Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd

J.P. Medical Ltd.

83, Victoria Street, London

SW1H 0HW (UK)

Phone: +44-20 3170 8910

Fax: +44(0)20 3008 6180

E-mail: info@jpmedpub.com

Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc.

City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton

Panama City, Panama

Phone: +1 507-301-0496

Fax: +1 507-301-0499

E-mail: cservice@jphmedical.com

Jaypee Medical Inc.

325 Chestnut Street

Suite 412

Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA

Phone: +1 267-519-9789

E-mail: support@jpmedus.com

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.

17/1-B, Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali

Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207

Bangladesh

Mobile: +08801912003485

E-mail: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com

Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.

Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: +977-9741283608

E-mail: kathmandu@jaypeebrothers.com

Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com

Website: www.jaypeedigital.com

© 2016, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.

All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.

This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.

Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com

First Edition: 2001 (Published by Hanley & Belfus, Inc)

Second Edition: 2016

I have to confess that I always have had a soft spot in my heart for this book. Originally published in 2001 with a slightly different name (at that time its title contained: State-of-the-Art), it is now republished with a new title, retweaked and slightly different contents. How and why did this happen? A few months ago, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. got in touch with me and asked if I would be interested in republishing the book in basically its previous exact form with the promise that the publishers will not only make readily available to previous audiences but to new ones: radio­logists, who practice in countries with emerging economies and those in less fortunate locations. I thought that this was a wonderful idea and that it would give me and some of the authors the possibility of updating our previous chapters. As expected most previous authors accepted the challenge, while few others decided that the original writings still held their place in a more modern world and thus they were left intact. In reality, over 90% of the book you hold now in your hands is new or revised. My intention is for this book to be a fast, but informative, read. Printed matter must compete with electronic information and it can do that only if it offers and delivers a significant concentration of information per unit of time spent in it. I believe this new book does. As an editor emeritus of a major clinical journal, I am well aware of the difficulties (timewise) and reticence of many investigators and busy academic clinicians to embark in writing chapters. However, for this book, most guest authors gladly accepted the invitation to revise their previous works and when not they were kind enough to allow others to improve the content of their chapters. As such, in these instances, the names of the original authors have been retained and those of the new ones added. Many thanks to all my colleagues who participated in one way or the other to complete this book and I hope that you, the reader and student, will enjoy and profit from it.

We would like to thank Mr Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director), Ms Angima Shree (Development Editor), and the production team of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India.10