Introductory Endocrinology: A Concise and Applied Digest Romesh Khardori, DD Bansal, Pranav Mehra
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fm1INTRODUCTORY ENDOCRINOLOGY A Concise and Applied Digestfm2
fm3INTRODUCTORY ENDOCRINOLOGY A Concise and Applied Digest
Authors Romesh Khardori MD PhD FACP FRCP(C) Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Virginia, United States DD Bansal MSc PhD Former Professor and Head Department of Biochemistry Panjab University and Government Medical College and Hospital Chandigarh, India Pranav Mehra MSc PhD Guest Faculty Department of Biochemistry Panjab University Chandigarh, India
fm4
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Introductory Endocrinology: A Concise and Applied Digest / Romesh Khardori, DD Bansal, Pranav Mehra
First Edition: 2017
9789352700943
fm5Dedicated to
Students/Learners
In Pursuit of Knowledgefm6
fm7Preface
In the last 5 decades, endocrinology has gained ascendancy primarily due to refinements in our assay techniques, revolutionary shifts in cellular biology, and the genomics. It remains to date one of the most fascinating specialties in biology due to intricacies of feed forward and feedback system that are both challenging and exciting all at once. It is heavily rooted in physiology, cellular biology, and biochemistry. Those who have made endocrinology a subject of their fancy often tell you how rewarding the cerebral study of endocrinology is, both at bench as well as in the clinic/bedside. Study of endocrinology is no longer restricted to traditional endocrine gland, but also brings under its ambit study of transcellular and intercellular communication (cytokines, chemokines, intracellular signal transduction, hormonal control of immunoregulatory systems). Endocrinologists now have tools available by which they can assess signaling systems without having to sacrifice whole animal. This includes dynamic imaging and tissue sampling in vivo.
Endocrinology is taught at undergraduate (college bound students), graduate level (medical students, postgraduate, and PhD students in subjects like biochemistry and zoology). Physicians willing to specialize in endocrinology obtain and complete fellowship in endocrinology (2–3 years following completion of MD in medicine or pediatrics). However, many students find study of endocrinology daunting because they are left at the mercy of textbooks that are often too detailed and lack the rhythm of taking student through understanding of basic building blocks. Keeping this in mind, we designed this short book to facilitate transition from novice to beginner at all levels.fm8
This book is a product of a long and long-distance friendship between two of the authors (Drs Bansal and Khardori) who met nearly 4 decades ago while thrown together in the laboratory of Professor JS Bajaj at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Professor Bajaj's meticulous attention to details was no less instrumental in sparking our interest in endocrinology/biochemistry. This book also takes into account concerns and interactions of a teacher and his graduate student, and the lessons learned in the process (Professor Bansal and Dr Mehra).
We hope the readers will find it simple to read and easy to grasp facilitating their transition as well as strengthening the concepts and appreciation of basic principles that operate to make the system whole.
We welcome any suggestions from the readers to improve the scope and the reach of this book.
Romesh Khardori
DD Bansal
Pranav Mehrafm9
fm10Acknowledgment
Authors are grateful to Mrs Jyoti Mehra, Technical Officer, Multimedia and Animation Department, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Mohali for helping in designing the diagrams presented in this book.fm11
fm12Nobel Prizes for Research in Endocrinology
Year
Nobel prize winner
Pioneer work
2012
Robert Lefkowitz
For his studies on G-protein coupled receptors
1998
Robert F Furchgott, Louis J Ignarro, and Ferid Murad
For discovering nitric oxide as a signaling molecule
1994
Alfred G Gilman and Martin Rodbell
For discovering G-proteins and their role in signal transduction
1992
Edmond H Fischer and Edwin G Krebs
For discovering reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism
1986
Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini
For discovering growth factors
1982
Sune K Bergström, Bengt I Samuelsson, and John R Vane
For discovering prostaglandins and related biologically active molecules
1977
Rosalyn S Yalow
SHARED WITH
Roger Guillemin and Andrew V Schally
For development of radioimmunoassay of insulin
For discovering peptide hormone production in brain
1971
Earl W Sutherland, Jr.
For discovering mechanism of hormone action
1958
Frederick Sanger
For discovering structure of insulin
1950
Edward C Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, and Philip S Hench
For discovering hormones of adrenal cortex, their structure, and biological actionfm13
1947
Bernardo A Houssay
For discovering role of hormone of anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar
1939
Adolf FJ Butenandt
Shared for his research on sex hormones
1923
Frederick G Banting and John JR Macleod
For discovering insulin
1909
Emil T Kocher
For his work on physiology, pathology, and surgery of thyroid gland
fm14Abbreviations
25-OH D3
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
3β-OHSD
3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
AAA system
Inter-relationship amongst angiotensin, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
ADP
Adenosine diphosphate
AIP
Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene
AMH
Anti-Müllerian hormone
ANF
Atrial natriuretic factor
ANP
Atrial natriuretic peptide
AP
Alkaline phosphatase
Arg
Arginine
Asp
Aspartate
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
AVP
Arginine vasopressin
BDNF
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BMR
Basal metabolic rate
BNP
Brain natriuretic peptide
cAMP
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CaSR
Calcium sensing receptor
CBG
Corticosteroid binding globulin
cGMP
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
CGRP
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
CMIA
Chemiluminescent microparicle immunoassay
CNP
C-type natriuretic peptide
CNS
Central nervous system
Co-SMAD
Common-mediated SMADs
CREB protein
cAMP responsive element binding protein
CRF
Corticotropin releasing factorfm15
CRH
Corticotropin releasing hormone
DAG
Diacylglycerol
DHT
Dihydrotestosterone
DIT
Di-iodothyronine
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
E1
Estrone
E2
Estradiol
E3
Estriol
EGF
Epidermal growth factor
EGFR
Epidermal growth factor receptor
ELISA
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
ER
Endoplasmic reticulum
ET-1
Endothelin-1
FGF
Fibroblast growth factor
FPIR
First phase of insulin release
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
GDP
Guanosine diphosphate
GH
Growth hormone
GHRH
Growth hormone releasing hormone
GIP
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
GIT
Gastrointestinal tract
GLP
Glucagon-like peptide
GLUT2
Glucose transporter 2
GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GPCR
G-protein coupled receptor
GRE
Glucocorticoid response element
GTP
Guanosine-5'-triphosphate
HbA1c
Glycosylated hemoglobin
hCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
HCl
Hydrochloric acid
HGF
Hepatocyte growth factor
hGR
Human glucocorticoid receptor
HIF
Hypoxia inducible factor
HPA
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
HRE
Hormone response element
HRP
Horseradish peroxidasefm16
HSP
Heat shock protein
IAPP
Islet amyloid polypeptide
IGF
Insulin-like growth factor
IP3
Inositol triphosphate
IRS
Insulin receptor substrate
IVF
In vitro fertilization
JAK-2
Janus kinase 2
LH
Luteinizing hormone
LTBP
Latent TGF-β binding protein
MAD
Mothers against decapentaplegic
MCT
Medullary carcinoma thyroid
MEN
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
MIH
Müllerian inhibitory substance
MIT
Monoiodothyronine
MODY
Maturity onset diabetes
mRNA
Messenger RNA
MSH
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
NCoR
Nuclear receptor corepressor
NF1
Neurofibromatosis type 1 gene
NGF
Nerve growth factor
NO
Nitric oxide
NR3
Nuclear subfamily 3
NT
Neurotrophins
OXTR
Oxytocin receptors
PDGF
Platelet-derived growth factor
PDK-1
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1
PG
Prostaglandin
PIP2
Phosphoinositide biphosphate
PKA
Protein kinase A
PKB
Protein kinase B
PL
Phospholipase
PLC
Phospholipase C
PLCγ
Phospholipase Cγ
PLGF
Placental growth factor
PNET
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
PNS
Peripheral nervous systemfm17
POMC
Pro-opiomelanocortin
PP
Pancreatic polypeptide
PPNAD
Pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease
PRKARIA
Regulatory subunit 1-α of the protein kinase A
ProANP
Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide
ProPTH
Proparathormone
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
PTK
Protein tyrosine kinase
RAAS
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
RAR
Retinoic acid receptor
RBCs
Red blood cells
RIA
Radioimmunoassay
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
R-SMAD
Receptor-regulated SMADs
rT3
Reverse T3
RXR
Retinoic acid X receptor
Ser-Thr
Serine-threonine
SF
Scatter factor
SGLT
Sodium-dependent glucose transporter
SNS
Sympathetic nervous system
T3
Triiodothyronine
T4
Tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine
TBG
Thyroxine-binding globulin
TGF-β
Transforming growth factor-β
TNF-α
Tumor necrosis factor-α
TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor
VHL
von Hippel-Lindau
VMH
Ventral medial hypothalamus
α-MSH
α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
β-hCG
β-human chorionic gonadotropin
β-LPH
β-lipotropin