Index

AIIMS-MAMC-PGI’s Comprehensive Textbook of Diagnostic Radiology (3 Volumes) Niranjan Khandelwal, Veena Chowdhury, Arun Kumar Gupta

SECTION 1: NEURORADIOLOGY INCLUDING HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 1: Evaluation of Plain X-ray Skull: A Systematic Approach
- INTRODUCTION
- LATERAL VIEW OF SKULL
- FRONTAL VIEW (FIG. 2)
- TOWNE'S VIEW
- BASAL VIEW
- WATERS VIEW
- CALDWELL'S VIEW
CHAPTER 2: Normal Anatomy of Brain on CT and MRI
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUES AND NORMAL APPEARANCE
  - General Considerations
  - Normal Anatomy of Brain
- CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
- BRAINSTEM AND CRANIAL NERVES
- CEREBELLUM
- WHITE MATTER OF THE CEREBRUM
- VENTRICLES AND CISTERNS
- GRAY MATTER NUCLEI AND ADJACENT STRUCTURES
CHAPTER 3: Normal Cerebral Angiography
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 4: Advances in Computed Tomography Technology
- INTRODUCTION
- MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- DUAL SOURCE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- FLAT-PANEL VOLUME COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- DYNAMIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN NEUROIMAGING
- NONCONTRAST COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF HEAD
  - Computed Tomography Angiography
    - Technique
    - Image Processing
- APPLICATIONS
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
  - Computed Tomography Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke
  - Computed Tomography Venography
    - Technique
- MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF SPINE
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
- RADIATION CONCERNS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5: Advances in Neuroimaging Techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- IMPROVEMENTS IN MR HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY (GRADIENTS, COILS AND PARALLEL IMAGING)
- LARGE FIELD OF VIEW IMAGING
- HIGH FIELD STRENGTH MR IMAGING (3T AND BEYOND)
- IMPROVEMENTS IN PULSE SEQUENCES
- SHORT REVIEW OF PRINCIPLES BEHIND NEW MR PULSE TECHNIQUES
- EFFICIENT DATA PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
- CLASSIFICATION OF THE PULSE SEQUENCES (FLOW CHART 1)
- FAST SPIN ECHO
  - Characteristics of FSE
- FLUID ATTENUATED INVERSION RECOVERY
- CLINICAL APPLICATION
CHAPTER 6: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLE
- LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUES
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF MRS OF BRAIN
  - Differentiation of Intracranial Ring Enhancing Lesions
- MRS IN PEDIATRICS
  - Prematurity and Birth Asphyxia
  - Metabolic Disorders and Leukodystrophies
- MRS IN EPILEPSY
  - Lateralization in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
  - MRS in Neurodegenerative Diseases
- MRS IN DEMYELINATING DISEASES
  - Multiple Sclerosis
- MRS IN HEAD TRAUMA
- MRS IN STROKE
- MRS IN PSYCHIATRIC DISEASES
- MRS IN HIV/AIDS
- CLINICAL SUCCESS
  - Future Developments
CHAPTER 7: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- PRINCIPLE OF fMRI AND BOLD CONTRAST
- LIMITATIONS OF BOLD TECHNIQUE
- IMAGING ACQUISITION
- FUNCTIONAL MRI EXAMINATION DESIGN
- FUNCTIONAL MRI EXAMINATION TASK PARADIGM
- POSTPROCESSING AND DATA ANALYSIS
- CURRENT CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL MRI
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 8: Imaging and Interventions in Cerebral Ischemia
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Significance of a Penumbra
- ROLE OF IMAGING IN ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
  - Imaging of Ischemic Infarct
    - Computed Tomography
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- COMBINATION OF DIFFUSION AND PERFUSION MRI IN EVALUATION OF ACUTE STROKE
- IMAGING IN DIFFERENT STROKE SUBGROUPS
- RECANALIZATION STRATEGIES
  - Intravenous TPA
    - European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) Trials I and II70
- INTRA-ARTERIAL THERAPY
  - Technique
  - Intra-arterial Abciximab
- COMBINED IA + I/V
- MECHANICAL THROMBOLYSIS
  - Acute Stroke Imaging Protocol (Flow chart 1)
CHAPTER 9: Imaging of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- GRADING SYSTEM OF SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
- DIAGNOSIS
- ANEURYSMS
- VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
- CAPILLARY TELANGIECTASIAS
- CAVERNOUS ANGIOMAS
- VENOUS ANGIOMAS
- TRAUMATIC SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
  - Subarachnoid Hemorrhage of Unknown Etiology
  - Nonaneurysmal SAH
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 10: Endovascular Management of Intracranial Aneurysms
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Diagnosis
  - Initial Assessment, Management and Grading
- TIMING OF ANEURYSM OBLITERATION
- POOR GRADE PATIENT
- INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE
- ACUTE INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE AND HYDROCEPHALUS
- PREOPERATIVE CARE AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES
- PHARMACOLOGIC THERAPY
- ANEURYSM REPAIR SURGERY OR ENDOVASCULAR COILING
- POSTPROCEDURAL MANAGEMENT
- MONITORING CEREBRAL VASOSPASM AND IMPLEMENTING TREATMENT
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 11: Endovascular Management of Arteriovenous Malformations
- INTRODUCTION
- THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
- COMPLICATIONS OF AVM EMBOLIZATION
- DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE (DAVFs)
- INDICATION FOR TREATMENT
  - Onyx Liquid Embolic Agent
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 12: Endovascular Management of Carotid-cavernous Fistulas
- INTRODUCTION
- SEGMENTS OF INTRACAVERNOUS INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 13: Central Nervous System Infections
- NORMAL CRANIAL MENINGES AND EXTRA-AXIAL SPACES
- PYOGENIC MENINGITIS
  - Clinical and Pathophysiologic Features
    - Imaging in Meningitis
- COMPLICATIONS OR ALTERNATIVE MANIFESTATIONS OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
  - Hydrocephalus
  - Extra-axial Fluid and Pus Collections
  - Cerebritis and Abscess
    - Imaging of Brain Abscess
  - Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
  - Distinction between Cerebral Abscesses and High Grade Neoplasms by Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion MRI
  - Multiple Brain Abscesses Secondary to Septic Emboli
  - Central Nervous System Infarction
  - Ventriculitis
- RECURRENT MENINGITIS
- TUBERCULOSIS
  - Pathophysiology
- TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Computed Tomography
  - Magnetic Resonance
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Hydrocephalus
  - Vasculitis
  - Cranial Neuropathies
- GRANULOMATOUS TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS
- PACHYMENINGITIS
- PARENCHYMAL TUBERCULOMAS
  - Noncaseating Granuloma
  - Caseating Solid Granuloma
  - Granulomas with Central Liquefaction
- DISSEMINATED TUBERCULOMA
  - Paradoxic Expansion
- TUBERCULOUS ABSCESSES
- TUBERCULOSIS ENCEPHALOPATHY
- FOCAL TUBERCULOUS CEREBRITIS
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUBERCULOSIS AND ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME
- NEUROSARCOIDOSIS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- ASPERGILLOSIS
- CRYPTOCOCCAL INFECTION
- MUCORMYCOSIS
  - Imaging Findings
- CANDIDIASIS
  - Imaging Findings
- COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
- HISTOPLASMOSIS
- NOCARDIOSIS
- NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS
  - Hosts
  - Clinical Features
  - Parenchymal Cysts
  - Intraventricular Cysticercosis
  - Subarachnoid Cysticercosis
- SPINAL CYSTICERCOSIS
- ORBITAL DISEASE
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TOXOPLASMOSIS
  - Imaging Findings
    - Differentiation of Toxoplasmosis from CNS Lymphoma
- HYDATID DISEASE
  - Imaging Findings
- CONGENITAL INFECTIONS
- CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
  - Imaging Findings
- SYPHILIS
  - Imaging Findings
- RUBELLA
  - Imaging Findings
- CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
  - Imaging Findings
- HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
  - Imaging Findings
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
  - Imaging Findings
- ENCEPHALITIS
- ACUTE INFECTIVE ENCEPHALITIS/HERPES SIMPLEX ENCEPHALITIS
  - Imaging Findings
  - Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- HERPES VARICELLA ZOSTER ENCEPHALITIS
- JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
  - Imaging Findings
- MEASLES ENCEPHALITIS
  - Acute Measles Encephalitis
  - Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
  - Imaging Findings
  - Subacute Measles Encephalitis
- ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
  - Imaging Findings
- RASMUSSEN'S ENCEPHALITIS
- PRION INFECTIONS—CREUTZFELDT–JAKOB DISEASE
  - Imaging Findings
- ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) AND ITS RELATED CNS INFECTIONS
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
  - Imaging Findings
  - Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
  - Imaging Findings
- CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) ENCEPHALITIS
  - Imaging Findings
  - Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)89
CHAPTER 14: White Matter Diseases and Metabolic Brain Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- MYELIN AND WHITE MATTER
- DEMYELINATING DISEASES: CLASSIFICATION
  - Primary Demyelinating Diseases
    - Multiple Sclerosis
  - Disorders with Secondary Demyelination and Destruction of White Matter
- IMAGING OF WHITE MATTER DISEASES
- NEWER MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES
- PRIMARY DEMYELINATING DISORDERS
- NORMAL APPEARING WHITE AND GRAY MATTER
- TREATMENT
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS LESION ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE
- DISORDERS WITH SECONDARY DEMYELINATION AND/OR DESTRUCTION OF WHITE MATTER
- METABOLIC CAUSES: WHITE MATTER DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH NUTRITIONAL AND VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
- VASCULAR CAUSES
- WHITE MATTER DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL AGENTS OR THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES
  - Radiation and Chemotherapy
  - Solvent Vapor Abuse Leukoencephalopathy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 15: Current Trends in Imaging of Epilepsy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR IMAGING1
- IMAGING OF REFRACTORY SEIZURES
- NEWER ADVANCES IN IMAGING IN EPILEPSY
CHAPTER 16: Imaging of Supratentorial Brain Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF SUPRATENTORIAL BRAIN TUMORS
  - Primary Brain Tumors
  - Metastatic Tumors
    - Calvarial/Meningeal/Masses
- GLIAL TUMORS
- TUMORS OF THE MENINGES
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IN BRAIN
  - Tumor Imaging
  - Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 17: Imaging of Infratentorial Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF INFRATENTORIAL TUMORS BASED ON TOPOGRAPHY1
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 18: Sellar and Parasellar Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL ANATOMY AND APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- PATHOLOGY OF THE SELLAR AND PARASELLAR REGION
- TUMORS
- SKULL BASE LESIONS
- TUMOR LIKE LESIONS
- INFECTIVE CONDITIONS
  - Fungal Infection
- INFLAMMATORY/GRANULOMATOUS CONDITIONS
- VASCULAR LESIONS
CHAPTER 19: Intraventricular Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
CHAPTER 20: Imaging of the Temporal Bone
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE TEMPORAL BONE
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Acquired Cholesteatomas
- OTHER COMPLICATIONS
- RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF VASCULAR TINNITUS AND VASCULAR TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
- DYSPLASTIC CONDITIONS OF THE TEMPORAL BONE
  - Tumors of the Temporal Bone
CHAPTER 21: Imaging of the Globe and Orbit
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL ANATOMY
  - Radiographic Views
- PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
- OCULAR LESIONS
- ORBITAL LESIONS
- ORBITAL TUMORS
- INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
- VASCULAR LESIONS
CHAPTER 22: Imaging of the Paranasal Sinuses
- INTRODUCTION
- PARANASAL SINUS EMBRYOLOGY
- IMAGING MODALITIES AND TECHNIQUE OF EVALUATION
  - Conventional Radiography
  - Computed Tomography
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- NORMAL ANATOMY AND ANATOMIC VARIATIONS12-14
  - Normal Anatomy
    - Nasal Structures
    - Draining Pathways
  - Anatomic Variations
- INFLAMMATORY SINUS DISEASE
  - Acute Sinusitis
  - Chronic Sinusitis
- GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES
  - Polyps and Cysts
- NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES
  - Epithelial Tumors of the PNS
    - Epithelial Tumors of Glandular Origin
- NONEPITHELIAL TUMOR OF PARANASAL SINUSES
- FIBROSSEOUS LESIONS OF CRANIOFACIAL BONES45,46
CHAPTER 23: Imaging of the Neck Spaces
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF SUPRAHYOID AND INFRAHYOID NECK
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES
- NODAL NECK MASSES
- NON-NODAL NECK MASSES
- MASSES OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGIN
- MASSES OF INFLAMMATORY ORIGIN
- MASSES OF NEOPLASTIC ORIGIN
- MASSES OF NEURAL ORIGIN
  - Imaging Features
  - Neurofibromas
    - Imaging Features
- MASSES OF VASCULAR ORIGIN
- MASSES OF MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN
CHAPTER 24: Thyroid Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- THYROID GLAND
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF THYROID DISEASE
- THYROID IMAGING
- PATHOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
  - Lingual Thyroid
  - Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
    - Imaging Features
- DIFFUSE THYROID DISEASE
- MISCELLANEOUS THYROID CONDITIONS
  - Nodular Thyroid Disease
    - Imaging Features
- DIFFERENTIATION OF BENIGN AND MALIGNANT THYROID NODULES
- MANAGEMENT OF THYROID NODULES DETECTED AT ULTRASOUND
  - Percutaneous Aspiration and Biopsy
- ULTRASOUND-GUIDED THYROID NODULE ALCOHOL ABLATION
- BENIGN NEOPLASMS
  - Thyroid Adenoma
    - Imaging Features
- MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS
CHAPTER 25: Malignancies of Upper Aerodigestive Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- ORAL CAVITY
- NASOPHARYNX
- OROPHARYNX
- HYPOPHARYNX
- LARYNX
- CERVICAL LYMPH NODES
- MISCELLANEOUS TUMORS
- POST-TREATMENT IMAGING
CHAPTER 26: Imaging of Skull Base Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMICAL DIVISION
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR ROLE
- ANTERIOR SKULL BASE
- MIDDLE SKULL BASE
- POSTERIOR SKULL BASE
- DIFFUSE/NONSITE-SPECIFIC SKULL BASE LESIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 27: Maxillofacial Imaging: Imaging of Cysts, Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions of the Jaw
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- RADIOLOGICAL FEATURES/APPROACH
- OUTLINE/DEFINITION/MARGINATION
  - Effect on Surrounding Structures
- WELL-DEFINED RADIOLUCENT LESIONS
  - Jaw Cysts
    - Odontogenic Cysts
    - Nonodontogenic Cysts
- TUMORS OR TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 28: Craniovertebral Junction Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
- BIOMECHANICS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- CRANIOMETRY
- CLASSIFICATION OF CVJ ANOMALIES12
  - Congenital Anomalies and Malformations of the Craniovertebral Junction
  - Developmental and Acquired Abnormalities of the CVJ
- INCIDENCE
- NEURORADIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS
- SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
- TRAUMA
- SYNDROMES INVOLVING THE CVJ35
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 29: Endovascular Management of Craniofacial Vascular Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBOLIC AGENTS
- PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION
- IMPORTANT ANATOMIC CONSIDERATION
- POSTEMBOLIZATION CARE
- NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMAS
- PARAGANGLIOMA
- CRANIOFACIAL VASCULAR LESIONS
- MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
  - Epistaxis
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 30: Imaging of Head Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- TBI CLASSIFICATION
- GOALS OF NEUROIMAGING
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES
  - Plain Radiographs
  - Evidence Based Guidelines for Imaging Patients with Head Injury
- IMAGING FINDINGS
- TEMPORAL BONE FRACTURES
  - When to Suspect Temporal Bone Fractures?
  - Types of Temporal Bone Fractures23 (Figs 8A and B)
- EXTRA-AXIAL INJURY9,22
- INTRA-AXIAL INJURY
  - Diffuse Axonal Injury
- VASCULAR INJURY
- CAROTID CAVERNOUS FISTULA
  - Types of Carotid Cavernous Fistula31
  - Treatment of Carotid Cavernous Fistula31
- ACUTE SECONDARY CHANGES
- CHRONIC SECONDARY CHANGES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 31: Imaging of Facial Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES
- FACIAL BUTTRESSES AND REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES5,6
  - Importance of Facial Buttresses14
- CLASSIFICATION OF MAXILLOFACIAL FRACTURES
- PEDIATRIC FACIAL FRACTURES
- CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MAXILLOFACIAL IMAGING
CHAPTER 32: Imaging of Acute Spinal Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING INDICATIONS
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL TRAUMA
- RADIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF SPINAL TRAUMA (ABCS)
- CERVICAL SPINE INJURY
  - Upper Cervical Spine Injuries
  - Lower Cervical Spine Injury (C3-C7)
- THORACOLUMBAR SPINE INJURY
- NONOSSEOUS INJURY
  - Spinal Cord Injuries
  - Subacute and Chronic Injuries
- SCIWORA
  - Whiplash Injury
  - Vascular Injury
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 33: Imaging of Spinal Neoplasms
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF LESIONS
- INTRAMEDULLARY TUMORS
  - Solitary Lesions
  - Multiple Lesions
    - Intramedullary Lymphoma
    - Intramedullary Metastases
- INTRADURAL-EXTRAMEDULLARY TUMORS
  - Solitary Lesions
- EXTRADURAL TUMORS
  - Multiple Lesions
  - Solitary Lesions
- EPIDURAL LESIONS
  - Angiolipoma
  - Epidural Lipomatosis
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 34: Spinal Vascular Malformations
- INTRODUCTION
- SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
- SPINAL CORD PERIMEDULLARY ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA
- SPINAL CORD AVMS
- SPINAL VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
CHAPTER 35: Imaging of Low Backache
- IMAGING OF LOW BACK PAIN
  - When to Image
  - Conditions Causing Back Pain
- IMAGING MODALITIES
  - Radiographs
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, Myelography, Myelography/CT
- TRANSITION VERTEBRA
- SPONDYLOLYSIS AND SPONDYLOLISTHESIS
  - Imaging
- SCHEUERMANN'S DISEASE
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging and Diagnosis
- DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF LUMBAR SPINE
- DEGENERATIVE CHANGE OF THE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
- OSSEOUS DEGENERATIVE CHANGES
- INFECTIONS
- TUMORS
  - Benign Tumors
  - Malignant Tumors
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 36: Localization in Clinical Neurology
- LOCALIZATION IN CLINICAL NEUROLOGY
  - Clinical Diagnosis and Lesion Localization
- APPROACH TO NEUROLOGICAL DISORDER
- OLFACTORY NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE I)
  - Anosmia
- OPTIC NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE II)
  - Visual Pathway Localization (Fig. 2)
- OCULOMOTOR SYSTEM (CRANIAL NERVE III, IV, VI) (TABLE 1)
- TRIGEMINAL NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE V)
- FACIAL NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE VII)
  - Localization of Facial Nerve Lesions (Fig. 3)
    - Supranuclear Palsy
    - Infranuclear Facial Nerve Palsy
- VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE VIII)
- GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL AND VAGUS NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE IX, X)
- SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE XI)
- HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (CRANIAL NERVE XII)
- DISORDERS OF MOTOR SYSTEM
- DISORDERS OF SPEECH
  - Dysarthria
  - Dysphasia
- APRAXIA
- AGNOSIA
- PARIETAL LOBE DYSFUNCTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 37: Basic Neuropathology
- REMOVAL OF THE BRAIN FROM SKULL
- REMOVAL OF VENOUS SINUS, CAVERNOUS SINUS AND MIDDLE EAR EXAMINATION
- EXAMINATION OF THE BRAIN
- INFECTIONS
- NEUROVASCULAR DISEASES
- TUMORS
  - Postmortem Examination of Cases of CNS Tumor
    - General Guidelines
  - Tumors of Neuroepithelial Tissue
SECTION 2: RECENT ADVANCES AND APPLIED PHYSICS IN IMAGING
CHAPTER 38: Ultrasound Instrumentation: Practical Applications
- INTRODUCTION
- MACHINE CONTROLS
- FREQUENCY OF TRANSDUCERS
- TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS
- EXTENDED FIELD OF VIEW
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF FUSION IMAGING
CHAPTER 39: Image Optimization in Ultrasound
- INTRODUCTION
- GRAYSCALE IMAGING
- ARTIFACTS IN B MODE IMAGING3,5-7
- SPECTRAL AND COLOR DOPPLER EXAMINATION
  - Basic Guidelines7
  - Optimizing Color Doppler and Spectral Doppler Settings7-11
- SPECIAL IMAGING MODES1-3,10,13-16
  - Tissue-harmonic Imaging
- COMPOUND IMAGING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 40: Ultrasound Elastography: Principles and Application
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC PHYSICS
- DEPICTION OF ELASTOGRAMS
- DIFFERENT ELASTOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES
- ELASTOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS
- OTHER APPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 41: Computed Tomography Hardware: An Update
- BASIC WORKFLOW OF CT SCANNER
- DETERMINANTS OF AN OPTIMAL IMAGE
- ADVANCES IN HARDWARE
- SPECIAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 42: Dual-energy Computed Tomography
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- PRINCIPLE
- DUAL-ENERGY RATIO
- APPLICATIONS OF DECT
- DOSE CONSIDERATIONS
  - Limitation
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 43: Computed Tomography Perfusion Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- PERFUSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE BASIC PRINCIPLE
- PERFUSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PROTOCOLS
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN ONCOLOGY
- HEPATIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION35-39
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN PROSTATE CANCER
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN LYMPHOMA
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN BRAIN TUMORS
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN HEAD AND NECK TUMORS
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY PERFUSION IN LUNG CANCER
- OTHER APPLICATIONS
- RADIATION ISSUES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 44: Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation: An Update
- INTRODUCTION
- THE MAGNET
- PREPOLARIZED MRI
  - Superconducting Magnet
  - Quench
- MAGNET GEOMETRY
  - Shim Coils
- 3 TESLA AND HIGHER-MAGNET STRENGTHS
  - Gradient System
  - Radiofrequency System
- MULTICHANNEL RF COILS AND PARALLEL IMAGING
  - Computer
  - Data Processing and Image Reconstruction
- ADVANCED MR APPLICATIONS AND HARDWARE
CHAPTER 45: Image Optimization in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO
- CONTRAST-TO-NOISE RATIO
- SPATIAL RESOLUTION
  - Voxel Volume, FOV, Matrix
- SCAN TIME
- ARTIFACTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 46: Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC PRINCIPLE
- B VALUE
- ADC AND EXPONENTIAL IMAGE
- DWI SEQUENCES AND OPTIMIZATION
- ARTIFACTS AND PITFALLS
- ADVANCED DW TECHNIQUES
  - Diffusion Tensor Imaging
  - Whole Body Diffusion-weighted Imaging
- DIFFUSION KURTOSIS IMAGING
  - Intravoxel Incoherent Motion
  - Histogram Analysis of ADC
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF DWI
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47: Functional Magnetic Resonance: Perfusion and Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- PERFUSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
  - Magnetic-contrast Agents in Neural Tissues
  - Imaging Techniques and Methods
- DYNAMIC CONTRAST-ENHANCED MRI
CHAPTER 48: Magnetic Resonance Angiography
- HISTORY AND INTRODUCTION
- FLOW PHENOMENA
- TIME-OF-FLIGHT ANGIOGRAPHY: TECHNIQUES
  - Important Points for Optimization of TOF Angiography5-7
  - Pitfalls with TOF MRA
- PHASE-CONTRAST ANGIOGRAPHY
- CONTRAST-ENHANCED MR ANGIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 49: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Pulse Sequences: An Evolution
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
- TYPES OF SEQUENCES
CHAPTER 50: Digital Radiography: An Update
- INTRODUCTION
- LIMITATIONS OF FILM SCREEN RADIOGRAPHY
- ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY2,3
- EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
- PHYSICS BEHIND DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
- PRINCIPLE OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
- DIGITAL-RADIOGRAPHY SYSTEMS
- TYPES OF SCINTILLATORS
  - Charged-coupled Devices
  - Photon-counting Type DR System
- IMAGE PROCESSING
- ASPECTS OF IMAGE QUALITY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 51: Digital Mammography
- INTRODUCTION
- DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
- BASIC PHYSICS OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
- APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 52: Fluoroscopy and Digital Subtraction Angiography
- OVERVIEW
- FLUOROSCOPY
- DIGITAL SUBTRACTION ANGIOGRAPHY
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 53: Tools in Interventional Radiology
- INTRODUCTION
- PUNCTURE NEEDLES
- DILATORS
- SHEATHS
- CATHETERS
- GUIDEWIRE
  - Selection of Guidewires
- FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY AND BIOPSY NEEDLE
- STENT
- EMBOLIZING AGENTS
CHAPTER 54: Magnetic Resonance Contrast Media
- INTRODUCTION
- BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MR CONTRAST AGENTS
- CLASSIFICATION OF MR CONTRAST AGENTS
- GADOLINIUM-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS
- MANGANESE-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS
- IRON OXIDE-BASED CONTRAST AGENTS
- ORAL-CONTRAST AGENTS
- ONGOING RESEARCH AND FUTURE TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 55: Ultrasound Contrast Agents
- INTRODUCTION
- EVOLUTION OF UCAS
- TECHNIQUE OF CEUS
- SAFETY OF UCAs
- DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS OF UCAs
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 56: Iodinated Contrast Media: An Update
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ICM
- BASIC CHEMISTRY OF ICM
  - Types of ICM
- ICM PHARMACOKINETICS
- FUTURE OF ICM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 57: Contrast Reactions and Its Management
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF ADVERSE REACTION
- IDIOSYNCRATIC ANAPHYLACTOID REACTIONS
- NONIDIOSYNCRATIC REACTIONS22-25
CHAPTER 58: Picture Archiving and Communication System and Radiology Information System
- INTRODUCTION
- PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
- RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEM
CHAPTER 59: Evidence-based Radiology
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
- WHY EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE?
  - How does Evidence-based Radiology Differ from Evidence-based Medicine?
  - Limitations of Evidence-based Practice
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 60: Radiation Hazards and Radiation Units
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIATION HAZARDS
- DAMAGE TO DNA BY THE RADIATION
- THE EFFECT OF RADIATION
CHAPTER 61:Radiation Protection
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- RADIATION UNITS
  - Conventional Units
  - SI Units
- SPECIFIC QUANTITIES AND THEIR ASSOCIATED UNITS EXPOSURE
  - Absorbed Dose
    - Units
- BIOLOGICAL IMPACT
  - Dose Equivalent
  - Effective Dose Equivalent (Effective Dose)
- INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER RADIATION TYPES AND SOURCES
- BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF RADIATION
- CLASSIFICATION OF RADIATION INJURY
  - Malignancies Associated with Radiation Exposure
  - Genetic Effects of Radiation
- DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS AS DOCUMENTED FROM RADIATION ACCIDENTS
  - Acute Total-body Irradiation
  - Chronic Radiation Effects
- THE REGULATORY BODIES
  - Role of AERB
  - Radiation Protection Survey and Program (Flow chart 1)
- PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION HAZARD PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION
- CARDINAL PRINCIPLE OF RADIATION PROTECTION
  - Time
  - Distance
  - Shielding
- SAFETY OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING DURING PREGNANCY
- RECOMMENDED DOSE LIMITS TO PREGNANT WOMEN18,19
- RADIATION DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT
  - Methods of Detection
- PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY
  - Pocket Dosimeter
  - Film Badge Monitoring
  - Thermoluminescent Dosimetry Monitoring
  - Electronic Dosimeters
  - Wearing the Dosimeter
    - During Radiography
    - During Fluoroscopy
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (RADIATION EXPOSURE AND DOSE MODULATIONS)
  - Radiation Dose Measures: CT Specific
  - Conventional Radiographic Projections
  - CT Radiation Projections
- TYPICAL DOSE MEASUREMENTS
  - Multiple Scan Average Dose
  - Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI)
  - Dose-length Product (DLP)
  - Techniques for Controlling Radiation Dose at CT
- USING AUTOMATED EXPOSURE CONTROL
- MODIFYING THE ACQUISITION PARAMETERS
  - Reducing the Milliampere-seconds Value
  - Increasing Pitch
  - Varying the Milliampere-seconds Value by Patient Size
  - Optimum Tube Potential47
- ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 62: Planning a Modern Imaging Department
- INTRODUCTION
- PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION
  - Divisions of the Radiology Department
- LOCATION
- LAYOUT
- EQUIPMENT
- MAMMOGRAPHY
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- ULTRASOUND
- PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
- SAFETY STANDARDS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
- TELERADIOLOGY
CHAPTER 63: Recent Advances in Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance
- INTRODUCTION
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
  - Clinical Applications of PET/CT
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY/MAGNETIC RESONANCE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 64: Common Drugs Used in an Imaging Department
- INTRODUCTION
- DRUGS FOR PATIENT PREPARATION: SEDATIVES
  - Local Anesthetics
  - Methods of Administration
- DRUGS USED FOR OPTIMIZING IMAGING EVALUATION: DIURETICS
- DRUGS AFFECTING COAGULATION: PROCOAGULANTS
- SCLEROSANTS AND EMBOLIC AGENTS
- GELATIN FOAM
- POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
- TRIS-ACRYL GELATIN MICROSPHERES
- N-BUTYL-2 CYANOACRYLATE
- ETHYLENE VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER
- ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL
- SODIUM TETRADECYL SULFATE
  - Transarterial Chemoembolization
CHAPTER 65: Molecular Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- MOLECULAR IMAGING PROBES IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR MOLECULAR IMAGING
  - Oncology
- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS
- CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
- INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES
  - Newer Agents for Imaging Infection/Inflammation
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 66: Ethical and Legal Issues in Radiology
- ETHICAL ISSUES
- DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
- RADIATION ISSUES
- LEGAL ISSUES
  - Image Interpretation and Reporting
- LAWS/LEGAL ACTS APPLICABLE TO MEDICINE
- TELERADIOLOGY: WHO IS RESPONSIBLE?
SECTION 3: GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING
CHAPTER 67: Current Status of Conventional Techniques and Advances in Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOLOGY
- CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES: PRESENT SCENARIO
- ADVANCES IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT IMAGING
- CHARACTERISTIC
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 68: Nontraumatic Acute Abdomen
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
- MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 69: Imaging in Abdominal Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
- ORGAN TRAUMA
  - Peritoneal Cavity
    - Pneumoperitoneum
    - Hemoperitoneum
- SPLEEN
- LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT
- PANCREAS
- URINARY TRACT
- ADRENAL
- HOLLOW VISCUS, OMENTAL AND MESENTERIC INJURY
- DIAPHRAGM
- RETROPERITONEUM
- ABDOMINAL WALL INJURY
- PENETRATING ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 70: Imaging of the Esophagus
- INTRODUCTION
  - Pharyngeal and Esophageal Anatomy
  - Physiology of Swallowing
- CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE
- ESOPHAGITIS
- ESOPHAGEAL DIVERTICULA
  - Intramural Pseudodiverticulosis
- ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
- TRAUMATIC LESIONS
  - Foreign Bodies
- MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
- ESOPHAGEAL TUMORS
- INDENTATIONS AND DISPLACEMENT
- RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CHAPTER 71: Benign Lesions of Stomach and Small Intestine
- INTRODUCTION
- NARROWING OF STOMACH
- THICKENED GASTRIC FOLDS AND FILLING DEFECTS
- REDUCED OR ABSENT RUGAL FOLDS
- GAS IN WALL OF STOMACH
- GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
- GASTRIC DILATATION WITHOUT OBSTRUCTION
- POSITIONAL ABNORMALITIES
- THICKENING OF DUODENAL FOLDS
- DUODENAL FILLING DEFECTS
- DUODENAL NARROWING OR OBSTRUCTION
- EXTRINSIC IMPRESSION ON BULB
- WIDENING OF DUODENAL SWEEP
- MISCELLANEOUS ABNORMALITIES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 72: Malignant Lesions of the Stomach and Small Intestine
- INTRODUCTION
- CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH
- CARCINOMA OF THE SMALL BOWEL
  - Adenocarcinoma of the Small Bowel
  - Carcinoid
- GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS
  - Imaging Features of GIST
  - Treatment of GIST
- METASTASES TO THE STOMACH AND SMALL BOWEL
- MISCELLANEOUS MALIGNANT TUMORS OF STOMACH AND SMALL BOWEL
CHAPTER 73: Abdominal Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
  - Pathological Findings
  - Clinical Spectrum
- TUBERCULOUS PERITONITIS
- TUBERCULAR LYMPHADENITIS
- GASTROINTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS
- ESOPHAGEAL TUBERCULOSIS
- GASTRIC TUBERCULOSIS
- DUODENAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS ENTERITIS
- ILEOCECAL TUBERCULOSIS
- APPENDICEAL TUBERCULOSIS41
- COLONIC TUBERCULOSIS
- ANORECTAL TUBERCULOSIS29
  - Enterolithiasis
- VISCERAL TUBERCULOSIS
- AIDS AND TUBERCULOSIS
  - Percutaneous Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Abdominal Tuberculosis
- NUCLEAR IMAGING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 74: Nontubercular Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
- INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES
- RADIOLOGY
- ULCERATIVE COLITIS
- CROHN'S DISEASE
- OTHER INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES
CHAPTER 75: Colorectal Malignancies
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PATHOLOGY
- ROUTE OF SPREAD
- STAGING
- ROLE OF RADIOLOGY
  - Screening for Colorectal Cancer
- DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 76: Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOLOGY
- STAGING
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER 77: Imaging of Appendix
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL IMAGING APPEARANCE
- ACUTE APPENDICITIS
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Picture
- IMAGING
- WHICH MODALITY AND WHEN
- MUCOCELE OF APPENDIX
- PRIMARY APPENDICEAL INTUSSUSCEPTION
- POSTOPERATIVE APPENDICEAL DEFECTS
- TUMORS OF THE APPENDIX
CHAPTER 78: Liver Anatomy and Techniques of Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL ANATOMY
- BISMUTH AND COUINAUD'S SEGMENTAL NOMENCLATURE
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY
- ANGIOGRAPHY
  - Technique
  - Anatomy
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 79: Benign Focal Lesions of the Liver
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- HEPATIC CYSTS
  - Imaging Features
- CONGENITAL HEPATIC FIBROSIS AND POLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASE
  - Imaging Features
- BILIARY CYSTADENOMA
  - Imaging Features
    - USG and CT
    - MR Imaging
- BILE DUCT HAMARTOMA
- HEMANGIOMA
- HEPATOCELLULAR ADENOMA
  - Imaging Features
- FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA
- NODULAR REGENERATIVE HYPERPLASIA
- ADENOMATOUS HYPERPLASTIC NODULE
- LIPOMATOUS TUMORS
  - CT
  - MRI
- PEDIATRIC LIVER TUMORS
- FOCAL INFLAMMATORY LESIONS OF LIVER
- HYDATID DISEASE
- HEPATIC TUBERCULOSIS
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
- HEPATIC SCHISTOSOMIASIS
  - Imaging Features
- HEPATIC PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII INFECTION
  - Miscellaneous Lesions
CHAPTER 80: Malignant Focal Lesions of the Liver
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY MALIGNANT FOCAL LESIONS
- SECONDARY MALIGNANCIES
  - Metastatic Disease
  - Lymphoma
CHAPTER 81: Diffuse Liver Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- FATTY LIVER (HEPATIC STEATOSIS)
- HEPATITIS
- HEMOCHROMATOSIS AND HEMOSIDEROSIS
- AMYLOIDOSIS
- WILSON'S DISEASE
- GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES
- CIRRHOSIS
- MALIGNANT DIFFUSE LIVER DISEASES
CHAPTER 82: Imaging of Obstructive Biliopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- BENIGN LESIONS CAUSING OBSTRUCTIVE BILIOPATHY
- MALIGNANT LESIONS CAUSING OBSTRUCTIVE BILIOPATHY
CHAPTER 83: Clinical Aspects of Liver Cirrhosis: A Perspective for the Radiologists
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS OF CIRRHOSIS
- NATURAL HISTORY AND PROGNOSIS
- SEVERITY OF CIRRHOSIS
- TYPES OF CIRRHOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS OF CIRRHOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS OF CIRRHOSIS
  - Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- TREATMENT OF CIRRHOSIS
  - Treatment of Complications
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 84: Imaging and Interventions in Pancreatitis
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- MILD ACUTE PANCREATITIS OR EDEMATOUS PANCREATITIS
- SEVERE ACUTE PANCREATITIS
- CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 85: Tumors of Pancreas
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- MACROANATOMY
  - Ductal System
  - Vascular System
- PATHOLOGY
  - Classification of Tumors (Based on Predominant Cell Type and Radiological Appearances1)
- PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA
- PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR
- STAGING OF PANCREATIC TUMORS
- CYSTIC TUMORS
- UNCOMMON CYSTIC PANCREATIC TUMORS
- UNCOMMON SOLID PANCREATIC TUMORS
CHAPTER 86: Imaging in Portal Hypertension
- ANATOMY AND COLLATERAL CIRCULATION
- ETIOLOGY OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
- NONINVASIVE RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
- INTRAHEPATIC PORTAL HYPERTENSION
- MEDICAL TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP
  - Evaluation of Surgical Portosystemic Shunts and Tips
  - Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt
CHAPTER 87: Hepatic Venous Outflow Tract Obstruction
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
- EVALUATION OF HEPATIC VEINS IN BCS
- EVALUATION OF IVC IN BCS
  - Collateral Pathways
- ASSESSMENT OF LIVER PARENCHYMA IN BCS
- MANAGEMENT OF BCS
CHAPTER 88: Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE
  - Transcatheter Embolization
- SPECIFIC SITUATIONS IN GI HEMORRHAGES
  - Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
    - Hemobilia
    - Pancreatitis and UGIH
  - Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 89: Interventions in Obstructive Biliopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- INDICATIONS FOR BILIARY DRAINAGE
CHAPTER 90: Interventional Treatment of Liver Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT OF LIVER TUMORS
  - Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- METASTATIC TUMORS OF LIVER
- BENIGN TUMORS OF LIVER
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 91:Percutaneous Nonvascular Gastrointestinal Tract Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- PERCUTANEOUS GASTROSTOMY
- PERCUTANEOUS JEJUNOSTOMY
- ESOPHAGEAL STENTING
- GASTRODUODENAL STENTING
- COLORECTAL STENTING
- PERCUTANEOUS ENTEROCUTANEOUS FISTULA CLOSURE WITH N-BUTYL-2-CYANOACRYLATE
CHAPTER 92: Interventional Radiology in Portal Hypertension
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT
- REVISION OF OCCLUDED SURGICAL SHUNT
- ARTERIOPORTAL FISTULAS
- RECANALIZATION OF OCCLUDED PORTAL VEIN AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
- PARTIAL SPLENIC EMBOLIZATION
- PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC VARICEAL EMBOLIZATION
  - Angiographic Vasopressin Infusion
- BALLOON-OCCLUDED RETROGRADE TRANSVENOUS OBLITERATION OF GASTRIC VARICES
- BUDD–CHIARI SYNDROME
- RECENT ADVANCES
SECTION 4: GENITOURINARY IMAGING
CHAPTER 93: Current Status of Conventional Techniques in Urogenital Imaging
- BACKGROUND
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 94: Ultrasound of Urogenital Tract: Techniques and Normal Appearances
- KIDNEYS AND URETERS
- URINARY BLADDER AND URETHRA
  - Technique
  - Normal Sonographic Appearance
    - Urethra
- PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLES
- SCROTUM
- PENIS
  - Technique and Normal Appearance
  - Indications
- UTERUS AND ADNEXA
  - Technique
  - Normal Appearances
- CERVIX AND VAGINA
- ADNEXA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 95: Computed Tomography of Urogenital Tract: Techniques and Normal Appearances
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL RENAL STRUCTURE AND CT ANATOMY OF KIDNEYS
- NORMAL CT ANATOMY OF THE PELVIS
- MULTIDETECTOR CT
- EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE AND IMAGING PROTOCOLS OF MULTIDETECTOR ROW CT OF THE KIDNEY
- PHASES OF RENAL ENHANCEMENT/ MULTIPHASIC HELICAL CT
- IMAGE PROCESSING AND POSTPROCESSING TECHNIQUES
- MULTIDETECTOR CT UROGRAPHY
- MULTIDETECTOR CT IN RENAL MASSES
- MDCT IN BLUNT RENAL TRAUMA
- MDCT IN EVALUATION OF FLANK PAIN AND URINARY CALCULI
- MDCT IN RENAL INFECTIONS
- HELICAL CT FOR LOWER URINARY TRACT AND PELVIS
- CT ANGIOGRAPHY (CTA) OF RENAL ARTERIES
- VIRTUAL CYSTOSCOPY/ENDOSCOPY
CHAPTER 96: MRI of Urogenital Tract: Techniques and Normal Appearances
- INTRODUCTION
- KIDNEY
- URINARY BLADDER
  - Technique and Recommended Sequences
  - Normal Appearance
- PROSTATE GLAND
  - Technique and Recommended Sequences
  - Normal Appearance of Prostate on MRI
- UTERUS AND OVARIES
  - Technique and Recommended Sequences
  - Normal MR Appearance
- PELVIC LYMPH NODES
CHAPTER 97: Current Status of Nuclear Medicine in Urinary Tract Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 98: Current Status of Urographic Contrast Media
- INTRODUCTION
- DEVELOPMENT OF CONTRAST MEDIA
- TYPES OF RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST MEDIA
- PHARMACOKINETICS OF EXTRACELLULAR IODINATED CONTRAST AGENTS
- PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CONTRAST MEDIA
- ADVERSE REACTIONS TO CONTRAST MEDIA
- EVALUATING THE PATIENT BEFORE CONTRAST MEDIA INJECTION AND IDENTIFYING GROUPS AT INCREASED RISK FOR ADVERSE CONTRAST REACTIONS
- AGGRAVATION OF DISEASES BY CONTRAST MEDIA
- SELECTIVE VERSUS UNIVERSAL USE OF NONIONIC CONTRAST MATERIAL
- STRATEGIES FOR CLINICAL USE: COST CONTAINMENT
CHAPTER 99: Tubercular Infection of the Urinary Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PICTURE
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- CYSTOSCOPY
- RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Genitourinary Tuberculosis in HIV
CHAPTER 100: Nontubercular Infections of the Urinary Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
  - Pathology
  - Radiology
- ACUTE FOCAL BACTERIAL NEPHRITIS
- RENAL AND PERIRENAL ABSCESS
- EMPHYSEMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
- PYONEPHROSIS
- CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
- REFLUX NEPHROPATHY
- FAT PROLIFERATION IN THE KIDNEY
- XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
- HIV-ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY
- RENAL PAPILLARY NECROSIS
- MALACOPLAKIA
- SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA
- PARASITIC INFECTION
CHAPTER 101: Pathology of Renal Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- ADULT RENAL TUMORS
- MOLECULAR/GENETIC FEATURES OF RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
- NUCLEAR GRADING
  - Pathological Staging
  - AJCC Staging
- METANEPHRIC TUMORS
- MESENCHYMAL RENAL TUMORS OCCURRING IN ADULTS
- PEDIATRIC RENAL TUMORS
CHAPTER 102: Pathology of Gynecological Malignancies
- INTRODUCTION
- NEOPLASMS OF THE OVARY
  - Ovarian Surface Epithelial Tumors
- CARCINOMA OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
- MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE UTERUS
- CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX
  - Invasive Cervical Carcinoma
- MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE VULVA
  - Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  - Vulvar Paget's Disease
CHAPTER 103: Imaging in Renal Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- BALLS VERSUS BEANS
  - Imaging Modalities
- RENAL CELL CARCINOMA23
  - Staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma7-11
    - Follow-up
- UROTHELIAL TUMOR
- MIXED EPITHELIAL AND STROMAL TUMORS (MESTs)3,26
- CYSTIC NEPHROMA
- ANGIOMYOLIPOMA
- PNET OF THE KIDNEY
  - Biopsy2,3,35
  - Incidental Solid Renal Mass
CHAPTER 104: Imaging of Urinary Bladder and Urethra
- ANATOMY
  - Urinary Bladder
  - Urethra
    - Male Urethra
    - Female Urethra
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- SPECIFIC DISEASES OF THE URINARY BLADDER
- SPECIFIC DISEASES OF URETHRA
CHAPTER 105: Imaging of the Prostate Gland
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- IMAGING MODALITIES3
- BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
- PROSTATE CANCER
- EVALUATION OF THE METASTASES
- PROSTATITIS AND PROSTATIC ABSCESS
- PROSTATIC CYSTS
CHAPTER 106: Renal Cystic Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Bosniak Classification System
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- SIMPLE RENAL CYST
- ATYPICAL SIMPLE CYSTS
- POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
  - Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) (Potter Type III)
  - Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) (Potter Type I)
    - Clinicopathologic Features
    - Imaging Features
- MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY
  - Clinicopathologic Features
  - Imaging Features
- MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE
  - Clinical Features
  - Imaging Features
- MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY (MCDK) (POTTER TYPE II)
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
- CYSTIC DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL NEOPLASM
  - Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease (ACKD)
    - Clinical Features
    - Imaging Features
  - von Hippel–Lindau Disease (VHL)
    - Pathology
    - Imaging Features
- TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS (TSC)
- CYSTS OF RENAL SINUS
- MISCELLANEOUS CYSTIC DISEASE
- CYSTIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMAS
CHAPTER 107: Renovascular Hypertension
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY OF RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
- SCREENING FOR RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
  - Clinical
  - Clinical and Biochemical Tests
- IMAGING MODALITIES FOR ASSESSMENT OF RAS
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 108: Renal Parenchymal Disease and Renal Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF RENAL FAILURE
  - Acute Renal Failure
  - Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
- ROLE OF IMAGING IN RENAL FAILURE
  - Radiological Approach to Renal Parenchymal Disease
  - Imaging Techniques
- IMAGING IN RENAL PARENCHYMAL DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 109: Renal Transplant
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 110: Imaging of Obstructive Uropathy and Diseases of Ureter
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- IMAGING OF ACUTE OBSTRUCTION
- IMAGING OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTION
- INVASIVE TECHNIQUES IN URINARY OBSTRUCTION
  - Antegrade Pyelography
  - Retrograde Pyelography
- CAUSES OF OBSTRUCTION AND DISEASES OF URETER
CHAPTER 111: Urinary Tract Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- RENAL TRAUMA
- URETERAL TRAUMA
- BLADDER TRAUMA
- URETHRAL TRAUMA
CHAPTER 112: Imaging the Adrenal Gland
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- ADRENAL DISEASES
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 113: Retroperitoneum
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL ANATOMY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- RETROPERITONEAL COLLECTIONS
- AORTA
  - Aortic Aneurysm
  - Aortic Dissection
- INFERIOR VENA CAVA
- LYMPH NODES
- PRIMARY NEOPLASMS
  - Malignant Neoplasms
  - Benign Neoplasms
- RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS
  - Iliopsoas Muscle Compartment
CHAPTER 114: Nonvascular Interventions in the Urinary Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROSTOMY
- SCLEROTHERAPY FOR RENAL CYSTS
- PERCUTANEOUS CATHETER DRAINAGE
- BIOPSIES
- COMPLICATED RENAL TRANSPLANT
- RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF RENAL TUMORS
CHAPTER 115: Vascular Interventions in the Genitourinary Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- RENAL ARTERY ANGIOPLASTY
  - Imaging the Renal Arteries
  - Technique4-6
    - Renal Artery Angioplasty
- RENAL ARTERY STENTING
- RENAL ARTERIAL EMBOLIZATION
  - Technique
- TRANSCATHETER EMBOLIZATION OF RENAL NEOPLASMS
  - Transcatheter Embolization of Renal Pseudoaneurysms
  - Embolization of End-stage Kidney
    - Technique
- UTERINE ARTERY EMBOLIZATION
- VAGINAL AVM EMBOLIZATION
- SCROTAL AVM AND TESTICULAR TUMOR EMBOLIZATION
- VARICOCELE EMBOLIZATION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 116: Imaging in Female Infertility
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF INFERTILITY
- TREATING INFERTILITY
  - Follicle Aspiration15,64,65
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 117: Benign Diseases of the Female Pelvis
- INTRODUCTION
- BENIGN UTERINE LESIONS
- OTHER BENIGN MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
- UTERINE ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION
- BENIGN OVARIAN MASSES
- BENIGN CYSTIC MASSES OF PELVIS
- FUNCTIONAL CYSTS
- CYSTADENOMAS
- COMPLEX MASSES
- BENIGN SOLID OVARIAN MASSES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 118: Imaging in Gynecological Malignancies
- GYNECOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES IN INDIA
- CARCINOMA OF CERVIX
- CARCINOMA OF ENDOMETRIUM
- OVARIAN MALIGNANCIES
- MISCELLANEOUS GYNECOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES
CHAPTER 119: Imaging of Scrotum
- ANATOMY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
  - Technique of Sonography
  - MRI of Scrotum
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE TESTIS
  - Cryptorchidism
  - Miscellaneous Congenital Anomalies
- ACUTE SCROTUM
- TESTICULAR TUMORS
- BENIGN INTRATESTICULAR LESIONS
- EXTRATESTICULAR PATHOLOGIES
CHAPTER 120: Male Infertility and Erectile Dysfunction
- MALE INFERTILITY
- ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
  - Anatomy and Physiology of Penile Erection
  - Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction
SECTION 5: PEDIATRIC IMAGING
CHAPTER 121: Technical Considerations in Pediatric Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- MINIMIZING HEAT LOSS
- IMMOBILIZATION
- SEDATION
- NIL PER ORALLY STATUS
  - Pharmacological Agents
- REDUCTION OF RADIATION DOSAGE
  - Radiography and Fluoroscopy
    - Radiographic Equipment Factors
    - Operator-dependent Techniques
  - Computed Tomography
- USE OF CONTRAST MEDIA
CHAPTER 122: Recent Advances in Pediatric Radiology
- INTRODUCTION
- RADIATION PROTECTION
- NEURORADIOLOGY
- THORACIC IMAGING
- GASTROINTESTINAL IMAGING
- URORADIOLOGY
- MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 123: Interventions in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PEDIATRIC PATIENT
- PATIENT PREPARATION
- TECHNIQUES
  - Access
- PROCEDURES
- EMBOLIZATION
- ANGIOPLASTY
  - Complications of Angioplasty Procedures
- THROMBOLYSIS
- FOREIGN BODY REMOVAL
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- PATIENT EVALUATION
- SEDATION AND ANESTHESIA
- BASIC PROCEDURES
- THORACIC INTERVENTIONS
- GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTIONS
- GENITOURINARY INTERVENTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 124: Imaging of Pediatric Trauma
- IMAGING METHODS6
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 125: Neonatal Respiratory Distress
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICAL CAUSES OF NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
- SURGICAL CAUSES OF NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
- MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES
CHAPTER 126: Childhood Pulmonary Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- PNEUMONIA
- EVALUATION OF ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS
- TUBERCULOSIS
  - Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
  - Postprimary Tuberculosis
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- PARASITIC INFESTATIONS
  - Hydatid Disease of the Lung
  - Others
- PULMONARY INFECTIONS IN HIV-POSITIVE CHILDREN
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 127: Chest Masses
- INTRODUCTION
- LUNG MASSES
- MEDIASTINAL MASSES
- CHEST WALL MASSES
CHAPTER 128: Pediatric Airway
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
  - Normal Anatomy (Plain Radiographs) (Figs 1A and B)
- ACUTE OBSTRUCTION
- CHRONIC OBSTRUCTION
  - Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
  - Subglottic Obstruction
- LOWER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
CHAPTER 129: Developmental Anomalies of Gastrointestinal Tract
- ANATOMICAL
- FUNCTIONAL
- COMBINED ANATOMICAL: FUNCTIONAL
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- ESOPHAGUS
- STOMACH
  - Microgastria
- DEVELOPMENTAL OBSTRUCTIVE DEFECTS
- DUODENUM
- SMALL BOWEL
- LARGE BOWEL
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 130: Imaging of Anorectal Anomalies
- EMBRYOLOGY OF THE CLOACA RELATED TO ARA
  - Internal Cloaca
  - External Cloaca
- CLASSIFICATION
- INFORMATION REQUIRED IN A PATIENT OF ARA
- CLINICAL CLUES
  - Males
  - Females
- IMAGING WORK-UP
  - Invertography
  - Contrast Studies
    - Contrast Studies in Males
- ANORECTAL ANOMALIES IN MALES
- ANORECTAL ANOMALIES IN FEMALES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
CHAPTER 131: Gastrointestinal Masses in Children
- PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS
- CONTRAST STUDIES
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- ESOPHAGEAL MASSES IN CHILDREN
  - Congenital Masses
    - Clinical Presentation
    - Imaging Features
  - Neoplasms
- GASTRIC MASSES IN CHILDREN
- BEZOARS4,28
- SMALL BOWEL MASSES IN CHILDREN
- MESENTERIC MASSES IN CHILDREN
  - Mesenteric and Omental Tumors
- COLONIC MASSES IN CHILDREN
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 132: Hepatic and Pancreatic Masses in Children
- IMAGING
- HEPATIC MASSES
  - Malignant Hepatic Tumors
- HEPATOBLASTOMA
- HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC)
  - Fibrolamellar HCC
- RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
- HEPATIC METASTASES
  - Benign Hepatic Neoplasms
- INFANTILE HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA
- HEMANGIOMA
- MESENCHYMAL HAMARTOMA
- FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA (FNH) AND HEPATIC ADENOMA
- PELIOSIS HEPATIS
- INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
  - Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess
  - Amebic Hepatic Abscess
  - Fungal Abscess
  - Granulomatous Lesions
  - Echinococcal Disease (Hydatid Cyst)
- SIMPLE HEPATIC CYST
- POLYCYSTIC LIVER DISEASE
- CAROLI'S DISEASE
- PANCREATIC MASSES
  - Pancreatoblastoma
- ISLET CELL TUMORS
- SOLID AND PAPILLARY EPITHELIAL NEOPLASM (SPEN) (FRANTZ TUMOR)
- MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
- PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA
- PSEUDOCYSTS
- PANCREATIC TUBERCULOSIS
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 133: Childhood Biliopathies
- DEFINITION AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHOLESTASIS
- PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE
- ETIOLOGY OF JAUNDICE IN THE NEONATE AND INFANT
  - Transient Causes
  - Persistent Causes
    - Common
    - Uncommon
  - Other Causes of Cholestasis
- DIAGNOSIS OF JAUNDICE IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
- NEONATAL HEPATITIS
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
- BILIARY ATRESIA
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
  - Triangular Cord Sign
  - Objective Criteria of Triangular Cord Sign in Biliary Atresia on US
  - Color Doppler US in Biliary Atresia
  - Contrast Enhanced MR Cholangiography for Evaluation of Biliary Atresia
  - Kasai Operation
- HEPATOBILIARY CYSTIC MALFORMATIONS
  - Choledochal Cyst
    - Etiopathogenesis
  - Anomalous Junction of the Pancreaticobiliary Duct
  - Imaging Features
- CAROLI'S DISEASE
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
  - Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis
- PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
- CYSTIC FIBROSIS
  - Imaging Features
- DESTRUCTIVE CHOLANGITIS ASSOCIATED WITH LANGERHANS’ CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
- BILE DUCT PAUCITY
  - Imaging Features
- SPONTANEOUS PERFORATION OF CBD
  - Imaging Features
- INSPISSATED BILE SYNDROME
- JAUNDICE IN OLDER CHILDREN
  - Hepatocellular Causes
- HEPATITIS
  - Imaging Features
- CHRONIC ACTIVE HEPATITIS
  - Imaging Features
- METABOLIC
- CIRRHOSIS
  - Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy
- BILIARY TRACT NEOPLASMS
  - Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (Sarcoma Botryoides)
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
- DISEASES OF THE GALLBLADDER
  - Cholelithiasis
    - Pathogenesis of Gallstones in Infancy and Childhood
  - Imaging Features
  - Acute Acalculus Cholecystitis and Acute Hydrops of the Gallbladder
CHAPTER 134: Congenital Anomalies of the Urinary Tract
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- ABNORMALITIES OF KIDNEY
- ANOMALIES OF THE URETER
- ANOMALIES OF THE URINARY BLADDER
- ABNORMALITIES OF THE URETHRA
CHAPTER 135: Urinary Tract Infections (Including VUR and Neurogenic Bladder)
- INCIDENCE
- RADIOLOGICAL MODALITIES FOR IMAGING OF UTI
- ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN FIRST TIME UTI
  - Vesicoureteral Reflux
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF VUR AND PYELONEPHRITIS
- IMAGING FINDINGS IN ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS
- ACUTE FOCAL BACTERIAL NEPHRITIS
  - Grading of VUR
    - Imaging of VUR
- MICTURATING CYSTOURETHROGRAM
- PRACTICE AND CONCEPT OF CYCLICAL VOIDING
- RADIONUCLIDE CYSTOGRAPHY
- ULTRASOUND IN VUR
- MICTURATING CYSTOURETHROGRAM VERSUS VOIDING UROSONOGRAPHY
- ROLE OF MRI IN UTI IMAGING
- GUIDELINES FOR IMAGING IN UTI: FROM HISTORY TO CURRENT PERSPECTIVE
  - DMSA for Renal Scar: When is the Best Time to Scan?
- TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR REFLUX
- NEUROGENIC BLADDER
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 136: Renal and Retroperitoneal Masses
- IMAGING
- RENAL MASSES
- WILMS’ TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA)
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Pathology
  - Staging
  - Imaging
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment and Prognosis
  - Follow-up and Screening
- NEPHROBLASTOMATOSIS
  - Pathology
  - Imaging Features
- MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA (BOLANDE'S TUMOR)
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Pathology
  - Imaging
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment and Prognosis
- CLEAR CELL SARCOMA
  - Pathology
  - Imaging
- RHABDOID TUMOR
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Pathology
  - Imaging
  - Treatment and Prognosis
- RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Pathology
  - Imaging
- MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC RENAL TUMOR
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Pathology
  - Imaging
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment and Follow-up
- ANGIOMYOLIPOMA
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Pathology
  - Imaging
  - Screening, Follow-up and Treatment
- OSSIFYING RENAL TUMOR OF INFANCY
  - Imaging
- METANEPHRIC ADENOMA (NEPHROGENIC ADENOFIBROMA, EMBRYONAL ADENOMA)
  - Imaging
  - Lymphoma
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging
- LEUKEMIA
- PRIMARY NEUROGENIC TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY
  - Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
  - Neuroblastoma
- CYSTIC DISEASES OF THE KIDNEY
- ADRENAL MASSES
- NEUROBLASTOMA
  - Site
  - Clinical Features
  - Pathology
  - Staging
  - Imaging
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Management and Follow-up
- GANGLIONEUROBLASTOMA
- GANGLIONEUROMA
- PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging
- ADRENAL CORTICAL TUMORS
  - Clinical Features
  - Imaging Features
- ADRENAL HEMORRHAGE
  - Clinical Features
  - Imaging Features
- ADRENAL CYSTS
- PRIMARY RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS
- NEUROGENIC TUMORS
- GERM CELL TUMORS
  - Imaging
- MESENCHYMAL TUMORS
  - Lipomatous Tumors
  - Rhabdomyosarcoma and Undifferentiated Sarcomas
- RETROPERITONEAL LYMPHANGIOMA
- LYMPH NODE MASSES
- RETROPERITONEAL ABSCESS AND HEMATOMA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 137: Evaluation of Female Pelvis and Testicular Abnormalities
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL US ANATOMY OF GENITAL ORGANS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
- UTERUS
- OVARIES
- OVARIAN CYSTS
- ANOMALIES OF THE FEMALE PELVIS
- PELVIC MASSES IN CHILDREN
- NONGYNECOLOGIC PELVIC MASSES
- CONCLUSION
- IMAGING OF TESTICULAR ABNORMALITIES
- EXTRATESTICULAR TUMORS
- ADRENAL RESTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 138: Imaging of Intersex Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION1
- IMAGING OF AN INTERSEX CHILD2-6
- CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSEX
- CLUES TO THE DIAGNOSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 139: Skeletal Dysplasias
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY
  - Newer Imaging Modalities
- OSTEOCHONDRODYSPLASIAS
- DYSOSTOSES
- IDIOPATHIC MULTICENTRIC OSTEOLYSIS
- PRIMARY DISTURBANCE OF GROWTH
  - Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
  - Progeria
- CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES OF BONE WITH KNOWN PATHOGENESIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 140: Skeletal Maturity Assessment
- INTRODUCTION
- MEASUREMENT OF MATURITY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 141: Spinal Dysraphism
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- EMBRYOLOGY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- OPEN SPINAL DYSRAPHISM
- CLOSED SPINAL DYSRAPHISM
- CLOSED SPINAL DYSRAPHISM WITHOUT SUBCUTANEOUS MASS
- SPLIT CORD MALFORMATION
- DORSAL DERMAL SINUS
- CAUDAL AGENESIS (CAUDAL REGRESSION SYNDROME, CRS)
- SEGMENTAL SPINAL DYSGENESIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 142: Imaging of Pediatric Hip
- INTRODUCTION
  - Normal Anatomy
- METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
- PEDIATRIC HIP DISORDERS
- DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP
- IMAGING IN DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP
  - Conventional Radiography
  - Ultrasonography in DDH
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE
- TRANSIENT SYNOVITIS OF HIP
- LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES’ DISEASE
CHAPTER 143: Benign Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors and Conditions
- INTRODUCTION
- CARTILAGINOUS TUMORS
- OSSEOUS TUMORS
  - Osteoid Osteoma
  - Osteoblastoma
- FIBROUS TUMORS
- HISTIOCYTOSIS X (LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS)
- GIANT CELL TUMOR
- TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS
- SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
- FIBROBLASTIC/MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMORS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 144: Pediatric Malignant Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- MALIGNANT BONE TUMORS
- SOFT TISSUE TUMORS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 145: Congenital Brain Anomalies
- INTRODUCTION
- DISORDERS OF ORGANIZATION
- DISORDERS OF HISTOGENESIS
CHAPTER 146: Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy
- INTRODUCTION
- NEUROIMAGING IN INFANTS WITH HIE
- BELOW 34 WEEKS GROUP: THE PREMATURE NEONATE
- ABOVE 34 WEEKS GROUP: THE TERM NEONATE
  - Severe, Total Hypoxia
  - Prolonged Partial Hypoxia
- HYPOXIC–ISCHEMIC INJURY IN POSTNATAL AGE GROUP
  - Severe, Total Hypoxia
  - Mild-to-moderate Hypoxia
- IMAGING CHOICE FOR EVALUATION OF HYPOXIC–ISCHEMIC INJURY
- PREDICTION OF CLINICAL OUTCOME
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 147: Cranial Sonography
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL ANATOMY
  - Cranial Doppler US
- CONGENITAL BRAIN ANOMALIES
- DESTRUCTIVE BRAIN LESIONS
  - Porencephalic Cyst
  - Hydranencephaly
- HYDROCEPHALUS
- INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
- HYPOXIC OR ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
- NEONATAL AND ACQUIRED INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 148: Inflammatory Diseases of the Brain
- INTRODUCTION
- INVESTIGATIVE MODALITIES
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
  - Brain Abscess
    - Abscesses Evolve in Four Stages
- CRANIAL TUBERCULOSIS
- NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS
- HYDATID DISEASE
- VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
- CONGENITAL INFECTIONS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  - Aspergillosis
  - Mucormycosis
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 149: Pediatric Brain Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF CHILDHOOD TUMORS BASED ON TOPOGRAPHY3
- POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMORS
- SUPRATENTORIAL TUMORS
- SELLAR AND SUPRASELLAR TUMORS
- PINEAL REGION MASSES
- EXTRAPARENCHYMAL TUMORS
- OCULAR TUMORS
  - Retinoblastoma
    - Imaging
- RETROBULBAR ORBITAL TUMORS
- MR SPECTROSCOPY IN BRAIN
- NANOTECHNOLOGY
  - Imaging and Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Therapy of CNS Tumors
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 150: Metabolic Disorders of the Brain
- INTRODUCTION
- METABOLIC DISORDERS
- LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISORDERS
- PEROXISOMAL DISORDERS
- UNCLASSIFIED LEUKODYSTROPHIES
- MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS/ DEFECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN
- LEBER'S HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY
- DISORDERS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM/AMINOACIDOPATHIES
- ORGANIC ACIDEMIAS
- METABOLIC DISORDERS PRIMARILY AFFECTING GRAY MATTER
- DISORDERS OF METAL METABOLISM
  - Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)
    - Clinical Features
    - Imaging
  - Menkes’ Disease
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 6: CHEST AND CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
CHAPTER 151: Chest X-ray: Techniques and Anatomy
- INTRODUCTION
- CONVENTIONAL CHEST RADIOGRAPHY
- TECHNICAL ADVANCES
- RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
- SPECIAL RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
  - Inspiratory–Expiratory Radiography
    - Valsalva and Müller Maneuvers
  - Bedside/Portable Radiography
- NORMAL ANATOMY ON CHEST X-RAY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 152: Multidetector Computed Tomography of Chest: Techniques and Anatomy
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- HIGH-RESOLUTION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- ANATOMY
CHAPTER 153: Basic Patterns of Lung Diseases
- PATTERN RECOGNITION
  - High-resolution CT Patterns of Disease
- LUNG DISEASES THAT INCREASE RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
- RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS OF ATELECTASIS
- HIGH-RESOLUTION CT SCAN FINDINGS MANIFESTING AS INCREASED LUNG OPACITY
- LUNG DISEASES THAT DECREASE RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
- RADIOGRAPHIC SIGNS
- HIGH-RESOLUTION CT SCAN FINDINGS MANIFESTING AS DECREASED OPACITY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 154: Radiographic Manifestations of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NEW CONCEPT OF RADIOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- RADIOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- PET/CT IN TUBERCULOSIS
CHAPTER 155: Nontubercular Pulmonary Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- RADIOGRAPHIC PATTERN
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF PULMONARY INFECTIONS
- SPECIFIC PNEUMONIAS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
  - Opportunistic Invaders
    - Aspergillosis
    - Cryptococcosis
  - Primary Pathogens
    - Histoplasmosis
    - Coccidioidomycosis
- PARASITIC INFECTIONS
  - Protozoal Infections
  - Metazoal Infestations
- COMPLICATIONS OF PNEUMONIA
- INTERVENTIONAL PROCEDURES IN THE PATIENTS WITH PNEUMONIA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 156: Imaging of the Tracheobronchial Tree
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
  - Chest Radiograph
  - Computed Tomography
- NORMAL AIRWAY ANATOMY
  - Anatomic Variants
- TRACHEOBRONCHIAL LESIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 157: Imaging of Interstitial Lung Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY
  - High-resolution CT
  - Anatomy of the Secondary Pulmonary Lobule
- SARCOIDOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS-ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
  - Imaging Features
- PROGRESSIVE SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
  - Imaging Features
- SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
  - Imaging Features
- HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
  - Imaging Features
- SILICOSIS AND COAL-WORKER PNEUMOCONIOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- ASBESTOSIS
- LYMPHANGIOLEIOMYOMATOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS
  - Imaging Features
- IDIOPATHIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIAS
- IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS
  - Imaging Features
- NONSPECIFIC INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONITIS
  - Imaging Features
- CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
- RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLITIS-ASSOCIATED INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE
  - Imaging Features
- DESQUAMATIVE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
- LYMPHOID INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
- ACUTE INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
  - Imaging Features
CHAPTER 158: Pulmonary Manifestations in Immunocompromised Host (HIV and Solid Organ Transplant Patients)
- INTRODUCTION
- HIV/AIDS
- NON-HIV IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS
  - Imaging Approach
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA
- MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
  - HIV/AIDS Patients
  - HIV Negative Immunocompromised Patients
- VIRAL INFECTIONS
- FUNGAL INFECTIONS
- NONINFECTIOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF AIDS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 159: Chest in Immunocompromised Host (Hematological Infections and Bone Marrow Transplant)
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS NOT SPECIFIC TO HSCT
- COMPLICATIONS SPECIFIC TO HSCT
  - Infections
CHAPTER 160: Imaging the Mediastinum
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MEDIASTINAL MASSES
- ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
  - Lesions of Thymus
  - Germ Cell Tumors
- MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM
- POSTERIOR MEDIASTINUM
  - Neurogenic Tumors
  - Paraspinal Infection
    - Extramedullary Hemopoiesis
    - Mediastinal Varices
- MULTICOMPARTMENT MEDIASTINAL MASSES/LESIONS
- MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS OF THE MEDIASTINUM
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 161: Imaging of Solitary and Multiple Pulmonary Nodules
- INTRODUCTION
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPN
- INTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPN
- AIR FLUID LEVEL
- INDETERMINATE SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE
  - Contrast-enhancement/Hemodynamic Characteristics on Dynamic Helical CT
    - For Benign Nodules
  - Growth Rate Assessment
- VOLUME QUANTIFICATION ON CT/THREE– DIMENSIONAL EVALUATION
- COMPUTER-AIDED DIAGNOSIS
- IMAGE REGISTRATION
- NEWER TECHNIQUES FOR THE EVALUATION OF SPN
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SOLITARY PULMONARY NODULE72
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPECIFIC LESIONS
- MULTIPLE PULMONARY NODULES
- MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SPECIFIC CAUSES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 162: Lung Malignancies
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- IMAGING FEATURES
- STAGING OF NSCLC
  - Imaging Work-up for the Staging of NSCLC
  - Mediastinal Invasion
- CHEST WALL INVASION
- TREATMENT OF NSCLC
  - Follow-up Imaging
  - Recurrent Lung Cancer
- SCREENING FOR LUNG CANCER
- NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS OF THE LUNG
- RARE LUNG MALIGNANCIES
- LUNG METASTASES
- LYMPHOMA OF THE LUNG
CHAPTER 163: Intensive Care Chest Radiology
- INTRODUCTION
- CHEST X-RAY IN IMAGING OF ICU PATIENTS
- ULTRASOUND IN IMAGING OF ICU PATIENTS
- CT SCAN IN IMAGING OF ICU PATIENTS
CHAPTER 164: Imaging in Pulmonary Thromboembolism
- INTRODUCTION
- PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS
- PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
  - Spiral CT
  - Technique
- VASCULAR FINDINGS
- PARENCHYMAL FINDINGS
  - Acute Thromboembolism
  - Chronic Thromboembolism
    - Acute Versus Chronic Thromboembolism
- PITFALLS IN DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- EFFICACY AND ACCURACY OF MULTIDECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- ISOLATED SUBSEGMENTAL PULMONARY EMBOLISM
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VENOGRAPHY
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
  - MR Venography
- IMAGING-GUIDED INTERVENTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PULMONARY THROMBOEMBOLISM
  - Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 165: Imaging in Thoracic Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- PULMONARY PARENCHYMAL INJURIES
- PLEURAL INJURIES
  - Pneumothorax
  - Hemothorax
- INJURIES OF THE MEDIASTINUM
- INJURY OF DIAPHRAGM
  - Injury of Chest Wall
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 166: Imaging of Pleura
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
  - Layers of Pleura
- PLEURAL EFFUSION
  - Types of Effusion: Exudates and Transudates
    - Exudates
    - Transudate
  - Fibrin Body
- IMAGING IN PLEURAL EFFUSION
  - Plain Radiographs
- ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- PLEURAL EFFUSION OR ASCITIS
  - Loculated Pleural Fluid (Encysted/ Encapsulated)
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF PLEURAL EFFUSION
- BRONCHOPLEURAL FISTULA
  - Postsurgical BPF
  - Infective BPF
- PLEURAL THICKENING
- PLEURA AND ASBESTOSIS18-19
- ASBESTOSIS PSEUDOTUMOR (ROUND ATELECTASIS)
- PLEURAL CALCIFICATION
- PNEUMOTHORAX
- IMAGING FINDINGS
- SIZE OF PNEUMOTHORAX21
- PLEURAL NEOPLASM
- MESOTHELIOMA (MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA)23-24
CHAPTER 167: Imaging of the Diaphragm and Chest Wall
- DIAPHRAGM
- DIAPHRAGMATIC MOVEMENTS
- CHEST WALL
CHAPTER 168: Bronchial Artery Embolization
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY
  - Causes of Hemoptysis (Figs 1A to D)
- DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
- BRONCHIAL ARTERY ANATOMY
- NONBRONCHIAL SYSTEMIC ARTERY ANATOMY
- TECHNIQUE OF BRONCHIAL ARTERY EMBOLIZATION
- RESULTS
- COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 169: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions in Chest
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGE GUIDANCE MODALITIES
- PERCUTANEOUS DRAINAGE OF PLEURAL SPACE FLUID COLLECTIONS
- SECONDARY PULMONARY ASPERGILLOMA
  - Endoluminal Tracheobronchial Stenting
- RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION OF LUNG LESIONS
- VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 170: Chest X-ray Evaluation in Cardiac Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- CARDIAC SILHOUETTE
- PULMONARY VASCULATURE
CHAPTER 171: Imaging in Ischemic Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  - Appropriateness Criteria for use of Cardiac MDCT and CMR in the Investigation of IHD
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 172: Imaging Approach in Children with Congenital Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- RADIOLOGICAL APPROACH
- MULTISLICE CARDIAC CT
- CARDIAC MRI
  - Analyzing CT or MRI Images
  - Anatomy
- CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
CHAPTER 173: Imaging in Cardiomyopathies
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
- DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
  - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
  - Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 174: Imaging Evaluation of Cardiac Masses
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- NEOPLASTIC LESIONS OF THE HEART
- NON-NEOPLASTIC LESIONS
- VARIANT AND NORMAL ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES SIMULATING A CARDIAC MASS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 175: Imaging Diagnosis of Valvular Heart Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- AORTIC VALVULAR DISEASE
- MITRAL VALVULAR DISEASE
- TRICUSPID VALVULAR DISEASE
- HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON PULMONARY VASCULATURE
- ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
- ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 176: Imaging of the Pericardium
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- PHYSIOLOGY
- CONGENITAL PERICARDIAL ANOMALIES
  - Pericardial Cysts
- CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE PERICARDIUM
- PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
- PERICARDIAL TUMORS
  - Metastases
  - Primary Pericardial Tumors
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 177: Nuclear Medicine in CVS and Chest
- INTRODUCTION
- MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING
- RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY
- CARDIAC POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
  - Clinical Application of Cardiac PET
    - Diagnosis of CAD
    - Assessment of Myocardial Viability
- NEW DIRECTIONS IN NUCLEAR CARDIOLOGY
- LUNG VENTILATION: PERFUSION IMAGING
- POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY IN LUNG CANCER
CHAPTER 178: Imaging of Aorta
- INTRODUCTION
- ANGIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- CONGENITAL AORTIC ANOMALIES
- ACQUIRED AORTIC DISEASES
- AORTIC DISSECTION
  - Classification
  - Imaging
- TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS
  - Types31
  - Imaging Findings
- AORTIC TRAUMA
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 179: Imaging of Peripheral Vascular Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION OF THE PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL SYSTEM
  - Imaging Modalities
- PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
- LOWER LIMB ARTERIOGRAPHY9
- EVALUATION OF THE PERIPHERAL VEINS
- OTHER DISORDERS
  - Venous Aneurysms30,31
- CONCLUSION
SECTION 7: MUSCULOSKELETAL AND BREAST IMAGING
CHAPTER 180:Diagnostic Approach to Focal Bone Lesions: Conventional Radiography, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- AGE OF THE PATIENT
- LOCATION OF LESION (FIG. 1)
- PATTERN OF BONE DESTRUCTION
- MARGIN OF THE LESION AND RATE OF GROWTH
- CORTICAL RESPONSE
- MATRIX MINERALIZATION
  - Osseous Matrix
  - Cartilage Matrix
- PERIOSTEAL REACTION
- SOFT TISSUE EXTENSION
- MULTIPLICITY
- MISCELLANEOUS
- BENIGN VERSUS MALIGNANT
- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF BONE LESIONS
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF BONE LESIONS11,12
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 181: Basic Principles and Current Concepts of Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- INTRODUCTION
- HARDWARE ISSUES
- 3T IMAGING
- SEQUENCES
- NORMAL APPEARANCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TISSUES
- IMAGING OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
- MORPHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CARTILAGE
- COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF CARTILAGE
- MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMORS
- USE OF ADVANCED MR TECHNIQUES IN TUMOR EVALUATION
- MARROW IMAGING
- MUSCULOSKELETAL INFECTIONS
- INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS
- INTERVENTIONAL MR IMAGING
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 182: Nuclear Medicine Imaging for Musculoskeletal Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- BONE SCINTIGRAPHY
- SPECT AND SPECT-CT
- PET AND PET-CT
- MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMOR IMAGING
- INFECTION IMAGING
- MUSCULOSKELETAL TRAUMA
- METABOLIC BONE DISEASE IMAGING
- JOINT IMAGING
- FUTURE DIRECTION
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 183: Angiography and Interventions in Musculoskeletal Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUE
  - Diagnostic Angiography
  - Angioembolization
- ANGIOGRAPHY IN BONE TUMORS
- ANGIOGRAPHY IN BONE AND SOFT TISSUE LESIONS OF VASCULAR ORIGIN
- ANGIOGRAPHY IN METASTATIC TUMORS IN BONE AND SOFT TISSUES
- ANGIOGRAPHY IN PERIPHERAL TRAUMA
- IMAGE-GUIDED INTERVENTIONS IN BONE AND SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
- PERCUTANEOUS ABLATION OF BONE TUMORS
CHAPTER 184: Tuberculosis of Bones and Joints
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Radiological Features
- TUBERCULOSIS OF JOINTS
  - Tubercular Arthritis
- TUBERCULOSIS OF LONG AND FLAT BONES
- TUBERCULOSIS OF SHORT BONES
  - Tuberculosis of Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
    - Atypical Mycobacterial Infection
    - Tubercular Infection of Prosthetic Joint
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 185: Nontubercular Bone and Joint Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Radiologic Features
- LOCALIZED OSTEOMYELITIS (BRODIE'S ABSCESS)
- CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS
- SCLEROSING OSTEOMYELITIS OF GARRE
- SYPHILIS OF BONE
- RUBELLA OSTEOMYELITIS
- ACTINOMYCOSIS OF BONE
- MADURAMYCOSIS
- LEPROSY OF BONE
- DIABETIC FOOT
- HYDATID DISEASE
- SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
CHAPTER 186: Tuberculosis of the Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS21-24
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- IMAGING APPEARANCES
- CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHS
- ATYPICAL SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS21
  - Post-treatment Follow-up
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 187: Noninfective Inflammatory Arthritis
- INTRODUCTION
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES
- SCORING SYSTEMS FOR RA
- JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIDES
- SERONEGATIVE SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES
- ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
  - Pathophysiology
  - Radiologic Features
- PSORIATIC ARTHROPATHY
  - Radiologic Features
- REITER'S SYNDROME
- ENTEROPATHIC SPONDYLOARTHROPATHY
- CRYSTAL DEPOSITION ARTHROPATHY
  - Gout
    - Imaging
- CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION DISEASE
CHAPTER 188: Nontubercular Infections of the Spine
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS OF SPINAL INFECTIONS
- IMAGING OF SPINAL INFECTIONS
- TYPES OF INFECTIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 189: Degenerative Disease of the Spine and Joints
- INTRODUCTION
- DEGENERATIVE DISORDERS OF THE SPINE
- DEGENERATIVE DISEASE OF JOINTS
- HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS
- KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
- SHOULDER OSTEOARTHRITIS
- ROTATOR CUFF TEAR ARTHROPATHY
- HAND AND WRIST OSTEOARTHRITIS
- FOOT AND ANKLE OSTEOARTHRITIS
- SECONDARY OSTEOARTHRITIS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 190: Skeletal Disorders of Metabolic and Endocrine Origin
- DISORDERS OF METABOLIC ORIGIN
- RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA
  - Causes
  - Clinical Features
  - Biochemical Findings
  - Pathology of Rickets and Osteomalacia
  - Radiological Features
- RICKETS
  - Signs of Healing Rickets
  - Sequelae
  - Etiologic Considerations of Rickets
- ABNORMALITIES OF VITAMIN D METABOLISM
  - Renal Osteodystrophy
  - Hereditary Vitamin D-dependent Rickets
    - Type I VDDR
    - Type II VDDR
- RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA SECONDARY TO PHOSPHATE LOSS
  - X-linked Hypophosphatemia
  - Renal Tubular Acidosis
    - Type I (Distal) RTA
    - Type II (Proximal) RTA
  - Tumor-associated Rickets and Osteomalacia
  - Chemotherapeutic Drug-induced Rickets
- SYNDROMES WITH THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF RICKETS OR OSTEOMALACIA BUT WITHOUT ABNORMALITIES OF VITAMIN D METABOLISM OR RENAL TUBULAR DYSFUNCTION (PHOSPHATE LOSS)
  - Hypophosphatasia
  - Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (Schmid Type)
  - Atypical Axial Osteomalacia
- OSTEOMALACIA
  - Radiological Changes
- HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
  - Primary HPT
  - Secondary HPT
  - Tertiary HPT
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Biochemical Findings
  - Radiological Approach
  - Radiological Findings
- BONE RESORPTION
  - Subperiosteal Resorption
  - Intracortical Bone Resorption
  - Endosteal Bone Resorption
  - Subchondral Bone Resorption
  - Subphyseal Bone Resorption
  - Subligamentous and Subtendinous Bone Resorption
  - Trabecular Bone Resorption
- BROWN TUMORS
- JOINT DISORDERS
- OSTEOSCLEROSIS
- RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY
- RENAL LESIONS
- NEPHROCALCINOSIS
- PARATHYROID LOCALIZATION
- PREOPERATIVE LOCALIZATION TECHNIQUES
- ANATOMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION IMPORTANT FOR LOCALIZATION
  - Embryology and Anatomy
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Parathyroid Imaging
  - Sonographic Evaluation
  - Pitfalls in Interpretation
  - Percutaneous Aspiration/Biopsy
  - Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Parathyroid Scintigraphy
  - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
- HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Biochemical Findings
- RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS
- PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
  - Clinical Findings
  - Biochemical Findings
  - Radiological Findings
- PSEUDOPSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
- DISORDERS OF ENDOCRINE ORIGIN
- HYPERCORTISOLISM
  - Radiological Findings
- HYPOPITUITARISM
  - Radiological Findings
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
  - Clinical Findings
  - Radiological Findings
- HYPERTHYROIDISM
  - Clinical Findings
  - Biochemical Findings
  - Radiological Findings
- HYPERGONADISM
- HYPOGONADISM
  - Radiological Findings
    - Turner's Syndrome
- GROWTH HORMONE DISORDERS
- ACROMEGALY
  - Clinical Findings
  - Definitive Diagnosis
  - Radiological Findings
- GIGANTISM
- SCURVY
  - Clinical Findings
  - Biochemical Findings
  - Pathophysiology
  - Radiological Findings
- FLUOROSIS
  - Clinical Findings
  - Radiographical Findings
CHAPTER 191: Osteoporosis
- DEFINITION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROTIC COMPRESSION FRACTURES: PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY
CHAPTER 192: Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- BONE-FORMING TUMORS
- CARTILAGE-FORMING TUMORS
- FIBROUS TUMORS/LESIONS
- VASCULAR AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE TUMORS
  - Hemangioma
  - Lipoma
- OTHER TUMORS
  - Giant Cell Tumor
- TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 193: Malignant Bone Tumors
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT BONE TUMORS
  - General Principles of Diagnosis
  - Staging of Bone Tumors
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- OSTEOSARCOMA
- CHONDROSARCOMA
- FIBROSARCOMA
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging Features32
- MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA12
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging Features32
- MALIGNANT ROUND CELL TUMORS (MRCT)
- EWING'S SARCOMA33
- CHORDOMA
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging Features
- LIPOSARCOMA
- VASCULAR TUMORS OF THE BONE
  - Angiosarcoma
  - Hemangioendothelioma
- MALIGNANT GIANT CELL TUMOR
- ADAMANTINOMA OF LONG BONES41
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging Features
- MULTIPLE MYELOMA
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Imaging Features
- PLASMACYTOMA (SOLITARY MYELOMA)
- METASTATIC BONE DISEASE
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 194: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Knee
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING PROTOCOLS/TECHNICAL FACTORS
  - Patient Positioning
  - Slice Thickness
  - Imaging Planes and Pulse Sequences
- MENISCI
  - Normal Anatomy
  - Microanatomy of the Menisci
  - Macroanatomy and MRI Appearance
  - Medial Meniscus
  - Lateral Meniscus
  - Anatomic Variants
- ABNORMAL MENISCUS
  - Meniscal Degenerations and Tears
  - MR Grading of Meniscal Tears
  - Abnormal Morphology
- CLASSIFICATION OF MENISCAL TEARS
  - Horizontal Tears
  - Radial/Free Edge Tears
  - Longitudinal Tears
  - Peripheral Tear
  - Meniscocapsular Separation
- IMAGING CHALLENGES
  - Potential Pitfalls
  - Accuracy of MR in the Diagnosis of Meniscal Tears
- LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS OF THE KNEE
- CENTRAL STRUCTURES OF THE KNEE
  - Anatomy of Anterior Cruciate Ligament
  - Posterior Cruciate Ligament
    - Anatomy of the PCL
    - MR Appearance of PCL
- MEDIAL STRUCTURES OF THE KNEE
  - Anatomy
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - MCL Injury
- POSTEROMEDIAL STRUCTURES OF THE KNEE
  - Anatomy
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- POSTEROLATERAL CORNER OF THE KNEE
  - Anatomy
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- POSTERIOR STRUCTURES OF THE KNEE
  - Anatomy
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- KNEE DISLOCATIONS
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- ANTEROLATERAL CORNER OF THE KNEE
  - Normal Anatomy
- ANTERIOR STRUCTURES OF THE KNEE OR THE EXTENSOR MECHANISM OF THE KNEE
  - Anatomy
  - Patellar Tendinosis (Jumper's Knee)
  - Acute Patellar Tendon Disruption
  - Patellar Tendon–Lateral Femoral Condyle Friction Syndrome
- PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT
  - Patellofemoral Joint Anatomy
  - Femoral Trochlear Groove
  - Patella Alta and Patella Baja
- KINEMATIC MR IMAGING
  - Techniques
- MR IMAGING OF THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
  - Articular Cartilage Structure and Damage
  - MRI of Articular Cartilage
  - MRI Assessment of Articular Cartilage Injury
- QUANTITATIVE CARTILAGE MR IMAGING
  - Chondromalacia Patellae
  - Osteoarthritis
- EVALUATION OF THE SYNOVIUM
  - Rheumatoid Arthritis
  - Tuberculosis of the Knee
  - Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
  - Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
  - Hemophilia
  - Synovial Chondromatosis of the Knee
  - Deferiprone-induced Arthropathy
- MR IMAGING OF BONE MARROW ABNORMALITIES OF THE KNEE
  - Trauma
  - Acute and Chronic Avulsive Injuries
  - Fatigue and Insufficiency Fractures
  - Stress Fractures
  - Spontaneous Osteonecrosis
  - Medullary Infarction
  - Osteochondritis Dissecans
  - Transient Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome (Transient Osteoporosis)
  - Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
  - Infection
  - Bone Neoplasms
- MR ARTHROGRAPHY
  - Technique
  - Intra-articular Bodies
  - Plica Synovialis
- POSTOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF THE KNEE
  - Imaging of the ACL Graft
  - Graft Rupture
  - Graft Impingement
  - Arthrofibrosis
  - Postoperative Meniscus
  - Postoperative Articular Cartilage
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 195: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hip and Pelvis
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL ANATOMY
- TECHNIQUE
- HIP AND PELVIS: EVALUATION OF STRUCTURES
  - Coronal (Figs 7A and B)
    - Osseous Structures
    - Nonosseous Structures
  - Axial (Figs 8A to C)
    - Osseous Structures
    - Nonosseous Structures
  - Sagittal
- AVASCULAR NECROSIS
  - Cause and Pathogenesis
  - Presentation
- MRI OF AVN
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Prognostic Indicators
  - Pitfalls in Diagnosis20
  - Staging
  - Study Choice and Work-up
  - Prognosis
- MONITORING OF TREATMENT
- MINIMAL AVN
- BONE MARROW EDEMA SYNDROME
  - Insufficiency or Stress Fractures of the Femoral Head
  - Femoral Head Osteonecrosis and BMEs
- FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT
  - Cam Impingement
  - Pincer Impingement
- HERNIATION PITS
- FRACTURE
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- STRESS FRACTURES
- OSTEOCHONDRAL INJURY41,42
- TRAUMATIC MUSCULOTENDINOUS INJURIES43,44
  - Avulsion Injury
  - Muscle Contusions
  - Muscle Strain—Myotendinous Strain
  - Gluteus Medius Tendon Tear—Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome
- LABRUM
- BURSAE
- PIRIFORMIS SYNDROME
- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN POSTARTHROPLASTY
- ARTHRITIS
  - Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
    - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Primary Synovial Chondromatosis
    - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Amyloid Arthropathy
- INFECTION
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- NERVES
- MARROW REPLACEMENT PROCESSES
- TUMORS
  - Osteoid Osteoma
    - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Chondroblastoma
    - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Chondrosarcoma
    - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  - Chordomas
    - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 196:Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Shoulder and Temporomandibular Joints
- SHOULDER JOINT
- MR IMAGING PROTOCOLS
- MR ARTHROGRAPHY
- NORMAL ANATOMY
- OSSEOUS STRUCTURES
- LIGAMENTS
- MUSCULOTENDINOUS ANATOMY
- BURSAE
- NORMAL MR APPEARANCE
  - Axial Sections (Figs 1 and 4)
  - Coronal Sections (Figs 2 and 4)
  - Sagittal Sections (Figs 3 and 4)
- SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME
  - Primary Extrinsic Impingement
  - Secondary Extrinsic Impingement
  - Internal Impingement
- ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY AND TEARS
  - MR Appearance
- INSTABILITY
  - Imaging Techniques for Labral Tears
  - MR Findings in Patients with Instability
  - Pitfalls
- ABNORMALITIES OF BICEPS TENDON
  - Bicipital Tendinopathy/Rupture
  - Bicipital Tendon Dislocations
- NERVE ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES
  - Quadrilateral Space Compression Syndrome
  - Suprascapular Nerve Entrapment
- ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS
- CALCIFIC TENDINITIS
- ARTHRITIS
- OSTEOARTHRITIS
- INFECTIVE ARTHRITIS
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- AVASCULAR NECROSIS
- NEOPLASMS
- TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
  - MR Imaging Technique
- NORMAL ANATOMY AND MR APPEARANCE (FIGS 34 TO 37)
  - Normal MR Appearance
  - Movements
- DISEASES OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
- INTERNAL DERANGEMENT
- DISK DISPLACEMENTS
- DISK DEFORMITY AND OSTEOARTHRITIS
- STUCK DISK
- OPEN LOCK JAW
- OSTEONECROSIS AND OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS
- POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING
- EVALUATION OF MANDIBULAR ASYMMETRY
- INFECTIONS AND ARTHRITIDES
- TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS
CHAPTER 197: Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Bone Marrow Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- DISTRIBUTION OF NORMAL BONE MARROW AND NORMAL CONVERSION
- MR IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATION OF NORMAL BONE MARROW
- RECENT ADVANCES IN MR IMAGING OF BONE MARROW
  - Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Imaging and Bone Marrow Perfusion
- CONTRAST-ENHANCED MR IMAGING OF THE BONE MARROW USING IRON OXIDE PARTICLES
- MR SPECTROSCOPY
- WHOLE BODY MRI
- 3T MRI
- COMBINED PET AND MR IMAGING
- NORMAL MR APPEARANCES OF BONE MARROW
- IMAGING OF BONE MARROW DISORDERS
- MR IMAGING OF THERAPY-INDUCED CHANGES OF BONE MARROW
- CHANGES IN MARROW SIGNAL DUE TO CHEMOTHERAPY
- NEW THERAPY REGIMENS
- BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
- FOCAL DISORDERS OF THE BONE MARROW
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 198: Radiological Evaluation of Appendicular Trauma
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL EVALUATION
- RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
- FRACTURE HEALING
- COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURE
- UPPER LIMB TRAUMA
- LOWER LIMB TRAUMA
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 199: Imaging of Soft Tissue Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- PET-CT
- SOFT TISSUE LESIONS
- ARTIFACTS
- CALCIFICATION AND OSSIFICATION IN SOFT TISSUES
- OSSIFICATION
  - Myositis Ossificans
    - Myositis Ossificans Progressiva (Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva)
    - Soft Tissue Masses with Calcification/Ossification
- AREAS OF DECREASED DENSITY
  - Air in the Soft Tissues
- FAT IN THE SOFT TISSUES
- SOFT TISSUE MASSES
- EXTRASKELETAL EWING'S SARCOMA AND PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER 200: A Systematic Approach to Imaging of Breast Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING TECHNIQUES
  - Mammography (Basic Physics, Equipment and Technique)
- RADIATION DOSE
  - Mammography Projections
  - Supplementary Views
- NORMAL MAMMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
- ARCHITECTURAL DISTORTION
- FOCAL ASYMMETRY
- BREAST EDEMA
  - Abnormal Axillary Lymph Nodes
- AMERICAN COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGY BI-RADS ASSESSMENT CATEGORIES
- DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
- FULL FIELD DIGITAL IMAGING
- CONTRAST-ENHANCED DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
- BREAST ULTRASOUND
- DYNAMIC CONTRAST-ENHANCED BREAST MRI
- FOCUS
- ASSOCIATED FINDINGS
- PROTON MR SPECTROSCOPY
- DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING
- NUCLEAR MEDICINE IN BREAST IMAGING
CHAPTER 201: Benign and Malignant Lesions of the Breast
- INTRODUCTION
- PROLIFERATIVE BENIGN LESIONS OF THE BREAST
- MISCELLANEOUS BENIGN BREAST CONDITIONS
- MALIGNANT LESIONS OF THE BREAST
  - Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
  - Diagnosis of the Breast Cancer
- BREAST CANCER SCREENING
- IMAGING FEATURES OF BREAST CANCER
- STAGING AND TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
- ADVANCED BREAST CANCER
- POST-TREATMENT BREAST IMAGING AND FOLLOW-UP
- MISCELLANEOUS MALIGNANT LESIONS OF THE BREAST
CHAPTER 202: Breast Interventions
- INTRODUCTION
- BREAST BIOPSY
- BREAST BIOPSY TECHNIQUES
- COMPLICATIONS OF BREAST BIOPSY
  - MRI-guided Breast Biopsy
  - Histopathological Correlation
- PREOPERATIVE HOOKWIRE LOCALIZATION
- MISCELLANEOUS BREAST INTERVENTIONS
- ABLATIVE PROCEDURES FOR BREAST CANCER
CHAPTER 203: PET-CT in Management of Breast Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY MALIGNANCY
- POSITRON EMISSION MAMMOGRAPHY
- LOCOREGIONAL STAGING
  - FDG-PET-CT for Axillary Disease
  - FDG-PET-CT for Other Regional Lymph Nodes
- SYSTEMIC STAGING
  - Distant Metastasis
  - Bone Metastasis
    - 18 F-Fluoride PET-CT for Bone Metastasis
- RESPONSE TO CHEMOTHERAPY
  - Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
  - Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Metastatic Disease
- RESTAGING
  - Prognostication
- RECEPTOR IMAGING
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- CONCLUSION

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes