The Pocketbook for Physiotherapists Gitesh Amrohit
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PharmacologyChapter 1

Drug classes in alphabetical order
 
ACETAZOLAMIDE
Type: Diuretics.
Uses: Glaucoma, epilepsy, acute mountain sickness, periodic paralysis and urinary tract infection.
Side effects: Hypokalemia, drowsiness, acidosis and abdominal discomfort.
 
2ACETYLCYSTEINE
Type: Mucolytic.
Uses: Reduces the viscosity of secretions, antidote for paracetamol overdose.
Side effects: Bronchoconstriction, nausea and vomiting.
 
ACICLOVIR
Type: Antiviral.
Uses: Herpes simplex and varicella zoster infection.
Side effects: Very rare.
 
ADENOSINE
Class: Antiarrhythmic.
Uses: Tachycardias.
Side effects: Nausea, bronchospasm, dyspnea, chest pain and facial flush.
 
ADRENALINE/EPINEPHRINE
Type: Sympathomimetic agent.
Uses: During cardiopulmonary resuscitation to stimulate heart activity and raise low blood pressure, anaphylactic shock, glaucoma, in eye surgery.
Side effects: Dry mouth, anxiety, restlessness, palpi-tations, tremor, blurred vision, headache, hypertension and tachycardias.
 
3ALBENDAZOLE
Type: Anthelmintics.
Uses: Filariasis, hydatid disease, trichinosis and tape-worms.
Side effects: Diarrhea, nausea and abdominal pain.
 
ALENDRONATE
Type: Bisphosphonate.
Uses: Postmenopausal osteoporosis, corticosteroids induced osteoporosis and Paget’s disease.
Side effects: Gastrointestinal upset, esophageal irrita-tion and ulceration.
 
ALFENTANIL
Type: Opioid analgesic.
Uses: Respiratory depressant and during surgery.
Side effects: Drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipa-tion, dizziness and dry mouth.
 
ALLOPURINOL
Type: Antigout.
Uses: Gout and kidney stones.
Side effects: Nausea, itching and rash.
 
4AMIODARONE
Type: Antiarrhythmic.
Uses: Ventricular and supraventricular tachycardias.
Side effects: Liver damage, reversible corneal deposi-tions and thyroid disorders.
 
AMINOPHYLlINE
Type: Bronchodilator.
Uses: Acute severe asthma and reversible airway obstruction.
Side effects: Nausea, headache, insomnia, arrhythmias, convulsions, palpitations and tachycardias.
 
AMITRIPTYLINE
Type: Tricyclic antidepressant.
Uses: Depression and nocturnal enuresis in children.
Side effects: Sweating, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, drowsiness, fainting, palpitations and gastrointestinal upset.
 
AMLODIPINE
Type: Ca++ channel blocker.
Uses: Congestive heart failure and angina.
Side effects: Ankle edema, flushing, palpitation, heada-che, hypotension and gastrointestinal upset.
 
5AMOXICILLIN
Please refer Ampicillin.
 
AMPICILLIN
Class: Antibiotic.
Uses: Urinary tract infection, respiratory tract infection, meningitis, gonorrhea, typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery, bacterial endocarditis, septicemias and cholecystitis.
Side effects: Diarrhea, rashes and lymphatic leukemia.
 
ALPRAZOLAM
Type: Benzodiazepines.
Uses: Anxiety and depression.
Side effects: Sedation, light headedness, vertigo, confusion, psychomotor and cognitive impairment.
 
ALENDRONATE
Type: Bisphosphonate.
Uses: Postmenopausal osteoporosis, corticosteroids induced osteoporosis and Paget’s disease.
Side effects: Esophageal irritations and ulceration, gastrointestinal upset and increased bony pain specially in Paget’s disease.
 
6ASPIRIN
Type: NSAIDs and antipyretic.
Uses: As analgesic, antipyretic, acute rheumatic fever, RA, OA, postmyocardial infarction and poststroke.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress and rhinorrhea.
 
ATENOLOL
Type: B-antiadrenergic.
Uses: Arrhythmias, angina, hypertension, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure.
Side effects: Cold hand and feet, bradycardia, hypo-tension and fatigue.
 
ATRACURIUM
Type: Nondepolarizing muscle relaxant.
Uses: As a muscle relaxant.
Side effects: Hypotension, flushing and skin rashes.
 
ATROPINE
Type: Antimuscarinic.
Uses: Corneal ulcers, peptic ulcers, pulmonary embolism, preanesthetic medication, bradycardia and motion sickness.
7Side effects: Dry mouth, difficulty in swallowing and talking, blurring of near vision, constipation, flushing and dry skin.
 
AZATHIOPRINE
Type: Immunosuppressant.
Uses: Autoimmune and collagen disease including rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, loss of hair, loss of appetite and bone marrow suppression.
 
BACLOFEN
Type: Skeletal muscle relaxant.
Uses: For reducing spasticity.
Side effects: Nausea, urinary disturbances and drowsi-ness.
 
BECLOMETHASONE
Type: Corticosteroid.
Uses: Asthma, allergic rhinitis, in vasomotor symptoms.
Side effects: Nasal discomfort, irritation, hoarse voice, cough, nosebleed and sore throat.
 
BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE/BENDROFLUAZIDE
Type: Thiazide diuretic.
8Uses: Hypertension, cardiac failure, resistant edema and for reducing urinary calcium excretion.
Side effects: Hypokalemia, dehydration, postural hypo-tension, gout and hyperglycemia.
 
BUDESONIDE
Type: Corticosteroid.
Uses: Asthma and COPD.
Side effects: Nasal discomfort, cough and sore throat.
 
CALCITONIN
Type: Hormone.
Uses: Hypercalcemia, bone pain and osteoporosis.
Side effects: Vomiting and nausea.
 
CAPTOPRIL
Type: ACE inhibitor.
Uses: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, post-myocardial infarction and diabetic nephropathy.
Side effects: Persistent dry cough, rashes, loss of taste sensation, reduces kidney function and postural hypo-tension.
 
CARBAMAZEPINE
Type: Antiepileptic.
9Uses: Partial and tonic-clonic seizures and trigeminal neuralgia.
Side effects: Drowsiness, epigastric pain, nausea, confusion and blurred vision.
 
CELECOXIB
Type: NSAID.
Uses: Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Side effects: Fluid retention, dizziness, hypertension, headache, itching and insomnia.
 
CHLORAMPHENICOL
Type: Broad spectrum antibiotics.
Uses: Enteric fever, anaerobic infections, intraocular infections, H. influenzae and meningitis.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gray baby syndrome and bone marrow depression.
 
CHLORPROMAZINE
Type: Antipsychotic.
Uses: Schizophrenia, mania, organic brain syndrome and alcoholic hallucinosis.
Side effects: Dry mouth, blurring vision, constipation, parkinsonian symptoms, dystonia, jaundice, akathisia and malignant neuroleptic syndrome symptoms.
 
CHLOROQUINE
10Type: Antimalarial drug.
Uses: Malaria.
Side effects: Hypotension, vision loss, hearing deficit, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and itching.
 
CICLOSPORIN
Type: Immunosuppressant.
Uses: Used to prevent rejection of organ and tissue transplantation, rheumatoid arthritis, severe resistant psoriasis and in severe dermatitis when other treat-ments have failed.
Side effects: Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, increased body hair, nausea, tremors and swelling of gums.
 
CIPROFLOXACIN
Type: Prototype antibacterial.
Uses: UTI, gonorrhea, bacterial gastroenteritis, typhoid, gynecological disease, tuberculosis, meningitis and respiratory infections.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, bad taste dizziness, headache, rashes and urticaria.
 
CLOFAZIMINE
Please refer Dapsone.
 
CLOMIPRAMINE
11Type: Tricyclic antidepressant.
Uses: Depression.
Side effects: Sweating, drowsiness, dryness of mouth, blurring of vision, dizziness, fainting, palpitations and gastrointestinal upset.
 
CLONIDINE
Type: α2-adrenoceptor agonist.
Uses: Migraine, menopausal flushing and hypertension.
Side effects: Dryness of mouth, gastrointestinal upset, headache, dizziness, rashes, sedation, depression, bradycardia, retention of fluid and nocturnal unrest.
 
CODEINE PHOSPHATE
Please refer Morphine.
 
DAPSONE
Type: Antileprotic drug.
Uses: Leprosy.
Side effects: Hemolytic anemia, gastric intolerance, rashes, headache, lepra reactions, nausea and vomiting.
 
12DEXAMETHASONE
Please refer Prednisolone.
 
DIAZEPAM
Type: Benzodiazepines.
Uses: Anxiety, sleep disturbances, alcoholism and as muscle relaxants.
Side effects: Unsteadiness, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion in elderly. Dependence develops with prolonged use.
 
DICLOFENAC
Type: NSAIDs and antipyretic.
Uses: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, posttraumatic and postoperative infla-mmatory conditions.
Side effects: Epigastric pain, nausea, rashes, headache and dizziness.
 
DIDANOSINE
Please refer Zalcitabine.
 
DIGOXIN
Type: Cardiac glycoside.
13Uses: Heart failure and supraventricular arrhythmias.
Side effects: Nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, visual disturbances, headache, tiredness and palpita-tions.
 
DIHYDROCODEINE/DF 118
Please refer Morphine.
 
DILTIAZEM
Please refer Amlodipine.
 
DOBUTAMINE
Type: Inotropic sympathomimetic.
Uses: Heart failure.
Side effects: Tachycardias.
 
DONEPEZIL
Type: Anticholinesterase.
Uses: Dementia specially due to Alzheimer’s disease.
Side effects: Insomnia, muscle cramps, fatigue and gastrointestinal upset.
 
DOPAMINE
Type: Inotropic sympathomimetic.
Uses: Shock and heart failure.
14Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, peripheral vasocons-triction, hypotension and hypertension tachycardia.
 
DORNASE ALFA
Type: Mucolytic.
Uses: Used by inhalation in cystic fibrosis to facilitate expectoration.
Side effects: Laryngitis, pharyngitis and pain in chest.
 
DOSULEPIN/DOTHIEPIN
Please refer Clomipramine.
 
DOXAPRAM
Type: Respiratory stimulant.
Uses: COPD with type-II respiratory failure.
Side effects: Hypertension, cerebral edema, hyper-thyroidism, dizziness, sweating, confusion, seizures, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and perineal warmth.
 
DOXYCYCLINE
Please refer Tetracycline.
 
ENALAPRIL
Type: ACE inhibitor.
Uses: Hypertension and chronic heart failure.
15Side effects: Rashes, dry cough, loss of taste, postural hypotension, dizziness, headache and reduce kidney function.
 
EFAVIRENZ
Please refer Zalcitabine.
 
ERYTHROMYCIN
Type: Macrolide antibiotic.
Uses: Inflammation, diphtheria, syphilis, gonorrhea.
Side effects: Gastrointestinal discomfort, rashes and fever.
 
ETIDRONATE
Type: Bisphosphonate.
Uses: Postmenopausal osteoporosis, corticosteroid induced osteoporosis, Paget’s disease and bone metas-tases in breast cancer.
Side effects: Ulceration and esophageal irritation, gastrointestinal upset and increased bony pain in Paget’s disease.
 
FENTANYL
Type: Opioid analgesic.
Uses: Mainly used to depress respiration in patients needing prolonged assisted ventilation.
16Side effects: Drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness and dry mouth.
 
FERROUS SULfATE
Type: Iron salt.
Uses: Iron deficiency anemia.
Side effects: Constipation, epigastric discomfort and darkening of feces.
 
FLUCLOXACILLIN
Please refer Penicillin.
 
FUROSEMIDE/FRUSEMIDE
Type: Loop diuretic.
Uses: For reducing acute pulmonary edema secondary to left ventricular failure.
Side effects: Hypokalemia, postural hypotension, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, gout, dizziness and nausea.
 
GABAPENTIN
Type: Anticonvulsant.
Uses: Epileptic seizures, neuropathic pain and trige-minal neuralgia.
17Side effects: Dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, diplopia, gastrointestinal upset, peripheral edema, amnesia and paresthesia.
 
GATIFLOXACIN
Please refer Ciprofloxacin.
 
GENTAMICIN
Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Uses: Used in Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella infections, respiratory infections and meningitis.
Side effects: Vestibular disturbances, auditory loss, nausea and vomiting.
 
GLICLAZIDE
Type: Sulfonylurea.
Uses: Type-II diabetes mellitus.
Side effects: Hypoglycemia and weight gain.
 
HALOPERIDOL
Type: Antipsychotic.
Uses: Used for controlling violent and dangerously impulsive behavior associated with psychotic disorders like as schizophrenia, dementia and mania.
Side effects: Acute dystonia, akathisia, drowsiness, postural hypotension and parkinsonism.
 
18HEPARIN
Type: Anticoagulant.
Uses: Pulmonary embolism and DVT.
Side effects: Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage.
 
HYDROCORTISONE
Please refer Prednisolone.
 
IBUPROFEN
Class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory/NSAID.
Uses: For reducing pain, stiffness, swelling, osteo-arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, soft tissue injuries, headache, dental pain and operative pain.
Side effects: Indigestion and heart burn.
 
INSULIN
Type: Peptide hormone.
Uses: Insulin dependent and maturity onset diabetes mellitus.
Side effects: Irritation over injection site, hypoglycemia, weakness, weight gain and sweating.
 
INTERFERON
Type: Antiviral and anticancer.
Uses: Leukemia, multiple sclerosis and granulomatous disease.
19Side effects: Lethargy, chills, myalgia, fatigue, rashes, fever, headache, anorexia and irritation.
 
IPRATROPIUM
Type: Antimuscarinic.
Uses: COPD.
Side effects: Dry mouth and throat.
 
ISONIAZID
Type: Antitubercular drug.
Uses: Tuberculosis.
Side effects: Paresthesia, numbness, convulsions, mental disturbances and hepatitis.
 
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE
Type: Organic nitrate.
Uses: Congestive heart failure and angina.
Side effects: Throbbing headache, flushing, sweating, palpitation, dizziness and fainting.
 
KETAMINE
Type: Intravenous anesthetic.
Uses: As anesthetics agent (not use in head and neck surgery).
Side effects: Tachycardia, hallucinations, increased blood pressure, increased muscle tone, apnea, hypo-tension, other transient psychotic sequelae.
 
20LACTULOSE
Type: Osmotic laxative.
Uses: Constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.
Side effects: Diarrhea, stomach cramps, flatulence and belching.
 
LEVODOPA/L-DOPA
Type: Dopamine precursor.
Uses: Parkinson’s disease.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, postural hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, alteration in taste sensation, behavioral changes, abnormal movements, abdominal pain, dizziness, discoloration of urine and other body fluids.
 
LIGNOCAINE/LIDOCAINE
Type: Na+ channel blocker.
Uses: As anesthetic and antiarrhythmic.
Side effects: Dizziness, drowsiness, nausea and vomi-ting.
 
LIQUID PARAFFIN
Type: Laxatives.
Uses: Constipation and before surgery night.
Side effects: Dehydration and lipid pneumonia.
 
21LISINOPRIL
Type: ACE inhibitor.
Uses: Hypertension, congestive heart failure, following myocardial infarction.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, cough, taste alteration and hypotension.
 
MANNITOL
Type: Osmotic diuretic.
Uses: Glaucoma, head injury and stroke.
Side effects: Nausea, diarrhea, headache and fever.
 
MELOXIAM
Type: NSAID.
Uses: Rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis.
Side effects: Headache, gastrointestinal upset, dizzi-ness, vertigo and rashes.
 
METFORMIN
Type: Biguanide.
Uses: Type-II diabetes mellitus.
Side effects: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
 
22METHOTREXATE
Type: Cytotoxic and immunosuppressive.
Uses: Leukemia, lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.
Side effects: Diarrhea, bone marrow suppression, vomiting and inflammation.
 
METHYLDOPA
Type: Antihypertensive.
Uses: High blood pressure.
Side effects: Sedation, lethargy, disturbed mental capacity, impotence and postural hypotension.
 
METRONIDAZOLE
Type: Antiamebic.
Uses: Giardiasis, amebiasis, trichomonas vaginitis, enterocolitis, gingivitis bacterial infections.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, headache, glossitis, rashes and dizziness.
 
MIDAZOLAM
Type: Benzodiazepine.
Uses: Anxiety, mainly used during small procedures under local anesthetic and in ITU units for those on ventilator support.
23Side effects: Hypotension, apnea, drowsiness, headache, confusion, ataxia, amnesia and muscular weakness.
 
MORPHINE
Type: Opioid analgesic.
Uses: Ventricular failure and pain.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, respiratory depression and dry mouth.
 
NAPROXEN
Type: NSAID.
Uses: Rheumatoid arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders in acute stage, gout, menstrual cramps.
Side effects: Gastrointestinal upset.
 
NORFLOXACIN
Please refer Ciprofloxacin.
 
OMEPRAZOLE
Type: Proton pumps inhibitor.
Uses/Side effects: Please refer Ranitidine.
 
ONDANSETRON
Type: Serotonin antagonist.
24Uses: Used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with anticancer drug therapy, radiotherapy and following surgery.
Side effects: Headache and constipation.
 
ORPHENADRINE
Type: Antimuscarinic.
Uses: For reducing rigidity and tremor in younger patients with parkinsonism.
Side effects: Dry mouth, dry skin, constipation, blurred vision and retention of urine.
 
OXYBUTININ
Type: Antimuscarinic.
Uses: Urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence, nocturnal enuresis and neurogenic bladder instability.
Side effects: Dry mouth, dry eye, gastrointestinal upset, difficulty in micturation, skin reaction and blurring of vision.
 
OXYTETRACYCLINE
Please refer Tetracycline.
 
PANCURONIUM
Please refer Vecuronium.
 
PARACETAMOL
25Type: Nonopioid analgesic.
Uses: Pain and fever.
Side effects: Very rare. Overdose is dangerous causing liver failure.
 
PENICILLIN-G
Type: Benzyl penicillin.
Uses: Streptococcal, pneumococcal, meningococcal infections, gonorrhea, syphilis and diphtheria.
Side effects: Pain at injection site, nausea, rash, itching, urticaria, shock and exfoliative dermatitis.
 
PETHIDINE
Type: Opioid analgesic.
Uses: Severe pain, pain during labor, anxiety and during anesthesia.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness and confusion.
 
PHENYTOIN
Type: Anticonvulsant.
Uses: Epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, confusion, headache, dizziness, ache and increased body hair.
 
PIROXICAM
Type: NSAID.
26Uses: Rheumatoid arthritis, acute gout, osteoarthritis and acute musculoskeletal disorders.
Side effects: Gastrointestinal upset.
 
PREDNISOLONE
Type: Corticosteroid.
Uses: Adrenal insufficiency, adrenogenital syndrome, arthritides, collagen disease, asthma, lung and eye disease, malignancies, intestinal and skin disease.
Side effects: Peptic ulcer, indigestion, acne, osteoporosis, glaucoma, growth retardation, fetal abnormalities, muscular weakness, Cushing’s habitus, fragile skin and psychiatric disturbances.
 
PROPRANOLOL
Type: Na+ channel blocker.
Uses: Sinus tachycardia, atrial and nodal ESs.
Side effects: Dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, cold peripheries, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, heart failure, hypotension, gastrointestinal upset and sleep disturbances.
 
QUININE
Type: Antimalarial.
27Uses: Malaria. Also used to prevent nocturnal leg cramps.
Side effects: Tinnitus, headache, blurred vision, confusion, gastrointestinal upset, rashes, blood disorders.
 
RAMIPRIL
Type: ACE inhibitor.
Uses: Hypertension, congestive heart failure and myo-cardial infarction.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, cough, dry mouth and taste disturbance.
 
RANITIDINE
Type: H2 blocker.
Uses: Duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastritis, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and GERD.
Side effects: Nausea, loose stool, muscle and joint pain, dizziness and abdominal pain.
 
RIFAMPICIN
Type: Antitubercular.
Uses: Tuberculosis, leprosy, meningitis and osteomyelitis.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, malaise, bone pain, purpura and breathlessness.
 
28SALBUTAMOL
Type: β2-agonist.
Uses: Asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Side effects: Weakness, tremors, drowsiness, nervous-ness, tension, anxiety and restlessness.
 
SALCATONIN
Please refer Calcitonin.
 
SENNA
Type: Stimulant laxative.
Uses/Side effects: Please refer Lactulose.
 
STREPTOKINASE
Type: Fibrinolytic agent.
Uses: Pulmonary embolism, thrombosed arteriovenous shunts.
Side effects: Excessive bleeding, hypotension, nausea, vomiting and allergic reactions.
 
STREPTOMYCIN
Type: Aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Uses: Tuberculosis, plague, bacterial endocarditis and tularemia.
Side effects: Vestibular disturbances, auditory loss paresthesia.
 
29SULFASALAZINE
Type: Aminosalicylate.
Uses: Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, headache, joint pain, abdominal discomfort and anorexia.
 
TETRACYCLINE
Type: Alpha-adrenoceptor agonist.
Uses: For reducing spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury.
Side effects: Lethargy, fatigue, dry mouth, gastro-intestinal upset and hypotension.
 
THEOPHYLLINE
Type: Methylxanthine.
Uses: Asthma, bronchitis and emphysema.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting and palpitations.
 
TIMOLOL
Type: β-blocker.
Uses: Hypertension, angina, prophylaxis of myocardial infarction.
Side effects: Please refer Propranolol.
 
30TINIDAZOLE
Please refer Metronidazole.
 
TIZANIDINE
Type: Opioid analgesic.
Uses: For treating moderate to severe pain.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, tiredness, drowsiness and dependence.
 
TOLTERODINE
Type: Antimuscarinic.
Uses: Mainly used to treat urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence. Also used for reducing unstable contraction of the bladder.
Side effects: Headache, gastrointestinal upset, dry eye and dryness of mouth.
 
TRAMADOL
Type: Opioid analgesic.
Uses: For treating moderate to severe pain.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, tiredness, drowsiness and dependence.
 
TRAZODONE
Type: Antidepressant.
Uses: Depression and anxiety.
Side effects: Drowsiness.
 
31TRIHEXYPHENIDYL/BENZHEXOL
Type: Antimuscarinic.
Uses: For reducing rigidity and tremor in young patients with parkinsonism.
Side effects: Blurring of vision, urine retention, constipation, dry skin and dryness of mouth.
 
VANCOMYCIN
Type: Glycopeptide antibiotic.
Uses: MRSA infections, endocarditis and gastrointes-tinal infection.
Side effects: Disorder of the blood, nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
 
VECURONIUM
Type: Muscles relaxants.
Uses: During general anesthesia, convulsions, trauma, tetanus, status epilepticus.
Side effects: Respiratory failure, muscle soreness and hypotension.
 
VERAPAMIL
Type: Calcium channel blocker.
32Uses: Hypertension and supraventricular dysrhythmias.
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, headache and ankle swelling.
 
WARFARIN
Please refer Heparin.
 
ZALCITABINE
Type: Antiretroviral NRTI.
Uses: For prevention of AIDS (commonly used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs).
Side effects: Peripheral neuropathy, headache, in-somnia, gastrointestinal upset, fatigue, liver damage, oral and esophageal ulcer, blood disorder, rashes, breathlessness and pancreatitis.
 
ZIDOVUDINE
Type: Antiretroviral NRTI.
Uses: Mainly used to prevent maternal-fetal HIV transmission.
Side effects: Peripheral neuropathy, headache, insomnia, gastrointestinal upset, fatigue, liver damage, oral and esophageal ulcer, blood disorder, rashes, breathlessness, pancreatitis, itching, chest pain, taste disturbance, anemia, increase frequency of urine and influenza-like symptoms.
33LIST OF PHARMACOLOGY ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation
Meaning
ac
Before bed
ad lib
As desired
bd
Twice daily
cap
Capsule
IM
Intramuscular
IV
Intravenous
LA
Local anesthetic
Liq
Liquid
OC
Oral contraceptive
od
Once daily
om
In the morning
on
At night
opv
Oral poliomyelitis vaccine
ORS
Oral rehydration salt
ORT
Oral rehydration therapy
pc
After food
prn
When required
qid
Four times a day
qqh
Every four hours
si
Sublingual
sos
As required
stat
Immediately
susp
Suspension
syr
Syrup
tab
Tablet
tds
Three times a day