Handbook on Adverse Drug Reactions in TB Treatment Rajendra Prasad, Nikhil Gupta
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWZ
A
Abacavir 150
Abscesses 16
Acneiform eruption 56
Acquired immunodeficiency syndromes 149
Acyclovir 85, 88
Adefovir 88
Adverse drug reactions, epidemiology of 163, 179
Aggression 23, 26
Agranulocytosis 10, 14, 54
Alcohol 86, 89
dependence 139
excessive concurrent use of 23
Allergic reactions 27, 29, 31, 32, 42, 57, 58, 152
Allergy 27
Allopurinol 75, 83, 88
Alopecia 57
Aluminium hydroxide 81
American Academy of Pediatrics 17
American Thoracic Society 91, 94
Amikacin 2–4, 18, 56, 64, 85, 88, 93, 117, 147
drug interactions of 69
sulfate 18
Aminoglycosides 16–20, 85
coadministration of 69
Amiodarone 82
Amoxicillin 4, 46, 47, 59, 75, 94, 113, 118
clavulanic acid, drug interactions of 74
Amoxyclav 88
Amphotericin 69, 70, 83, 85, 88
Amprenavir 151
Analgesics 82
Anemia 10, 37, 44, 53, 59
aplastic 54
hemolytic 14, 53, 54
sideroblastic 53
Anorexia 25, 27, 36, 56–58, 102
Antacids 65–67, 70–74, 76, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85–88
Anticoagulants 86
Anticonvulsants 82
Antidepressants 87
Antipsychotics 82
Antiretroviral drug 149, 153
interactions 149, 155
Antiretroviral therapy 149, 157
adverse drug reactions of 157
Antitubercular drugs 1, 55, 81, 85, 135, 153
adverse drug reactions of 53, 56
doses of 1, 2
drug interactions of 65, 69
interactions 149
management strategies of 60, 144
pharmacology of 9, 16
regimen 1, 4
Antituberculosis
therapy 157
adverse drug reactions of 157
treatment 98
Anxiety 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 35, 57
severe 23
Appetite, loss of 40, 49, 59, 150
Arrhythmias, ventricular 59
Arthralgia 25, 38, 53, 57, 64, 147, 161, 174
Ascitic fluid 16
Aspirin 27
Astemizole 88
Ataxia 10, 19
Atazanavir 151
Atracurium 69, 88
Audiometry 140
Auditory nerve
damage 54
impairment 14
Azole antifungal
agents 89
drugs 89
Azotemia 21
B
Bactericidal drug 14
Barbiturates 82
Bedaquiline 3, 48, 59, 64, 89, 94, 118, 147
drug interactions of 77
plasma protein binding of 48
Benzodiazepines 81, 82
Beta-lactam antibiotics 43
Bile 35
Bone marrow
depression 37, 59
suppression 160
Breastfeeding 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37–39, 41, 43–45, 47, 48, 50
British Thoracic Society 94
Bumetanide 69
Burning 36, 54
C
Calcium 21, 33
high concentration of 85
serum 140
Candida stomatitis 59
Capreomycin 2–4, 20, 56, 64, 85, 93, 113, 117, 147
drug interactions of 70
sulfate 20
Carbamazepine 81, 89
Carbapenem 45
intolerance 45, 46
Carboplatin 88
Carbothionamides 24
Central nervous system 29
toxicity 157
Cephalosporins 85
Cerebrospinal fluid 9
Cervical lymphadenopathy, tubercular 100
Chest
pain 49, 51
radiograph 140
X-rays 123, 125–127, 129, 130, 132, 133
Chills 22, 39
Cidofovir 69, 70
Cilastatin 2–4, 43, 44, 59, 77, 88, 94, 118
Cisapride 88
Cisplatin 85
Citric acid 87
Clarithromycin 2, 4, 42, 59, 64, 88, 93, 117, 147
drug interactions of 77
Clavulanate 3, 4, 46, 47, 59, 75, 113
Clavulanic acid 94, 118
Clofazimine 2–4, 35, 36, 56, 64, 87, 89, 93, 95, 107, 117, 136 147
drug interactions of 76
Clostridium difficile colitis 42
Cochlear ototoxicity 19, 56, 57
Colchicine 83
Colitis
hemorrhagic 59
pseudomembranous 44, 53, 59
Complete blood count 41
Confusion 12, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 35, 55, 57
Contraception 114
Contraceptives 82
Corticosteroids 81, 82, 87
Cough 102, 153
Cramps 36
Cyclic polypeptide 20
Cycloserine 2–4, 22, 23, 57, 64, 81, 86, 93, 107, 113, 117, 147
doses of 23
drug interactions of 70
Cyclosporine 82, 83, 85, 86, 88
D
Dapsone 82, 86
Darunavir 151
Deafness, congenital 17, 20
Deep intramuscular injection 18
Delamanid 3, 49, 59, 64, 89, 94, 118, 117
drug interactions of 78
Delavirdine 151
Depression 23–26, 36, 57, 61, 145, 151, 157
Dermatitis, exfoliative 11, 37, 59
Diabetes
control, loss of 13
mellitus 116, 139
Diarrhea 25, 27, 29, 31–36, 42, 44, 46, 47, 57, 58, 59, 151–153, 158
bloody 46
severe 42, 43, 46, 47
watery 46
Diarylquinoline 48
Diazepam 81
Didanosine 33, 150
Digoxin 82, 86, 88
Diltiazem 82
Directly observed treatment short course 95, 110
Distress, epigastric 10
Disulfiram 81
Dizziness 10, 58, 12, 18, 23, 25, 26, 29, 31–35, 51, 55, 58, 59, 152
Dolutegravir 152
Drowsiness 23, 25, 54, 57, 151
Drug resistant tuberculosis 139
Drug susceptibility testing 106, 115, 137
Dry mouth 150
Dry skin 36, 56
Duloxetine 87
Dysarthria 53
Dysglycemia 34, 58, 161
Dysphoria 53, 151
E
Efavirenz 78, 82, 89, 151
Electrocardiography 141
Electrolyte
abnormalities 21, 54
disturbances 19, 56, 63, 147, 160
Eletriptan 87
Elvitegravir 152
Emtricitabine 150
Enalapril 82
Enflurane 81
Enfuvirtide 152
Eosinophilia 10, 19, 56
Ephedrine 76
Epilepsy 23
Ethacrynic acid 69, 83, 85
Ethambutol 1, 3–5, 9, 11, 12, 53, 55, 64, 67, 83, 93, 100, 102, 117, 122, 126, 136, 147, 163, 174
drug interactions of 67
overdosage of 12
Ethionamide 2–4, 24, 27, 57, 58, 64, 82, 83, 86, 87, 93, 107, 117, 147
drug interactions of 70
Etravirine 151
Euphoria 10
Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis, treatment of 112
Extracellular fluid 16
Eyes, yellow 29, 31, 33, 35, 36, 39, 4
F
Fainting 49, 51
Fat redistribution 151, 152
Fatigue 150
Fatigueness 153
Fever 11, 13, 22, 27, 39, 40, 56–58, 102, 150
Fine-needle aspiration cytology 100
First-line antituberculosis drugs 165
Fluconazole 82
Flue-like syndrome 53
Fluoroquinolones 2, 28, 29, 31, 33, 64, 85, 89, 113, 147
intolerance of 33, 34
Fluoxetine 87
Fosamprenavir 151
Foscarnet 69, 70
Furosemide 69, 85
Fusion inhibitors 152
G
Gallamine triethiodide 69
Gallbladder 28, 35
Gastric lavage 11, 12, 13
Gastritis 62, 146
Gastrointestinal
distress 49, 59
disturbances 24
intolerance 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 57–59
reaction 53
upset 11–13, 41, 54
Gatifloxacin 2, 33, 34, 58, 93, 117, 136
doses of 34
Gentamicin 88
Glomerular filtration 12, 14, 28
Glucose
monitoring 34
serum 140
Glutaryl pyruvate transaminase 96
Glycemic control 34
Granulocytopenia 150
Gums, inflammation of 23, 57
Gynecomastia 10, 25, 57
H
Hallucinations 12
Haloperidol 82
Headache 23–25, 29, 31, 32, 34, 42, 49, 57–59, 87, 150–153, 158
Hearing loss 42, 54, 61, 144
Hemoglobin 140
Hemorrhage, intracranial 152
Hepatic
disease 17, 19, 25, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43–45, 47, 49, 50
dysfunction 13
injury 59
insufficiency, severe 36
Hepatitis 10, 11, 13, 27, 37, 53, 56–59, 63, 97, 146, 153
drug induced 55
Hepatotoxicity 38, 40, 53, 159, 171
drug induced 96
Highly active antiretroviral therapy 149
Human immunodeficiency virus 139, 140, 149
treatment of 149
Hydrolysis, enzymatic 9
Hyperbilirubinemia, indirect 151
Hyperglycemia 34, 151, 152
signs of 35
Hyperlipidemia 160
Hypersensitivity 13, 47, 56, 57
reaction 10–12, 14, 40, 54, 59, 150, 152
Hyperuricemia 12, 13, 174
Hypocalcemia 54, 56
Hypoglycemia 26, 34
signs of 35
Hypokalemia 19, 54, 56, 63, 147
Hypomagnesemia 19, 54, 56, 63, 147
Hypotension 44, 59
postural 25, 57
Hypothyroidism 25, 27, 57, 58, 62, 146, 161
I
Ichthyosis 36, 56
Imipenem 2–4, 43, 44, 59, 77, 88, 94, 118
Indinavir 82, 151
Influenza-like syndrome 11
Insomnia 29, 31, 32, 34, 58, 150
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 91
Intrathoracic lymph node tuberculosis 4
Intrauterine devices 115
Iris 33, 152
Isoniazid 1, 4, 5, 7–13, 53, 54, 64, 65, 67, 81–83, 86, 87, 91, 93, 100, 102, 105, 117, 118, 122, 126, 135, 136, 147, 155, 163
drug interactions of 65
high dose 2–4, 94, 118, 136
overdosage of 10
plus pyrazinamide 11
Isonicotinic acid, hydrazide of 9
Itraconazole 82, 89
J
Jaundice 10, 23, 25, 55, 57
Joint pain 29, 31, 33, 35, 49, 54, 59, 153
Joint Tuberculosis Committee of British Thoracic Society 98
K
Kanamycin 2–4, 16, 17, 19, 20, 57, 64, 85, 88, 93, 103, 117, 124, 130, 136, 147, 180
drug interactions of 69
sulfate 16
Ketoconazole 81–83, 89
Kidneys 28
L
Lactation 139
Lactic acidosis 140, 150, 159
Lamivudine 150
Leukopenia 25, 38, 57, 59
Levodopa 81
Levofloxacin 2, 4, 28, 58, 93, 117
doses of 29
drug interactions of 72
Linezolid 2–4, 40, 59, 64, 87, 93, 107, 117, 147
drug interactions of 75
Lipase 140
Lipodystrophy 160
Liver 28
cirrhosis of 103
disease 45
acute 139
chronic 139
pre-existing 98
severe 51
disorders 118
failure, acute 172
function
monitoring 38, 40
test 26, 27, 32, 34, 58, 150–152
serum enzymes 140
toxicity 42
Lopinavir 78, 82, 151
Lung 28
Lupoid reaction 53
Lymphadenitis, tuberculous peripheral 4
Lymphatic fluid 16
M
Macrolide 89
antibiotic 42
Maculopapular rash 21, 56
Magnesium 21, 33
antioxidants 87
serum 140
Malabsorption syndrome 27, 58
Malaise 29, 31, 32, 34, 40, 58, 150
Maraviroc 153
Medical termination of pregnancy 113
Medroxyprogesterone 115
Memory, loss of 24
Meningitis 44, 45
tubercular 4
Mental illness 139
Meropenem 3, 45, 59, 94, 118
Methadone 82
Methotrexate 85
Methylphenidate 76
Migraine 87
Mirtazapine 87
Morphine 82
Moxifloxacin 2, 4, 29, 30, 31, 58, 93, 117, 136
drug interactions of 73
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis 64, 105, 112, 135, 179
treatment of 112, 122
Muscle
pain 153
relaxants, non-depolarizing 69
twitching 18, 20
weakness 18, 20, 22
Myasthenia gravis 14
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 102, 103, 105, 122, 124, 129–131, 135, 141
Myopathy 150
N
Narcotics 82
Nausea 10, 11, 19, 25–27, 36, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 57, 59, 62, 146, 150–153, 158
Nelfinavir 82, 151
Nephrolithiasis 151, 159
Nephrotoxic agents 69, 70
Nephrotoxicity 14, 17, 19, 21, 54, 56, 57
Neuritis
peripheral 10, 53, 57
retrobulbar 53, 173
Neuropathy, symptoms of 41
Neurotoxicity 25, 56
Nevirapine 78, 151
Nifedipine 82
Nightmares 23
Nitrodihydro-imidazo-oxazole 49
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 149, 150, 151, 154, 155
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 85, 86
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 149, 150, 154
Nystagmus 19, 55
O
Ofloxacin 2, 31, 32, 58, 93, 117
doses of 32
drug interactions of 73
Ondansetron 89
Optic
neuritis 41, 53, 57, 63, 147, 160
neuropathy 41, 59
Oral
absorption 18, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 38, 39, 41, 45, 47, 48, 50
anticoagulants 74, 81, 82, 85, 88
bacteriostatic second line drugs 2
contraceptives 75, 88
hypoglycemic agents 82
paresthesias 151
ulcers 150
Ototoxicity 14, 21, 37, 59, 67, 173
Oxazolidinones 41
P
Pain 18, 20, 21, 29, 31, 33, 35, 42, 54
abdominal 11, 25, 36, 42, 49, 56, 57, 59, 152, 158
eye 23, 39, 57
severe abdominal 27
Pale skin 23, 57
Pancreatitis 49, 150, 158
Pancuronium 69, 88
Para-aminosalicylic acid 2, 4, 5, 25, 26, 64, 65, 82, 86, 97, 102, 113, 147
drug interactions of 71
Paracetamol 81
Parkinson's disease 76
Paroxetine 87
Pellagra 53, 57
Penicillins 69, 70
Pentamidine 88
Pericardial fluid 16
Peripheral neuropathy 17, 19, 29, 33, 41, 54, 56–60, 144, 150, 157, 172
Peritoneal fluid 16
Phagocytic cells 28
Phenazine derivative 35
Phenytoin 81, 82, 86
Phospholipidosis 49
Phospholipids, accumulation of 49
Photosensitivity 29, 31, 32, 34, 53, 57, 58
Phototoxicity 56
Pneumonia, bacterial 152
Polymyxins 85
Porphyria 25
Potassium 21
serum 140
Pregnancy 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27–39, 41, 43–45, 47, 48, 50, 139
Probenecid 67, 74, 86–88
Propafenone 82
Prostatic tissue 28
Protease inhibitors 149, 151, 154
Proteinuria 19, 21, 56
Prothionamide 2–4, 24, 57, 64, 86, 107, 136, 147
drug interactions of 70
Prothrombin time 58
Pruritus 40, 152
Pseudoadrenal crisis 53
Pseudojaundice 38, 59
Psychiatric disorder 172
Psychiatric disturbances 10, 57
Psychosis 10, 23, 120
Psychotic disturbances 25
Pulmonary tuberculosis 101, 103, 122, 124
Pyrazinamide 1, 3–5, 7, 9, 13, 53–55, 64, 82, 83, 92, 93, 100, 102, 108, 117, 118, 122, 126, 130, 136, 147, 163, 174, 175
drug interactions of 67
overdosage of 13
Pyridoxine 88
administration of 25
Q
Quinidine 82
R
Raltegravir 152
Ranitidine 81
Rash 10–13, 17–20, 22, 24, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 47, 56–59, 150–152
Refabutin 59
Renal disease 10–14, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37–39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50
Renal failure 14, 53, 59
Renal insufficiency 23, 116, 139
Renal toxicity 63, 147, 159, 175
Restlessness 23, 29, 34, 57, 58
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 149
Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program 3, 164
Rifabutin 1, 4, 37, 38, 40, 91, 93, 117
Rifampicin 1, 4, 5, 7, 9–11, 13, 53–55, 64, 66, 67, 81, 83, 87, 89, 92, 93, 100, 102, 105, 117, 118, 122, 126, 135, 147, 163
drug interactions of 66
overdosage of 11
resistant tuberculosis 105, 135
Rifamycins 37–40, 153, 154
Rifapentine 39, 91, 93, 117
Ritonavir 78, 82, 89, 151, 152
Rocuronium 88
S
Salicylic acid 26
Saquinavir 82, 152
Seizure 24, 44, 46, 53, 57, 60, 59, 119, 144
Shock 55
anaphylactic 54
Sinuses, mucosa of 30
Skeletal muscle 30
Skin
blister fluid 30
discoloration 38, 59
rash 23, 27, 46, 53, 55, 57, 151, 159
reactions 53
yellow 26, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36
Sleep disturbances 23, 57
Sodium picosulfate 87
Sore throat 39
Speech, slurring of 10
Spleen 35
Statins 82
Stavudine 150
Steatorrhea 58
Steatosis 150
Stevens-Johnson syndrome 37, 59
Stomatitis 25, 57
Streptomyces
cattleya 43
griseus 14
mediterranei 10
Streptomycin 1–5, 7, 8, 14, 17, 19, 20, 54, 55, 64, 67, 85, 88, 91, 93, 117, 126, 147, 163, 173
drug interactions of 67
nephrotoxicity of 67
overdosage of 15
sulfate 14
Sucralfate 33, 85
Sulfonamides 82
Sulfonylurea 86, 87
Sumatriptan 87
Swelling 18, 20, 29, 31, 33, 35, 47
face 20, 46
joints 39, 40
lips 46
throat 46
Synovial fluid 16
T
Tachycardia 59
Tendon rupture 29, 31, 33, 34, 58
Tenofovir 150
Terfinadine 88
Terizidone 2–4, 22, 86, 93, 107, 117
drug interactions of 70
Theophylline 81, 82, 86
Thiacetazone 4, 5, 7, 8, 36, 55, 59, 85
Thionamides 25
doses of 25
Thiosemicarbazone 36
Thrombocytopenia 10–14, 38, 53, 54, 57, 59
Thrombophlebitis 44, 59
Thyroid
disease 139
enlargement 27, 58
stimulating hormone 140, 143
Tipranavir 152
Tobramycin 88
Topoisomerase 28
Torasemide 69
Toxic encephalopathy 10
Trazodone 87
Tremors 57
Tricyclic antidepressants 82
Trouble breathing 18, 20, 22, 46, 47
Tuberculosis 9, 16, 56, 65, 69, 149, 163
duration of treatment in 7
extensively drug resistant 112
in lactation, treatment of 91, 100
in liver diseases, treatment of 91, 96, 100, 102
in pregnancy, treatment of 91, 100
in renal insufficiency, treatment of 91, 93, 100, 101
osteoarticular 4
treatment of 5, 91, 93, 96
Tubocurarine 69
Tubular dysfunction 21, 56
Typhoid vaccine 88
U
Urinary retention 10
Urine 28
Urticaria 21, 56
Uveitis, anterior 38, 59
V
Vaginitis 59
Valproic acid 81, 88
Vancomycin 85, 88
Vasculitis 10, 53
Venlafaxine 87
Verapamil 82
Vertigo 19
Viral hepatitis 103
Vision tests 141
Vision, blurring of 10
Visual impairment 55
Vitamin 33
B12 87
B6 41, 86
Vomiting 10, 11, 19, 25–27, 36, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 62, 146, 150–152, 158
W
Wheezing 46
White blood count 140
Z
Zalcitabine 150
Zidovudine 82, 150
Zinc 33
×
Chapter Notes

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e1Handbook on Adverse Drug Reactions in TB Treatment
e2
e3Handbook on Adverse Drug Reactions in TB Treatment
Author Rajendra Prasad MD DTCD FAMS FCCP (USA) FRCP (Glasgow) FNCCP FICS FCAI FIAB FIMSA FCCS DSc (Honoris Causa) Director, Medical Education Professor and Head Department of Pulmonary Medicine Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital Era University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Formerly Director, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute University of Delhi New Delhi, India Professor and Head, Department of Pulmonary Medicine King George's Medical University Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Director, UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India Co-author Nikhil Gupta MD (Medicine) Assistant Professor Department of General Medicine Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Foreword D Behera
e4
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Handbook on Adverse Drug Reactions in TB Treatment
First Edition: 2019
9789352701063
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e5Dedicated to
My teachers for their guidance, wisdom and inspiration and My parents, wife and children for their love and patience
 
e6
 
e7
Foreword
Tuberculosis is a multisystem disease with varied clinical presentations. It has reached epidemic proportions and has tormented mankind for centuries with impact on human beings unparalleled in the history of communicable diseases. One-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and there is 10% lifetime risk of developing tuberculosis and the risk further increases to 10% annual risk in immunocompromised patients. Globally, it was responsible for causing 1.8 million deaths in the year 2015 out of which 0.51 million deaths occurred in India alone. Additionally, the increasing burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is posing challenge to tuberculosis control.
Globally, attempts are being made to prevent, reduce and better management of adverse drug reactions in treatment of tuberculosis through increased awareness of healthcare workers, doctors, patients and their family. Adequate prevention, early recognition and management of adverse drug reactions are considered to be important in tuberculosis treatment as poor management can result in increased morbidity, mortality and non-compliance leading to drug resistance.
Against this backdrop, the publication of Handbook on Adverse Drug Reactions in TB Treatment by Professor Rajendra Prasad is a timely and useful addition to the existing literature. The book summarizes the current status or knowledge on every aspect of adverse drug reactions in tuberculosis treatment. There are 21 chapters in the handbook. Chapters practically cover all the aspects of adverse drug reactions in tuberculosis treatment ranging from pharmacology, interaction between anti-TB drugs with food and other drugs including antiretroviral drugs, monitoring and management of adverse drug reactions of antituberculosis drugs used in new and drug resistant cases of tuberculosis. The chapters in the book have been arranged in a systematic sequence for easy understanding and are based on practical approach e8with illustrative cases, blended with the most up-to-date knowledge in the field. The chapters have been written on the basis of vast and rich clinical experience gained by the author from day-to-day patient management over the last four decades.
Professor Rajendra Prasad is a nationally acclaimed chest physician and tuberculosis expert, possessing four decades of illustrious teaching, research and administrative experience with proven excellence in quality patient care. Apart from being a clinician par excellence, he is also a very popular medical teacher in pulmonary medicine. He is currently Director, Medical Education, Professor and Head, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. He has earlier served as Director of Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India, Professor and Head, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, and Director, UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. He has devoted all his energy in promoting medical education, patient care and research. His contribution in the field of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are widely acclaimed. He took keen interest in Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) from its inception. His dynamic leadership in academic, patient care and administrative areas has earned him a large number of awards from various international and national scientific societies including prestigious Dr BC Roy National Award.
This comprehensive well-referenced handbook contains a plethora of knowledge and would be a valuable source for undergraduate and postgraduate medical students, clinicians, healthcare workers caring for patients of tuberculosis. I am quite hopeful that his handbook will help in better understanding towards alleviating the suffering of millions from tuberculosis. This handbook deserves a place in the library of every medical college and healthcare providing institutions.
D Behera
Chairman National Task Force for Involvement of Medical Colleges under RNTCP
Chairman National Operational Research Committee, RNTCP
Ex-Director National Institute of TB and Respiratory Diseases (Previously LRS Institute), New Delhi, India
e9Preface
As a senior author of this book, I look upon tuberculosis as a 100% curable disease throughout the 40 years of my clinical practice in pulmonary medicine, provided adequate regimen is prescribed by doctor and taken by patients. Practically, there should be no relapse, drug resistance and death. However, tuberculosis still continues to be the world's most important infectious cause of morbidity and mortality. Globally, there were an estimated 10.4 million new cases of tuberculosis causing death to 1.8 million people in 2015. In India, there were an estimated 2.8 million (27% of the total cases) new cases causing death to 0.48 million people due to tuberculosis in 2015. It is a cause for concern as India stands first in terms of absolute number of cases. It is a real paradox because pathogenesis, transmission, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment are well known for tuberculosis. Drug-resistant tuberculosis has been reported since the early days of introduction of anti-TB chemotherapy but multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), and most recently total drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB) has been an area of growing concern and is posing threat to global efforts of tuberculosis control.
Globally, attempts are being made to prevent, reduce and better management of adverse drug reaction in treatment of tuberculosis through increased awareness of healthcare workers, doctors, patients and their family. Adequate prevention, early recognition and management of adverse drug reaction is considered to be important in tuberculosis treatment as poor management can result in increased morbidity, mortality and non compliance leading to drug resistance.
This book is written with the aim of defining a practical approach to every aspect of adverse drug reaction in tuberculosis treatment. In total, there are 21 chapters in the book. Chapters practically cover all the aspects of adverse drug reaction in TB treatment ranging from pharmacology, interaction between anti-TB drugs with food and other drugs including antiretroviral drugs, monitoring and management of adverse drug reaction of antituberculosis used in new and drug-resistant cases of tuberculosis. Special chapters on case-based approach to treatment of tuberculosis and MDR-TB and XDR-TB in special situation like pregnancy, renal insufficiency and liver diseases and epidemiology of adverse drug reactions in new and drug-resistant patients of tuberculosis have also been included. Chapters have been written in the background of current literature and practical experience gained from day-to-day dealing with different patients suffering from tuberculosis. Advances up to 2016 have been included making all the chapters well referenced with the latest references.e10
This book will be useful to both undergraduate and postgraduate medical students, practitioners and program managers and healthcare workers. In total, this book will serve as a very useful practical guide regarding all aspects of adverse drug reactions in tuberculosis treatment.
Rajendra Prasad
e11Acknowledgments
As a senior author of this book, I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to a number of people who significantly contributed to the publication of this book. The individual to whom I would like to acknowledge first is Prof BK Khanna who as a Head of Department of Tuberculosis at the King George's Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, while I was postgraduate student in that department, markedly stimulated my interest in tuberculosis. Prof BK Khanna's own tremendous knowledge and wisdom in the field of tuberculosis set an example of thoughtfulness and meticulousness which I have always tried to emulate. I am also indebted to Prof PK Mukherjee, Late Dr MS Agnihotri, Late Dr Jafar Jameel and Late Dr J Nath, for their great inspiration as teachers during my postgraduate days. I am greatly indebted to many postgraduate students who have been trained with me in the department at King George's Medical College, Lucknow; Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, Delhi, India, and Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, especially Dr Sanjay Verma, Dr Kiran Vishnu Narayan, Dr Suneesh C Anand, Dr Giridhar BH, Dr Abhijeet, Dr Abhishek Agrawal, Dr Shailendra Singh, Dr Mandeep Singh, Dr Pawan Gupta, Dr Visweswaran Balasubramanian, Dr Faizan Ahmad, Dr Amitabh Banka, Dr Sakshi Batra, Dr Ronal Naorem, and Dr Asna Khan. The efforts of these postgraduate students in part is responsible for generating much of the data that can be incorporated in making the chapters in book more evidence based.
I also wish to express my appreciation to Dr Nikhil Gupta, co-author of this book, for helping me in preparing and correcting the manuscript. I also wish to express my thanks to Mr PP Sharma, Mr Ashish Yadav, Mr Gyan Prakash, Mr Mithun, and Miss Seema Shukla for their invaluable help in the preparation and typing of manuscript. I am also thankful to all my patients, who gave me experience in the field of tuberculosis.
I am very grateful to the whole team of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, who helped and guided me, Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Ms Ritu Sharma (Director–Content Strategy), Ms Pooja Bhandari (Production Head), Ms Sunita Katla (PA to Group Chairman and Publishing Manager) and team members for all their support to work in this project and make it a success. Without their cooperation, I could not have completed this project.