SECOND EDITION
Kuppusamy Thayalan
MSc DipRp MPhil PhD FUICC FIMSA FUSI FICRO
Consultant Medical Physicist and Head Medical Physics Division Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Ex-Professor
Barnard Institute of Radiology and Oncology Madras Medical College
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Foreword
TS Swaminathan
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Email: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Overseas Offices
J.P. Medical Ltd
83 Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44 20 3170 8910
Fax: +44 (0)20 3008 6180
Email: info@jpmedpub.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
17/1-B Babar Road, Block-B, Shaymali
Mohammadpur, Dhaka-1207
Bangladesh
Mobile: +08801912003485
Email: jaypeedhaka@gmail.com
Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc.
City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton
Panama City, Panama
Phone: +1 507-301-0496
Fax: +1 507-301-0499
Email: cservice@jphmedical.com
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: +977-9741283608
Email: kathmandu@jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com
Website: www.jaypeedigital.com
© 2017, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Basic Radiological Physics
First Edition: 2001
Reprint: 2006, 2009
Second Edition: 2017
9789352700486
FM5Dedicated to
My late mother Mrs Arukkaniammal and late father Mr K Kuppusamy
FM6Foreword
The world can be differentiated into those who want to make a difference and those who actually make the difference. Professor K Thayalan belongs to the latter category. It is my pleasure to write the foreword for the second and updated edition of his book Basic Radiological Physics. I know him for many years, since the time he worked in Madras Medical College, when I was the Director of Barnard Institute of Radiology and Oncology. An extremely humble and sincere person, he was in charge of the treatment planning in radiotherapy, and he has continuously strived to make life easier for patients. But more importantly, he was an excellent teacher to his peers and students.
Medical physics is a complicated subject, and with the constant advances in radiology with the emergence of latest technology, such as multi-detector CT, digital radiography, 4D-ultrasonography, Doppler ultrasound, PET-CT and PET-MRI, it becomes imperative for any radiologist to be up to date with the developments of these technologies. In this regard, this is an excellent book that takes on the arduous task of simplifying complicated concepts, aided by extremely effective theory and suitable diagrams. The book also has much-needed sections on radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation safety and protection.
It is a moment of pride when I say that Basic Radiological Physics is the only book in India that caters to the needs of upcoming radiological technologists and undergraduate/post- graduate students.
I wish prof K Thayalan the best in all his future endeavors and may he continue to enrich the lives of students, not only in India but also all over the world.
TS Swaminathan MD DMRD FICR
Formerly, Director and Professor Barnard Institute of Radiology and Oncology Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Head, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
FM9Preface to the Second Edition
I am very happy to come out with the revised edition of my book Basic Radiological Physics published its first edition in 2001. The only difference is that I was in Government service while writing the first edition, and now I am in a private sector, but my passion toward teaching and research not only continues but also multiplies.
As I have written in the Preface to the First Edition, the target audience is the radiological technologists. I strongly believe that radiological work is a team effort; unless the standard of technologists is improved, it is difficult to provide a good quality of patient care, either diagnosis or treatment. Hence, I hope and trust that this book will play a vital role in improving the roles of technologists in clinical settings. The revised edition incorporates the entire syllabus of BSc (AHS) course of radiology and imaging technology (RIT), radiotherapy technology (RTT) and MSc (medical physics) of Indian universities. However, it may also be useful to the postgraduate or diploma students of radiology and imaging, nuclear medicine, and radiotherapy.
I tried to make the book unique to serve as a single source of information addressing the entire spectrum of radiological sciences. The book has six sections and 30 chapters covering, general physics, radiation physics, physics of diagnostic radiology, physics of nuclear medicine, physics of radiotherapy and radiological health and safety. Efforts are being made to incorporate the latest technology with suitable diagrams and tables, wherever necessary.
Comments and suggestions are invited from the readers for further improvement.
Kuppusamy Thayalan
FM11Preface to the First Edition
I have been having a long desire to write a book on radiological physics. When I entered the radiological profession two decades ago, I was asked to take lecture classes for the medical and paramedical students. There were hardly a few books available, which dealt only with the physical aspects and not the clinical ones. Hence, every year lecture notes were prepared by referring several books, and integrated with clinical experience. Even the few books available are of foreign origin and do not support the local requirements. Moreover, no single book fulfills the collective information, including radiodiagnosis, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and radiation safety.
Hence, I decided to write a basic level book, targeting the radiological technologists in mind. Most of my lecture notes have found a place in this book. Efforts have been made to include all the areas of radiology and their physical aspects. Clinical application and its relevance are incorporated wherever needed. Careful judgment was made in including modern technology and optimizing the chapter volume. The guidelines and directions of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre and the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board have been included, particularly in radiation protection, to fit in Indian conditions.
Though the book is basically meant for the technologists, it is very useful to the undergraduate students, who would like to pursue postgraduate courses in radiology. It may also be good reference for the medical physicists, working in the hospitals and medical institutions.
In the book writing process, I have been greatly helped by my colleagues and students. I wish to thank them all. I also acknowledge the Government of Tamil Nadu for having granted permission to write this book. I acknowledge the sacrifice that my family members have made during the preparation of this book. I am thankful to them for their love and understanding.
Healthy comments and suggestions are invited from the readers for further improvement.
Kuppusamy Thayalan
FM13Acknowledgments
I am thankful to my wife T Tamilselvi, son T Parthiban and daughter T Kayal Vizhi, for their love, support, sacrifice and cooperation.
I thank Dr TS Swaminathan, formerly, Director and Professor, Barnard Institute of Radiology and Oncology, Madras Medical College, and Head, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Chennai, for having written the foreword to this book.
I acknowledge Dr Kamakshi Memorial Hospital and the Managing Director, and my medical physics colleagues, especially, Dr A Murugan, Ms X Sidonia Valas, Ms S Purnima, Mr T Godwin Paul Das, Mr A Satheesh Kumar and Ms T Ruthra, for their assistance and support during the book writing process.
I thank Dr B Srinivasa Rao, Scientific Officer (Retd), BARC, Mumbai, and R Ravichandran, Professor (Retd), Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, for having provided the errata of the first edition, which helped me to incorporate the same in this revised one.
I am also thankful to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Ms Ritu Sharma (Director–Publishing), and Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director–Content Strategy) of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, for publishing this book as usual, in a neat and elegant manner.