLOY PARTICLE
BASED ON NUMBER OF ALLOYED METALS
BASED ON SIZE OF ALLOY POWDER PARTICLE
MANUFACTURE OF ALLOY POWDER
LATHE-CUT ALLOY POWDER
AGING, ACID TREATMENT AND ANNEALING OF PARTICLES
SPHERICAL ALLOY POWDER
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTION OF CONSTITUENTS
Silver
Tin
Copper
Zinc
Mercury
Platinum
Palladium
Indium
COMPARISON OF LATHE CUT AND SPHERICAL ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
AVAILABLE AS
SETTING REACTION
MICROSTRUCTURE
TYPES
TYPES
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
MICROSTRUCTURE OF SET HIGH COPPER ADMIXED AMALGAM
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
MICROSTRUCTURE OF SET SINGLE-COMPOSITION AMALGAM
ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF SPHERICAL HIGH-COPPER AMALGAM
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
PROPERTIES OF SET AMALGAM
MICROLEAKAGE
DIMENSIONAL CHANGE
Theory of dimensional change
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTAMINATION (DELAYED EXPANSION)
Indications for zinc free alloys
STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
Factors affecting strength
CREEP
RETENTION OF AMALGAM
TARNISH AND CORROSION
BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
MANIPULATION OF AMALGAM
CAVITY DESIGN
SELECTION OF MATERIALS
Alloy
Mercury
DISPENSERS
TABLETS
PREPROPORTIONED CAPSULES
MERCURY: ALLOY RATIO (PROPORTIONING)
Eames’ technique
TRITURATION
Manual mixing
Mechanical trituration
Under-triturated mix
Normal mix
Over-triturated mix
MULLING
CONDENSATION
SHAPING AND FINISHING
PRECARVE BURNISHING
CARVING
BURNISHING
POLISHING
AMALGAM BONDING
MERCURY TOXICITY
AMALGAM DISPOSAL
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AMALGAM RESTORATIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 10:
Direct Filling Gold
APPLICATIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
TYPES
COMPOSITION AND PURITY
MANUFACTURE
SUPPLIED AS
AVAILABLE AS
MAT GOLD
MAT FOIL
ALLOYED ELECTROLYTIC PRECIPITATES
MANUFACTURE
AVAILABLE AS
MANIPULATION OF DIRECT FILLING GOLD
DESORBING OR DEGASSING
Electric annealing
Flame desorption
COMPACTION
Hand mallet
Condensers
Mechanical condensers
FINISHING
PROPERTIES OF COMPACTED GOLD
STRENGTH
HARDNESS
DENSITY
EFFECT OF VOIDS
TARNISH AND CORROSION
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 11:
Resin-based Composites and Bonding Agents
USES
TYPES
SUPPLIED AS
INDICATIONS FOR VARIOUS COMPOSITE RESINS
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
RESIN MATRIX
FILLER PARTICLES
Functions of fillers
Measurement of filler content—volume versus weight percentage
FILLERS TYPES
METHODS TO INCREASE MICROFILLER LOADING
Manufacture of fillers
COUPLING AGENTS
Functions of coupling agents
POLYMERIZATION (SETTING) MECHANISMS
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED COMPOSITE RESINS
Setting
Disadvantages
LIGHT ACTIVATED COMPOSITE RESINS
UV light activated systems
Visible-light activated resins
DUAL CURE RESINS
CURING LAMPS
Important features of curing lamps
Types of lamps
EYE PROTECTION
DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION AND DEPTH OF CURE
COMPOSITION
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE RESINS
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
HARDNESS
Factors affecting hardness
POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE
AIR OR OXYGEN INHIBITION
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal expansion coefficient (TEC)
Thermal conductivity
WATER SORPTION
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
RETENTION
ESTHETICS
BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF COMPOSITE RESINS
Pulp protection
WEAR RATES AND LIFE EXPECTANCY OF COMPOSITES
PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF COMPOSITES FOR POSTERIOR RESTORATIONS
ADHESION
RADIOPACITY
MANIPULATION AND PLACEMENT OF COMPOSITE RESINS
TECHNIQUES OF INSERTION
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED COMPOSITES
LIGHT ACTIVATED COMPOSITES
FINISHING AND POLISHING
ACID ETCH TECHNIQUE
ETCHANT/CONDITIONER
MODE OF ACTION ON ENAMEL
MODE OF ACTION ON DENTIN
PROCEDURE
Avoiding desiccation of dentin
ENAMEL BOND AGENTS
COMPOSITION
BOND STRENGTH
ENAMEL/DENTIN BOND SYSTEMS
SUPPLIED AS
EVOLUTION OF DENTIN BOND AGENTS—THE VARIOUS GENERATIONS
INDICATIONS FOR USE OF BOND AGENTS
BONDING MECHANISMS
BOND STRENGTH OF DENTIN BOND AGENTS
DYE PENETRATION TESTS
REPAIR OF COMPOSITES
SANDWICH TECHNIQUE
SPECIALIZED COMPOSITE RESINS
FLOWABLE COMPOSITES
PACKABLE COMPOSITES
Indications
PROSTHODONTIC VENEER COMPOSITES (LABORATORY COMPOSITES)
Indications
The advantages of resin when compared to porcelain
Disadvantages
RESIN INLAY SYSTEMS
Direct inlay system (fabricated in the mouth)
Indirect inlay system (fabricated on a die)
PREFORMED COMPOSITE RESIN LAMINATES
CORE BUILD-UP COMPOSITE RESINS
RESIN CEMENTS
PROVISIONAL COMPOSITES
Advantages
Available as
Precautions
COMPOSITE RESIN BLANKS FOR CAD-CAM SYSTEMS
PORCELAIN REPAIR COMPOSITE RESINS
PIT AND FISSURE SEALANTS
Indications
Types
Composition
Properties
Efficacy of sealant therapy
Periodic recall
COMPOSITE RESIN DENTURE TEETH
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RESTORATIVE COMPOSITE RESINS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
SECTION 3: ENDODONTIC MATERIALS
CHAPTER 12:
Endodontic Medicaments and Irrigants
CHEMICALLY ACTIVE IRRIGANTS
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Available as
Chemical reaction
Biological considerations
Storage
Disadvantages
CHLORHEXIDINE
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Functions and actions
MTAD
EDTA (ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID)
RC-PREP
Functions of intracanal medicaments
Desirable properties
Types of intracanal medicaments
PHENOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS
EUGENOL
PARACHLOROPHENOL (PCP)
FORMOCRESOL
CRESATIN
CAMPHORATED MONOCHLOROPHENOL (CMCP)
GLUTARALDEHYDE
FORMALDEHYDE BASED (N2)
ANTIBIOTICS
POLYANTIBIOTIC PASTES - PBSC AND PBSN
Composition
Drawbacks and concerns
SULFONAMIDES
CORTICOSTEROIDS - ANTIBIOTICS COMBINATIONS
HALOGENS
AMINOACRIDINE
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
CHLORAMINE
IODINE
Disadvantage
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
CHLORHEXIDINE (CHX) GLUCONATE
CHAPTER 13:
Endodontic Sealers and Obturating Materials
SILVER POINTS
GUTTA-PERCHA
THERMOPLASTICIZED GUTTA-PERCHA
Drawbacks
Properties
Removal of gutta-percha
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GUTTA-PERCHA
Advantages
Disadvantages
RESILON-EPIPHANY ROOT CANAL OBTURATING SYSTEM
Obturator
PASTE-TYPE OBTURATING MATERIALS
ZINC OXIDE-EUGENOL-BASED SEALERS
RICKERT’S FORMULA BASED (SILVER CONTAINING)
Composition
GROSSMAN’S AND ROTH’S FORMULA BASED (SILVER FREE ZOE SEALERS)
Composition
THERAPEUTIC SEALERS
Commercial names
Composition
Advantages
Disadvantages
EPOXY RESIN-BASED SEALERS
DIAKET
Advantages
Disadvantages
AH-26
Composition
Manipulation and setting
Disadvantages
AH- PLUS
Composition
Advantages over AH-26
EPIPHANY ROOT CANAL SEALER
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE BASED SEALERS
CRCS (CALCIOBIOTIC ROOT CANAL SEALER)
SEALAPEX
Advantages
Disadvantages
APEXIT PLUS
Working and setting characteristics
Advantages
GLASS IONOMER-BASED SEALERS
SILICON-BASED SEALERS
MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE (MTA)
XYLOL OR XYLENE
CHLOROFORM
HALOTHANE
RECTIFIED TURPENTINE
ORANGE OIL OR D-LIMONENE
EUCALYPTOL
SECTION 4: IMPRESSION MATERIALS
CHAPTER 14:
Rigid Impression Materials—Impression Compound and ZOE Paste
ADVANTAGES OF USING A CAST OR MODEL
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN IMPRESSION MATERIAL
CLASSIFICATION OF IMPRESSION MATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION
SUPPLIED AS
APPLICATIONS
REQUIREMENTS OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES OF IMPRESSION COMPOUND
FUSION TEMPERATURE
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)
FLOW
Dimensional stability
Detail reproduction
MANIPULATION
STICKS
CAKES
LOADING THE TRAY
Precautions
REMOVAL OF IMPRESSION FROM THE MOUTH
DISINFECTION
POURING THE CAST AND CAST SEPARATION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CLASSIFICATION
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
MICROSTRUCTURE
SETTING TIME
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
IMPRESSION TRAY
DISINFECTION
POURING THE IMPRESSION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
OTHER ZINC OXIDE PASTES
SURGICAL PASTES (PERIODONTAL PACKS)
NONEUGENOL IMPRESSION AND SURGICAL PASTES
Setting reaction
BITE REGISTRATION PASTES
CHAPTER 15:
Elastic Impression Materials—Agar and Alginate
HYDROCOLLOIDS
SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION
COLLOIDS
Types of colloids
HYDROCOLLOIDS
GELS, SOLS, GELATION
Gel strength
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISCOSITY (ISO 21563:2013)
USES
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONS OF THE INGREDIENTS
GELATION OR SETTING OF AGAR
MANIPULATION
IMPRESSION TRAYS
MAKING THE IMPRESSION
WORKING AND SETTING TIME
REMOVAL OF IMPRESSION
STORAGE OF AGAR IMPRESSION
SEPARATION FROM CAST
PROPERTIES OF AGAR HYDROCOLLOIDS
LAMINATE TECHNIQUE (AGAR—ALGINATE COMBINATION TECHNIQUE)
WET FIELD TECHNIQUE
CAST DUPLICATION
IMPRESSION DISINFECTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AGAR HYDROCOLLOID
TYPES
SUPPLIED AS
APPLICATIONS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES OF ALGINATE HYDROCOLLOID
TASTE AND ODOR
FLEXIBILITY
ELASTICITY AND ELASTIC RECOVERY
REPRODUCTION OF TISSUE DETAIL
STRENGTH
Compressive strengths
Tear strength
SYNERESIS AND IMBIBITION
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
ADHESION
SHELF LIFE AND STORAGE
MANIPULATION
MIXING TIME
WORKING TIME
GELATION TIME (SETTING TIME)
TRAY SELECTION
LOADING THE TRAY
SEATING THE TRAY
TIME OF REMOVAL AND TEST FOR SET
REMOVAL OF THE IMPRESSION
IMPRESSION DISINFECTION
STORAGE OF ALGINATE IMPRESSION
CONSTRUCTION OF CAST
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALGINATE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 16:
Elastomeric Impression Materials
CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURE OF ELASTOMERIC POLYMERS
POLYMERIZATION
Types of polymerization reactions
Glass transition temperature in elastomers
TYPES
USES OF ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
SUPPLIED AS
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTIONS
PROPERTIES
TYPES
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
CHEMISTRY AND SETTING REACTION
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION OF ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
HAND MIXING - PASTES IN TUBES
Polysulfides and addition silicones
Condensation silicone
For polyether
KNEADING - PUTTY
ROTARY TABLE-ASSISTED MIXING
STATIC OR EXTRUSION MIXING
Advantages of static mixing
Precautions
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL MIXING
IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
CLASSIFICATION OF ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
Based on the viscosity used
Based on the number of stages used
ONE-STAGE SINGLE VISCOSITY (MONOPHASE) TECHNIQUE
ONE-STAGE DUAL VISCOSITY (DUAL-PHASE) TECHNIQUE
TWO-STAGE PUTTY RELINE (TWO-STAGE PUTTY-WASH TECHNIQUE)
Advantages
Precautions
ONE-STAGE PUTTY RELINE (ONE-STAGE PUTTY-WASH TECHNIQUE)
Advantage
REMOVAL OF THE IMPRESSION
INFECTION CONTROL
IMPRESSION ERRORS
AIR ENTRAPMENT
FLUID ENTRAPMENT AND FLUID TRAILS
SEATING VOIDS OR TRAILS
EFFECT OF PROVISIONAL CROWN MATERIALS (MATERIAL INTERACTION)
SPECIALIZED MATERIALS
BITE REGISTRATION SILICONES
FIT CHECKING SILICONES
DUPLICATING SILICONES
SECTION 5: DENTAL LABORATORY—MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
CHAPTER 17:
Model, Cast and Die Materials
TYPES OF DIE MATERIALS
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF DIE MATERIALS
ALTERNATE DIE MATERIALS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
ELECTROFORMING
COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTROPLATING APPARATUS
COMPOSITION OF THE ELECTROPLATING BATH
PROCEDURE
MODE OF SUPPLY
INDICATIONS
PROPERTIES
MANIPULATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
AVAILABLE AS
ADVANTAGE
DIVESTMENT PHOSPHATE OR DVP
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIVESTMENT CAST AND REFRACTORY INVESTMENT CAST
CHAPTER 18:
Gypsum Products
APPLICATIONS
SUPPLIED AS
CLASSIFICATION
TYPE 1 OR DENTAL PLASTER, IMPRESSION
USES
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
COMPOSITION
TYPE 2 OR DENTAL PLASTER, MODEL, MOUNTING
USES
REQUIREMENTS OF AN IDEAL CAST MATERIAL
COMPOSITION
TYPE 3 OR DENTAL STONE, MODEL
USES
COMPOSITION
TYPE 4 OR DENTAL STONE, DIE, HIGH STRENGTH, LOW EXPANSION
USES
TYPE 5 OR DENTAL STONE, DIE, HIGH STRENGTH, HIGH EXPANSION
USES
MANUFACTURE OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
SETTING REACTION
THEORIES OF SETTING
COLLOIDAL THEORY
HYDRATION THEORY
DISSOLUTION—PRECIPITATION THEORY (CRYSTALLINE THEORY)
THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF SET GYPSUM
MANIPULATION
PROPORTIONING
Water/powder ratio
Water requirement of a product is affected by
Recommended w/p ratio
INSTRUMENTS
PROCEDURE FOR HAND-MIXING
MECHANICAL MIXING
SETTING TIME
PROPERTIES
SETTING EXPANSION
NORMAL SETTING EXPANSION (0.05 TO 0.5%)
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING EXPANSION
STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH
HARDNESS AND ABRASION RESISTANCE
FLOW
REPRODUCTION OF DETAIL
SPECIALIZED GYPSUM PRODUCTS
DENTAL CASTING INVESTMENTS
Uses
DIVESTMENT
Uses
SYNTHETIC GYPSUM
ORTHODONTIC STONE
RESIN MODIFIED STONES
MOUNTING PLASTER
FAST SETTING STONE
CARE OF GYPSUM
CARE OF THE CAST
STORAGE OF THE POWDER
INFECTION CONTROL
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DENTAL PLASTER AND DENTAL STONE
CHAPTER 19:
Waxes in Dentistry
COMPONENTS OF DENTAL WAXES
CHEMICAL NATURE OF WAXES
MINERAL WAXES
PLANT WAXES
INSECT WAX
ANIMAL WAX
SYNTHETIC WAXES
WAX ADDITIVES
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL WAXES
ACCORDING TO ORIGIN (DESCRIBED EARLIER)
ACCORDING TO USE
ISO CLASSIFICATION (ISO 15854: 2005) FOR CASTING INLAY AND BASEPLATE WAX
GENERAL PROPERTIES
MELTING RANGE
THERMAL EXPANSION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
FLOW
RESIDUAL STRESS
DUCTILITY
Types
INLAY CASTING WAX
USES
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF INLAY CASTING WAXES
CLASSIFICATION*
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES OF INLAY WAX
Flow
Thermal properties
Wax distortion
RESIDUE ON IGNITION
MANIPULATION OF INLAY WAX
Direct technique
Indirect technique
Polishing
RPD CASTING WAX
USES
SUPPLIED AS
PROPERTIES
MILLING WAX
AVAILABLE AS
PROPERTIES
BASEPLATE WAX
USES
CLASSIFICATION (ISO 15854:2005)
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
BOXING WAX AND BEADING WAX
USES
SUPPLIED AS
ADVANTAGES OF BEADING AND BOXING
PROPERTIES
TECHNIQUE
UTILITY WAX
COMPOSITION
SUPPLIED AS
USES
STICKY WAX
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
USES
CARDING WAX
SHELLAC
COMPOSITION
MANIPULATION
DRAWBACKS
CORRECTIVE IMPRESSION WAX
TYPES
USES
COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES
BITE REGISTRATION WAX
USES
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 20:
Dental Investments and Refractory Materials
REQUIREMENTS OF AN INVESTMENT MATERIAL
CLASSIFICATION OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS IN DENTISTRY (ISO 15912:2006)
GENERAL COMPOSITION OF INVESTMENTS
REFRACTORY
BINDER
CHEMICAL MODIFIERS
CLASSIFICATION
USES
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONS OF CONSTITUENTS
Alpha hemihydrate
Silica quartz or cristobalite
Modifiers
MANIPULATION
SETTING REACTION
SETTING TIME
PROPERTIES OF GYPSUM INVESTMENTS
THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF GYPSUM
THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF SILICA
EXPANSION
Normal setting expansion
Hygroscopic setting expansion (HSE)
Thermal expansion
STRENGTH
Factors affecting strength
POROSITY
FINENESS
STORAGE
HYGROSCOPIC THERMAL INLAY CASTING INVESTMENT
INVESTMENTS FOR CASTING HIGH MELTING ALLOYS
USES
CLASSIFICATION
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
SETTING REACTION
MANIPULATION
PROPERTIES
EXPANSION
Strength
Thermal reactions
Flow
Surface smoothness
SPECIALIZED REFRACTORY MATERIALS
PHOSPHATE BONDED REFRACTORY CASTS FOR RPDS (TYPE 2)
INVESTMENTS FOR CERAMICS
Types
Properties
INVESTMENTS FOR TITANIUM CASTINGS
TYPES
MANIPULATION
USES
TYPES
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 21:
Dental Casting and Metal Fabrication Procedures
METAL RESTORATIONS IN DENTISTRY
STEPS IN MAKING A SMALL CAST RESTORATION
TOOTH/TEETH PREPARATION
DIE PREPARATION
DIE SPACER
WAX PATTERN
SPRUE FORMER
FUNCTIONS OF SPRUE FORMER/SPRUE
CASTING RING LINING
TYPES OF NONASBESTOS RING LINERS
FUNCTIONS OF THE RING LINER
INVESTING
WAX ELIMINATION (BURNOUT) AND THERMAL EXPANSION
CASTING-PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT
CASTING MACHINES
Torch melting
Induction melting
Arc melting
Crucibles
Casting
QUENCHING (FOR GOLD ALLOYS)
RECOVERY OF CASTING
SANDBLASTING
PICKLING
TRIMMING
POLISHING
TYPES OF CASTING DEFECTS
CASTING SIZE MISMATCH
DISTORTION
Wax distortion is minimized by
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Causes of surface roughness
SURFACE NODULES
FIN
POROSITY
Types of porosities
INCOMPLETE CASTING
CONTAMINATION
OTHER METHODS OF FABRICATING RESTORATIONS AND PROSTHESES
MODE OF SUPPLY
CAPILLARY CASTING
OVERALL COMPOSITION AFTER CAPILLARY CASTING
COPING THICKNESS
COPING MICROSTRUCTURE
TECHNIQUE (FIG. 21.21)
ADVANTAGES OF CAD/CAM
APPLICATIONS
TECHNIQUE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
TYPES OF METAL IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
APPLICATIONS
METALS AVAILABLE FOR 3D PRINTING
CHAPTER 22:
Abrasion and Polishing
DEFINED AS
TYPES OF ABRASION
SUPPLIED AS
MECHANISM OF ABRASIVE ACTION
STRESS, STRAIN AND HEAT PRODUCTION DURING ABRASION
RATE OF ABRASION
SIZE OF THE PARTICLES
PRESSURE
SPEED
Rotational Speed and Linear Speed
CLASSIFICATION
FINISHING ABRASIVES
POLISHING ABRASIVES
CLEANSING ABRASIVES
TYPES OF ABRASIVES
EMERY
ALUMINUM OXIDE
GARNET
PUMICE
KIESELGUHR
TRIPOLI
ROUGE
TIN OXIDE
CHALK
CHROMIC OXIDE
SAND
CARBIDES
DIAMOND
ZIRCONIUM SILICATE
ZINC OXIDE
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ABRASIVE
GRADING OF ABRASIVE AND POLISHING AGENTS
BINDER
DIAMOND BURS
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABRASION AND POLISHING
NONABRASIVE POLISHING
COMPOSITE GLAZING
GLAZING CERAMICS
ELECTROLYTIC POLISHING
BURNISHING
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS (PROCEDURE)
METHODS OF ABRASION
FUNCTION
AVAILABLE AS
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTIFRICES
COMPOSITION
HERBAL TOOTHPASTES
WHITENING AND BLEACHING TOOTHPASTES
DESENSITIZING PASTES
FUNCTION
PROPHYJET
BRUSHING
SOAKING
CHAPTER 23:
Metal Joining and Dental Lasers
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
WELDING
BRAZING AND SOLDERING
BRAZING
SUBSTRATE METAL
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF A BRAZING MATERIAL (DENTAL SOLDER)
TYPES OF SOLDERS OR BRAZING MATERIALS
SOFT SOLDERS
HARD SOLDERS
PRESOLDERING AND POSTSOLDERING
APPLICATIONS OF SOLDERING
COMPOSITION
GOLD SOLDERS
SILVER SOLDERS
PROPERTIES OF DENTAL BRAZING MATERIALS
FUSION TEMPERATURE
FLOW
Factors affecting flow
COLOR
TARNISH AND CORROSION RESISTANCE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Tensile strength of brazed joint
MICROSTRUCTURE OF SOLDERED JOINTS
FLUXES
FUNCTION OF FLUX
TYPES
Protective
Reducing
Solvent
COMMONLY USED DENTAL FLUXES
Boric and Borate Compounds
Fluorides
FLUXES MAY BE SUPPLIED AS
ANTIFLUX
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
HEAT SOURCE
FLAME BRAZING OR SOLDERING
Types of gas fuel
OVEN BRAZING (FURNACE BRAZING)
TECHNIQUE OF SOLDERING
FREE HAND SOLDERING
INVESTMENT SOLDERING
STEPS IN SOLDERING PROCEDURE
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL SOLDERING
PITTED SOLDER JOINTS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
INDICATIONS
TYPES
PROCEDURE
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
COMMERCIAL NAMES
INDICATIONS
MECHANISM
ADVANTAGES OF LASER WELDING
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF JOINTS
CHAPTER 24:
Additive Manufacturing in Dentistry
APPLICATIONS
FUNDAMENTALS OF 3D PRINTING
CLASSIFICATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) TECHNOLOGIES
DESCRIPTION OF SOME ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (AM) TECHNOLOGIES
3D DENTAL PRINTERS
SUPPORT STRUCTURES FOR 3D PRINTED OBJECTS
RAW MATERIALS FOR 3D PRINTING
POST-MANUFACTURING PROCESSING
3D PRINTED MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHESES
3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN SURGICAL PLANNING
TISSUE ENGINEERING
HOW BIOPRINTING WORKS
INCUBATING THE NEW TISSUE
BIOINK
OSTEOINK
COMPARISON OF ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING
ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING
SECTION 6: ALLOYS IN DENTISTRY
CHAPTER 25:
Dental Casting Alloys
TERMINOLOGY
ALLOY
NOBLE METALS
PRECIOUS METALS
SEMIPRECIOUS METALS
BASE METALS
HISTORY AND CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS
ACCORDING TO USE
BASED ON YIELD STRENGTH AND PERCENT ELONGATION (ADA SP. 5)
ACCORDING TO NOBILITY (ADA 1984)
BASED ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (ISO 22674:2006)
ACCORDING TO MAJOR ELEMENTS
ACCORDING TO THE THREE MAJOR ELEMENTS
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF ALLOYS PRESENT
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO USE OF DENTAL CASTING ALLOYS
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF CASTING ALLOYS
CLASSIFICATION (ANSI/ADA SP. NO. 5)
TYPE I SOFT
TYPE II MEDIUM
TYPE III HARD
TYPE IV EXTRA-HARD
USES
TYPES
GOLD CONTENT
KARAT
FINENESS
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
COMPOSITION OF GOLD ALLOYS
FUNCTIONS OF CONSTITUENTS
Gold
Copper
Silver
Platinum
Palladium
Zinc
Indium, tin and iron
Calcium
Iridium, ruthenium, rhenium
PROPERTIES OF GOLD ALLOYS
COLOR
MELTING RANGE
DENSITY
YIELD STRENGTH
HARDNESS
ELONGATION
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
TARNISH AND CORROSION RESISTANCE
CASTING SHRINKAGE
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
CASTING INVESTMENT
HEAT TREATMENT OF GOLD ALLOYS
SOFTENING HEAT TREATMENT
Indications
Method
HARDENING HEAT TREATMENT (OR AGING)
Indications
Method
LOW GOLD ALLOYS
ADVANTAGES
PROPERTIES*
Synonyms
EVOLUTION OF METAL-CERAMIC ALLOYS
REQUIREMENTS OF ALLOYS FOR PORCELAIN BONDING
USES OF METAL-CERAMIC ALLOYS
TYPES (CLASSIFICATION) OF METAL-CERAMIC ALLOYS
COMMON FEATURES OF HIGH NOBLE (GOLD BASED) ALLOYS
TYPES
GOLD-PALLADIUM-PLATINUM ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
GOLD-PALLADIUM-SILVER ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
GOLD-PALLADIUM ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
COMMON FEATURES OF PALLADIUM-BASED (NOBLE) ALLOYS
TYPES
PALLADIUM-SILVER ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
PALLADIUM-COPPER ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
PALLADIUM-COBALT ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
PALLADIUM-GALLIUM ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS
COMPOSITION
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL-BASED ALLOYS
CASTING INVESTMENTS FOR METAL CERAMIC ALLOYS
TITANIUM AND ITS ALLOYS FOR METAL-CERAMIC APPLICATIONS
USES
In dentistry
In surgery
ASTM GRADES OF TITANIUM
SUPPLIED AS
PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIALLY PURE TITANIUM
FABRICATION OF TITANIUM RESTORATIONS
Casting
Machining
CERAMIC VENEERING
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TITANIUM
Advantages
Disadvantages
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTIAL DENTURE ALLOYS
TYPES
COBALT-CHROMIUM ALLOYS
SUPPLIED AS
APPLICATIONS
COMPOSITION
FUNCTIONS OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Cobalt
Chromium
Nickel
Molybdenum or tungsten
Iron, copper and beryllium
Manganese and silicon
Boron
Carbon
PROPERTIES
Density
Fusion temperature
Yield strength
Elongation
Modulus of elasticity
Hardness
Tarnish and corrosion resistance (passivation)
Casting shrinkage
Porosity
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CASTING ALLOYS
LOW-FUSING ALLOYS
HIGH-FUSING ALLOYS
TECHNIQUE FOR SMALL CASTINGS
TECHNIQUE FOR LARGE CASTINGS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BASE METAL ALLOYS
ADVANTAGES OF BASE METAL ALLOYS
DISADVANTAGES
COMPARISON OF A GOLD ALLOY AND A BASE METAL ALLOY
CHAPTER 26:
Dental Implant Materials
DEFINITION
TYPES OF IMPLANTS
MATERIALS USED
TITANIUM
Surface coated titanium
CERAMICS
STAINLESS STEEL
PRECAUTIONS
POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES
OTHER MATERIALS
IMPLANT PARTS
BASIC IMPLANT DESIGN
IMPLANT FIXTURE
IMPLANT ABUTMENTS
Definition
Classification of abutments
EQUIPMENT AND PARTS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPLANT SURGERY
Implant motor
Implant drills
Cover screw
Healing abutment
IMPLANT ABUTMENT CONNECTION
EXTERNAL HEX
INTERNAL HEX
PLATFORM SWITCHING
BIOINTEGRATION AND OSSEOINTEGRATION
TITANIUM ALLERGY
ZIRCONIA IMPLANTS
ZIRCONIA ANATOMIC ROOT-FORM IMPLANTS
IMPLANT SURFACES AND COATINGS
GRIT BLASTING
Grit blasting materials
Disadvantages
ACID ETCHING
Advantages of acid etching
ANODIZATION
SHOT/LASER PEENING
HYDROXYAPATITE COATED IMPLANTS
Rationale
PLASMA SPRAYED HYDROXYAPATITE
Problems with plasma-sprayed coatings
ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION (EPD) OF HA
BIOMIMETIC COATING TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 27:
Wrought Metals and Alloys
MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT ALLOYS
STRUCTURE OF WROUGHT ALLOYS
DISLOCATIONS
TWINNING
FRACTURE
ANNEALING
STAGES OF ANNEALING
Recovery
Recrystallization
Grain growth
USES OF WROUGHT ALLOYS
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ORTHODONTIC WIRES
TYPES
USES
CLASSIFICATION
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
PASSIVATION
TYPES
FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS
PROPERTIES AND USE
MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEELS
PROPERTIES AND USES
AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS
AUSTENITE-FINISH TEMPERATURE
COMPOSITION
USES
AVAILABLE AS
ADVANTAGES
PROPERTIES
Sensitization
Stabilization (methods to minimize sensitization)
Annealed and partially annealed wires
Mechanical properties
BRAIDED AND TWISTED WIRES
SOLDERS FOR STAINLESS STEEL
FLUXES
COMPOSITION
HEAT TREATMENT
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
AVAILABLE AS
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES OF NITINOL ALLOYS
SHAPE MEMORY AND SUPERELASTICITY
COMPOSITION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
SECTION 7: INDIRECT RESTORATIVE AND PROSTHETIC MATERIALS
CHAPTER 28:
Dental Ceramics
USES AND APPLICATIONS
EVOLUTION OF DENTAL CERAMICS
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL PORCELAINS
ACCORDING TO FIRING TEMPERATURE
ACCORDING TO TYPE
ACCORDING TO ITS FUNCTION WITHIN THE RESTORATION
ACCORDING TO MICROSTRUCTURE
ACCORDING TO FABRICATION PROCESS
BASIC CONSTITUENTS AND MANUFACTURE OF FELDSPATHIC PORCELAIN
BASIC STRUCTURE
BASIC CONSTITUENTS
Feldspar
Kaolin
Quartz
Alumina
Glass modifiers
Opacifiers
Color modifiers
OTHER SPECIALIZED PORCELAINS
Glazes
Stains
Opaquer porcelains
Reinforced core ceramics
MANUFACTURE
PORCELAIN/CERAMIC SYSTEMS
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF CERAMIC SYSTEMS
TYPES OF METAL-CERAMIC SYSTEMS
CAST METAL-CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
USES
COMPOSITION OF CERAMIC FOR METAL BONDING
SUPPLIED AS
MANIPULATION AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
CONSTRUCTION OF THE CAST METAL COPING OR FRAMEWORK
METAL PREPARATION
DEGASSING AND OXIDIZING
OPAQUER
CONDENSATION
Purpose
Condensation techniques
DENTIN AND ENAMEL
ADDITIONS
GINGIVAL AND TRANSPARENT PORCELAIN
SURFACE STAINING, CHARACTERIZATION AND EFFECTS
GLAZING
Objectives of glazing
Types
PORCELAIN-METAL BOND
CHEMICAL BONDING
MECHANICAL INTERLOCKING
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF METAL-CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
OTHER METAL-CERAMIC SYSTEMS
CAPILLARY CAST (SINTERED GOLD ALLOY FOIL-CERAMIC) RESTORATIONS
Composition, mode of supply and capillary casting
Technique
Advantages
BONDED PLATINUM FOIL—CERAMIC CROWNS
The electrodeposition technique
PORCELAIN JACKET CROWN
TYPES
TRADITIONAL PORCELAIN JACKET CROWN
PORCELAIN JACKET CROWN WITH ALUMINOUS CORE
Technical considerations
LEUCITE REINFORCED PORCELAIN (OPTEC HSP)
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
CASTABLE GLASS CERAMIC
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
FEATURES
USES
FABRICATION OF A DICOR CROWN
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
HEAT PRESSED (HOT-ISOSTATICALLY PRESSED) CERAMICS
TYPES AND MODE OF SUPPLY
USES
MICROSTRUCTURE
FABRICATION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
GLASS INFILTRATED CERAMICS
GLASS INFILTRATED ALUMINA CORE (IN-CERAM ALUMINA)
Indications
Composition
Fabrication (Figs. 28.29A to I)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Uses
GLASS INFILTRATED SPINELL CORE (IN-CERAM SPINELL)
Indications
Contraindications
GLASS INFILTRATED ZIRCONIA (IN-CERAM ZIRCONIA)
Indications
CAD/CAM CERAMICS
CAD/CAM SYSTEMS
HISTORY OF CAD/CAM
Commercially available CAD/CAM systems
ESSENTIALS OF A CAD/CAM SYSTEM
Scanner or digitizer
Computer (CAD process)
Milling station
Ceramic blanks
Brief description of various materials for CAD/CAM
Sintering furnaces
COPY MILLED (CAM) SYSTEMS
Commercial systems available
Fabrication of a copy-milled restoration substructure
Ceramill system
Networked CAD/CAM production (Procera AllCeram)
YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA CERAMICS
Transformation toughening
Composition
Available as
Manufacture
Properties of zirconia
CERIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA ALUMINA CERAMICS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CAD/CAM CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF FUSED CERAMICS
STRENGTH
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
SURFACE HARDNESS
ABRASIVENESS OF CERAMICS
THERMAL PROPERTIES
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
CHEMICAL STABILITY
Porcelain-metal and inter-ceramic bonds
Esthetic properties
Biocompatibility
CEMENTING OF CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
CEMENTING METAL-CERAMIC CROWNS AND FIXED PARTIAL DENTURES
REPAIR OF CERAMIC RESTORATIONS
PORCELAIN DENTURE TEETH
MONOLITHIC RESTORATIONS
MONOLITHIC LITHIUM DISILICATE
MONOLITHIC ZIRCONIA
Esthetic considerations
Technical considerations
CERAMIC POSTS
PEDIATRIC ZIRCONIA CROWNS
ZIRCONIA IMPLANTS AND ABUTMENTS
ZIRCONIA ANATOMIC ROOT-FORM IMPLANTS
CHAPTER 29:
Denture Resins and Polymers
NATURE OF POLYMERS
POLYMER
MONOMER
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION
MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS (SPATIAL STRUCTURE)
LINEAR
CROSS LINKED POLYMER
POLYMERIZATION—CHEMISTRY
TYPES
Condensation polymerization (step growth)
Addition polymerization
CHEMICAL STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION
Induction
Propagation
Termination
Chain transfer
INHIBITION OF POLYMERIZATION
COPOLYMERIZATION
TYPES OF COPOLYMERS
Random type
Block type
Graft type
IMPORTANCE OF COPOLYMERIZATION
CROSS-LINKING
APPLICATIONS
PLASTICIZERS
TYPES
CLASSIFICATION OF DENTURE BASE MATERIALS
SYNTHETIC RESINS
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF DENTAL RESINS
USES OF RESINS IN DENTISTRY
POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) RESINS
TYPES
HEAT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC RESINS
COMPOSITION
Powder
Liquid
POLYMERIZATION REACTION
TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
COMPRESSION MOLDING TECHNIQUE
Steps
Preparation of a Waxed Denture Pattern
Preparation of the split mold
Application of separating medium
Mixing of powder and liquid
Packing
Curing (polymerization)
Curing cycle
Finishing and polishing
INJECTION MOLDING TECHNIQUE
Advantages
Disadvantages
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC RESINS
AVAILABLE AS
USES
COMPOSITION
POLYMERIZATION REACTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
MANIPULATION OF AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESINS
Sprinkle on technique
Adapting technique
Fluid resin technique (pour-type acrylic resins)
LIGHT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE RESINS
MICROWAVE CURED DENTURE RESINS
SPECIALIZED POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) MATERIALS
HIGH IMPACT STRENGTH MATERIALS
RAPID HEAT-POLYMERIZED RESINS
RESIN TEETH
SPECIAL TRAY ACRYLIC RESINS
PATTERN RESINS
PROPERTIES OF METHYLMETHACRYLATE DENTURE RESINS
METHYL METHACRYLATE MONOMER
POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)
Taste and odor
Esthetics
Density
Strength
Impact strength
Fatigue strength
Hardness and wear resistance
Modulus of elasticity
Creep
Dimensional stability
Polymerization shrinkage
Water sorption
Solubility
Thermal properties
Color stability
Biocompatibility
Residual monomer
Adhesion
Radiopacity
Shelf life
PROCESSING ERRORS
POROSITY
Internal porosity
External porosity
CRAZING
Causes
Avoided by
DENTURE WARPAGE
REPAIR OF ACRYLIC RESIN DENTURES
INFECTION CONTROL FOR DENTURES
CARE OF ACRYLIC DENTURES
DENTURE CLEANSERS
TECHNIQUE
ADVANTAGES
HEAT CURED ACRYLIC RESIN (HARD LINER)
CHAIRSIDE RELINERS (HARD SHORT-TERM LINER)
SOFT OR RESILIENT DENTURE LINERS
LONG-TERM SOFT LINERS
PLASTICIZED ACRYLIC RESIN
VINYL RESINS
SILICONE RUBBERS
Problems associated with soft liners
TISSUE CONDITIONERS (SHORT-TERM SOFT LINER)
SUPPLIED AS
COMPOSITION
PROPERTIES
REBASING OF DENTURES
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REBASING AND RELINING
PROVISIONAL CROWN AND FDP MATERIALS
PREFORMED CROWNS
Polycarbonate
Cellulose acetate crown formers
CUSTOM-FABRICATED PROVISIONAL RESTORATIONS
Polymethyl methacrylate
Polyethyl (isobutyl) methacrylate resins
Epimines
CHAPTER 30:
Maxillofacial Prosthetic Materials
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS
EVOLUTION OF MAXILLOFACIAL MATERIALS
POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) (1940—1960)
LATEXES
PLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE
POLYURETHANE POLYMERS
SILICONE RUBBER
Supplied as
Room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicones
Heat vulcanized silicones
Coloring pigments and effects
Skin adhesives
PROPERTIES OF SILICONES
Shore hardness
Elongation
Bonding to acrylic
Tear strength
ADVANTAGES OF MAXILLOFACIAL SILICONES OVER OTHER MATERIALS
DISADVANTAGES OF MAXILLOFACIAL SILICONES
3D PRINTED MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHESES
3D BIOPRINTING
Appendices
DENTISTRY - ZINC OXIDE/EUGENOL AND ZINC OXIDE/NONEUGENOL CEMENTS
1. Scope
2. Normative References
3. Classification
Further Reading
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear