Authors Romesh Khardori MD PhD FACP FRCP(C)
Professor of Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School
Norfolk, Virginia, United States
DD Bansal MSc PhD
Former Professor and Head Department of Biochemistry Panjab University and Government Medical College and Hospital
Chandigarh, India
Pranav Mehra MSc PhD
Guest Faculty Department of Biochemistry Panjab University
Chandigarh, India
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Introductory Endocrinology: A Concise and Applied Digest / Romesh Khardori, DD Bansal, Pranav Mehra
First Edition: 2017
9789352700943
fm5Dedicated to
Students/Learners
fm7Preface
In the last 5 decades, endocrinology has gained ascendancy primarily due to refinements in our assay techniques, revolutionary shifts in cellular biology, and the genomics. It remains to date one of the most fascinating specialties in biology due to intricacies of feed forward and feedback system that are both challenging and exciting all at once. It is heavily rooted in physiology, cellular biology, and biochemistry. Those who have made endocrinology a subject of their fancy often tell you how rewarding the cerebral study of endocrinology is, both at bench as well as in the clinic/bedside. Study of endocrinology is no longer restricted to traditional endocrine gland, but also brings under its ambit study of transcellular and intercellular communication (cytokines, chemokines, intracellular signal transduction, hormonal control of immunoregulatory systems). Endocrinologists now have tools available by which they can assess signaling systems without having to sacrifice whole animal. This includes dynamic imaging and tissue sampling in vivo.
Endocrinology is taught at undergraduate (college bound students), graduate level (medical students, postgraduate, and PhD students in subjects like biochemistry and zoology). Physicians willing to specialize in endocrinology obtain and complete fellowship in endocrinology (2–3 years following completion of MD in medicine or pediatrics). However, many students find study of endocrinology daunting because they are left at the mercy of textbooks that are often too detailed and lack the rhythm of taking student through understanding of basic building blocks. Keeping this in mind, we designed this short book to facilitate transition from novice to beginner at all levels.fm8
This book is a product of a long and long-distance friendship between two of the authors (Drs Bansal and Khardori) who met nearly 4 decades ago while thrown together in the laboratory of Professor JS Bajaj at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Professor Bajaj's meticulous attention to details was no less instrumental in sparking our interest in endocrinology/biochemistry. This book also takes into account concerns and interactions of a teacher and his graduate student, and the lessons learned in the process (Professor Bansal and Dr Mehra).
We hope the readers will find it simple to read and easy to grasp facilitating their transition as well as strengthening the concepts and appreciation of basic principles that operate to make the system whole.
We welcome any suggestions from the readers to improve the scope and the reach of this book.
Romesh Khardori
DD Bansal
fm10Acknowledgment
Authors are grateful to Mrs Jyoti Mehra, Technical Officer, Multimedia and Animation Department, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Mohali for helping in designing the diagrams presented in this book.fm11
fm12Nobel Prizes for Research in Endocrinology
Year | Nobel prize winner | Pioneer work |
---|---|---|
2012 | Robert Lefkowitz | For his studies on G-protein coupled receptors |
1998 | Robert F Furchgott, Louis J Ignarro, and Ferid Murad | For discovering nitric oxide as a signaling molecule |
1994 | Alfred G Gilman and Martin Rodbell | For discovering G-proteins and their role in signal transduction |
1992 | Edmond H Fischer and Edwin G Krebs | For discovering reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism |
1986 | Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini | For discovering growth factors |
1982 | Sune K Bergström, Bengt I Samuelsson, and John R Vane | For discovering prostaglandins and related biologically active molecules |
1977 | Rosalyn S Yalow SHARED WITH Roger Guillemin and Andrew V Schally | For development of radioimmunoassay of insulin For discovering peptide hormone production in brain |
1971 | Earl W Sutherland, Jr. | For discovering mechanism of hormone action |
1958 | Frederick Sanger | For discovering structure of insulin |
1950 | Edward C Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, and Philip S Hench | |
1947 | Bernardo A Houssay | For discovering role of hormone of anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar |
1939 | Adolf FJ Butenandt | Shared for his research on sex hormones |
1923 | Frederick G Banting and John JR Macleod | For discovering insulin |
1909 | Emil T Kocher | For his work on physiology, pathology, and surgery of thyroid gland |
25-OH D3 | 25-hydroxycholecalciferol |
3β-OHSD | 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
AAA system | Inter-relationship amongst angiotensin, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide |
ACTH | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
ADH | Antidiuretic hormone |
ADP | Adenosine diphosphate |
AIP | Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene |
AMH | Anti-Müllerian hormone |
ANF | Atrial natriuretic factor |
ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide |
AP | Alkaline phosphatase |
Arg | Arginine |
Asp | Aspartate |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
AVP | Arginine vasopressin |
BDNF | Brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
BMR | Basal metabolic rate |
BNP | Brain natriuretic peptide |
cAMP | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
CaSR | Calcium sensing receptor |
CBG | Corticosteroid binding globulin |
cGMP | Cyclic guanosine monophosphate |
CGRP | Calcitonin gene-related peptide |
CMIA | Chemiluminescent microparicle immunoassay |
CNP | C-type natriuretic peptide |
CNS | Central nervous system |
Co-SMAD | Common-mediated SMADs |
CREB protein | cAMP responsive element binding protein |
CRF | |
CRH | Corticotropin releasing hormone |
DAG | Diacylglycerol |
DHT | Dihydrotestosterone |
DIT | Di-iodothyronine |
DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
E1 | Estrone |
E2 | Estradiol |
E3 | Estriol |
EGF | Epidermal growth factor |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
ER | Endoplasmic reticulum |
ET-1 | Endothelin-1 |
FGF | Fibroblast growth factor |
FPIR | First phase of insulin release |
FSH | Follicle stimulating hormone |
GDP | Guanosine diphosphate |
GH | Growth hormone |
GHRH | Growth hormone releasing hormone |
GIP | Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide |
GIT | Gastrointestinal tract |
GLP | Glucagon-like peptide |
GLUT2 | Glucose transporter 2 |
GnRH | Gonadotropin releasing hormone |
GPCR | G-protein coupled receptor |
GRE | Glucocorticoid response element |
GTP | Guanosine-5'-triphosphate |
HbA1c | Glycosylated hemoglobin |
hCG | Human chorionic gonadotropin |
HCl | Hydrochloric acid |
HGF | Hepatocyte growth factor |
hGR | Human glucocorticoid receptor |
HIF | Hypoxia inducible factor |
HPA | Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal |
HRE | Hormone response element |
HRP | |
HSP | Heat shock protein |
IAPP | Islet amyloid polypeptide |
IGF | Insulin-like growth factor |
IP3 | Inositol triphosphate |
IRS | Insulin receptor substrate |
IVF | In vitro fertilization |
JAK-2 | Janus kinase 2 |
LH | Luteinizing hormone |
LTBP | Latent TGF-β binding protein |
MAD | Mothers against decapentaplegic |
MCT | Medullary carcinoma thyroid |
MEN | Multiple endocrine neoplasia |
MIH | Müllerian inhibitory substance |
MIT | Monoiodothyronine |
MODY | Maturity onset diabetes |
mRNA | Messenger RNA |
MSH | Melanocyte stimulating hormone |
NCoR | Nuclear receptor corepressor |
NF1 | Neurofibromatosis type 1 gene |
NGF | Nerve growth factor |
NO | Nitric oxide |
NR3 | Nuclear subfamily 3 |
NT | Neurotrophins |
OXTR | Oxytocin receptors |
PDGF | Platelet-derived growth factor |
PDK-1 | Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 |
PG | Prostaglandin |
PIP2 | Phosphoinositide biphosphate |
PKA | Protein kinase A |
PKB | Protein kinase B |
PL | Phospholipase |
PLC | Phospholipase C |
PLCγ | Phospholipase Cγ |
PLGF | Placental growth factor |
PNET | Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor |
PNS | |
POMC | Pro-opiomelanocortin |
PP | Pancreatic polypeptide |
PPNAD | Pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease |
PRKARIA | Regulatory subunit 1-α of the protein kinase A |
ProANP | Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide |
ProPTH | Proparathormone |
PTH | Parathyroid hormone |
PTK | Protein tyrosine kinase |
RAAS | Renin angiotensin aldosterone system |
RAR | Retinoic acid receptor |
RBCs | Red blood cells |
RIA | Radioimmunoassay |
RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
R-SMAD | Receptor-regulated SMADs |
rT3 | Reverse T3 |
RXR | Retinoic acid X receptor |
Ser-Thr | Serine-threonine |
SF | Scatter factor |
SGLT | Sodium-dependent glucose transporter |
SNS | Sympathetic nervous system |
T3 | Triiodothyronine |
T4 | Tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine |
TBG | Thyroxine-binding globulin |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor-β |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
TRH | Thyrotropin releasing hormone |
TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
VHL | von Hippel-Lindau |
VMH | Ventral medial hypothalamus |
α-MSH | α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
β-hCG | β-human chorionic gonadotropin |
β-LPH | β-lipotropin |