Sadikot's International Textbook of Diabetes Kamlakar Tripathi, Banshi Saboo
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flow chart, and t refer to table.
A
Abacavir 572, 874
ABC model 830f
Abdominal pain 311, 356, 440
Abscesses 613, 792
Absolute insulin deficiency 8
Absorbance spectroscopy 235
Acanthosis nigricans 12, 531
of axilla 532f
of neck fold 532f
severe 145f
syndrome 102
Acarbose 266, 300, 378, 468, 471, 721, 754
monotherapy 300
Acellular collagen matrix 606
Acetoacetate 544
Acetohexamide 468
Acid-base metabolism 465
Acidosis 544, 620
development of 465
Acinar cells 55, 55f, 59, 59f
Acini 52
Acquired ichthyosiform changes 534
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 258, 567, 873
Acquired lipodystrophy with insulin resistance 144
Acquired perforating dermatoses 532
Acquired syndrome in diabetes 140
Acrochordons 532f, 534
Acromegaly 8, 9, 122, 123, 124f
diagnosis 124
etiology of 123t
investigations 124
treatment 124
Actinoplanus utahences 299
Activator protein-1 445
Acute coronary syndrome 169, 388, 491, 493, 730
Acute graft versus host reaction 558
Addison's disease 122, 129, 130, 131, 131f, 371
Adenosine monophosphate kinase 264, 266
Adenosine triphosphate 41, 70, 106, 119, 269, 393, 874
Adenovirus 10
Adequate calorie intake 664
Adequate wound care 621
Adipocyte fatty acids 72
Adipokine hormone leptin 103
Adiponectin 180
Adipose tissue 161, 180, 411, 803
abnormalities 112
regional deficiency of 102
Adrenal adenoma 122, 123
Adrenal carcinoma 122
Adrenal pheochromocytoma, left 127f
Adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors 123
Adrenaline 121, 151
Adrenergic receptors deactivate adenyl cyclase 41
Adrenocortical insufficiency, primary 129
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 122
dependent disease 122
independent disease 122
Advocacy, meaning of 854
AEIOU approach 833fc
Agoraphobia 823
Aircast pneumatic walker 646f
Akkermansia muciniphila 95
Alanine aminotransferase 517
Alarnunts 901
Albiglutide 311, 313
Albumin excretion rate 443
Albuminuria 214, 442, 443, 445, 500
Alcohol 254, 836
abuse 136
swabs 903
Alcoholic pancreatitis 136t
Aldose reductase inhibitor 437
Aldosterone-producing
adenoma 129
adrenocortical carcinoma 129
Aldosteronism
primary 128, 213
subtypes of primary 129t
Aldosteronoma 8, 9
Alemtuzumab 799
Alginate 404
Allelic structure 353
Allergy, local 362
Allogeneic islet cell transplantation 800
Allorejection 799
Alogliptin 303, 304, 305, 307, 468
Alopecia, diffuse 531
Alpha adrenergic receptor gene 78
Alpha amylase inhibition 266
Alpha cells 40, 61, 61f
granules 59f
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors 299, 301, 324, 378, 382, 467, 468, 471, 674, 721, 769, 770, 876
Alpha linoleic acid 264
Alstrom syndrome 102, 113, 147, 164
Aluminum intoxication, risk of 466
Alzheimer's disease 725
Ambient hyperinsulinemia 484
Ambulatory glucose profile 194, 364, 364f
Ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, continuous 451, 469
Amino acid 35, 35t, 36, 36t, 67, 73
branched chain 180
dialysate solutions 470
metabolism of 67
pool 67
sequence 36t
Aminoguanidine 438
Amit Jain's classification 620
Amitriptyline 439
Ammonia 67
Amnesia 747
Amniotic
fluid 803
membrane 803
sac 803
Amprenavir 572
Amputation, pathway to 648fc
Amylin 180, 409, 411
action of 409, 410
agonism 410
analog 468, 471
antagonizes obesity, plasma level of 410
emerging actions of 410f
increases 411
modulates 410
receptor 409, 411
stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate 409
structure 409f
Amyloid
infiltration 799
polypeptide, defective 46
Anabolic hormone 69
Analgesic 439
abuse 458
Androgen
level 289
receptor antagonists 87
Andropause 726, 728
causes of 727
in diabetes, treatment of 729
Anemia 296, 668, 669
causes of 667
in diabetes 667
etiology of 669
etiopathology of 669
prevalence of 667, 668f
in metabolic disorders 669
management of 669t
treatment of 669
Angioplasty 606
Angiotensin converting enzyme 214, 421, 448, 510, 658
inhibitors 209, 213, 479
Angiotensin receptor blocker 209, 213, 214
effect of 448
Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial 499
Anhydroglucitol 202
Anion gap metabolic acidosis 546t
Ankle-brachial index 219, 596
report 597f
Ankyrin B 147
metabolic syndrome 147
Antenatal
steroids 680
surveillance 682
Antepartum glycemic control 691
Antianerobic antibiotic agents 622
Antiarrythmics 116
Antibiotic 622
regimen, choice of 622
selection, culture specific targeted 622
therapy, selective 626
Antibody abatacept 793
Anticoagulatory protocols 406
Anticonnective tissue growth factor antibody 450
Antidiabetic drugs
comparison of 875t
doses of 741
types of 466
Antidiabetic medication during Ramadan, adjustment of 754
Antidiabetics with action profile, classes of 378t
Anti-fibrotic actions 450
Antigen specific treatment 84
Antigen-presenting cell 355, 355f
Anti-HIV drugs, events of 571
Antihypertensive treatment, effect of 498
Anti-insulin receptor antibodies 8
Anti-islet autoantibodies 82
Antimetabolite 790
Antiplatelet
agent 479
therapy 503, 574
Antiprotozoal agent 119
Antipsychotic medications, unconventional 117
Antipsychotics, atypical 116
Antiretroviral therapy, highly active 571
Anxiety 819
diagnosing 823
symptoms of 824
disorder 823, 823t, 824
separation 823
epidemiology of 824
levels of 895
Aortic aneurysmal disease 204
Aphasia, transient 747
Apolipoprotein 65, 482
Apoproteins 65
Apoptosis 46, 83, 180
Appendicitis 792
Arched foot 643f
Arcuate nucleus 154
Areolar tissue, loose 613
Arginine-vasopressin 156
circulating 156
Aripiprazole 117
Aristaless-related homeobox 54
Armamentarium 76
Arogya World-mHealth Program 863
Arterial blood gas tests 510
Arterial disease, nonreconstructible 611
Arterial stiffness 478
Arteries 585
calcification of 598f
calcified 623
deep femoral 220f
Arteriopathy 619
Arthritis, disabling 721
Arylhydrocarbon receptor agonists 87
Asanas (yoga) 251, 251f
Asparagus adscendens 526
Aspartate aminotransferase 517
Aspergillus fumigatus 457
Aspirin 479
Atazanavir 572
Atheroembolic renal disease 458
Atherogenic dyslipidemia 484, 485t, 494
prevalence of 481
subgroups 491, 493
Atherosclerosis 113, 216, 220
mediators of 89
presence of 584
Atherosclerotic markers, preclinical 478
Athlete's foot 652
Atorvastatin 472, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493
ATP-binding cassette proteins 43
Atrial fibrillation 508
Atrial natriuretic peptide 126
Atypia 439
Autoantibodies 8, 818
Autoimmune
diabetes of adults, latent 789
diseases 146
hepatitis 517
mediated destruction of β cells 23
polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy 122, 130
polyglandular syndrome 122, 129, 130f, 130t, 143, 517
Autoimmunity 95
Autonomic dysfunction 208, 439
management of 439
Autonomic
function tests, quantitative 437
innervation of liver 154
nerve function 578
nervous system 154, 791
activation of 73
neuropathy 250, 422, 436, 579, 618, 659
in diabetic feet 579f
management of 440t
Autophagy 48
Autosomal dominant 111, 113
inheritance 97
transmission of diabetes 103f
Autosomal recessive 79, 111, 113
disorder 10
syndrome 143
Auxiliary nurse midwife 869
Avanafil 525
Avosentan 450
Azotemia 620
B
Back pain 320
Bacteremia 616
Bacterial
bioburden, high 622
contamination, source of 469
infections 536
recurrent 531
Bacteroides 631
B-adrenergic agonists epinephrine 119
Baker's yeast 334
Ballooning degeneration 517
Banded
gastric bypass 177
sleeve gastrectomy 176
Barbiturate 282
Bardet-Biedel syndrome 102, 164
Bardoxolone methyl 450
Bare foot technique 595
Bariatric and metabolic surgery, exponential growth of 173
Bariatric surgery 173
advantages 174
complications 180
indications 174
operative procedures 176
type of 176t
Barium study 440
Barley malt 266
Basal bolus
regimen 341f, 342, 550
therapy 341
Basal infusion 342f
Basal insulin 359, 378, 386, 387, 557, 705, 770, 848
adjustments 848
analog 336
combination of 338, 387t
Basal pulsatile secretion 44
Basal insulin plus oral antidiabetic drugs 341
Basic helix-loop-helix protein 38, 54
Basiliximab 799
Basophilic basal cytoplasm 55f
Beck depression inventory 826
Bedtime blood sugar 186
Behavior change communication 869
Behavioral therapy 250
Berardinelli-Seip syndrome 144f
Beta agonists 116
Beta antagonist 116
Beta bionics 814
Beta blockers 499
Beta cell 3840, 45, 59, 61, 62f
after bariatric surgery 45
defect 98
dysfunction 46
acts 110t
exhaustion 273
function 38, 42
generation of 49f
granules 59f
loss, drivers of 49, 49f
mass 39
of pancreas 106, 106f
preservation 44
protection 304
secreting insulin 54
stress mechanisms 47f
surface proteomics 41, 42f
Bezafibrate 472, 489, 493
Bidirectional screening 870
Biguanide 378, 467, 468, 471, 848, 892
Bihormonal disorder 73
Bilateral disease 457
Bile acid 180
common 54, 181
sequestrants 472
Bile salts 180
Biliary tract disease 181
Biliopancreatic diversion 173, 178, 177f
duodenal switch 178f
Biocarbonate 550
Bioimpedance spectroscopy 236
Biomedical factors 818
Biomicro-electromechanical systems 785
Biosimilar insulin
advantages of 416
development of 414
Biosynthesis 73
Biotech medicines 414t
Biothesiometer 594f
Biotin 266
Biphasic insulin 762
Birth weight 100
Bisphenol A 87
Bladder cancer 296
Bladder dysfunction 440
Blastocyst, inner cell mass of 804
Blindness, premature 208
Block amylin activity 409
Blood
alcohol level 510
cell function 584
lipid modification, role of 449
transfusions 553
Blood brain barrier 405
dysfunction 551
Blood glucose 209, 233, 367, 423, 569
average 737
control of 553
frequently, monitor 367
high 747
in diabetes
in pregnancy, self-monitoring of 672b
self-monitoring of 184
in Ramadan, self-monitoring of 759
management 657
measurement of 190
self-monitoring of 184, 185, 185f, 186188, 188f, 190, 234, 343, 346, 358, 372, 373, 656, 671, 739, 753, 768, 770, 780, 851
target 557
testing 370
tools for self-monitoring of 188
value chain, self-monitoring of 185
variations of 746
Blood glucose level 367, 541, 558, 683, 691, 786
during exercise 850
high 802
monitoring 765t
role of anesthesia in influencing 554
target 671
Blood glucose monitoring 233, 363, 373, 671, 741, 741b, 798, 894
average 470
continuous 301, 470
device 233f, 845
Blood glucose profile 186t
seven-point 185t
Blood pressure 209, 213, 214
control 448, 449, 497
controlling 574
high 214, 818
reduction of 247
rising 547
targets in diabetic hypertensives 498t
Blood sugar 681
level 469, 683t
method 3
monitoring 680, 749
points 657
premeal 657
status of 683
tracker 750f
Bloom syndrome 102, 113
Blunt trauma 135
Blurred vision 363, 747
Body fat 681
Body mass index 90, 144, 158, 163, 173, 246, 305, 313, 320, 379, 497, 664, 708, 869
baseline 289
Body weight 582
homeostasis 179
management 254
Bolus
calculators 778
dose 549
insulin 770
delivery 778
Bombyxin 36t
Bone fractures 296
risk of 296
Bone infection osteomyelitis in diabetic foot 625
Bone test 618
Borderline personality disorder 176
Bowel obstructions, small 181
Bradykinin, levels of 499
Brain
damage, irreversible 798
derived neurotropic factor 773
herniation 551
ischemia 551
neurotransmitter dysfunction 329
window of 154
Breastfeeding 665
establishment of 686, 688
Breathing
exercises 251
techniques 261
Brewer's yeast 266
Bromocriptine mesylate 471
Bronchiectasis 138
Bronchopulmonary infections 792
Bronzed diabetes 131
Brown adipose tissue 155, 411
Budesonide 874
Buffalo hump 572f
Bullosa diabeticorum 532
Bunion 621, 651
Bupropion 826
Burn 654
C
Cadaver kidney transplantation 790
Cadaveric donors 802
Caenorhabditis elegans 35, 290
Café-au-lait spots 113
Calcineurin inhibitor 118, 790, 797
Calcitonin 409, 439
gene related peptide 154, 438
Calcitriol, acute administration of 464
Calcium 181
and phosphorus metabolism 466
channel
antagonists 116
blockers 439, 499
voltage dependent 43
influx 118
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase 45
Calgranulin 901
Calliphora vomitoria 35
Callosities 621
Callus 589
breakdown of 583f
ulceration 582f
Caloric restriction 767
Calories 365
Camp sensor 44
Canagliflozin 170, 318, 378, 574
Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study 319, 320
Candidal balanoposthitis 531, 536f
Capillary blood glucose 692
Capillary electrophoresis 201
Capillary glucose values 11
Capsaicin 438
Carbamazepine 282, 439
Carbohydrate 253255, 365, 663, 769, 814
absorption, reduced 266
acting 903
counting meal planning 254
defect of 718
disturbances of 7
low 253
metabolism of 64, 393, 773, 774
responsive element-binding protein 484
Carboxyester lipase 79, 105
Carcinoid tumor 123
Cardiac and renal function 603
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 217
Cardiac surgery 558
Cardiolipin 47
homeostasis 47
Cardio-metabolic diseases 89
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy 210
Cardiovascular
death 503
disease 19, 20, 204, 216, 292, 294, 323, 327, 422, 442, 477, 503, 521, 574, 660, 686, 728, 790, 868
effective prevention of 421
history of 12
preexisting 295
risk of 463, 689
evaluation trial 301
mortality 272, 445, 789
cumulative rate of 790
outcomes
evaluation of 388
with sitagliptin, trial evaluating 306
risk reduction 503
safety 271, 282, 306
Carney complex 123
Carotid
artery 216
intima-media thickness 295, 301
Cassia nomame 266
Cast walker, removable 631, 632f
Cast/footwear modification 607
Catecholamines 116
Cefuroxime 631
Celiac disease 519
Cell
apoptosis 47f
based tolerogenic therapy 84
clusters 52
damage 799
mitosis, role of 45f
organelles in diabetes, role of 46
proliferation, drivers of 45
Cellular mechanism 901
Cellulitic and necrotic foot, stage of 643
Cellulitis 613, 630
Central nervous system 698
Central plantar space abscess 616
Ceramide 180
Cereal fiber 89
Cerebral edema 551
risk of 549, 551
Cerebrovascular
complications, risk of 509
disease 204, 208, 216, 218, 659, 719
diagnosis of 509
in diabetes mellitus, pathogenesis of 509fc
management of 510
pathological mechanism of 508
Ceroid bodies 59f
C-fiber pain 438
Charcot's
arthropathy 593, 651, 651f
foot 600, 639
deformity 621
in diabetes 634
joint 593, 593f
restraint orthotic walker 645
Chemokine 807
C-C motif ligand 445
Chemotaxis, defective 584
Chennai Urban Population Study 18
Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 18
Child-Pugh scores 306
Chlordiazepoxide 519
Chlorogenic acid 266
Chlorpropamide 466468
Chlorthalidone 499
Cholecystitis 150
Cholecystokinin 411
Cholelithiasis 518
Cholestasis 698
Cholesterol 728
low high density 728
managing 574
transports, reverse 672
Cholestipol 472
Cholestyramine 472
Chondroitin sulfate 606
Chorion 803
Chromatography 201
Chromogranin 57
Chromosomal breakage syndrome 113
Chromosome 12 in human beings 409
Chromosome
1q21–22 165
6q24 110
band 16q243 147
Chronic alcoholism 458
Chronic care model 885
Chronic dialysis 737
Chronic kidney disease 209, 213, 214, 295, 306, 306t, 392, 394t, 396, 396t, 468, 471, 471t, 472t, 669
management 473t
Chronic pancreatitis 135, 136, 136t, 798, 799
diagnosis 135
pathological features 135
with diabetes, management of 136
Chylomicrons 154
Ciclosporin 796
Cilastazole 606
Ciprofibrate 472
Circadian rhythm
and sleep 88
disturbances of 825
Cirrhosis 115
of liver 458, 889
Cisapride 519
Citalopram 826
Clarithromycin 282
Clawed toes 614, 639, 651, 651f
Clindamycin 631
Clobetasol 532
Clock genes 826
Clofibrate 472, 488, 489
Clomiphene citrate resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome 289
Clomipramine 439
Clonidine 438
Clonogenic trait serve 803
Clopidogrel 282
Clostridium 457, 631
cocleatum 95
Clozapine 117
Cockup deformity 614
Cognitive
behavior therapy 823
dysfunction 819, 825
emotion regulation questionnaire 831
therapy 261
Cohen syndrome 164
Colesevelam 472
Collaborative transplant study 790
Coma 747
Communicable diseases 567
Community Health Center 868, 886, 892
Compartment syndrome 610, 660
Complex multiple genetic polymorphisms 78
Complex syndromes 98
Complex therapeutic schedule 819
Confusion malaise 620
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy 103, 143, 165
Congenital hypothyroidism 698
Congenital lipodystrophies 102t
Congenital malformation 680
Congenital rubella 8, 10
Congenitally absent adipose tissue 102
Congestive heart failure 141, 204, 296
Conjugated linoleic acid 266
Consciousness, level of 547
Conservative treatment, indications for 626
Constipation 141, 311, 320
Contact lens, digital 812
Contamination peritoneal dialysis 465
Continuous glucose monitoring 190, 193f, 194, 196, 373, 777, 780, 812
accuracy 193
implications 192
indications 194
interpretation 194
limitations 199
satisfaction scale 239
system 234, 657, 672
cost-effectiveness of 234
types 192
Continuous subcutaneous insulin 558
infusion 330, 340, 341, 342f, 343, 373, 693, 705, 777, 784, 894
therapy 780
Contraception 683, 688
Contraceptive options 683t
Coping
skills 833
training 833, 833t
style, assessment of 831
Corneal confocal microscopy 437
Coronary artery
bypass graft 204, 491, 493
disease 20, 204, 212, 214, 216, 241, 477, 508, 612, 684, 719, 721
family history of premature 214
risk of 728
calcium score 216
computed tomography angiography 217f, 218f
heart disease 479, 487, 487t, 491, 491t, 493, 498
Corpora cavernosa spongy tissue 522
Corticosteroids 121, 558
Corticotropin, unknown source of 122
Cortisol 9, 116
deficiency 131
Cosmetic adverse effects of hirsutism 118
Cough 311
Counter-regulatory hormone activity 704
Coxsackie virus B 10, 354
C-peptide levels 119
Cranial nerve palsies 547
Cranial nerve, ocular manifestation of 433
C-reactive protein 81, 95, 417, 509, 620
Creatine phosphokinase 623
Critical illness
low cost 887
polyneuropathy 553
Crystalline insulin 892
Cullen's sign 134
Cushing's disease 121, 123f
Cushing's syndrome 8, 9, 115, 122, 123, 531
causes of 122t
diagnosis 123
investigations 123
surgical treatment of 123
treatment 123
type of 122
Cutaneous adverse drug reactions 538
Cyanobacterium spirulina maxima 35
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate 266, 522
Cyclic polypeptide 118
Cyclosporine 118, 282
Cystic fibrosis 138, 702
Cytokines 807
levels of 825
Cytomegalovirus 8, 10, 354
Cytoplasm 59f
Cytoplasmic lipid inclusions 59
Cytoprotection 901
Cytoskeleton facilitating insulin release, reorganisation of 45f
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 83
D
Daclizumab 798, 799
Dapagliflozin 318, 319, 378
Darunavir 572
Dawn phenomenon 781
De novo lipogenesis 154
Deaminatedgliadin peptide 519
Debridement necrosectomy 624
Deformity 589, 607
digital 609
Dehydration 736, 739, 747, 749, 767
moderate to severe 358
prevent 367
severe 356
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 713
concentration 775
Dehydrogenase 901
Delivery
methods, intervention 897
timing and mode of 682
Delta cells 61
secreting somatostatin 54
DEND syndrome 100, 101, 110, 696
Dendritic cells 355f
Denial and substance abuse 829
Dental
caries 514
pulp 803
Deoxyribonucleic acid 35, 161, 292, 353, 413
binding domains 55
cofactors of 88
methylation 161
technology 334
recombinant 404, 415
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate 683, 688
Depression scale, self-rating 729
Depressive disorder 823, 823t, 824, 825
diagnosing symptoms of 824
in diabetes 823, 826
Deranged blood sugar levels 747
Dermagraft 606
Dermal-epidermal junction 405
Detemir 378, 471
structure of 336f
Dexcom continuous glucose monitoring system 812
Dextromethorphan 438
Diabetes 46, 94, 95, 98, 101, 134, 136, 137, 147, 204, 208, 212, 221, 233, 241, 258, 334, 340, 512, 513f, 560, 567, 587, 600, 612, 634, 654t, 657, 678, 689, 708, 726728, 836
action in 478, 499, 510
advocacy 854
after transplantation 558
anxiety and depressive disorders, etiological links between 825
burden of 881, 886
causes of 513, 242
characteristics of 242
chronic complications of 739
classification of 7
coma 541
complications of 138, 242, 647, 802
controlling 742
coping skills for 829
cost of 553, 877, 882
current classification of 7
depressive disorders in 824
diagnosis of 7, 10, 568
diagnostic test for 11
dietary management of 253, 257
drug induced 115
duration of 359, 459
educating patients with 740
epidemiology of 747, 841
etiology of 86
familial investigation of 447
familial young-onset 98, 100
family history of 115, 703
genetic of 77, 163
global burden of 15f
highest prevalence of 17f
history of 1
immunological treatment of 84
immunology of 84
in disaster survivors 901
insurance claims for 887
management of 242, 253t, 463, 569, 802, 805, 830, 884
type 2 741
maturity onset 106
monogenic
causes of 78
forms of 79t
numerical data for 881f
person living with 854
preclinical 356
preconception 676
prepregnant 665
prevalence of 18, 129, 701
prevention of 253t, 295, 660, 689, 859
problem areas in 897
quantification of economic burden 882
risk of 87
risk stratification of people with 736
shoes for patients with 655f
socioeconomic burden of 878
specific types of 9
stages of progression of 81
structured monitoring in 185
suffering from 887
treatment of 569, 802, 804
Tsunami of 656
types of 9, 79, 97, 242, 691, 825
warning signs of 260b
well-controlled 760
Diabetes and cancer 732
common risk factor 733
epidemiology 732
pathophysiology 732
Diabetes and cerebrovascular disease 508
Diabetes and chronic kidney disease 667
Diabetes and dental caries 513
Diabetes and extreme sports 852
Diabetes and fasting 766
during Ramadan 745
Diabetes and feet 647
Diabetes and heart failure 503
Diabetes and Ramadan, epidemiology of 736, 739, 752, 759
Diabetes and running tips, general 851
Diabetes and sexual dysfunction 521
Diabetes and tuberculosis 568
Diabetes and work 841
discrimination 842
Diabetes awareness and education 860
Diabetes care 882
affordable 891
essential for 706
Diabetes complications
epidemiology of 19, 421, 478
risk of 199
Diabetes control and complication trial 11, 184, 190, 200, 343, 363, 419, 423, 446, 478, 659, 705, 791
Diabetes distress 818
diagnosis of 819
etiology of 818
management of 821, 821t
risk factors of 818, 819t
scale 819, 820, 897
strategies to manage 821
techniques to manage 821
Diabetes during disaster, people living with 902
Diabetes during Ramadan 745
risk stratification with 748
Diabetes education 706, 892
Ramadan specific 739
Diabetes eye disease
management of 427
pathogenesis of 427
Diabetes foot
complications 651
disease 649
Diabetes in adolescence 701
classification 701
etiology 701
Diabetes in adolescents
diagnosis of 703
management of 704
Diabetes in elderly 718
aging 718
assessment of complications 719
complications 724
diagnosis 719
epidemiology 718
lifestyle factors 719
management 720
nonpharmacological treatment 720
pathogenesis 719
pharmacological treatment 721
Diabetes in pregnancy 661, 671, 678
management of 659
pharmacological treatment 671
Study Group India 12
Diabetes in space medicine 773
Diabetes in youth, types of 703t
Diabetes insipidus 101, 108, 122, 131
Diabetes intervention, epidemiology of 363, 421, 478
Diabetes IQ mobile app 815
Diabetes management 185f, 241, 573, 816b, 891, 894
aims of 357
aspects of 781, 811
benefits of mobile apps in 816b
gadgets for 813f
guidelines during Ramadan 771
in shift workers 842
plan, part of 246
psychological aspects in 242
system, telemedicine-based 812
tasks 898
Diabetes medication adjustments 848
Diabetes mellitus 1, 79, 97, 105, 108, 121, 122, 140, 141, 208, 216, 263, 352, 353, 392, 396, 433, 454, 458, 571, 573, 576, 630, 669, 687, 704, 708, 712, 726, 768, 802, 854
cutaneous findings of 534
cutaneous manifestations of 531, 531f
dermatological manifestations of 530f
development of 353t, 708
type 1 24
type 2 158
diagnosis of tuberculosis in 569
education in type 1 894
endocrine causes of 121
epidemiology
of type 1 23
of type 2 14, 322
etiologic classification of 8
etiology of type 1 353
global burden of type 2 14
high risk type 1 737
honeymoon phase in type 1 357
in children, type 1 897, 898
in menopause 712
in tuberculosis patients, diagnosis of 568
incidence of type 2 168
management of 506
type 1 303, 352, 357, 370, 741, 805
type 2 250, 322, 327f, 806
maturity onset 105
mortality of type 1 796
ocular associations of 433
pathogenesis of type 1 83, 353, 355, 356f
pathophysiology of type 2 323
pharmacotherapy
for type 1 705
in type 2 313, 705
phases of type 1 356
post-transplantation 395
presence of 442
presentation of type 1 356
prevalence of 612
type 2 168, 885
prevention of 266t
type 2 295
risk of type 2 726
role of exercise in prevention of type 2 246
screening for type 2 12
secondary 122t
treatment of 143
type 1 377
type 2 75
Tsunami and 901
very high levels of type 2 158
weight and type 2 168
with metabolic syndrome, type 2 482
without metabolic syndrome, type 2 483
worldwide, type 2 16
Diabetes of young
diagnosis of maturity onset 97b
genes 101
maturity onset 78, 79, 99, 100, 100t, 105, 106f, 107, 271, 701, 701, 702, 789
types of 107, 108t
Diabetes outcome progression trial 294
Diabetes prevention 870
levels of 859t
Diabetes questionnaire, problem areas in 820
Diabetes reduction assessment 294
Diabetes related dyslipidemias, management of 486
Diabetes resolution 179
Diabetes secondary 702
Diabetes self-management education 811
Diabetes sports tips 851
Diabetes subgroups 491, 493
Diabetes substudies 491, 493
Diabetes therapy
by ear 821, 821t
utilization 169
Diabetes treatment 147
goals 253
use of fetal progenitors for 808
Diabetes with
diastolic heart failure 503
insulin, treatment of 5
Diabetic amputation, causes of 648
Diabetic amyotrophy 719
Diabetic carotenemia 535
Diabetic cataract 428
management 429
pathogenesis 428
Diabetic cheiroarthropathy 534
Diabetic complications 558, 737, 825
signs of 363
Diabetic control 690
Diabetic dermopathy 531, 533, 533f
Diabetic diet, components of 254
Diabetic during Ramadan
management of 748
physiological state of 745
Diabetic enteropathy 519
Diabetic foot 531, 533, 606, 607, 610, 613, 625, 630, 640, 645t
and education 649
and evaluation techniques 587
clinic 598
disease 647
evaluation of 620
evaluation, role of X-ray in 597
high-risk 647
history of 638t
management 599, 638
controls of 600f
metabolic control of 603
nonsurgical management of 600, 601
offloading and footwear for management of 630
offloading for 639
problems 587
risk factors 648
risk stratification 638
role of surgery in 607
stage of 645
surgery in infected 610
surgical
categories in 624
management of 600
Diabetic foot infection 618, 621, 623, 630
antibiotic therapy of 622b
classification of 603, 619t
debrided 622
diagnosis of 603
epidemology 612
management of 612, 627
multidisciplinary approach 627
pathophysiology 613
treatment for 620
wound score 620
Diabetic foot lesions 594, 624t
pathophysiology of 620
Diabetic foot ulcer 576, 577, 577f, 578, 593, 632f, 638, 639
amputation pathogenesis of 578
chronic nonhealing 603
development of 583f, 587, 630
epidemiology of 576, 577
location of 577f
management of 634, 638
pathogenesis of 576
Diabetic foot wound 630
classification schemes 619
culture from 621b
Diabetic gastroparesis 518
Diabetic glomerular lesion 446
Diabetic glomerulopathy, recurrence of 791
Diabetic hepatopathy 516
Diabetic infections, clinical severity of 623t
Diabetic keratopathy 428
management 428
pathogenesis 428
treatment of 428
Diabetic ketoacidosis 110, 115, 134, 541, 544, 473, 549, 552, 569, 659, 702, 736, 739, 747, 752, 767, 779
classification 541
diagnosis of 542t
epidemiology 542
hyperventilation of 356
incidence of 901
laboratory evaluation 545
management, treatment flow of 548t
pathogenesis 542
prevention of 367
recurrent 781
signs 545
symptoms 545
triad of 541f
Diabetic kidney disease
develops 442
pathogenesis of 445
pure 460
stages of 474
Diabetic macular edema 296
Diabetic maculopathy 432
management 432, 433
pathogenesis 432
Diabetic microvascular complications, epidemiology of 419
Diabetic milliue 660
Diabetic nephropathy 19, 208, 210, 212, 420, 443, 447, 450, 451, 659, 683, 725, 791, 797
development of 446f
emerging new agents in 450
familial and genetic variants in 447
management of 442, 447
pathogenesis of 442
pathophysiology of 446f
phases of 443t
prevention of 447
risk factors 422
Diabetic neuropathic
cachexia 719
feet, ulceration in 582f
Diabetic neuropathy 19, 208, 209, 210, 422, 435, 647, 791
epidemiology of 19
management of 435
risk factors 423
screening of 648f
symptom score 209
treat painful 439t
Diabetic ophthalmopathy 725
Diabetic papillopathy 429
management 429
pathogenesis 429
Diabetic patient
anti-diabetic drugs in 471t
with foot infection, evaluation of 620
with microalbuminuria 448
with normoalbuminuria 447
with osteomyelitis of foot, treatment of 626b
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy 209, 725
Diabetic population 587, 600, 882
Diabetic pregnancy 686
Diabetic pruritus 534
Diabetic retinopathy 19, 208210, 419, 430, 445, 459, 684, 791
incidence 420
management 431
pathogenesis 430
prevalence 419
progress of 791
risk factors 420
sight-threatening 419
study, early treatment of 419
time trends 420
Wisconsin epidemiological study of 419
Diabetic self-management education 242
Diabetic subgroup of hypertension optimal treatment 498
Diabetic therapy 538
and cutaneous reactions 539f
Diabetic thick skin 534
Diabetic ulcer severity score 619
Diabetic walker, prefabricated 645
Diabetic women, pregnancies of 659
Diabetic wounds, chronic nonhealing 622
Dialysis membrane 465
Diamicron modified-release controlled evaluation 510
Diapedesis 584
Diarrhea 311
Diastolic blood pressure 498
Diazoxide 8, 116, 119
Dicloxacillin 631
Didanosine 116, 571, 572
correlated hypokalemia 119
Didmoad syndrome 103
Diet 753
and exercise 470
and fluid intake in ramadan 742
and meal plan 658
in air 846
modification, role of 449
Dietary
advice 748
fibers 265
intake of crewmembers 774
restriction 573
therapy 720
Diethylstilbestrol 87
Digestive gland, accessory 52
Dihydropyridine 499
Dihydrotestosterone 708
Dilutional hypoferremia 667
Dilutional hyponatremia 546
Dioxins 87
Dipeptidyl peptidase 266
inhibitor 264
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 283, 294, 303, 304, 309, 310, 386, 468, 756, 848
inhibitors 75, 116, 171, 276, 303, 304, 305, 305t, 306, 307, 324, 326, 327, 467, 674, 722, 756, 875
pharmacodynamic of 304
pharmacokinetics of 304
plus insulin 305
type of 303t
use of 306
Diphenylhydantoin 119
intoxication 119
Directly observed treatment short-course 567
Disability adjusted life year 877, 891
Disaster and diabetes 900
Disaster induced stress diseases, pathogenesis of 900
Disaster plan 902fc
Discharge drugs management, protocol for 566
Discharge recommendations 565b
Disordered sensorium 356
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder 823
Distress of change, minimization of 821
Diuretics 116
Dizygotic twin 353
Dizziness 747
Docosahexaenoic acid 663
Dolutegravir 572
Donohue syndrome 102, 146
Donor kidney transplants 797
Dopamine
agonists 123, 125
receptor agonist 471
Dorsal bud 52
Dorsal callus ulcer 614f
infected 614f
Dorsal foot phlegmon 616, 618f
Dorsalis pedis arteries 577
Down's syndrome 8, 10, 146
Drug
antidepressant 116
antidiabetic 468t
antidyslipidemia 471
antiepileptic 439
anti-HIV 571
antihyperglycemic 470
antihypertensive 500, 521
antiretroviral 571
antitubercular 874
chemical 414t
effects on pharmacokinetics of 466
generic 416
interactions 282t, 300
Drug addiction and diabetes 836
epidemiology 836
interaction 836
Drug-induced diabetes
mechanisms of 116t
pathophysiology of 115
Dry eye syndrome 427
management 427
pathogenesis 427
Ductal
blockage 138
dilatation 136
Ducts 52
of Wirsung 53
Dulaglutide 311, 312, 386, 387
Duodenal
level endoderm 52
switch 178
Duodenal-ileal interposition 178f
Duodenal-jejunal interposition 178, 179f
Duodenoduodenostomy 790
Duodenoileostomy, single anastomosis 174
Duodenojejunal bypass 179, 179f
Duodenum 62
growth 52
homeobox protein 1 54
Duplex ultrasonography 219
Duplex ultrasound 524
Durable pumps and patch pumps 777
Dyck's clinical staging 437t
Dynamic infusion cavernosometry 524
Dysglycemia 568, 620
Dyslipidemia 9, 12, 113, 204, 213, 214, 320, 445, 460, 482, 484, 508, 511, 511b, 725, 729
control of 603, 606
management, guidelines for 493
severe 102
Dysmorphism 113
Dyspepdia 311
Dysthymia 824
E
Earthquake 900
disaster and diabetes 901
Economic burden of diabetes
direct costs 878
disease economy 881
indirect costs 878
management of complications 878
quality of life analysis 879
Economic costs of diabetes
direct 841
indirect 841
Economic transition, aspects of 868
Ecthyma gangrenosum 536f
Ectopic ACTH syndrome 122
Ectopic pancreatic islet cell tumor 123
Edema 618f, 623
formation 551
Edmonton protocol 798, 802
Educating health care providers 740
Efastenol 725
Efavirenz 572
Eicosapentaenoic acids 663
Electrocardiography 216
Electrochemical techniques 236
Electrolyte disturbances 620
Electronic glomerular filtration rate 221
Electronic medical records 811
benefits associated 812b
Embryonic pancreas 55
Embryonic stem cells 804
Emotion-focused response 831
Empagliflozin 170, 318, 378
Emphysematous pyelonephritis 457, 458f
Employees State Insurance Scheme 886
Employees with diabetes, guidelines about 843
Employment and diabetes 841
Emtricitabine 572
End organ evaluation 683
Endocrine 52
causes 122t
cell 57f
model of 61
trabeculae of 57f
disorder 9, 121
disrupter 87
chemicals contamination 87
function 52
neoplasia
multiple 122
type 1, multiple 123
pancreas 39, 73
cells, development of 54
Society 562, 867
syndromes, miscellaneous 131
tumor 62
Endocrinopathy 8, 9, 122, 129, 531, 773
Endodermal cells 53
cord of 52
Endogenous insulin 106
metabolism of 392
secretion 692
Endogenous pathway 66
Endoplasmic reticulum 38, 47, 697
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 205, 287, 522
Endothelial progenitor cells 205
Endothelin I stimulation 497
Endothelium-derived contracting factors 205
Endovascular procedures 792
Energy
balance and calorie intake 664
expenditure 411, 774
Enfuvirtide 572
Entamoeba histolytica 457
Enterohormones 179
Enteropathy 698
Enteroviruses 354
Entrapment syndromes 435
EntX-linked syndrome 698
Enuresis 363
Enzymatic amperometric glucose biosensors 235
Enzymatic assays 10, 201
Enzyme
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 168
guanylate cyclase 522
inducers 282
inhibitors 282
prohormone convertase-2 73
Epigenetics, role of 79
Epilepsy 363
Epinephrine 9, 65, 121
triggered insulin secretion 119
Epithelial cells 64
receive essential signals 55
Epithelial growth factor receptor 41, 45
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition 445
Epsilon cells 40
Equal employment opportunity commission 842
Erectile dysfunction 440, 521, 708, 726
and diabetes 521
evaluation of severity of 524
in diabetes
evaluation of 523
pathogenesis of 522
pathophysiology of 522f
severity of 524f
treatment of 524
Ertapenem 622
Eruptive xanthomas 533
formation of 533
Erythema 618f, 620
Erythematous 625
Erythrocyte
destruction 201
sedimentation rate 620
Erythromycin 631
Erythropoiesis 200, 667
Erythropoietin 415
deficiencies 669
effect of 464
stimulating agents 669t
use of 470
Escherichia coli 334, 415, 457, 625, 675
Esophageal disorders 518
Essential medicine list 872
Estimated energy requirement 664
for pregnancy 664t
Estimated glomerular filtration 394
rate 307, 320, 421, 443, 467, 468, 469t, 471, 796
Estrogen receptor agonists 87
Etanercept 799
Ethambutol 569
Ethnicity, non-white 576
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 202
Etomidate 123
Etravirine 572
Euglycemia 134
Eustress 259
Exenatide 169, 311, 386, 387, 468, 471
LAR 311
long-acting release 312
Exercise 249, 250, 366, 375, 654, 704, 720, 742, 753
and sports activity prescription for diabetic 850
benefits of 247
in diabetics 249
in management of diabetes, role of 246
in type 2 diabetes mellitus, types of 248
regular 607
risks of 250
therapy 250
type of 248f, 704
Exocrine 52
function 52
pancreas, diseases of 8, 9
part of pancreas, development of 53f
secretory, main 55
Exogenous insulin 403
in chronic kidney disease, pharmacokinetics of 394
Exogenous pathway 66
Exophthalmos 125
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases 623
Extensive dermatophytosis 531
Extracellular regulated protein kinases 445
Extracted maggots 592f
Extreme sports 852
Ezetimibe 472, 511
F
Facial lipoatrophy 572f
False elevated serum creatinine 547
Familial somatotropinoma, isolated 123
Fast, breaking 743, 753, 764
Faster acting insulin aspart 782
Fasting 745
effect of 746
phases of 767f
physiological changes in 766
risks with 767
Fasting blood
glucose 557, 560
sugar 186, 676, 681, 683
Fasting caloric restriction, intermittent 767
Fasting diabetic 766
post-Ramadan supervision of 751
Fasting glucose 118, 687, 715
impaired 11, 32, 108, 292, 300, 388, 484, 687
Fasting glycemia, prevalence of impaired 902
Fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 449
Fasting hyperglycemia 73
mild 107
reduction 309
Fasting in diabetes
pathophysiology of 746f
risk stratification in pre-Ramadan assessment for 741b
Fasting in Ramadan 739, 740
risks with 736
with diabetes 736b
Fasting lipids 155
Fasting plasma glucose 281, 311, 325, 349, 386, 681, 733
test 688
Fasting postprandial 484
Fat 253, 254, 366, 663
absorption, reduced 266
diet, high 807
metabolism 718
soluble vitamins, deficiency of 138
Fatigue 819
Fatty acid 154
binding protein 206
omega 3 113, 517, 725
polyunsaturated 264
oxidation 73
role in 154
Fatty liver 102, 150
Feeling cold 747
Felbamate 439
Felted foam dressings 644f
Female genital mycotic infections 320
Female sanitary supplies 903
Female sexual dysfunction 521
in diabetes 527
evaluation of 527
treatment of 527
in diabetic women, pathogenesis of 527
Fenofibrate 472, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493
intervention 471
Ferric carboxymaltose 669
Fetal
erythema 680
growth restriction 680
pancreas 54f, 60f
progenitor cells 808
stem cells 808
tissues 803
Fetoplacental-maternal unit 678
Fever 620
Fiabetic foot management, principle of 638
Fiber 253, 254, 366
and water 663
Fibric acid derivatives 472
Fibrillary internal matrix 59
Fibroblast 606
activation process 446
Fibroblastic cells 804f
Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes 136, 702704
Fibroconnective tissue containing vessels 55
Fibrosis 136, 446f
Finegoldia magna 625
Finger pebbles 535
Fissures in calluses 584
Fix fasting first 347
Fixed dose combination, use of 892
Flank discoloration 134
Flavonoids 265
Flucloxacillin 631
Fluid
and dietary intake in Ramadan 742b
replacement therapy 549
retention and edema 296
severity of 549
Fluorescence technology 235
Fluoxetine 439, 826
Fluvastatin 472
Focal
neuropathy 435
segmental glomerulosclerosis 141, 456
Folate supplements 669
Folic acid 658
Follicle-stimulating hormone 523, 712, 713, 727
Follicular keratosis 535, 535f
infections 535
mycological infections 535
Folmoterol for asthma 874
Food
and drug administration 310t, 471
environment 89
intake, low 749
Foot
abscess, mid 615
and wound, classification of 604t
appliance, selecting appropriate 639
calluses and ulceration, distal 614
care, tips for 655
complications, prevention of 598
dorsum of 616
fractures 581
high arched 643
lesions, progression of 613
normal 639
of diabetic patient with foot ulcer 633f
offloading of 639
osteomyelitis 613
pulses 577
risk stratification 649f
trauma, minor 630
Foot deformity 577, 580, 630
presence of 578
Foot infection 618, 651, 652f
classification of 618
common minor 614
development of 612
in diabetes, major 616
Foot pressure 621
Foot problem 587, 645
in diabetes 599
Foot temperature assessment 593f, 594
Foot ulcer
anatomic location of 576
classification of 630
history of 581
locations of 576
management of 630
signs of 630
symptoms of 630
therapeutic and surgical intervention in 604t
Foot ulceration 600, 601, 630, 635
predicting 594
Foot wound 618
infected 593
Footwear
characteristics of 639
for patient with forefoot amputation 589f
for risk category 1 640f
in management of diabetic foot, role of 634
modifications and designs 601f
of diabetic patient 639
prescription 639641, 645
recommendations 639, 635t
selection 638
type of 581, 640
with silicone heels stitched 588f
Forefoot
abscess 615f
amputation 589f
of both feet, burn injury on 588f
ulcer 608f
Fore-gut hypothesis 179
Foreign body 590
from shoe 654f
Fosamprenavir 572
Fragile X syndrome 164
Free fatty acids 84, 542, 766
Friedrich's ataxia 8, 145
treatment 145
Fructosamine 202
levels 746
Fructose 202
Fruit fly drosophila 35
Frykberg classified procedures 607
Fuel mediated teratogenesis 159
Fulminant herpes zoster 531
Functional islet cells 799
Fundus examination 682
Fundus fluorescein angiography 429
Fungal infection 590
in toes 590f
Fungal metabolites 265
Fungal nails 653, 653f
Fungus infections 614
G
Gabapentin 439
Gadgets 812
Gait 581
Galega officinalis 263, 286
Gamma-amino butyric acid 39
Gamma-interferon 8
Gangliocytoma 123
Gangliosides modulate 180
Gangrenous changes in diabetic 536f
Gas gangrene 610
Gastric banding, adjustable 177, 177f
Gastric bypass 177
Gastric emptying 168, 440
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide 73, 122, 299, 309
Gastric parietal cells 55
Gastric plication 174
Gastric sensory receptors, satiety-induced 180
Gastrin 55
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, prevalence of 518
Gastrogastric fistula 181
Gastrointestinal
adverse effects 876
diseases 169
disorders in diabetes 516
malignancies 518
tract 404
Gastrojejunal anastomosis 181
Gastroparesis 778, 781
particularly 659
Gatifloxicin 119
Gel permeation chromatography 35
Gemfibrozil 282, 472, 488490, 493
Gemigliptin 303, 304, 305, 307
Gender distribution 14
Gene
causing neonatal diabetes 111t
encodes 140
mutation 110
therapy 526
Genetic analysis, technology in 166
Genetic architecture of obesity 163
Genetic defects
of beta cell 9
function 8
Genetic diagnosis for obesity 166
Genetic insulin resistance syndromes, classification of 112t
Genetic landscape of diabetes 77
Genetic lipodystrophies 143
types of 143
Genetic models of hypertension 447
Genetic mutation 79
Genetic polymorphisms 78
Genetic syndromes 8, 10, 113
with obesity 164t
Genital fungal infections 107
Genome wide association studies 78, 160, 161, 353
Genotype 24
of lipodystrophy 163
of obesity 163
Gestational diabetes 258, 558, 662
prevention of 661
Gestational diabetes mellitus 7, 8, 10, 27, 27t, 2830, 30f, 31f, 289, 300, 344, 662, 671, 678, 678t, 679, 681, 682, 688, 689, 691, 692t, 701, 749, 768
age-adjusted prevalence of 29f
diagnosis of 12, 12b, 678, 679t
diagnostic protocol of 681f
effect of 679
epidemiology of 27
global prevalence of 29
prevalence of 29t, 31f
risk factors for 28t
Strategy Program 30
treatment protocol of 681f
Gestational glucose intolerance 27, 27t, 32, 657
prevalence of 32
Gestational impaired glucose tolerance 679
Gestational thyrotoxicosis 125
Gila monster 311f
Gingival recessions, development of 514
Ginkgo biloba 526
Glargine 378, 471
structure of 336f
Glasgow Coma Scale 547
Glaucoma 433, 698
Glibenclamide 111, 269, 271, 275, 378, 379, 467, 892
strengths of 892
Gliclazide 269, 275, 467, 468, 474, 478, 574, 751, 874, 875, 892
acts 874
modified release 275
potency of 574
Glimepiride 269, 271, 275, 378, 468, 751, 874, 875, 892
Glinides 848, 850
use of 116
Glioma 123
Glipizide 269, 271, 275, 378, 451, 467, 468, 474, 892
Gliptins 378, 467
cause 722
Gliquidone 275, 378
Glitazones 276, 674, 721
Glomerular capillary hypertension 446
Glomerular changes, markers of 444
Glomerular diseases
in diabetics, secondary 457
primary 455
Glomerular filtration rate 306t, 392, 396, 444, 468, 668, 723
abnormal 442
normal 442
Glomerular hypertrophy 445
Glomerular injury 446
Glucagon 9, 58, 75, 875
action of 73
antagonist 75
emergency kits 814
functions 73
kit 845
like peptide-1 504, 807
nonsuppression 73
peptide-1 310
receptor antagonists 75
secretion 73, 74f, 410
failure of 74
Glucagon-like peptide 44, 45, 73, 75, 116, 283, 303, 304, 309, 310f, 323, 325, 338, 385, 385f, 467, 517, 721, 722, 763t, 848
Glucagon-like peptide-1 763t
agonist 386
in human physiology 309
receptor 45
receptor agonist 186, 309, 311t, 324, 326, 327, 338, 385, 386, 386t, 387t
combination therapy of 387
development of 310
long-acting 312
pharmacokinetics properties of 386
safety of 388t
with basal insulin 385
Glucagonoma 8, 9, 122, 127
diagnosis 128
metabolic effects 128
treatment 128
Glucocoper 831, 834f
Glucocorticoid 8, 115, 116, 701, 790
excess, metabolic effects of 122
receptors 825
Glucokinase 44, 79, 107, 110
functions 697
mutations 697
Gluco-lipo toxicity 44
Glucomannan 266
Glucometer strips 903
Gluconeogenesis 73, 125
Gluconic acid concentration 786
Glucophage 286
Glucosamine-6-phosphate 206
Glucose 206, 309
6-phosphatase 117
across cell membrane, transport of 64
algorithm regulation 554
control in inpatient setting 561t
dependent insulinotropic
peptide 323
polypeptide 45
exchange list 255
flux of 437
gel 845
homeostasis 247f, 484
hypothesis 184
intolerance 115, 125, 150, 689
in pregnancy 678
load 115
lowering drugs 168
metabolism 180, 710
disorders of 573
monitoring 363, 470
benefits of continuous 197
bluetooth enabled continuous 363
devices 812
future of 234
superimposed continuous 195f
system 234
technologies 364
types of continuous 192
pattern insights 196f
phosphorylation 107
production 116
regulation, impaired 818
sensing particle 785
sensor 814
sugar charting, self-monitoring of 665
summary, daily 198f
tablets 845, 903
tolerance
impaired 14, 108, 159, 246, 294, 300, 356, 477, 484, 573, 678, 686, 687, 860
test 12
transporter 72, 107, 293, 393
Glucosidases 299
Glucotoxicity 46
Glulisine 378
structure of 335f
Glutamate, antagonism of 439
Glutamic acid decarboxylase 8, 82, 83, 353, 354, 702
antibodies 356, 372
autoantibodies 356
Glutamine 36
fructose-6 phosphate aminotransferase 206
Glutathione insulin transhydrogenase 72
Glyburide 269, 467, 468, 671, 672, 673
concentrations of 673
in diabetes in pregnancy 673
Glycated hemoglobin 115, 168, 234, 686, 734, 756
high 691
levels of 723, 792
reductions 305
Glycation 201
end products, advanced 206, 208, 287, 445
Glycemia in diabetes, regulation of 295
Glycemic control 171, 322, 363, 373, 419, 503, 606, 656, 657, 689, 723, 897
benefits of 447449
for surgery 553
targets for 561
Glycemic excursions, patterns of 197
Glycemic index 255, 769
Glycemic load 255
Glycemic monitoring
during labor 691
long-term 200, 203
Glycemic status 460, 571, 686
monitor 813
Glycemic variability 424
concepts of 190
measurement of 190
Glycerol 766
Glycogenolysis 125
Glycolysis 901
additional cycles of 901
Glycosaminoglycans 450
Glycosphingolipids 180
Glycosuria 10, 100, 106
Glycosylated hemoglobin 169, 184, 200, 202, 255, 281, 283, 294, 305t, 311, 324, 327, 346, 348, 387, 388, 470, 560, 568, 682, 683, 746
decrease of 662
factors affecting 200
formation of 200
levels 746
lowering of 246
measuring 672
monitoring 672
reduced 778
targets 202
uncontrolled 818
Glycosylation end products, advanced 204, 205
Goiter 126f
Golgi apparatus 42, 44, 55
Gonadal hormones 708
Gonadotropic releasing hormone 708, 727
Gonadotropin-secreting tumors, chronic 125
Good bedside manners 856
Graft rejection 802
Granuloma annulare 537
over dorsum of foot 537f
Graves’ disease 122, 125, 126f
Gray's anatomy 52
Great toe
stump, amputated 614f
ulcer, infected 602f
ulceration and gangrene 615f
Gross domestic product 553, 891
Growth factor binding protein 1 102
Growth factor, role of 431
Growth hormone 9, 116, 121, 123
deficiency 122, 129
excess, metabolic effects of 124
releasing hormone 123
suppression test 124
Growth retardation 113
severe 113
Guanalyl cyclase activators and stimulators 526
Guanosine monophosphate 525
Guanosine triphosphate 522
Guardian mobile 363
Gum hyperplasia 118
Gut microbial flora 91
Gut microflora 180
H
Hair-an syndrome 102, 145, 145f
treatment 145
Hajj 846
Half-shoes 632
Hallus valgus 589f
Hallux deformity 639
Hallux ulcers, bilateral 608f
Hallux valgux deformity 580f
Halobetasol 532
Hamartoma 123
Hammer and claw toe 621
deformity 614f
Hammer toe 651, 651f
deformity 580f, 614f
Handy source of energy 151
Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome 259
Hansen's disease 578
Haptoglobin 81
Headache 311, 747
Heal ulcers 601f
Heal wedge 642f
Health behaviors 898
Health beliefs
negative 244
positive 244
types of 244t
Health care
costs 442
medicines integral parts of 872
professional 851
provider 855
role of 741
Health centers, network of 886
Health infrastructure and treatment providers 884
Health insurance
and diabetes 885
evolution of 885
of diabetic patients 888
Health services in India 886
Healthcare team, experience of 359
Heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study 715
Heart diseases 726
Heart failure 710
chronic 479
drug avoidable in 505
in diabetics 504
etiopathogenesis 504
incidence 503
prevalance 503
treatment strategies for 504
management of 504
progression of 710
Heart stress 902
Heel
and calluses, cracked 650, 650f
cracked 650
fissures 579f
infections in diabetics 585
ulcer
infected 615, 616f
offloading 615
Heloderma suspectum 311
Helpful hints 903
Helping B cell 107
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 805
Hematuria 455f
Hemiplegia, transient 747
Hemochromatosis 131, 137, 147
Hemochromatosis
gene 137
secondary 137
Hemodialysis 464
Hemodynamic changes 430
Hemodynamic instability, presence of 506
Hemoglobin 200
Hemorrhagic callus 650
Hepatic
artery, right 54
disease 392
fibrosis 698
function 554
tests 510
gluconeogenesis 463
inhibition of 287
glucose 154
glycogen stores 766
impairment 306, 318
lipid metabolism 154, 155
role of proopiomelanocortin in 155
necrosis 517
resistance 787
steatosis 516
Hepatitis
B virus 518
C 518
coinfection 571
chronic 517
Hepatobiliary complications 138
Hepatocellular carcinoma 518
Hepatocyte 107
growth factor 45, 106, 107
nuclear factor 79, 105, 108
Hepatogenous diabetes 518
Hereditary hemochromatosis 137
diagnosis 137
treatment 137
Hereditary pancreatic hypoplasia 147
Hereditary syndromes with diabetes 140
Herpes zoster along thoracic dermatome 535f
Heterogeneous
disorders 78
population 39
Heterotopia 60
Heterotopic transplantation method 797
Heterozygous inactivating mutation 107
Hexokinase 901
Hexosamine pathway 206
Hind gut hypothesis 179
Histocompatibility complex, major 83, 355
HLA matched donor 802
Homeobox 55
protein 54
Homeopathic systems of medicine 886
Honeymoon phase 374
Hormonal disorders 527
Hormone excess 123
Hospital anxiety and depression scale 826
Hospital versus ambulatory stabilization 357
Human deoxyribonucleic acid 94
Human hair 813
Human immunodeficiency virus 567, 571, 873
first generation 118
infection 571
related diseases 726
Human incretin hormone 722
Human insulin 36, 36t
inhalation powder 404
Human intravenous immunoglobulin 438
Human keratinocytes 606
Human leukocyte antigen 83, 130, 353, 702, 802
levels of 46
typing 356
Human regular insulin 675
Human therapeutic concentrations 119
Human umbilical cord
blood 803
tissue 803
Huntington
chorea 8
disease 147
Hyaline membrane disease 680
Hydramnios 676
Hydration and fluid therapy 549
Hydration, level of 554
Hydrogels 603
Hydrogen peroxide 47
Hygiene hypothesis 95
Hyperaldosteronism, primary 122, 129f
Hyperandrogenism 102
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 605
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis 551
Hypercholesterolemia 493, 583
treatment of 481
Hypercoagulability 204, 205
Hyperferritinemia 667
Hyperglycemia 119, 122, 150, 204206, 234, 370, 473, 509, 510, 610b, 541, 542, 560, 561, 566, 583, 697, 718, 736, 737, 739, 747, 752, 765t, 767
acute 115
alternating episodes of 473
and adverse pregnancy 12
causing cancer 733
chronic 48, 212, 512
control of 437
crisis, treatment of 547, 551
development of 151
diagnosis of inpatient 560
drug induced 115
during pregnancy 687t
earlier moderate 737
familial mild fasting 98, 99
in postoperative period, management of 556
in pregnancy 672, 691
in sepsis, pathophysiology of 151
infections 527
long-term 630
lowering of 373
management of 283, 561, 562t
mediated vascular dysfunction 205f
moderate 760
pathogenesis of perioperative 554
perioperative management of 553
predisposes 107
presence of 558
prevalence of 553
prevention of 573
principles of management 554
risk of drug-induced 115
severe 151, 473, 544, 620
symptoms of 743
treating stress-induced 152
trigger molecular pathways 446
trigger pancreatic insulin 900
types of 560
uncontrolled 585
Hyperglycemic coma 115
Hyperglycemic crisis
pathogenesis of 543f
resolution of 551
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar
nonketotic coma 541
state 541, 569
Hyperglycemic state, development of 115
Hyperinsulinemia 107, 497, 583, 680, 808
accelerates atherosclerosis 497
Hyperinsulinism 107
Hyperkeratosis 614
Hyperlipidemia 205, 546
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic
coma 737
state 541, 552
diagnosis of 542t
Hyperosmolar nonketotic syndromes 659
Hyperparathyroidism 122
primary 129, 188f
reversal of 463
Hyperphosphatemia 466
Hyperpigmentation 131
Hypersensitivity reaction 417
Hypertension 212, 213, 446, 460, 497, 510, 510b, 583, 612
and diabetes mellitus 496
pathophysiology 496
pharmacotherapy 499
detection and follow up program 498
endpoint reduction in 499
optimal treatment 497
presence of 9
progression of 689
treatment of 497
Hypertensive control 603
Hyperthyroidism 8, 122, 125
investigation 126
primary 125
secondary 125
treatment 126
Hypertonic saline 551
Hypertriglyceridemia 113, 494, 583, 584
Hypoglycemia 168, 169, 255, 272, 300, 309, 320, 358, 362, 367, 370, 375, 403, 473, 551, 659, 705, 724, 736, 737, 739, 747, 755, 765t, 767, 796, 850, 852
alternating episodes of 473
episodes of 874
hospitalization, severe 659
incidences of 561
less 674
minor 320
moderate 403
prevalence of 464
recurrent severe 796
risk of 564, 676
severe 478, 759, 779, 799
symptoms of 743, 747t
unawareness 363, 779, 796
unpredictability of 363
Hypoglycemic
medicines 888
unawareness 659
Hypogonadism 708
diagnosis of late-onset 709
in diabetes, pathophysiology of 727
symptoms consistent with 728b
treatment of late-onset 710
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 729
Hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia 494
Hypoinsulinemia 481
Hypokalemia 551
Hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction 729
Hypothyroidism 122
Hypotriglyceridemia 481
Hypoxia 691
inducible factor 205
I
Iatrogenic hypoglycemia, risk of 152
Idiopathic diabetes 8
Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism 129
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy 456
Iliopancreatic diversion 176
Illness, acute 737
Imipramine 439
Immediate diagnostic tests 510b
Immune dysregulation 698
Immune fluorescence confocal microscopy 40
Immune inflammation 83
Immune mediated
destruction of
beta cells 355f
pancreatic beta cells 354
diabetes 8, 10
Immune response, effect of 417
Immune system cells, damaging 818
Immune-mediated diabetes, forms of 8
Immunogenicity 417
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy 456
Immunologic barriers 792
Immunosuppressant drugs, effect of 797
Immunosuppressive therapy 792
Implantable pumps, types of 785
Inadequate calorie intake, implication of 774
Incretin based therapies 705
Incretin mimetics 706, 722
Incretion based agents 450
Indapamide 499
Indian food chart 256f
Indian National Consensus Group Guidelines 349
Indian Public Health Standards 891
Indinavir 571, 572
Infected foot, clinical evaluation of 618
Infected wounds, clinically 622
Infection 10, 320, 592, 603, 620
chronic 789
complicating diabetes mellitus 567
in wound 603
mild 604, 619
moderate 604, 619
recurrent 10
severe 604, 619
signs of 618
source of 150
spread of 613, 623
Inflammatory cells 625
Inflammatory disease, chronic 512
Infliximab 416
Influenza 320
Inframalleolar infection 613
Infrared thermometer 594f
Infusion dosing, maintenance 556
Infusion site problems 779
Inhalable insulins 403
Inheritance, mode of 79
Inhibins 712
Inhibits glucagon 61
Injection site 400
infection 311
reaction 311
In-shoe technique 595
Insole/foot bed 640
Insomnia 727
Instant contact cast 601
Instant total contact cast 632
Insulin 381383, 411, 438, 469, 564, 630, 681, 692, 702, 706, 722, 762t, 763, 848
absorption 361
action of 69, 72f
action, defects in 98, 102
adjustment 362, 847
administration 361
on airplanes 845
practical aspects of 362
skills 370
allergy 539
amount of 683, 683t
analogs
in renal insufficiency 723
long-acting 359
merits of 394t
rapidly acting 344
and blood glucose
during Ramadan 765t
monitoring during Ramadan 765
and glucagon delivery devices 813
and glucose metabolism 463
and oral agents 377
multiple injections of 381
and oral antidiabetic drugs in Ramadan 762
antibodies 362
aspart 675
autoantibodies 83, 354, 356, 372
B cell cytolysis discharge 119
basic of 334
biosynthesis of 70
concept of delivery of 403
continuation and Ramadan 761, 761t
conventional 763
counseling and Ramadan 760
deficiency 107, 542
degludec 337, 380, 764
degludec 564
degradation 464
degrading enzymes 72
delivery devices 362
dependent diabetes mellitus 7
detemir 336, 380, 564, 675
developed, inhalation forms of 403
discovery of 4, 69
dosage
and distribution, total daily 361
reduction in 469
sliding scale for 469t
dose 374, 469t, 765
adjustment 396t, 848, 848t
fixed daily 254
regimen 676
during air travel, storage of 845
elderly, and Ramadan 763
evolution of 34
exocytosis, producing 44
family therapy, and Ramadan 764
for intrapartum glycemic control, dose of 693t
gene 697
expression 180
glargine 336, 338, 380, 564, 675
glulisine 335
high doses of 113
human 403
hyperglycemia, and Ramadan 764
hypoglycemia, and Ramadan 764
in insulin pumps, preferred 778
in kidneys, role of 393, 393b
in pregnancy, types of 674, 675t
in Ramadan 759
prerequisites for 759
in type 2 diabetes mellitus 759
individualization and Ramadan 760
infusion 562
advantages of continuous 469
rate 556
rate, adjusting 562
set 814
transition from 563
inhaled 338, 362, 374
initiation 340, 348t, 760, 819
and Ramadan 761t
in hospital 564
injecting 845
injection
multiple 750, 813
technique 399
intensification 346
and Ramadan 762, 762t
regimens 349f
intermediate acting 336, 675, 875
intra-islet 74f
intranasal 405
intrapartum administration of 692
invention of 69
lente 892
like growth factor 358, 413
level of 518, 787
lispro 335, 675
long-acting 675, 723
management testing 186
messenger ribonucleic acid 119
mixing 400
naïve 557
patients and Ramadan 760
never omit 367
optimization and Ramadan 761, 761t
pen, use of 400
physiologic actions of 71
pregnancy, and Ramadan 763, 763t
producing cells 805
promoter factor 1 79, 106, 110
protease 72
pump 374, 845, 852, 903
and Ramadan 764
disadvantages of 374
for type 2 diabetes mellitus 781
foundation 787
system, implantable 785f
therapy 770
users 848
rapid acting 334, 358, 367, 368, 694, 723
receptor 34, 71, 71f, 732, 825
substrate 45, 293
regimen 344, 358f, 359, 360, 373, 469, 750
regular 334, 761
dose of 558
related peptides in invertebrates
function of 35
structure of 35
release 42, 44
requirement 343, 674, 681t
low 106
resistance 69, 102, 150, 204, 292, 463, 481, 482, 573
secretagogues 467
secretary defect 119
secrete 52
secretion 9, 41, 45f, 61, 70, 71f, 78, 464
dynamics of 44
reduce 110t
self-mixed 848
sensitizing drugs 288
short acting 693, 694
signaling defect, primary 112
single dose 848
soluble 875
solution, infusion of 405
stacking 778
stimulates synthesis of lipids 72
storage 399
during traveling 847
structure 69, 70, 70f, 335f
sulfonylureas 850
supplement 469
synthesis of 42f
syringes and pens 362
technique for mixing 892
therapy 144, 358, 379, 392, 393, 395, 402, 538, 549, 705, 722
alternative 362
during fasting 723
during severe infections 724
in diabetes in pregnancy 674
in hemodialysis 723
in peritoneal dialysis 723
in special situations 723
preparing patients for 342
side effects of 362
with chronic renal failure 723
titration of 396t
total daily dose of 564t
treatment 676
cause cancer 733
types of 334, 705
use of newer 469
weight, and Ramadan 764
with oral antidiabetic agents, combination of 676
Insulin-dependent diabetes 788fc
mellitus 101, 258
Insulin-like growth factor 124
receptor 41, 336
Insulinoma antigen-2 antibodies 372
Insurance Amendment Act, enactment of 885
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority 886, 888, 893
Integrase inhibitor 572
Intensity projection, maximum 219
Intensive blood pressure 478
Intensive care unit 554
Intensive diabetes control, effect of 477
Intensive flexible insulin therapy 254
Intensive glucose
control and cardiovascular disease 478
lowering therapy 478
Intensive insulin therapy 373, 723
Interaction mediated vascular dysfunction 206
Interferon 116
Interleukin 151, 509
International Classification of Diseases Codes 31
International Conference for Harmonization 413
International Diabetes Management Practice Study 346
International Index of Erectile Function 523, 729
International Prostate Symptoms Score 729
International working group on diabetic foot 598, 618
classification 618
Interpersonal psychotherapy 823
Intersectoral convergence 869
Intestinal barrier 95
Intestinal biopsy, small 519
Intestine
bacterial overgrowth, small 519
small 180
Intra-abdominal disorders, severe 792
Intracellular proteins 44
Intracranial hemorrhage, ruling out 218
Intracranial vasculature 583
Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm 62
Intraglomerular pressure, high 447
Intralesional corticosteroid triamcinolone 532
Intrapartum glucose
administration 692
monitoring 692
Intrapartum glycemic target 691
Intrapartum insulin requirement 691
Intraperitoneal insulin 405, 469
use of 469
Intrauterine
contraceptive device 683
fetal death 680
growth restriction 62, 107, 161
hypoxia, chronic 680
Intravenous insulin
infusion 562
regimen 693
protocol 561
Intrinsic minus foot 580f
Iodine excess 125
Iontophoresis, reverse 235, 236
Iron deficiency 668f
Iron-laden lysosomes rupture 137
Ischemia 630
management of 628
Ischemic attack, transient 295
Ischemic brain tissue, assessing viable 219
Ischemic diabetic foot, acutely infected 610f
Ischemic foot with gangrene 596f
Ischemic heart 208
Ischemic infarct core 219
Ischemic necrosis 585
Ischemic penumbra 219
Ischemic stroke 295
diagnosing 218
Ischemic/neuroischemic limb 610
Islet amyloid polypeptide 83, 180, 409
Islet and pancreas transplant 705
Islet antigen-2 356
Islet autoantibody 82
Islet autoantigens 82
Islet autoimmunity 180
Islet capillaries 40
Islet cell 60, 82
antibodies 356
autoantibodies 356
autotransplantation 798, 799
clusters 52
granules, ultrastructural appearance of 59f
transplant 788
transplantation 792, 798, 802
efficiency of 799
indications of 798
use of 799
tumors 55
Islet neogenesis-associated protein 39
Islet of Langerhans 1, 55, 56, 58f, 59f, 796
Isoniazid 569
Isophane insulin 555
J
Jagran Pehel Program 863
Jaundice 660
Jejunal mucosa 181
Jejunum 62, 797
Jod-Basedow phenomenon 125
Joslin diabetes centre 866
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation 866
Juvenile diabetes, classification 7
K
Kala azar 873
Karnal glucocoper 820
Kearns-Sayre syndrome 101, 112, 140
Keller arthroplasty 608f
Keller resection arthroplasty 609
Kerala Diabetes Prevention Program Group 862
Ketoacidosis 138, 358, 616, 680, 724, 901
recurrent 796
resolution of 550
seldom 9
Ketoanions, excretion of 551
Ketoconazole 123, 282
Ketogenesis 542, 73
Ketogenic diet 142
Ketone 367
bodies 767
monitor for 368
Ketonemia 552
hydrolysis of ketone 544
Ketonuria 552
small 541
Ketosis 620
absence of 106
monitor for 367
Kickoff B blockers 119
Kidney
biopsy 141
graft, loss of 798
in diabetes, genetics of 447
injury molecule 444
transplantation 118, 789, 797
Kidney disease 396
advanced 470
and hypertension 497
diabetic 422, 442, 454, 454t, 456, 460
end-stage 465, 467
familial hypoplastic glomerulocystic 101
in diabetes, stages of 443
nondiabetic 454t
Kidney failure 115
stages of 467, 468t
Kidney function 797
impaired 466
reduced 668
Klebsiella pneumoniae 625
Klebsiella species 457
Klinefelter's syndrome 8, 10, 146
Kobberling-Dunnigan syndrome 102
Kobes classification 620
Kussmaul respiration 356
L
Labor in pregnancy with diabetes, induction of 694
Labor, precautions during 682
Lactic acidemia 680
Lactic acidosis 101, 574
Lamivudine 572, 874
Lamotrigine 439
Langerhans 773
Lanreotide auto gel 123
Laparoscopic gastric plication 179
Large-fiber neuropathy 436
management of 439
L-asparaginase therapy 118
Late-onset hypogonadism 708, 726, 728
Laurence-Moon-Biedel syndrome 8, 145
Lectin-like gene 78
Leprechaunism 9, 102, 146
treatment 146
Leprosy 873
Leptin 113, 411
Lesser metatarsal procedures 609
Less-intensive regimens 343
Leucocytosis, nonspecific 546
Leukocytosis 620
Leukoderma 538
Leutinizing hormone 522
Leydig cells of testis 727
Lichen planus 537, 538
over foot 538f
Life in control diabetes coach 815
Life threatening infection 623
Life-saving devices 816
Lifestyle intervention 486, 704
Lifestyle-related chronic diseases 667
Life-threatening hypotension 730
Ligands inhibits 35
Light green cell, sequencing of 35
Limb amputations, major 611
Limb threatening
diabetic foot infection 605f
infection 592f, 623
Limited joint mobility 580, 639
Linagliptin 303, 304, 305, 307, 378, 468, 471, 722
Linezolid 622
Lipid 65, 486
and lipoproteins 483t
qualitative changes in 485t
quantitative changes in 485t
disorders in diabetes 481
homeostasis 154
metabolism 65, 464, 746
regulation of 287
modifying drugs 481, 486
profile 100
storage 154
Lipoatrophy 538
Lipodystrophic syndromes 165
Lipodystrophy 112, 113, 166, 362
acquired generalized 144
acquired partial 144
familial partial 102, 143, 144, 165
genetic of 163, 165
management of 144
partial 113
syndromes 143
Lipogenesis stimulation 484
Lipogenesis, general induction of 484
Lipohypertrophy 400, 539
Lipoic acid 437
Lipolysis, inhibition of 544
Lipopolysaccharide 95
cholesterol, very low density 366
Lipoprotein 65, 484, 486
cholesterol
elevated high-density 481
high density 213
very-low-density 482
high density 84, 100, 106, 247, 292, 294, 482, 746
in type 2 diabetes mellitus 482t
intermediate density 65, 482
lipase 66, 207, 293
low density 205, 294, 482, 709, 746
low high density 205
metabolism, abnormal 66
number of 482
reduce low-density 116
very low density 65, 66, 207, 464, 482
Lipotoxicity 46
Liraglutide 311, 312, 386, 387, 468, 471, 506, 722
effect and action in diabetes 169, 388, 504
Lispro, structure of 335f
Liver
cytosol antigen 517
disease 270, 396, 506
chronic 392
mechanisms of 396
function tests 296
triglyceride concentrations 154
type fatty acid binding protein 444
Lixisenatide 169, 311, 312, 386, 387, 506
Lodenafil carbonate 525
Lopinavir 571, 572f
plus ritonavir 572
Lovastatin 472
Low blood glucose levels 73
Low density level-cholesterol 213
Low density lipoprotein 65, 66, 100, 84, 204, 214, 247, 292, 338, 728
cholesterol 170
synthesis 265
Low molecular weight 669
Low testosterone
and cardiovascular disease 728
and insulin resistance 727
and mortality 727
Lower extremity
amputation, type of 593
arterial disease 219
Lower limb
amputation
causes of 638
epidemiology of 577
complications 576
computed tomography angiography of 220f
ischemia 212
weakness 581
Lower segment caesarian section 31
Low-glycemic index 253
Low-protein diets 253
Lumbar puncture 510
Luminal spaces 59
Lung
apices 569
carcinoma, small-cell 123
disease, management of 138
Lupus nephritis 456
Luteinizing hormone 713, 727
secretion 708
Lymnaea stagnalis 35
Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome 147
Lymphocytic infiltrations 82
Lysosomal protease 72
M
Macrolide antibiotic 118, 119
Macronodular hyperplasia 122
Macronutrient 662
percentage 664
Macrophage inhibiting factors 900
Macrosomia 660, 676, 680
Macrovascular complication 115, 216, 719, 799, 825
epidemiology of 477
of diabetes 799
monitoring 212
pathogenesis of 212
Macrovascular disease, epidemiology of 477
Macular degeneration 417
Macular edema, types of 432
Macular pattern dystrophy 141
Magnesium, deficiency of 181
Mal perforans 616
ulcer 618f
Malabsorption 141
Malaria 567
Male genital mycotic infections 320
Male sexual
dysfunctions in diabetes 521
response 526
Malnutrition 726
Malperforans ulceration 630
Mandakini offloading device 603
Mandibular hypoplasia 113
Mannitol 551
Maternal capillary glucose concentrations 672t
Maternal diabetes 62
Maternal glycemic
control 691
targets 671
Maternal hemoglobin 691
Maternal plasma glucose 692, 693
Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness 99
syndrome of 140
Matrix metallopeptidase 9 294, 427
McVune-Albright syndrome 122, 123, 125
Meckel's diverticulum 62
Medical counseling 748
Medical education
continuing 892
for children 862
Medical nutrition therapy 364, 372, 662, 664, 665, 665, 671, 680, 687, 704
components of 663
for postpartum 665
pregnancy with diabetes 662
Medical therapy, indications for 626
Medicated urethral system for erection 524
Medroxyprogesterone acetate 715
Medullary thyroid carcinoma 123
Megaloblastic anemia 101
Megestrol 119
Meggitt-Wagner classification 638t
Meglitinide 280, 282, 468, 471, 722, 755, 770, 876
clinical trials of efficacy of 281t
contraindications/cautions 283
drug interactions 282
efficacy 281
future perspectives 284
mode of action 280
pharmacokinetics 282
plasma concentrations 282
role for 283t
role in therapeutics 283
routes, preparations, and dosage 283
safety 281
Mehta Chawla's dermatological criteria's for diabetes 531
Melanin concentrating hormone 155
Melanocortin 4 receptor gene 164
Melanocyte stimulating hormone 164
Melas phenotype 140
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 457
Membranous nephropathy 456
Memory loss 708
Menopausal hormone therapy 715
Menopause 714
age of onset 712, 713
and metabolic syndrome 714
between women with and without diabetes 713
endocrinology of 713
hormonal changes with 713
on body composition, effect of 714
on glucose homeostasis, effect of 714
on insulin sensitivity, effect of 714
symptoms of 713, 714
Menstrual periods, irregular 819
Mental and physical health interventions, internets-based 898
Mental disorders
diagnostic manual of 823
statistical manual of 823
Mental health professionals 832
Mesenchymal stem cell 803806, 807f, 808
immunosuppressive role of 805
in culture 804f
properties of 804
therapy 526
Mesenteric artery, superior 54
Mesenteric vein, superior 54
Messenger ribonucleic acid 155, 323, 697
Meta-analyses
of observational studies 272t
of randomized control trials 272t
Metabolic acidosis 465
Metabolic alterations in end-stage renal disease 463
Metabolic coma 115
Metabolic condition, common 667
Metabolic control 603
assessment of 657
in adolescents 704
Metabolic derangements 620
Metabolic disorder 620
Metabolic factors 719
Metabolic fate
of glucose 65
of lipids 66
Metabolic memory, role of 424
Metabolic parameters in diabetics 746
Metabolic surgery, operation of 175
Metabolic syndrome 115, 482, 531, 657, 708, 710, 727
subgroup 491, 493
Metabolism, full 774
Meta-iodo-benzyl-guanidine 440
Metal devices, implanted 221
Metatarsal bar 642f
Metatarsal head
resection, first 610
ulcer 615f
Metatarsal ulcers 609
Metatarso-phalangeal joint 609
Metformin 107, 113, 118, 144, 170, 171, 266, 286, 289, 324, 374, 378, 379, 381, 451, 467, 468, 471, 474, 506, 517, 573, 574, 672, 673, 687, 689, 705, 721, 749, 754, 770, 875, 892
and antineoplastic actions 288
and cardiovascular system 287
and glitazones 769
and mitochondria 286
and pregnancy 289
and thyroid 290
cellular uptake of 286
in atherogenesis 287
in cardiac
fibrosis 288
hypertrophy 287
in chronic kidney disease 467t
in diabetic cardiomyopathy 288
in heart failure 288
in hypertension 287
in naïve polycystic ovarian syndrome 289
in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 290
in polycystic ovarian syndrome 288
in premature pubarche 289
in renal failure 288
in type 1 diabetes mellitus 290
in type 2 diabetes mellitus 287
in vitro fertilization 289
therapy 305
Metiglinides 378
Metoclopramide 519
Metreleptin 103
Metyrapone 123
Mexico model 855
Michigan neuropathy screening instrument 437
Micro ribonucleic acid 161
Microalbuminuria 208, 443, 447, 448
in diabetic patients 444
presence of 503
prevalence of 421
prevention of 448
strategies for 444
Microbicidal activity 584
Microbiome 94
for therapeutics, use of 95
Micronutrient 253, 254, 265, 662
supplementation 138
Micro-ribonucleic acid profiles 797
Microscopic hematuria 455f
Microvascular complication 9, 107, 423, 720, 797
long-term 208
management of 210
monitoring 208
Microvascular damage 797
Microvascular disease 522, 584
Microvascular injury, molecular mechanism of 446
Mid sole ulcers, formation of 615
Mid-gestational embryos 59
Mifepristone 123
Miglitol 378, 468, 471, 721
Mind-body
connection 259
strategies 261
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist 500
Mini gastric bypass 176, 177, 177f
Minimal change disease 455, 456
Minimal intralobular connective tissue 55
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare 872
Mirodenafil 525
Miscarriage, decreasing risk of 289
Mitochondria 46
Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate 901
Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid 78
Mitochondrial diabetes 105, 106, 112
Mitochondrial disorders 112
Mitochondrial dysfunction 205
Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke 140
Mitochondrial genome 101
Mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase 287
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation 901
Mitochondrial protein 140
Mitogen-activated protein 206
kinase 288
Mitogenic Upstream Signals Act 45
Mitotane 123
Mobile apps 814, 815
in diabetes
care 811
management 816
Mobilizes lipid 61
Moderate Intensity Weight Training Program 850
Molecular pattern molecules 901
Molecular weight, high 669
Monoclonal gammopathy 436
Monofilament test 594f
Monogenic and obesity related syndromes 164
Monogenic antinflammatory syndrome 147
Monogenic diabetes 97, 98, 105,106, 702, 703
classification of 98
diagnosis of 107
diagnostic dilemma 102
epidemiology 97
syndromes, classification of 98t
therapeutic implications 103
types of 703t
Monogenic disorder 103, 105
treatment of 78
Monogenic insulin resistance syndrome 105
Mononeuropathy 435
Monosialoganglioside, circulating 436
Monozygotic twin 353
Morning insulin 379
Mortality in type 2 diabetes trial 170
Mortality, worldwide causes of 16f
Motor neuropathy 579
Mucormycosis 433
Mucuna pruriens 526
Multicentric clinical study 803
Multicultural community health assessment trial 292
Multidetector computerised tomography 221
Multilingual population 861
Multinodular goiter 125
Multiple genes, polymorphisms of 78
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction 79
Mumps 10, 354
Muscle
cell membrane 118
relaxation technique, progressive 261
weakness 208
Mutism, selective 823
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 567
Mycophenolate mofetil 790, 796, 799
Myocardial infarction 216, 292, 301, 388, 491, 493, 497
acute 272
risk of 478
Myopathy 141
Myositis 613
Myotonic dystrophy 8, 102, 145
Myristic acid 337
N
N-acetyl cysteine 450
Nail
deformities 614
infections 614
inspection of 590
pathology 590
Namaz prayer 591
Nano technology 526
Nanoinsulin pump 786
Nanopump 786
Nasopharyngitis 320
Nateglinide 282t, 378, 468, 574, 722
National Diabetes Data Group 7, 31
National Diabetes Education Program 870
National Diabetes Prevention Program 870
National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program 11
National Health and Medical Research Council 558
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 90, 11, 340
National Health Policy and diabetes 868
National Health Policy of India 872
National Institute for Care Excellence 855
National Institute for Clinical Excellence 349
National Institute of Chronic Diseases 873
National Kidney Foundation 448, 466
National Urban Diabetes Survey 18
National Urban Health Mission 873, 886
Natural disaster 900
Natural fascial barriers, breaking 584
Natural triggered disasters 902
Nausea 311, 313, 320
Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum 533
Necrolytic migratory erythema 127
Necrotizing fasciitis 613, 616
in diabetic limb 618f
infection 616
Negative emotions, types of 829
Neglected plantar callus 615f
Nelfinavir 571, 572
Nematode worm 35
Neogenesis, drivers of 38
Neonatal cardiomyopathy 680
Neonatal complication 660
Neonatal diabetes 98, 100, 110, 695, 696, 699, 701
classification 695
evaluation 696
management 696
mellitus 105, 110, 695
syndromes with permanent 697
transient 99, 110, 111, 695, 697t, 698
transient 695
treatment 110, 699
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia 680
Neonatal hypocalcemia 680
Neonatal hypoglycemia 100, 107, 660, 673, 680, 691, 692
Nephropathy 204, 208, 209, 210, 249, 659
contrast induced 221, 459
familial investigation of 447
in type 2 diabetes mellitus 445
overt 444
progression of 799
Nerve
blockers 438
fibers 40
impairment score of lower limbs 437
tissue, biopsy of 437
Neural cell adhesion molecule 57
Neural insulin-like effects 117
Neurocognitive functioning studies 895
Neuroendocrine neurons, populations of 154
Neurogenin 38, 54
distinct fate of 55
Neuroglycopenic symptoms 724
Neuroischemic foot 596
ulcers 622
Neuroischemic ulcer 577
Neurological damage, extent of 551
Neurological disabilities 551
Neurological observations 547
Neuronal damage 527
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase 522
Neuro-osteoarthropathy 600
Neuropad 595
Neuropathic assessment 593
Neuropathic diabetic foot 618f
ulcers 607
Neuropathic diabetic patient 639
Neuropathic feet 596, 615, 627f
redistribution 641
with hammer toe deformity 583f
Neuropathic sole of foot 616
Neuropathic ulcer
pathogenesis of 581
surrounded by callus 596f
Neuropathy 208210, 212, 613, 630, 647, 659
diagnosis of 437
diffuse 435
disability score 209
in prediabetes 423
pressure 578
small-fiber 436
Neuropeptide 155
role of different 155
Y neurons 155
Neurotransmitters 825
Neurotrophic therapy 438
Neurovascular space 41
Neurovascular supply 40
Neutral protamine hagedorn 281, 334, 341, 347, 348, 379, 396, 400, 471, 761, 874
at bedtime 379
insulin 394, 675
Nevirapine 572
Newer insulins and Ramadan 764
Niacin 472
Nicotinamide 806
adenine dinucleotide 205, 901
phosphate 47
Nicotine 838
Nicotinic acid 8, 116
Nitric oxide 205, 287, 508, 522
Nitrogen species, reactive 205
Nocturia 363
Nocturnal penile tumescence rigidity 523
test 523f
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 290, 306, 517
development of 517fc
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 294, 517, 517fc
Nonantigen-specific treatment 84
Noncommunicable diseases 567, 612, 656, 732, 856, 863, 868, 877
adult onset of 88f
emergence of 20
Nondiabetes population 727
Nondiabetic chronic kidney disease 464
Nondiabetic kidney disease 454, 456, 456t, 460
common 455
pathogenesis of 454
predictors of 459
prevalence of 454
types of 455, 455t
Nondiabetic pregnancy 656
Nondiabetic relatives, initially 353t
Nondiverted interposition 178
Nonenzymatic protein glycation 430
Nonesterified fatty acids 150, 154, 205, 366
Nonesterified free fatty acids 204
Nonfatal stroke 498
Nonglycemic effects of combination therapy 379
Nonhealing wound 620
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 123
Noninfective neuro-osteoarthropathy 625
Noninjectable insulins 402
Noninsulin
dependent diabetes mellitus 110, 258
injectables 565
therapy 705
Noninvasive glucose monitoring 233235
devices 236, 236t, 239
techniques 235
Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma 119
Non-limb threatening (mild infection) 623
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 572
Nonobese diabetic 82
Nonpharmacological management 769, 771
Nonpregnant women 107
Nonretinal ocular complications 427
Nonstarch polymers 663
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug 428
Nonsulfonylurea insulin 722
Nontraumatic lower-limb, causes of 649
Norepinephrine 439
Normoalbuminuria 443
Normoglycemia 205, 561, 656, 686
Nortriptyline 826
Nuclear factor kappa-b 264
Nucleolar ribonucleic acid genes 164
Nucleotide polymorphisms, single 164, 353
Nurses’ health studies 89
Nutraceuticals 263, 265, 266b, 266t
preventing diabetes mellitus 266
Nutrient mediated teratogenesis 160
Nutrient obtained from human diet, types of 662
Nutrition 375, 662
and dietary factors 354
and exercise plan 370
management 358
therapy 663
total parenteral 150
Nutritional deficiency 181
Nutritional factors 24
Nutritional status 554
Nutritional value of food, counting 255
Nyctalopia 138
O
Obesity 45, 88f, 113, 163, 212, 253, 482, 511b, 612, 668t, 733
and anemia 667
genetic of 163
hypogonadism cycle 709
management of 166
paradox 91
related inflammation 667
related insulin 667
Obstetric procedures 558
Obstetric surgery 558
Obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic 338
Obstructive sleep apnea 213
Octanoic acid 437
Octreotide 519
Ocular ischemic syndrome 433
Off-meter software 188
Olanzapine 117
Oliguria 547
Omnipod insulin management system 777
Oncological illnesses 797
Ongoing diabetes control 665
Online diabetes management software 814
On-meter software 188
Onychomycosis 614
Ophthalmopathy 126f
Opioid 839
agonist management 839
and diabetes 838
Optic atrophy 79, 108
and deafness 122
Optical coherence tomography 235
Optical techniques 235
Optimal glycemic control 192
Oral and parenteral iron preparations 669t
Oral antidiabetic agents
and ramadan fasting 752
in pregnancy 674
to insulin 684
Oral antidiabetic drugs 280, 347, 349, 377, 671, 721
combination with insulin 378t
in Ramadan 762t
role of 565
Oral antidiabetic medication dose 754t
Oral antidiabetic therapy 301, 672
Oral antihyperglycemic agents 322
Oral cavity 403
and diabetes 512
Oral contraceptive 116
combined 683
Oral fluids 550
Oral glucose 659
lowering therapy in Ramadan 752
tolerance test 7, 10, 106, 116, 300, 569, 657, 673, 679, 686, 687
Oral hypoglycemic agents 125, 324, 402, 538, 544, 563, 704, 741, 742
Oral insulin 404
Oramed's oral insulin 404
Oramed's technology 404
Organ transplant patients 115
Organic cation transporter 1 286
Organic personality syndrome 747
Orlistat 266
Orthostatic hypotension 659
Osmotic stress 428
Osteomyelitis 585, 613, 622, 623, 625, 630
acute 631
chronic 631
in diabetic foot 610
medical treatment of 626
of foot in diabetes 624t
of great toes 598f
Osteoporosis 113, 138
Otitis externa, malignant 719
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 289
Oxcarbazepine 439
Oxidative stress 431, 445, 446f, 522
markers of 444
Oxygen species, reactive 46, 204, 205, 264, 445
P
Pain 208, 320
control 438
types of 438
Painful diabetic neuropathy 436
Painful neuropathy
acute 436
chronic 436
Paired testing 186
Palmar erythema 537
Palpating pedal pulses 593f
Pancreas 39, 53, 54, 134
adult 52f
after kidney transplant 796
and kidney, transplant of 406
artificial 363, 784, 793f, 814
chemical artificial 785
development of 52
diseases of 702
endocrine development of 54f
endoderm 52
exocrine function 52
external artificial 784
graft survival rate 796
islet cell
development 52
transplantation 798
lies, exocrine tissue of 134
mass of 55
transcription factor 1 110
transplantation 788, 790792, 796, 797, 799
effect of 797
efficiency of 797
indication for 789
technical conduct of 789
types of 788fc
Pancreas-kidney transplantation 788, 790
Pancreatectomy 799
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 45
Pancreatic and islet cell transplant 796
Pancreatic beta cells 38, 161
Pancreatic buds 52
Pancreatic carcinoma 9, 138
Pancreatic cell
dysfunction 115
tumor 123
Pancreatic development 57, 59, 78
Pancreatic diabetes, recognition of 138
Pancreatic disease 134
Pancreatic duct 52
Pancreatic ductular obstruction 138
Pancreatic enzymes, elevated 547
Pancreatic gastrin cells 54, 55
Pancreatic hormonal function 52
Pancreatic hypoplasia 61
Pancreatic insufficiency 138
Pancreatic islet 52, 61
adult 61
cell 785
Pancreatic kidney transplantation 789, 791
Pancreatic lymph nodes 83
Pancreatic neoplasms 138
Pancreatic polypeptide 54, 58f, 61, 134
cells 54
secrete 69
Pancreatic transplant 375, 406, 788, 796, 802
Pancreatic transplantation, evaluation of 798
Pancreatic α-cell glucagon secretion 74f
Pancreatic β-cell
failure and meglitinide 282
hormone 409
insulin secretion 74f
Pancreaticoduodenal artery
anterior superior 54
posterior superior 54
Pancreatitis
acute 134
causes of acute 135t
drug induced 115
tropical chronic 135, 136
Panic disorder 823
Paper log book 188
Papillary necrosis 457
Papillary responses, abnormal 547
Paracrine signaling and angiogenesis 806
Parasympathetic innervation 154
Parasympathetic nervous system 155
Parathyroid
adenoma 130f
hormone 463, 470
Paraventricular nucleus 154
Parenchyma 53
Parent-child problem solving 897
Paresthesias 747
Paromed in-shoe
foot scanner 595
scanner 595f
Paronychia 613, 614
Paronychium 614
Paroxetine 439, 826
Pasireotide 123
Patch pump 778f
Peak systolic velocity 219
Pedal pulses, absence of 620
Pedigree chart 103f
Pegylated lispro 338
Penicillin 631
Penile nerves function tests 524
Pentamidine 8, 116, 119
People with diabetes, workplace accommodation for 842
Peptic ulcer 181
Peptide granules 59f
Peptide in bombyx mori 35
Peptococcus 625
Peptostreptococcus 625, 631
Perderson Freinkel hypothesis 159f
Perfluorooctanoic acid 28
Perfusion-weighted imaging techniques 219
Periconceptional folic acid 684
Perinatal morbidity and mortality 679
Perinatal tissues like cord tissue 803
Perindopril 499
Periodontal disease 512, 513
causes of 512
prevalence of 512
visible signs of 512
Periodontitis 512, 513f
Peripheral arterial disease 212, 216, 219, 577, 583, 587, 596, 621, 630, 634
nonrevascularizable 611
role of 583
treatment of 606
Peripheral arterial pulsations 618
Peripheral artery disease 503
prevalence of 634
Peripheral atrophy 572f
Peripheral blood levels 405
Peripheral edema 362
Peripheral insulin sensitivity 116
Peripheral neuropathy 249, 577, 587, 620, 630
role of 578
Peripheral sensory
motor neuropathy 618
neuropathy 601
Peripheral tissues 155
Peripheral vascular disease 19, 20, 204, 208, 478, 533, 583, 584, 618, 620, 630, 648, 719
prevalence of 477
Perisinusoidal inflammation 517
Peritoneal catheter 465
Peritoneal dialysis 395
continuous cycler 469
Peritoneal fibroblastic proliferation, risk of 469
Peritonitis 792
Periungual telangiectasia 537
Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus 99, 111, 695, 696, 698
Pernicious anemia 371
Peroxisome 47
Peroxisome proliferator-activated
gamma receptor 165, 467
action 293f
receptor 47, 292, 293
agonist 292
superfamily 292
Persistent hyperglycemia generates 205
Personal digital assistant 777
Personal traits, positive 243
Personality traits 243
types of 243t
Pesticides 87
Pharmacodynamic properties 405
Pharmacokinetic properties 318t
Phenotype theory 160
Phenytoin pentamidine l-asparaginase 116
Pheochromocytoma 8, 9, 122, 123, 126
diagnosis 127
treatment 127
Phosphalydylinositol 3-kinase 36
Phosphate 550
Phosphatidylinositide-3 kinases 44
Phosphodiesterase type 5 522
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase 264
Phosphoinositide-3 kinase 45
Phosphor-enyl-pyruvate-carboxy-kinase 117
Phosphorylate electron transport chain 205
Phosphorylation of peptides 41
Photoacoustic spectroscopy 235
Physical activity and exercise 715
Physical health outcome 900t
Physical inactivity 88
Physiological male arousal, level of 525f
Phytanic acid 266
Phytoestrogen 87
Pigmented micronodular hyperplasia, primary 122
Pigmented purpuric dermatosis 537
Pilgrim's foot 846
Pilgrimage in christianity 847
Pilgrimage in hinduism and buddhism 847
Pilgrimage, preventing foot complications during 847, 847b
Pineal gland hyperplasia 9
Pioglitazone 266, 295, 305, 378, 467, 468, 471
and heart 295
and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 296
antiatherosclerotic action of 295
Piperacillin 622
Pirfinidone 450
Pitching genotype theory 160
Pittsburgh sleep quality index 729
Pituitary adenoma 123
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide 156
Plantar callus 581
Plantar diabetic foot ulcers, offloading 634
Plantar pressure 603
Plantar soft tissue, reduced 580
Plantar space abscess, medial and lateral 616
Plantar space in distal foot 613f
Plantar xerosis 579f
Planter ulcers 589f
Plasma free-fatty acid 293, 323
Plasma fructosamine concentration reflects 202
Plasma glucose 560
concentration 541
level 549
Plasma membrane 165
depolarizing 280f
monoamine transporter 286
Plasma protein binding 318
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 release stimulation 497
Platelet aggregation 214
Platelet to lymphocyte ratio 524
Pluripotent cells 804
Pneumococcus 631
Poliomyelitis 567
Poly lactico-glycolic acid 404
Polyclonal anti-t-cell antibody thymoglobulin 790
Polycystic kidneys 698
Polycystic ovarian
disease 531
syndrome 12, 122, 288, 657, 678, 819
Polycythemia 680
Polydipsia 356, 363, 764
Polyendocrinopathy 698
Polygenic disorder 702
Polygenic obesity 164
Polymeric biodegradable nanoparticles 785
Polymicrobial infections 621
Polyneuropathy 122
Polyol pathway 206, 430
Polyunsaturated fatty acids 89
Polyuria 10, 356, 363, 764
Poor diabetes control, consequences of 799
Poor disease control 819
Poor foot hygiene 615
Poor glycemic control 363, 513, 578, 630, 895
Poor intellectual capabilities 895
Poor nail care 614
Porcine subintestinal mucosa 606
Porphyria 8
cutanea tarda 146
Portal vein 54
insulin, high 787
Post-disaster
diseases, common 901t
health problems, common 900
Postlunch blood sugar 186
Postmenopausal osteoporosis 715
Postnatal growth retardation 113
Postpartum diabetes management 686
Postprandial glucose 325, 671, 681
homeostasis 74
surge 107
Postprandial hemoglobin 115
Postprandial hyperglycemia, intervention targeting 301
Postprandial plasma glucose 311, 344, 349, 386, 681
Posture, abnormal 581
Potassium balance, maintenance of 465
Potassium metabolism in end-stage renal disease 465
Potassium replacement
continue 550
principle of 549
Potential bicarbonate, loss of 551
Prader-Willi syndrome 8, 145, 164
treatment 145
Pramlintide 468, 471, 705
Prandial glucose regulators 850
Prandial insulin 334, 378, 705
Prandial secretagogues 106
Pravastatin 472, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493
Precise insulin delivery 778
Preconception management 656
Preconceptional care 656
Preconceptional counseling 683
Prediabetes 728
PREDIAN trial 450
Predinner blood sugar 186
Prefasting counseling 768
Pregabalin 439
Pregestational diabetes mellitus 344, 678t
Pregnancy 300
and lactation 271, 738, 749
complicated by diabetes 678
prevalence of 656
diabetes
and fasting in Ramadan 743
and hypertension 500
induced hypertension 659
injection during 401
planning 688
test 510
weight gain 28
with diabetes 664
fetal and maternal adverse in 657
labor in 694
management of 691
Prelunch blood sugar 186
Premixed human insulin 349
Premixed insulin 705, 770
infusion 563t
intensification 348
regimen 341
with evening meal 379
Prepregnancy
assessment 690
diabetes mellitus 673
weight 28
weight group 665
Preproinsulin gene 78
Prepubertal girls 356
Pre-Ramadan in diabetics 746
Pre-Ramadan medical assessment 740
Pre-Ramadan patient assessment 753
Pressure hydrocephalus, normal 903
Pressure wound therapy, negative 605
Primary Health Center 886, 891
Progesterone 57
Proglucagon molecule 73
Pro-inflammatory cytokine 667
Proinflammatory cytokine, levels of 825
Proinflammatory mediators 605
Proinsulin 42
Prominent meta tarsal head 639
Proopiomelanocortin 155
mutations in 164
Prostacyclin 522
Prostate
cancer 729
specific antigen 729
Protease inhibitors 116
Protein 254, 257, 366, 663, 718, 769
conservation stage 767
diets, low 465
kinase 36
A 41, 45
activation of 117
activity 154
B 36
kinase C 36, 41, 205, 206
activation 430
β inhibition 438
metabolism 7, 67, 464
production of acute-phase 81
response and apoptosis, unfolded 47
synthesis 287
turnover 67
tyrosine phosphatase 83
Proteinuria 209, 460, 583
prevalence of overt 421
Proteus 457, 625
Proximal motor neuropathy 436
Pseudomonas 457
aeruginosa 621, 623, 625
Psoriasis vulgaris 538, 538f
Pubertal delay 363
Pulmonary embolism 150
Pump features, implantable 784
Pump malfunction 780
Pump mechanism 785
Pus under pressure 623
Pyelonephritis 458, 719
acute 457
Pyrazinamide 569
Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 293
Pyruvate kinase 901
Q
Quality of life 788, 791, 796, 830, 895
Quality-adjusted life years 234
R
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome 9, 102, 146
treatment 146
Radio immunoassay 35
Radiopaque foreign bodies 623
Raised plantar pressure, causes of 580
Ramadan 745, 752, 763t
risk stratification in 738b
Ramadan fasting 768t, 770t
changes during 770
include hypoglycemia 752
Ramadan insulin initiation, before 759
Ramadan plate 771, 771f
Ramadan specific diabetes education 739, 740
content of 740b
Ramipril 294
Random plasma glucose 687
Randomized controlled trials 265, 289, 300, 326
Ranibizumab 417
Ransart boot 633
Rapamycin inhibitors sirolimus 790
Rat bite 588, 588f
Razumab 417
RCAD syndrome 103, 143
Receptor tyrosine kinase 36
Red blood cell 454
aplasia 415
short-life span of 470
Redo bariatric surgeries 181
Refeeding syndrome 150
Regulatory hormone epinephrine 464
Religious fasting, intention of 752
Remicade 416
Renal artery stenosis 213
Renal biopsy, role of 460
Renal cysts 101
and diabetes syndrome 101, 143
diagnosis 143
treatment 143
Renal disease
causes of end-stage 19
end-stage 20, 208, 270, 421, 442, 450, 463, 470, 470t, 498
Renal dysplasia 101
Renal excretion 468
Renal failure 270, 300, 460, 797
chronic 393, 464, 474, 723
end-stage 798
hypertension 208
Renal function 295
impairment 221
test 510, 558
Renal impairment 306, 318
dose adjustments in 307t
severe 169, 313
Renal insufficiency 393
Renal papillary necrosis 458, 719
on imaging 458f
Renal parenchyma 458f
Renal pelvis, gas in 457
Renal replacement therapy 421, 442, 450
Renal transplant rejection 458
Renal tubules, epithelium of 64
Renal vein, left 54
Renin angiotensin
aldosterone 430
system 442, 497
system 208, 447
Reoperation, types of 182t
Repaglinide 282t, 378, 468, 574, 722
Resistant hypertension 500
Respiratory distress syndrome 660, 680
Respiratory infections, recurrent 138
Responsive diabetes mellitus 146
Retinal dystrophy 113
Retinol binding protein 264, 444
Retinopathy 204, 208210, 212, 249, 659, 799
Retrograde ejaculations 526
Rhabdomyolysis 552
Rho-kinase inhibitors 526
Ribosomes 42
Rice grain embedded 591f
Rifampicin 569
Rifamycins 282
Rigid fibrous septae 613
Rilpivirine 572
Risperidone 117
Ritonavir 571, 572, 572f, 574
Rofecoxib 874
Rogers’ syndrome 101, 146
Rosiglitazone 294, 467, 468, 471
medication 294
Rosuvastatin 472, 488, 489, 490, 491
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 42, 55
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 176, 176f, 182
technique 176
Rubella 354
Rubeosis faciei 537
Ruboxistaurin 450
Rural environment 14
Rydel Seiffer tuning fork 209
S
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 35, 334, 415, 675
Saline, normal 693
Saliva 514
of gila monster 169
Saquinavir 572
Sarcomas 113
Sausage toe 625
Saxagliptin 303305, 307, 378, 468, 471, 722
dose of 574
Scleredema 531
diabeticorum 534
Sclerodermatoid changes 534
Scotch cost boot 646f
Screening strategy, variations related to 30
Secretagogues 769
Semaglutide 506
Semmes-Weinstein monofilament 209, 593
test 621
Sensations, cause loss of 578
Sensorineural deafness 113, 141
Sensory
loss 209
neuropathy 578, 621
tests, quantitative 436
Sepsis 150, 619
Septic arthritis 613
Septic diabetic foot 607
Septiciemia 553
Septum transversum generates 52
Serotonin 439
reuptake inhibitors, selective 439, 823
Serous cystadenoma 62
Sertraline 439, 826
Serum
amyloid-A 81
bicarbonate 541
concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholine 82
cortisol chronobiological rhythm 775
creatinine 468, 682
high density lipoprotein 405
phosphate level 546
potassium 465, 546
Severity, assessment of 621
Sex hormone binding globulin 102, 288, 708, 713, 727
levels of 522
Sexual dysfunction 440
Sexual health inventory in men 523
Shear stress 581
Short stature 141, 678
Short syndrome 113
Short-acting insulin 564, 675, 675, 755
secretagogues 754
Short-acting sulfonylurea 270
Siabetes specialist, role of 842
Sick-day rules 375
Sickle cell hemoglobinopathies 458
Sildenafil 730
citrate 525t
Simultaneous pancreatic kidney transplant 789
Simvastatin 472, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492
SINDBAD ulcer classification 619
Sirolimus 798, 799
Sitagliptin 303, 304, 305, 307, 378, 468, 471, 722
Skeletal muscle 161, 803
via glucose transporter 248
Skin 237, 238, 239
and soft tissue infections 622, 631
care 652
cracked 584
disorders in diabetes 530
fold 401
infections 363
recurrent 356
tags 12
Sleep, rest, and stress management 743
Sleeve gastrectomy 176, 176f, 178
vertical 173
Small-fiber neuropathies, management of 439
Smart guard technology 779
Smoking cessation, role of 449
Social anxiety disorder 823
Social perception, negative 819
Sodium and water metabolism 465
Sodium channels 44
Sodium level in hyperglycemic crisis 546
Sodium provides energy, active transport of 64
Sodium-glucose
cotransporter 497
inhibitors 318t
transporter 180
cotransporter 2 inhibitors 170, 317, 319t, 324327, 383, 467, 504, 705, 722, 756, 848
pharmacodynamic of 317
pharmacokinetics of 317
linked transporter 179, 276, 348
Soft callus 614
Soft tissue infection 623
Solid cellular cords 59
Solid organ transplants 558
Soluble fiber 266
Somatostatin 58f, 61, 134
analogs 123
Somatostatinoma 8, 9, 62, 122
diagnosis 128
metabolic effects 128
treatment 128
Somatotroph carcinoma 123
Somogyi effect 781
Somogyi syndrome 198f
Sonic hedgehog 59, 526
Spherical granules, small 59
Sphingolipid metabolites 180
Sphingosine 1-phosphate 180
Spink1 genes 136
Spleen 83
Splenic vein 54
Spontaneous abortion, prevention of 656
Spontaneous hypoglycemia 464
Spontaneous mutations 78
Sports and diabetes 850
Stabilizer polysorbate 80 415
Stable angina 212
Staphylococcus aureus 613, 621, 623, 623, 625
infection, methicillin-resistant 621
methicillin-sensitive 623
Starvation 554
Statins 116, 573
and fibrates efficacy 491t
in end-stage renal disease 472t
Stavudine 571, 572
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 155
Steatohepatitis 516
Steatorrhea 138
Stem cell 803
approach 803
sources of 803
therapy 802
treatment for diabetes 808
Steroids, use of 560
Sterol response element binding proteins 1 165
Stiff-Man syndrome 8, 142
diagnosis 142
treatment 142
Stitch society's wounds 857
Streptococcus 631
pyogenes 631
Streptomyces hygroscopicus 299
Streptomyces roseochromogenes 299
Streptozotocin 807
doses of 39
Stress 258
acute 901
diabetic patients, symptoms of 259
hormones 151
hyperglycemia 115, 560
transition in 564
instigates visceral obesity, chronic 152fc
management 258, 260
mediated metabolic changes 900
mediators 151fc
physiology of 259
Stress-induced
diabetes 150
hyperglycemia 152
without diabetes 151
Stress-related biological pathways 153fc
Stroke 101, 212, 295, 479
patients, management of 511
Struma ovarii 125
Subacute thyroiditis 125
Subclinical diabetogenic changes 773
Subclinical inflammation and leukostasis 431
Subcutaneous fat in extremities, wasting of 572f
Subcutaneous insulin 403, 474, 550, 563
infusion
advantages of continuous 778
disadvantages of continuous 778, 780t
infusion therapy 781t
advantages of continuous 780t
protocol 557t
regimen, intermittent 693
Subcutaneous pump therapy, continuous 343
Subcutaneous tissue glucose 235
Subcutenous emphysema 623
Suboptimal carbohydrate 774
Subtraction angiography, digital 218, 524
Sucrose 365
Sudomotor dysfunction 440, 579
Sugar across epithelial cells 180
Sugar sweetened beverages 89, 855
Sulfonylurea 111, 119, 168, 169, 269, 272, 275, 278, 300, 305, 322, 324, 327, 378, 381, 451, 466, 478, 696, 706, 721, 751, 754, 755, 768, 770, 848, 874, 892
action of 275
adverse effects of 277
and cancer risk 278
and cardiovascular disease 277
and glinides 769
first-generation 471
mechanism of action of 276f
receptor 43, 119, 269, 276
benzamido site of 280f
second generation 275t, 471, 474, 673
Sulodexide 450
macroalbuminuria 450
Supplemental fast-acting 367, 368
Supplemental insulin dosages 367t
Supplementary medications 118
Surgical bone resection, indications for 626
Surgical intensive care unit 150
Sweat gland function, abnormal 138
Sweat test 440
Swimming regularly and diabetes 852
Symmetrical polyneuropathy, distal 436, 579
Synaptophysin 57
Syndromic diabetes 143
Syndromic neonatal diabetes mellitus 698t
Syringe and vial 400
compatibility 399
Systemic sepsis, signs of 593
Systolic blood pressure 318, 496, 497, 497t
Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Program 497, 499
Systolic hypertension in Europe 497
T
Tachycardia 620
Tacrolimus 118, 558, 796, 798, 799
Tadalafil 525t, 730
Tarsal cradle with metatarsal pad 642
Tazobactam 622
Tear drops, artificial 427
Technological development, type of 787
Temporoparietal lobe, bilateral 141f
Tendo Achilles lengthening 610
Tendonitis 613
Tenegliptin 303, 304, 305, 307
Tenofovir 572
Testicular failure, primary 122
Testosterone
and body composition 708
deficiency of 708
levels, effects on 709
measurement of 729
particularly 713
replacement 710
replacement therapy 710
effects of 730f
therapy, effects of 710
Tethered insulin pump 777f
Tethered pumps 784
Thermal injury 592, 592f
Thiamine 146, 181
Thiamine-responsive megaloblasticanemia 99
Thiazolidinedione 113, 116, 168, 283, 292, 293, 294b, 324, 324f, 325, 326, 327, 378, 381, 467, 468, 471, 505, 517, 674, 689, 721, 741, 754, 755, 770, 848, 875
action of 294f
clinical efficacy of 293
safety concerns with 296
Thiozolidiones 706
Threatening infection 624b
Threonine kinase 35
Threshold pressure for injury, concept of 582
Thrifty genotype hypothesis 157
Thrifty phenotype
hypothesis 157
model of 159
Thromboembolic events 181
Thrombosis 736, 747
Thrombotic state 552
Thymoglobulin 799
Thyroid
carcinoma metastases 125
disorders 146, 612
hormone 8, 125
ingestion of excess 125
stimulating hormone 125, 290
Thyrotoxicosis 125
causes of 125t
factitia 125
without hyperthyroidism 125
Thyroxin 121
Tiagabine 439
Tibial arteries, posterior 577
Tinea 652, 653f
Tipranavir 572
Tiredness 747
Tissue
culture from infected wound 621
damage, theories of 583
injury, marker of 582
insulin resistance 807
loss 618
perfusion, status of 582
pouch 785
properties, altered 580
Tobacco 838, 839
and diabetes mellitus 837
cessation 607
Tocopherol 517
Toe
and flow 600
brachial index 596
crowding of 580f
nails rubbing, long 590f
Toe deformity 615f
and ulceration 614
Toenails 652, 652f
Tolazamide 466, 468
Tolbutamide 467, 468
Tolerates hypoglycemia 659
Topiramate 439
Total contact casting 601, 632
Touch and pressure sensation 621
Toxic adenoma 125
Toxic multinodular goiter 125
Toxins 354, 838
Tramadol 438
Transcription factor 79, 106
Transcutaneous oxygen 577
lead positioning site 597f
tension 596
Transdermal
insulin 404
technique 235
Transforming growth factor 264
Transmitral flow 222f
Transplant surgery 558
Transport barrier 405
Transsphenoidal surgery 124
Traumatic injury 680
Travel and diabetes 844
mode of travel 845
preparations before travel 844
Trial drug outcomes 306t
Tricyclic antidepressants 440
Triglyceride 294, 482
elevated 205
metabolism 154
Troglitazone 116
Trophic ulcers 609
Tropic foot ulcer in diabetic patient 632f
Truncal obesity 583
Tuberculosis 221, 458, 567, 569, 873
and diabetes
epidemiology of 567
mellitus 567
contribution of 567
in diabetes mellitus, treatment of 569
Tubular lumen 463
Tubulointerstitial diseases 457
Tubulointerstitial nephritis, acute 457
Tumor 62
disorders 789
necrosis factor 84, 151, 767
alpha 151, 293, 427, 509
of beta cell origin 62
Tuning fork 595
Turner's sign 134
Turner's syndrome 8, 10, 146
Tympanic membrane 238
Tyrosine hydroxylase 154
Tyrosine phosphatase 356
Tyrosine protein kinase 79
U
Udenafil 525t
Ulcer 587, 607, 623,630
acute 638
at great toe 598f
chronic 603, 638
marginal 181
on lateral malleolus 591f
recurrence 639
severity index 619
site 577f
Ulcerated foot 641
Ulceration
anatomical sites of 583
causes of 590
development of 583
pathogenesis of 584
risk of 647
Ultralente 903
Ultrasonography, role of 682
Umbilical cord blood 803
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell 807
University of Texas ulcer classification 619
University of Texas ulcer classification system 638t
Upper respiratory tract infection 311
Urban environment 14
Urban Primary Health Centers 886
Urea cycle 67
Uremia 578
skeletal muscles 463
Uric acid 746
Urinary albumin 209
excretion 443
Urinary elimination 318
Urinary glucose excretion 317
Urinary retention 659
Urinary tract
infections 320
malformations 101
obstruction of 458
Urine
acanthocytes in 455f
albumin-to-creatinine 659
culture sensitivity 682
sediment, active 459
Urogenital dysfunction 138
Ursodeoxycholic acid 517
V
Vagal stimulation 180
Vaginal candidiasis 356
Vaginal dryness 440
Vaginal lubricants bethanechol 440
Vagotomy 180
Vardenafil 730
Vascular access 465
Vascular control 606
Vascular disease 204, 478, 499, 510
Vascular endothelial growth factor 205, 526, 444
inhibitor 417
Vascular management 634
Vascular surgery 791
Vasculopathy 620
Vasoactive intestinal
peptide 126, 154
polypeptide 122
Venous plasma glucose 11
Venous thrombosis 552
Ventral mesentery 52
Ventral pancreatic
buds fuse 53
duct 53
Ventricular ejection fraction, left 309
Veteran administration 117
diabetes trial 477, 479
Veteran affairs diabetes trial 510
Viable psychoeducational interventions 896
Vildagliptin 303305, 307, 378, 468, 471, 722
Vipoma 122, 129
Viral infections 354
Visceral fat 151
Viscid secretions 138
Vision loss 684
Visual impairment and blindness 208
Vitamin
B12 669
deficiencies 181
C 470
D
analogs 466
production 466
use of 24
deficiencies 578
E 470, 517
Vitiligo 130f, 538
localized patch of 538f
Voglibose 378, 721
Volcano eruption 900
Vomiting 311, 313, 356, 620
frequent 356
Vulvovaginal candidiasis pruritus 320
W
Wagner-Meggitt classification 619
Walking and diabetes 851
Walking off stubborn high sugar levels 851
Wash, touch and look at feet every day 649
Web space infections 615
Weight gain 273, 296, 362
and edema 296
Weight loss 10, 118, 168, 182, 289, 363, 503
chronic 356
Weight neutral glucose lowering agents 171
Werner syndrome 102, 113, 147
Westward travel 848
Wharton's jelly 803
White blood cell 454
Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome 147
Wilson-Turner syndrome 164
Withania somnifera 526
Wolcott-Rallison syndrome 101, 103, 146
diagnosis 147
treatment 147
Wolfram syndrome 8, 10, 131, 142
diagnosis 142
treatment 142
type 1 143
Women with diabetes, newborn infants of 689
Women's health initiative 715
Worsen diabetes 123
Worsening azotemia 620
Wound
control 603
debridement 533
dressings 626
healing 605, 606
agents 533
defective 613
infection, assessment of 621
ischemia 583
Wscherichia coli, nonpathogenic 404
X
Xenogenous pancreatic endocrine cells 800
Xenotransplantation 793
X-linked syndrome 698
Y
Yoga 250, 251, 251f, 886
and meditation 261
anuloma-viloma pranayama 251
ardha matsyendrasana 252
balasana 252
halasana 251
in management of diabetes, role of 246
mandukasana 252
nadi suddhi pranayama 251
paschimottanasana 252
role of 251
sarvangasana 251
savasana 252
sirsasana 251
Youth-onset diabetes 704fc
Z
Zidovudine 571, 572, 572f
Zinc 43, 181
transporter 8 372
protein 43, 82, 83
Ziprasidone 117
Zonisamide 439
Zymogen granules 59, 60
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