Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Physical Therapy: Treatment of Common Orthopedic Conditions
Neeraj D Baheti, Moira K Jamati
SECTION 1: UPPER EXTREMITY
CHAPTER 1:
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Anatomical Review
Components of the Thoracic Outlet
Muscular Components
Relevance
Bony Components
Relevance
Neural Components
Relevance
Classifications of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Subjective Examination
History
Symptom Irritability
Prior Treatment
Current Level of Activity
Objective Examination
Postural Screen
Hand Temperature
Active Movements
Special Tests in Standing
Elevated Arm Stress Test
EAST with Pulse Oximetry
Adson's Test
Supine Tests
Palpation
Shoulder Mobility
Differential Diagnostic Testing
Spurling's Test
EAST in Non-TOS Patients
Cervical Traction
Tinel's Test
Pectoralis Minor Test
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Edgelow Neurovascular Entrapment Syndrome Treatment
Assessment and Patient Self-assessment
Goals of Treatment
ENVEST Program Exercises
Alternative Treatment Approaches
Massage Therapy
Chiropractic Intervention
Taping
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 2:
Scapular Dyskinesis
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Kinematics of Shoulder Girdle
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Observation
Range of Motion Assessment
Strength Assessment
Special Tests
Differential Diagnosis
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Flexibility and Mobility
Posture
Neuromuscular Re-education
Strengthening
Taping and Bracing
Modalities
Medical Intervention and Surgery
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 3:
Rotator Cuff Impingement
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Anatomical Review
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Differential Diagnosis
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Exercise Therapy
Specific Exercise Prescription
Minimizing Deltoid Activation
Scapula Control
Neuromuscular Control
Pain Associated with Concomitant Muscular Spasm and/or Fatigue
Manual Therapy
Joint Mobilization Mechanics
Shoulder Joint Mobilization Techniques
High Velocity Low Amplitude Thrust Manipulation
Myofascial Trigger Points and Soft Tissue Mobilization
Myofascial Treatment
Motor Strategies
Medical and Surgical Considerations
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 4:
Glenohumeral Instability
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Anatomy
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Anterior Shoulder Instability
Posterior Shoulder Instability
Multidirectional Shoulder Instability
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
History
Postural Assessment
Palpation
Strength Testing
Neurological Testing
Neurovascular Testing
Range of Motion Testing
Special Instability Tests
Humeral Head Translation Tests
Provocation Tests
Differential Diagnosis
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Nonoperative Treatment of Directional Instabilities
Anterior Instability
Posterior Instability Nonoperative Treatment
Multidirectional Instability Nonoperative Treatment
Phases of Rehabilitation
Traumatic Shoulder Instability
Atraumatic Multidirectional Instability
Return to Play Criteria Following Glenohumeral Instability
Glenohumeral Bracing
Surgical Considerations
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Anatomy
Etiology
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
History and Functional Questionnaires
Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire
Work History
Computer Usage
Leisure Activities
Social and Recreational Activities
Driving
Caring for Family and/or Pets
Body Type
Provocative Testing and Nerve Compression Testing
Active Range of Motion Assessment and Palpation
Cervical Spine Screening
Postural Screening
Grip Strength Testing
Pinch Strength Testing
Myofascial Pain Differentiation
Differential Diagnosis
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Treatment Planning
Improving Activity Tolerance
Orthotic Considerations
Nerve Mobilization and Gliding
Patient Education and Training
Stretching
Activity and Ergonomic Modifications
Ergonomic Reaching and Fitting
Ergonomic Positioning and Adaptations for Interacting with Vision
Ergonomic Seating
Stretching and Restoration of Muscle Length for Seated Activities
Workload Reduction
Frequent Body Movements during Sustained Positions
Modifications for Leisure Activities
Increasing Upper Extremity Activity
Full Upper Quadrant Arm Stretch
Manual Therapy
Manual Edema Mobilization
Taping
Soft Tissue Mobilization
Physical Agents
Ultrasound
Electrical Nerve Stimulation
Phonophoresis and Iontophoresis
Contrast Bath
Low-Level Laser Therapy
Exercises and Therapeutic Activities
Alternative and Complementary Medicine
Medical and Surgical Considerations
CONCLUSION
SECTION 2: SPINE
CHAPTER 6:
Cervical Sprain and Strain
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Whiplash Injury
Cumulative Trauma Disorders
Anatomy
Primary Anatomical Structures
Secondary Anatomical Structures
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Postural Observation
Anterior View
Posterior View
Lateral View
Range of Motion Testing
Testing to Determine Cervical versus Thoracic Range of Motion Mediated Symptoms
Special Tests
Ligament Sprain
Vertebral Artery
Muscle Strain
Cervical Muscle Strength and Endurance Testing
Respiratory Strength
Neurologic
Peripheral Nerve
Soft Tissues
Ligamentous
Diagnostic Imaging
Diagnostic Testing
Differential Diagnosis
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Stages of Soft Tissue Healing
Bracing
Taping
Modalities
Manual Lymphatic Draining
Intramuscular Manual Therapy
Soft Tissue Mobilization
Acute State Soft Tissue Mobilization
Chronic State Soft Tissue Mobilization
Exercise Treatment
Cup Exercise
Supine Balance Training
Prone Balance Training
Squats
Single Limb Balance
Rows
Triceps Press
Prone Ball or Balance Board
Supine Ball or Balance Board
Segmental Strengthening
Segmental Extension over Ball
Hourly Exercises
Frog on Ball
Cardiovascular Exercise
Surgical and Medical Considerations
Injections
Surgeries
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 7:
Cervical Radiculopathy
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy
Vertebrae
Intervertebral Disk
Nerve Roots
Musculature
Zygapophyseal Joints
Intervertebral Foramen
Uncovertebral Joint
Biomechanics
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Signs and Symptoms
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Differential Diagnosis
Jaw Pain and Headaches
Postural Examination
Ergonomic Assessment
Respiration Assessment
Neurological Examination
Strength Testing for Neurologic Weakness
Reflex Testing
Sensory Testing
Mobility Examination
Segmental Mobility
Cervical Strength and Endurance Testing
Special Tests
Vertebral Artery Testing69
The Spurling Test (Fig. 18)
The Shoulder Abduction Test
Upper Limb Tension Tests (Figs 19 and 20)
Cervical Distraction Test (Fig. 21)
Tinel's Test
Palpation
Diagnostic Imaging and Electrodiagnostic Tests
Imaging
Electrodiagnostics
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Manual Therapy Treatment
Cervical Traction39,46,52
Muscle Energy Technique
Neurodynamic Treatment
Joint Mobilization
Trigger Point Manipulation
Therapeutic Exercise
Range of Motion Exercises
Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy
Stretching
Cervical Strengthening
Stabilization of the Cervical Spine
Scapular Stabilization
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Alternative Therapies
Medical and Surgical Interventions
Oral Medications
Injections
Surgeries
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 8:
Lumbar Strain and Sprain
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Anatomical Review
Disk
Facets
Ligaments
Muscles
Nerves
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Functional Loss Characteristics
Position Sensitivity
Weight Bearing Sensitivity
Constrained Posture Sensitivity
Pressure Sensitivity
Phases of Healing
Inflammatory Phase
Repair Phase
Remodeling Phase
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Evaluation
Observation
Active Range of Motion
Segmental Mobility
Palpation
Neurological Screening
Tension Signs
Special Tests
Differential Diagnosis
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Treatment Principles
Protect the Lumbar Motion Segments
Limit Spinal Loading
Limit Positions that Stretch the Neural Tissues
Attempt to Diminish Fear—Avoidance Behavior
Begin with Local Muscles and then Move to Global Muscles
Incorporate Proprioception and Balance Exercises
Patient Education
Treatment Outline through the Phases of Healing
Inflammatory Stage
Cardiovascular
Fibroblastic (Repair) Stage
Remodeling Stage
Alternative Treatments
Medical and Surgical Considerations
Disk Interventions
Facet Joint Interventions
Ligament Intervention
Surgical Procedures
CONCLUSION
SECTION 3: LOWER EXTREMITY
CHAPTER 9:
Osteoarthritis of the Hip and Knee
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Etiology
Prognosis and Progression of Osteoarthritis
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Diagnosis
Assessment
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Education
Weight Loss
Exercise Therapy
Manual Therapy
Braces, Orthotics, and Insoles
Tape
Thermal Modalities
Alternative and Medical Interventions
Acupuncture
Pharmacological Interventions
Surgical Considerations
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:
Hamstring Strain
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy
Epidemiology
Prognosis
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Range of Motion and Flexibility
Active Knee Extension Test8,20
Fingertip to Foot
Palpation
Hamstrings
Hip Adductors
Strength Testing
Knee Flexion
Hip Extension
Neural Tension Testing
Slump Test
Passive Straight Leg Raise Test8,28
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Phase I
Stationary Bike
Tissue Mobilization
Hamstring Stretching
Dynamic Stretching
Resistance Exercises
Exercise Progressions
Phase II
Fast Feet16
Bridge Walkouts16
Hamstring Bridges16
Swiss Ball Hamstring Curls
Windmill Touches16
Nordic Hamstrings44
Alternate Quick Lunges
Foot Catches6
Sunrisers
Stretch-Band Backpedaling
Phase III
Marching42
A-Skips16
B-Skips16
Straight Leg Jogging43
Butt Kicks42
High Knees43
Box Jumps43
Alternative Treatments
Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization Techniques
Dry Needling
Modalities
Medical Interventions
Steroid Injections
Platelet Rich Plasma
Surgery
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11:
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Functional Anatomy
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Standing Examination
Seated Examination
Supine Examination
Side-Lying Examination
Prone Examination
Dynamic Examination
Role of Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
Phase V
Alternative Treatments
Medical and Surgical Considerations
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12:
Patellar Tendinopathy
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Anatomy and Etiology
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Anthropometry
Palpation
Radiological Findings
Flexibility Testing
Strength Testing
Foot Arch Posture
Jump Assessment
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors
Differential Diagnosis
Outcome Tool
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Phase I: Protective Phase
Phase 2: Intermediate Phase
Phase 3: Advanced Phase
Alternative Treatment
Topical Therapy
Injection Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Open Surgical Technique
Arthroscopic Surgical Technique
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13:
Achilles Tendinopathy
INTRODUCTION
Pathophysiology
Etiology and Epidemiology
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
History
Objective Examination
Location of Tendon Pain (Insertional vs Non-insertional)
Appearance and Quality of Tendon (Swelling, Continuity of Tissue)
Lower Leg Alignment (Pronation, Supination, External or Internal Rotation)
Muscle Atrophy (Particularly Gastroc-soleus Complex)
Gait
Subtalar Range of Motion
Ankle Range of Motion
Lower Quarter Muscle Strength
Plantar Flexion Strength and Endurance
Manual Strength Testing
Differential Diagnoses
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Rehabilitation Principles
Range of Motion
Neuromuscular Control
Lower Quarter Exercise
Muscle Force Production
General Mobility and Function
Treatment Progression
Early Phase
Goal: Symptom Control
Exercise Guidelines
Key Components
Sample Exercises
Partial WB Leg Press (Fig. 5)
Transition Phase
Goal: Curtail Protective Measures and Advance Neuromuscular Exercise
Exercise Guidelines
Key Components
Sample Exercises
Strength Development Phase
Key Components
Sample Exercises
Standing Closed Chain Calf (Figs 12A to D)
Return to Function Phase
Key Components
Sample Exercises
Alternative Therapies
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT)
Instrument-assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization
Medical Interventions
Injections
Corticosteroids
Platelet Rich Plasma
Prolotherapy
Surgical Intervention
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 14:
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Anatomical Considerations
Etiology and Pathomechanics
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
History
Physical Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Role of Imaging
Pertinent Tests and Measures
Functional Outcome Measures
Palpation
Posture Assessment
Ankle Mobility, Flexibility and Strength
Functional Assessment
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Mobility Restrictions
Strength, Endurance and Neuromuscular Activation
Proximal Considerations
Gait Retraining
Shoe Prescription and Orthotics
Alternative Treatments and Medical Interventions
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15:
Plantar Heel Pain
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy
Intrinsic Muscles
Extrinsic Muscles
Innervation
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Medical Screening and Differential Diagnosis
Movement and Postural Screen
Palpation and Provocation
Range of Motion (ROM)
Neurological Screening
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Patient Education
Manual Therapy and Stretching (Mobility Impairments)
Motor Function (Strength, Coordination and Endurance Impairments)
Strengthening of the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Muscles of the Leg and Foot
Enhancing Motor Control
Gait and Running
Modalities
External Supports (Shoes, Orthotics, Splinting and Taping)
Orthotics
Taping and Splinting
Medical, Surgical and Alternative Interventions
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:
First Metatarsophalangeal Sprain
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy
Etiology and Epidemiology
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Differential Diagnosis
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Kinetic Chain Assessment
PHYSICAL THERAPY TREATMENT
Inflammatory Stage Rehabilitation
Proliferation Stage Rehabilitation
Maturation Stage Rehabilitation
Alternative Therapies and Medical Interventions
Dry Needling
Instrument-Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization
Injections
Surgery
CONCLUSION
APPENDICES: APPENDICES
APPENDIX A:
Throwers Ten Exercises
THROWER's TEN EXERCISE LIST
APPENDIX B:
Patient-Specific Functional Scale
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
FOLLOW-UP ASSESSMENTS
APPENDIX C:
Numeric Pain Rating Scale
INITIAL ASSESSMENT
FOLLOW-UP ASSESSMENTS
APPENDIX D:
Pain Beliefs Screening Instrument
APPENDIX E:
Running Simulation Program
APPENDIX F:
Lower Extremity Functional Test
APPENDIX G:
Return to Running Progression
GUIDELINES
APPENDIX H:
Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Scale
APPENDIX I:
Foot Posture Index Datasheet
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear