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Embryology
Roopa Kulkarni, Varsha S Mokhasi
CHAPTER 1:
Human Embryology
INTRODUCTION
TERMS USED IN EMBRYOLOGY
Prenatal Period
Postnatal Period
SPERMATOGENESIS
Spermiogenesis
OOGENESIS
UTERINE CYCLE (FIG. 1.4)
Menstrual Phase
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
CORPUS LUTEUM (CORPORA LUTEA) (FIGS 1.5A AND B)
Function
Fate
CAPACITATION OR ACTIVATION OF SPERM
FERTILIZATION
Purposes of Fertilization
In Vitro Fertilization
Procedure
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
BLASTOCYST (FIG. 1.6)
TROPHOBLAST
IMPLANTATION (FIG. 1.7)
Normal Site of Implantation
Abnormal Sites of Implantation
DECIDUA (FIG. 1.8)
TWIN PREGNANCY (FIG. 1.11)
Multiple Pregnancies
Uniovular or Monozygotic Twins or Identical Twins
Modes of Monozygotic Twinning
Binovular or Dizygotic Twins or Nonidentical Twins or Fraternal Twins
CHAPTER 2:
Fetal Membranes
AMNION
Applied Anatomy
YOLK SAC (FIGS 2.1 AND 2.2)
Formation and Boundaries
Functions
Fate of Yolk Sac
EXTRAEMBRYONIC CELOM (FIGS 2.2A TO C)
ALLANTOIS (FIGS 2.3A to C)
Formation
Functions
Fate
CONNECTING STALK (FIG. 2.4)
UMBILICAL CORD
CHORION
Formation
Parts
PLACENTA (FIGS 2.8 AND 2.9)
Full-term Placenta
Definition
Measurements of Full-term Placenta (See Fig. 2.5)
Microscopic Picture of Placenta
Basal Plate
Chorionic Plate
Cytotrophoblast (Langhans Cells)
Syncytiotrophoblast
CHAPTER 3:
Development of Third Week of Life
PRIMITIVE STREAK
Changes Consequent to Gastrulation
DEVELOPMENT OF NOTOCHORD
FORMATION OF NEURAL TUBE
NEURAL CREST
SOMITES
EMBRYONIC FOLDING
Phases of Embryonic Development
Transverse or Lateral Folding of the Embryo
DERIVATIVES OF GERM LAYERS
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm
CHAPTER 4:
Developments in Fourth Week and Onwards
BRANCHIAL APPARATUS
PHARYNGEAL ARCHES (FIG. 4.2)
PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches
Pharyngeal Clefts
DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
Nose Development
Anomalies Associated with the Development of Face
Cleft Lip of Upper Lip
Hare Lip
Oblique Facial Cleft
DEVELOPMENT OF PALATE (FIG. 4.10)
Palatal Anomalies (Fig. 4.11)
Cleft Palate
DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Development of Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Development of Lower Respiratory Tract
Development of Larynx
Development of Trachea
Development of Bronchi and Lungs
Maturation of Lungs
Pseudoglandular Period
Canalicular Period
Terminal Saccular Period
Terminal Alveolar Period
Alveolar Period
DEVELOPMENT OF HEART
Early Development (Figs 4.14A to D)
Partitioning of Primordial Heart
Partitioning of Primordial Atrium
Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle
AORTIC ARCHES AND DERIVATIVES (FIGS 4.19 TO 4.22)
FETAL CIRCULATION (FIG. 4.23)
Portal Vein (Fig. 4.24A)
Vitelline Veins (Fig. 4.24A)
Inferior Vena Cava (Fig. 4.24B)
Components
GUT DEVELOPMENT
Foregut
Derivatives of Foregut
Development of Esophagus
Development of Stomach
Development of Duodenum
Development of Midgut
Midgut Derivatives
Development of Liver
Development of Gallbladder
Development of Pancreas
Development of Hindgut
Cloaca (Figs 4.27 and 4.28)
Hindgut Derivatives
UROGENITAL SINUS (TABLE 4.2)
Formation and Fate
URINARY SYSTEM
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
Development of Urinary Bladder
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS: FALLOPIAN TUBES, UTERUS, VAGINA AND OVARY
Paramesonephric Ducts (Müllerian Ducts Fig. 4.34A)
Development of Uterus
Uterine Tubes
Development of Vagina
Uterus Didelphys (Fig. 4.34B)
Development of Ovary
Development of Testis (Figs 4.35A and B)
Descent of Testis
DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA (FIGS 4.42 TO 4.44)
Male
Development of External Genital Organs
Female
DEVELOPMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SPECIAL SENSES
Neurulation
Derivatives of Neural Tube and Neural Crest (Flow chart 4.1)
HISTOGENESIS OF NERVOUS TISSUE
BASAL LAMINA (TABLE 4.4)
ALAR LAMINA (TABLE 4.5)
SPECIAL SENSES
Formation of the Eye
Formation of the Ear (Figs 4.57A and B)
Inner Ear
Middle Ear
Outer Ear
The Taste
Taste Buds
Olfaction (The Sense of Smell)
Sensory Development—Touch
DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Development of Pituitary Gland
Development of Suprarenal Glands
Development of Cortex
Development of Medulla
Development of Thyroid Gland
Development of Parathyroid Glands
INDEX
TOC
Index
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