Diagnostic Cytology Pranab Dey
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXZ
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table.
A
Acellular material 113
Acellular membranous structure 624f
Acetic acid 153
Acid fast bacilli 215f, 456, 456f
bunch of 215f
Acinar arrangement 519b
Acinar cell 364, 376t, 506
absence of normal 522b
clusters of 375b
discrete 375f
Acinic cell
carcinoma 371, 372t, 375, 375b, 375f, 376t, 377, 380, 524b
tumor 363b
Acquired cysts 519
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome 46, 254
Actin 292
Actinomycosis 118, 118b, 215, 621
Adenine 60
Adenocarcinoma 111, 120, 142f, 143b, 143f, 166, 168, 169, 169b, 169t, 214, 220, 221, 224, 227b, 242, 243f, 247, 249, 290, 291, 379, 511, 522, 525, 526t
in situ 116, 142, 142b
of esophagus 242b
of lung 224b, 224f, 225f
mutation in 221b
of ovary 147f
of pancreas 522b, 522t
type 245f
Adenoid cystic carcinoma 362, 368, 369t, 373, 373f, 374, 374b, 374f, 436
Adenomatoid hyperplasia 391b
Adenomatoid nodule 391
Adenomatous polyposis coli 74
Adenosine triphosphate 42, 48
Adenosquamous carcinoma 523
Adenovirus 219
Adipocytes 85, 85
mature 568b, 569
Adrenal adenoma 543b, 543f
Adrenal tumor 537
Adrenocortical
carcinoma 537t, 542, 543b, 543f, 544f, 544t, 545
neoplasm 542
Agarose gel electrophoresis 332
AIDS meningitis 254
Air
dried smear 268
drying artifact 132
Alcian blue 286
Alcohol, absolute 285, 286, 287
Allophycocyanin 315, 315b
Altering cell growth 78
Alveolar macrophages 211, 212b
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 578
Alveolar soft part sarcoma 581, 582b
Ameloblastoma 351, 352b
Amoebic abscess 503
Anal cytology 250
Anaphase promoting complex 32
Anaplastic carcinoma 406, 406b, 523, 575
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma 175, 475, 475b, 476f, 481, 495, 575
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase 476, 495
Ancillary immunological tests 91t
Ancillary investigation possible 565b
Ancillary techniques 177, 178, 202, 268, 409, 441, 566
Ancillary test 91, 116, 159
in urine sample 204t
Androgen receptor 297
Aneuploidy 60
Aneurysmal bone cyst 598, 609, 610, 610b
Angiomyolipoma 531, 533,533b, 534f, 536
Angiosarcoma 510, 511b, 511f, 567b, 579, 580
Anisonucleosis 522b
sudden 545b
Antibody, primary 289
Antigen retrieval 289
Anti-infective agent 298
Anucleated squamous cells 588f, 589b, 594b
Apocrine carcinoma 435b, 435f, 435t
Apocrine cells 419, 423f
discrete 435f
Apoptosis 42t, 43f, 46, 47t, 48t, 78, 83
activating factor 44
biochemical pathway of 45b
blockage of 71f
changes of 42b
detection of 46
in diseases 46b
in hematological disorders 46
in neurodegenerative disorders 46
in viral infection 46
morphology of 42
regulators 76
Apoptotic bodies, removal of 45
Apoptotic death 11
Aptima mRNA 153
Aqueous phenol 287
Arborizing capillaries, thin-walled 570b
Areolar tissue, loose 96
Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region 178, 309
Artifact-producing changes 138
Aspergillosis 625
Aspergillus 216, 216f, 626f
Aspiration 451
Asymmetric cell division 37
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated 33
Atrophic smear 122, 122b, 136, 136f, 142
Atrophy 41
Atypia 426
in radiation 139
inflammatory 138
of repair 142
smear of 198f
Atypical cells, management in 140
Autoimmunity, prevention of 46
Automated cervical screening techniques 154
Automated screening devices 327
Automatic stainer 281f
Automation
advantages of 328
disadvantages of 328
Autophagic cell death 50f
Autophagosome
formation, completion of 49
with lysosome, fusion of 49
Autophagy 43f, 48, 48b, 48t, 50
control of 49
molecular basis of 49
types of 48, 48f
Avascular papillary structures, abundant 431f
B
B cell
factor, early 98
lymphoma 408, 408f
diffuse large 59, 175, 408, 466, 467, 472, 472b, 480, 481, 494, 494f, 513, 607
mature small 471
small 470
small mature 471t
markers 295b
small lymphocytic lymphoma 466
B lymphocyte 85, 98
B lymphoid cells 98f
Bacilli within macrophages, abundant 621f
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin 195
therapy 195b
vaccine 195
Bacterial artificial chromosome 64
Bacterial flora 116b
Bacterial infection 215, 586
Bacterial vaginosis 116, 116b
Balloon technique 237
Barrett't esophagus 240, 241, 241b
Basal cell 108
adenoma 369, 370, 370b, 374
carcinoma 355, 589, 591, 592b, 592f
Basaloid cells 351, 352f, 370f
Basophils 97, 99
Bayesian belief network 311, 311f
Bethesda
system 113, 114t, 129
terminology 388
Bile
ductular cells 502b, 502f
ductules 502
Biliary tract malignancy 66
Binucleated cells 602b
Binucleated chondrocytes 603f
Biohazardous waste 341
Biological contaminated wastes 341
Biopsy terminology 220b
Biphasic tumors 566
Bizarre cells, large 570f
Bladder 198f, 199f, 200f, 201f
brush 191
carcinoma 66
tumor antigen 203
test 203
wash 191, 191b, 317
Bland chromatin 571, 590b
Bland dyskaryosis 135, 135b
Bland nuclear chromatin 350b
Bland nuclei
small 537b
round 519b
Blastemal cells 538, 539
discrete 539f
Blood
cells 161
contamination with 256
Bloody smear 579b, 610b
Blue cells, small round 603b
Body 105
cavities, anatomy of 157
Bone 96, 574, 598, 604b, 604f, 605f, 607b
forming tumor 599
malignancies 607b
Branchial cyst 347, 347f, 348b
Breast 165b, 416, 416b, 417b, 420, 424f, 431b, 432f, 433f, 434, 434f, 435f, 436, 439f, 441
adequacy of 419b
aspiration material 440
cancer, grading of 441t
carcinoma 165b, 169b, 255, 255f, 298f, 406f
classification of 442
male 440f
disease, proliferative 425, 426, 426b, 427f
fine-needle aspiration cytology 417b
histology of 419
lactating 425b
lesions 440
benign 417t, 420b
malignant 417t
normal cytology of 419
Bromodeoxyuridine 34
Bronchial aspirate 209
Bronchial brush 209
Bronchial cell 214f
atypical 219t
hyperplasia 213b
Bronchial epithelial cells, abnormalities of 213
Bronchial reserve cell hyperplasia 214
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma 226f, 231
Bronchoalveolar lavage 209, 210b, 216f, 222f, 224f, 225f, 226f, 625
sample 218f
smear of 232f
Brush border of intestinal cell 8f
Brush cytology 236b, 620
Brushing 275
Buffy coat preparation 280
Burkitt't lymphoma 452, 474, 474b, 475f, 480
C
Calcinosis cutis 587f
Calcium storage 10
Cancer 33, 33b, 46, 70, 74, 77
broad categorizations of 91t
categorizations of 91t
cell 71, 71f, 72f, 76, 91t
morphology of 85
type of 90
diagnosis of 91b
hallmarks of 70, 70f
molecular basis of 73
stem cell 73, 73b
evidence of 73
Cancer-associated fibroblasts 85
Candida 117, 117b, 216, 238, 627f
Candidal esophagitis 238b
Candidal spores 117f
Candidiasis 627
Cannonball in effusions 165b
Cannonball-like cell clusters 165
Capillary fragments 579b
Carbol fuchsin 287
Carcinoembryonic antigen 292, 490
Carcinogenesis 73b
hypothesis of 82f
multistep process of 73, 73b
Carcinoid of lung 230f
Carcinoid tumor 228, 246, 247b
Carcinoma 122, 228, 431, 481, 520, 593
colonic 169
colorectal 80
ex pleomorphic adenoma 379, 379b
in male breast 440
in situ lesions 200
inflammatory 438
invasive 122
tubular 435, 435b
with neuroendocrine differentiation 438
Carnoy'y fixative 276, 280
Cartilage forming tumor 601
Cartilaginous material 603b
Castleman'n disease 462
Cell 3, 3b, 4f, 86, 256
abundant 407f
malignant 176f
small 228f
adequate number of 114
adipose 97
arrangement 165
atypical 132, 137b, 193f, 368
benign 86t
block 159, 192, 277, 280, 294
advantages of 159
cannibalism 90, 166, 168f
carcinoma
large 229, 230b
nonsmall 220
small 165b, 171, 171b, 201f, 214, 220, 227, 227b, 228f, 229t, 242, 243b, 247, 513, 523
undifferentiated large 229, 229b
chief 243
cluster of 144f, 367f, 374f, 576b, 600b
malignant 245f, 355f
small 201f
collection 324
colonic 113
cycle 27, 27b, 31, 33b, 84
arrest 83
control 33, 84
enzymes 32f
inhibition 71
regulator proteins 31
restriction 31f
cytoplasm 400
death 40
in infection 46
programmed 42
diffuse large 494
discrete 134f, 165, 170f, 367f, 524b, 576, 577f, 579b, 592b, 594b, 600b
malignant 225f
round 579b, 593b
dissociated 350b, 351b, 354b, 374f, 537b, 576b, 579b
division 28
dyskaryosis, pale 134, 135b, 135f
elongated 538b
enrichment 324
feathering of 143f
foam 389, 420
gel electrophoresis, single 47
in cancer, proliferation of 71
in effusion
discrete 165b
malignant 165b
in ependymoma 258f
in pseudomyxoma peritonei 173
inflammatory 111, 218f, 421f, 582b, 591f
injury, causes of 40b
intermediate 108, 188, 188b, 376
junctions, types of 8f
large 351f, 571b, 592b, 604b
malignant 86f, 86t, 87f, 165, 167, 171f, 201f, 202f, 219t, 224f, 225f, 228f, 245f, 406f, 432f
membrane 4, 4b, 5b, 86
morphology 372f
normal 107, 501, 519, 531, 598
nuclear antigen, proliferating 35
osteosarcoma, small 601
oval small 354b
polarity 6, 6b
population
homeostasis of 46
in effusion, benign 159
proliferation 27, 78
assess 34t
markers 34
responses to injury, types of 40f
round to oval 350f, 351b, 367f, 522
shape 166
sheets of 109b
single row of 165, 165b, 171f
small
cluster of 139f, 356
fascicles of 574b, 579b
round 527b, 535b
rows of 169f
superficial 188
survival 84
decreased 46
to cell junction 86
transfer 324
tubular 531
tumor
malignant round 296, 296f, 297t
small blue round 578
small round 614
type of 109b
variable amount of 571b
variant, small 507
with nuclear overlapping 521f
Cell-cycle regulation, defects in 79
Cell-to-cell recognition 7
Cellular abnormalities, benign 213
Cellular adaptation 40
Cellular changes, reactive 119
Cellular reaction 40
Cellular senescence 84
Cellular substances 161
Central monomorphic bland nuclei 568b
Central nervous system 252, 252f
lymphoma, primary 257
primary 257
Central nuclei 604b
Central processing unit 308
Centrifugal force 279
Centrifugation technique 278
Centrifuge machine 278f
interior of 278f
Centromeric probes 61
Cercariform cells 199f, 538b
Cerebrospinal fluid 65, 252, 253, 254f–259f, 277b, 288, 314, 317
circulation of 252f
examination 252b
Cervical cancer 126
screening 152t, 154
program 151
types of 152
Cervical carcinogenesis 126
Cervical cytology 273
smear 629f
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 129, 130, 130t, 153, 154f
Cervical preneoplastic lesions 128, 130t
Cervical smear 107, 111, 117f, 118f, 130f, 275f, 336, 337
collection of 273f, 274b
inflammatory 119f
Cervicitis, acute 119
Cervista human papillomavirus high risk 153
Cervix 106
brush 274
histology of 106
Chaperone-mediated autophagy 49
Charcot-Leyden crystals 212
Charged device camera 62
Chemical hazards 340
Chemotherapeutic effect 194
Chemotherapy effect 240b
Chemotherapy-induced
atypia 138, 240
changes in urine 195f
Chest wall 296f
Chimeric fusion gene 58
Chlamydia trachomatis 118, 119, 119b, 331
Cholangiocarcinoma 508, 509b, 509f
Cholesterol crystals 348b
Chondroblastoma 602, 602b
Chondrocytes 599, 599f
benign 602f
Chondroid cells 599f
Chondroid material 602b
Chondroid syringoma 589, 589b
Chondroma 601
Chondrosarcoma 602,602b, 603f, 606
dedifferentiated 604
Chordoma 605, 605b, 605f, 606f
Chromatin 18b, 18f, 20t
irregular
clumped 89, 89f
coarse 141b
organization 16
pattern
recognition 308, 309
types of 89, 89f
relocation 88
remodelers 76, 77, 84, 88
Chromogranin 294
positive 294
Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma 536b
Chromophobe type 536, 537
Chromosomal abnormalities 56, 56b
in malignancies 57
Chromosomal alterations in lymphomas 481b
Chromosomal changes
in malignancies 57b
types of 57f
Chromosomal duplication 57
Chromosomal gain 58
Chromosomal imbalance in tumorogenesis 59f
Chromosomal instability 73, 79, 79b
Chromosomal loss 58
Chromosomal number 55
Chromosomal rearrangement 57
Chromosomal structure 55
Chromosomal translocation 75
in solid cancer 64t
Chromosome 20t, 55, 55f
probes 61
Cigar-shaped nuclei 579b
Cilia 7
structure of 7f
Ciliated columnar cell 211b, 211f, 348b
Ciliocytophthoria 213
Cirrhosis 164, 164b
Citrate buffer 314b
Citric acid cycle 11
Classical clue cells 116f
Clear cell
carcinoma 535t
chondrosarcoma 603, 604b
renal cell carcinoma 536
sarcoma 541, 541f, 542b, 581, 581b
Clearing agent 283b
Clonal evolution of cancer 74
Clusters of
cells, three-dimensional 522b
oncocytes, three-dimensional 371b
Coarse chromatin 571b
Cohesion defects 79
Cohesive clusters of cells 535b
large 543, 543b
Cold knife conization 137
Collagenous
stroma 571b
tissue 565b
Colloid carcinoma 433
Colloid goiter 390, 391
Colloid in adenomatoid nodule 391f
Colposcopy 152, 153, 154f
Columnar cell 189, 189b, 210, 347f, 348b
single layer of 96t
variant 402
Columnar epithelium, simple 94
Compact cell block technique 280
Comparative genomic hybridization 61, 62
advantages of 63
disadvantages to 63
Concentrated hydrochloric acid 287
Conditional probability 311
Confocal microscopy 304
Congestive heart failure 164
Congo red stain 287
Connective tissue 96
proper 96
Consultant cytopathologist 339
Conventional cervical Pap test 152
Conventional cytogenetics 60, 60b
advantages of 60
Conventional gel electrophoresis 47
Conventional Pap smear 152
Conventional smear 114
Core needle biopsy 418
Cortex, thick intact 598b
Creola body 213b
Cribriform adenocarcinoma 380
Cryptococcal meningitis 254b
Cryptococcosis 626
Cryptococcus 216, 626f
in lung infection 217f
Cryptosporidium 249
Crystals 162, 192
Cuboidal cells, single layer of 96t
Cuboidal epithelial cells 590b
Cuboidal epithelium, simple 94, 95f
Cuboidal mesothelial cells, small 157f
Curschmann'n spirals 212, 212f
Cyclic-array sequencing 333
Cyclin-dependent kinase 31, 32, 31b
Cyclophosphamide 194
Cylindroma 589, 589b, 589f
Cyst
adenocarcinoma 363b
congenital 502, 519
in head and neck region 347b
of pancreas 519
simple 364
Cystic degeneration 368
Cystic hygroma 349, 349f
Cystic lesions 347, 363, 363b, 364
Cystic papillary carcinoma 402
Cystic squamous cell carcinoma 348f
Cystic teratoma, mature 492, 492b
Cysticercosis 624, 624f
Cysticercus infection 587f
Cystosarcoma phylloides 422
Cytocentrifugation 192
Cytocentrifuge 277, 278
machine 279f
interior chamber of 279f
technique 279f
Cytochemistry 177
Cytochrome 44
Cytogenetic technique 61t
Cytogenetics 60, 64, 616
Cytohistology correlation 337, 339
Cytokeratin 204, 247, 248, 292, 368b, 373, 410, 430, 490, 497, 606, 616
Cytological preparations, different 288b
Cytology 116–118, 130, 137, 138, 165, 194, 220b, 222, 224, 226, 227, 229, 243, 244, 247, 250, 252, 294, 347, 349, 350, 352, 365, 399, 430, 520, 578
Cell, immunostaining on 36f
cotesting of 153
general 1
of insular carcinoma 408b
of malignancy in urine 200
of metaplastic carcinoma 436b
of nodular goiter 390b
role of 620b
sample 314
interpretation of 220b
screeners 339
smear 28f, 51f, 108f, 200f, 225f, 233f–235f, 499f, 516f, 517f, 619f
specimen, types of 314
Cytomegalovirus 194, 219, 238, 254, 628
esophagitis 240b
infection 238
Cytometry 308, 309
Cytomorphology 118, 174, 175, 178, 469, 477, 614
of round cell tumors 614t
Cytoplasm 43, 86, 166, 200f
abundant 570f, 575b, 594b, 607b
amount of 42f
clear 604b
diathesis 145f
moderate 522b, 593b
vacuolated 543b, 571b, 592b
Cytoplasmic changes 51
Cytoplasmic margin 589b
Cytoplasmic organelles 9
functions of 305
Cytoplasmic product 166
Cytoplasmic staining 281
Cytoplasmic vacuoles 570b
Cytosine 21f
Cytoskeletal structures, types of 14f
Cytoskeleton 14, 14b
structure, supporting 16
Cytospin preparations 288
Cytotoxic T cell 99, 99b
D
Decidual cells 112
Decoy cell in urine 194f
Deep nuclear groove 535b
Degradation 78
Dehydration by absolute alcohol 281
Demyelinating diseases 254
Denatured alcohol 276
Dense calcified material 120f
Dense connective tissue 96
Dense eosinophilic cytoplasm 582b
Dense fibrillar component 19
Densely sclerotic lesion 598b
Density gradient sedimentation 325
Deoxyadenosine triphosphate 330
Deoxycytidine triphosphate 330
Deoxyguanosine triphosphate 330
Deoxynucleotide triphosphate 330
Deoxyribonucleic acid 3, 20, 20b, 32, 40, 42, 126, 127
aneuploidy 88, 89
breakdown 45
complementary 331
content 316
damage 33, 84
repair of 83
flow cytometry 35, 178, 315
histogram 317f
methylation of 80
mitochondrial 12, 12b
ploidy 316
polymerase 21, 330
enzyme 332
repair 33
replication 21, 22b
license 33
sequence, blocking repetitive 63
template 330, 332
transcription 22, 23b
Deoxythymidine triphosphate 330
Dermatopathic lymphadenitis 462
Des-gamma carboxyprothrombin 505
Desmin 292
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor 567b, 614–616, 616b, 617f, 618f
Desmosomes 8
Diagnostic immunocytochemistry 290
Diagnostic pitfalls of malignancy 91
Diagnostic problems 257b
Diakinesis 30
Diamidinophenylindole 315
Dibutylphthalate polystyrene xylene 281
Dideoxynucleotides 332
Diplotene 30
Discrete cells
abundant 140f, 395f, 535f
single 522b
Discrete plasma cells, abundant 608f
Disease identification 309
Disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis 173
Dissociated cells, population of 353
Ductal adenocarcinoma 520, 521f, 522f
Ductal carcinoma 438, 440
in nipple discharge 444b
in situ 417, 418, 427, 428b
variants of 523
Ductal cells 365f, 419, 519
absence of normal 522b
benign 363, 419f, 424f, 440f
Ductal hyperplasia, atypical 417, 418, 426b, 428
Ductular cells, discrete 423f
Dysplasia 128, 201, 241, 241b, 241f
Dysplastic cells
clusters of 134f
discrete 133f, 139f, 168f
Dysregulation of oncogene 78
E
Early apoptotic cell 48
Eccentric nucleus 527b, 607b
Eccrine spiradenoma 589, 590b
Echinococcus granulosus 623
Ectocervical squamous epithelial lining, normal 106f
Effusion cytology 157
Effusion fluid 291
malignancy in 320
Effusion lymphoma, primary 175, 175b
Electron microscopy, fixatives for 277
Embryogenesis 45
Embryonal carcinoma 493, 493b
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma 577
Embryonic stem cell 37, 37f
markers 37t
Enchondroma 601, 602b, 602f, 604
Endocervical
adenocarcinoma 142, 144t
in situ 116, 142
brush 273f, 274
cells 109, 109b, 109f, 114, 132
reactive 132f, 144, 146
gland 41f, 95f
in origin 114t, 145
lining epithelium, normal 106f
origin 146b
polyp 146
Endocervix 106
Endocrine neoplasia, multiple 64, 76, 404
Endodermal sinus tumor 493, 494
Endometrial
adenocarcinoma 111, 144, 144f, 144t, 145b, 145f
aspiration smear 275
cells 110, 111f, 137, 138, 142
atypical 146, 146b
mimickers of 111
in origin 114t
polyp 111
Endometriosis 111, 587, 587f, 595
Endometritis 111
Endometrium, inner 106
Endoplasmic reticulum 9, 9b, 9f
smooth 9
Endoscopic brush cytology 236
Endoscopic fine needle aspiration cytology 237
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 237, 518
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided 236, 237, 246, 270
Endothelial cells 502, 531
Enhance tyrosine kinase 58
Enzyme 77
Enzyme-coupled receptors 5f, 6
Eosin 620
azure 281
Eosinophilic cytoplasm, abundant 371b
Eosinophilic effusion 164
etiologies of 164b
Eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, abundant 397f
Eosinophils 97, 99, 161
Epidermal growth factor receptor 221, 221b
Epidermal inclusion cyst 348, 587, 588f, 589
Epidermoid cells 377f
Epigenetics 80
Epithelial cell 95f, 108t, 119f, 177t, 367f, 538, 539, 545, 580f, 590b
abnormalities 115
absent 520b
degenerated 532b
in thymoma 489f
malignant 610b
morphology of 489f
oval 589b, 589f
types of 97f
Epithelial growth factor 76
Epithelial hyperplasia, classification of 426b
Epithelial malignancies 297
Epithelial markers 292
Epithelial membrane antigen 245, 292, 380, 410, 465, 476, 480, 490, 606, 616
Epithelial mesenchymal transition 6, 6b, 6f
Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma 378, 379b
Epithelial tissue 94
classification of 94
Epithelioid cell granuloma 52f, 393f, 394f, 421f, 455f, 456, 456b, 456f
multiple 455f
well-formed 215f
Epithelioid granuloma-like structures 582b
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma 510, 511b
Epithelioid sarcoma 581, 582b, 582f
Epithelium, types of 96t
Epstein-Barr virus 298, 350, 466, 474
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 459
Esophageal brush cytology 243f
Esophagitis 240, 240b
Esophagus 237, 241f
benign diseases of 238
diseases of 238b
Ethyl alcohol 286
Euchromatin 18, 18t
Eukaryotic cell 3, 3f, 3t
Evading apoptosis 71
Evading immune destruction 73
Ewing'g sarcoma 601, 606, 606b, 606f, 607f, 614–616
Excess Barr bodies 90
Exfoliated endometrial cells 111
Exfoliative cytology 264t
Extracellular matrix 85
Extrauterine carcinoma 146
Exudative effusion 158
Eye 301f, 341
piece 303
Eyelid 355
F
Fallopian tubes 107
False negative
cytology 154
avoid 155
reduction of 323
immunocytochemistry, causes of 291b
False positive urinary cytology, causes of 205b
Fas-associated death domain 44
Fat necrosis 421b
of breast, calcification in 421f
Feathery cytoplasm 572b
Federation of Drug Administration 324
Female genital tract 105
Ferruginous bodies 212
Fetus 332
Feulgen stain 286
Fiber 594b
Fiber-like cell 222f
Fibrillar collagenous matrix 576b
Fibrillar cytoplasm 576b
Fibrillary chondromyxoid material 589b
Fibrin degradation product 204
Fibroadenoma 423b, 423f
Fibroblast 97
growth factor 72, 85
Fibroblastic osteosarcoma 601
Fibrocystic disease 423, 424b, 424f
Fibrohistiocytic tumors 574
Fibromatosis 571, 571b, 571f
Fibrosarcoma 571, 573, 574b, 574f, 581
congenital 541
Fibrous histiocytoma, malignant 574, 601
Fibrovascular core, papillae with 527b
Field-inversion gel electrophoresis 47
Filamentous
bacteria 118
nocardia, long 216f
Filaments, intermediate 15t, 292
Filarial lymphadenitis 458
Filariasis 623
Fine chromatin 371b, 527b, 540b, 594b, 602b, 607b
Fine needle aspiration
biopsy 263
cytology 209, 236, 263, 263b 264b, 264f, 264t, 268b, 269b, 271, 282, 288, 311, 318, 319, 332, 347, 348f, 349f, 352f, 353f, 362b, 367f, 380, 381f, 386, 386b, 387b, 410, 416, 416, 416b, 417b, 418, 419b, 439f, 441, 441t, 449, 449b, 467f, 474f, 488, 492f, 501, 518, 531, 565, 586, 598, 598b, 615, 620
advantages of 263b, 362b, 565f, 586f
complications of 264b
limitations of 417
materials 314
percutaneous 210
smear 271b, 384f, 385f, 485f, 486f, 499f, 629f
technique 542, 566, 566b
procedure 265b
technique 265
Fine needle sampling 267
technique 268b
Fire hazards 340
Fixatives for cell block 276
Flagella 7
Flattened cells, single layer of 96t
Flow cytometric immunophenotyping 178, 180b, 314, 315, 315b, 318, 452, 607b
limitations of 318, 320b
Flow cytometry 34, 47, 159, 204, 314, 320, 362, 410, 441, 480, 381, 495, 566, 607
applications of 316b
future of 320
immunophenotyping 178, 319t
principles of 314
Fluid sample 275
Fluid, processing of 278
Fluorescein isothiocyanate 315, 315b
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 61, 61f, 62, 178, 399, 481
advantages of 62
disadvantages of 62
limitations of 62
technique 60, 203
Fluorescence microscope 63, 303, 303f, 304f
Fluorescence protein, green 305
Fluorescence, principles of 303
Foamy cytoplasm, pale 602b
Foamy histiocytes 520b
Foamy macrophages 348b, 365b, 527b, 532b
Focal nodular hyperplasia 503, 503b
Folic acid deficiency 132, 132f, 138
Follicular adenoma 395
Follicular carcinoma 395
Follicular center cell 451f, 471
Follicular cervicitis 120
Follicular growth patterns 375
Follicular lymphoma 468, 468b, 468f, 471, 471f, 480
Follicular neoplasm 388, 391, 395, 395f, 396b, 396f, 396t
Food and Drug Administration 153, 203, 320
Foreign body reaction 589
Fragmentation 88
Franzen'n guide 270f
fixed 270f
Franzen'n needle 270f
Fuchsin, basic 287
Fundus 105, 242
Fungal infection 586, 609, 624
common 216b
Fungal meningitis 254
Fungus, demonstration of 285
Fusion gene 75
G
Galactocele 424
Ganglion cell 545b
Ganglioneuroblastoma 496
Ganglionic cells 545
Gap junctions 8
Gardnerella vaginal 116
Gastric
adenocarcinoma 244, 244b
carcinoma 165b, 169, 464f
mucosa 243f
type 245
Gastritis
acute 243, 244b
chronic 244
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor 245, 246, 246b, 246f, 247, 298
Gastrointestinal tract 66, 236, 238f, 255
techniques in 236b
Gel electrophoresis 47
Gene 65f
amplification 75
deregulation of normal 58
silencing 88
Genetic diseases 332
Genital tract, parts of female 105f
Genomic hybridization 62, 63f
Genomic instability 73, 79, 84
Germ cell
markers 295
tumors 492, 574, 574, 575f, 604, 604f, 605f
Giant cell 575b, 603b
variant 507
Giardia lamblia 249
Glandular cell 506
atypical 113, 115, 116, 139, 145, 145b, 145f, 146, 146b, 146f
status post-hysterectomy 121
Glandular favor neoplastic 114t
Glandular lesion, atypical 115
Glassy homogeneous cytoplasm 538b
Glial fibrillary acidic protein 16, 257, 368b, 373
Glomerular fragments 532
Glomus tumor 579, 579b
Glucose transporter 397
Glypican-3 508
Goblet cells 211, 212b
Golgi complex 10, 10b
Gomori'i methenamine silver 620
G-protein-coupled receptors 5
Granular calcified material 587f
Granular chromatin 354b, 574b
Granular components 19
Granular cytoplasm 524f
abundant 519b, 524b
Granular eosinophilic cytoplasm, abundant 537b
Granular myxoid material, abundant 570b
Granuloma
causes of 52
with necrosis 52
without necrosis 52
Granulomatous
infection 514
inflammation 52, 52f
lymphadenitis 455, 456b
mastitis 420, 421b, 421f
reaction, causes of 52b
sialadenitis 363b, 366
thyroiditis, subacute 392, 393b, 393f
Graves’ disease 391, 392, 392b
Growth factor 76
receptors 76
Guanine 21f
Guanosine diphosphate 77
Guanosine triphosphate 77
Gynecomastia 440
H
Hamartoma 227
Hand hygiene 341
Head and neck carcinomas 65
Healthy cell 48
Helicobacter pylori 244, 244b, 622
Helper T cells 99, 99b
Hemangioma 579, 579b
Hemangiopericytoma 579, 579b
Hematological malignancy 173
Hematopoietic
malignancy 595
stem cells 37, 38, 98
tissue 96
Hematoxylin 281, 620
Hemidesmosomes 9
Hemorrhagic fluid 276
processing of 280
Hemosiderin laden
crystal 162
macrophages 575b
Hepatitis
B
surface antigen 507
virus 504
C virus 504
Hepatoblastoma 509, 510f, 511b
Hepatocellular carcinoma 481, 501, 504, 505f, 506b, 506f, 507, 507b, 507t, 508, 508b
Hepatocyte 501, 502b, 537
antibody 507
benign 501f
paraffin 508
Herpes simplex 118, 118b, 628
infection 121
viral esophagitis 238
virus 219, 239, 239b, 628, 628f
Herpetic esophagitis 239b
Herring bone pattern 574b
Heterochromatin 17, 18t
protein 17
Heterozygosity, loss of 79, 79b, 83
Hibernoma 568
cells 569
Hidradenoma 590, 590b, 590f
High nuclear-cytoplasmic 603b
Histiocyte 111, 112, 137, 138, 161
in cervical smear 112f
Histiocytic cell 480t
Histone
acetyltransferases 18
modification 18
deacetylase 17, 18
methyltransferases 17, 18
Histoplasma 216, 217, 627, 627f
Hodgkin'n lymphoma 173, 174, 350, 451, 477, 477b, 478f, 479f, 495, 295b, 495f, 496b
classical 477
Hologic thinprep imaging system 327
Homer Wright rosettes 354b
Homogeneously staining region 59
Homogenous purple-colored globules 589b
Hormone-dependent involution 46
Human
cancer 80
chorionic gonadotropin 295
chromosome 55b
eye 301
immunodeficiency virus 46, 365
infection 320
lymphadenopathy 460
leukocyte differentiation antigen 99
papilloma virus 126, 127, 194, 126, 151, 152, 326, 628
infection 128
infection, lifecycle of 127
structure of 127
subtypes of 126
test, advantages of 152
testing, types of 153
types of 126t
polyomavirus 193, 194b
waste materials 342
Hürthle cell 394f
adenoma 397f
neoplasm 397, 397b, 397f
tumor 398t
Hyaline cartilage 602b
Hyalinized tissue 565b
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma 398, 403
Hyaluronic acid 204
Hyaluronidase 204
Hybrid capture 153
Hydatid cyst 502, 503b
Hyperchromatic crowded groups 135, 135b
Hyperchromatic nuclei 356b, 580b, 589b
mildly 131f
Hyperchromatic round nuclei 592b
Hyperdiploid aneuploidy 316, 317f
Hyperkeratosis 110
Hyperplasia 40, 214, 227
Hyperplastic
bronchial
epithelial cells 214f
epithelium 213
nodules 391, 391b
type II pneumocytes 214b
Hypertetraploid aneuploidy 317
Hypertrophy 41
Hypodiploid aneuploidy 316
I
Ill defined cytoplasm, abundant 579b
Immature lymphoid cells 202f, 409f
discrete 248f, 249f, 472f, 514f
Immature myeloid cells 482f
Immature teratoma 492
Immortalization of cell 128
Immunoblasts, abundant 454f
Immunocytochemistry 159, 177, 177b, 220, 221t, 224, 226, 233f–235f, 285, 287, 288, 291b, 319t, 350, 373, 380, 398, 406, 407, 409, 440, 480, 494, 495, 508, 525, 533, 536, 539, 541, 544, 544t, 573, 574, 578, 579, 580, 606, 609, 615
basis of 222
fixatives for 277
in thyroid aspirate 410t
of sarcoma 567b
on cytology 288b
stain 290f
steps of 289f
technique 289
Immunoglobulin 469
Immunohistochemistry 35, 47, 526
Immunological disorders 46
Inconspicuous nucleoli 356b, 540b, 590b
Infection 214, 620
diagnosis of 331
Infectious disease 620b
Infiltrating duct carcinoma 417, 431, 432b, 432f, 438t, 442f
Inflammation 51, 119b, 120
acute 51, 250
chronic 52, 120, 250
Inflammatory lesions, benign 420
Inflammatory smear 119
Insular carcinoma 407, 407f, 408f
Integrin expression, type of 72
Intercellular joining 7
Interferon regulatory factor 466
Intermediate filaments, functions of 16
Internexin, alpha 16
Intestinal carcinoma 244
Intestinal lymphoma, small 249f
Intestine
large 248, 249
small 248
Intra-abdominal lymph node 471f
Intracellular histoplasma 217f
Intracytoplasmic hemosiderin pigments 535b
Intracytoplasmic red blood cell 580b
Intraepithelial lesion, negative for 115, 116
Intramuscular myxoma 571
Intranuclear
groove 400
inclusion 90, 349, 354f, 575b, 593b
pseudoinclusion 90, 166, 400, 535b
Intraorbital tumors 355
Intrauterine
contraceptive device 118, 120, 146
device effect 137
instrumentation 111
Ion-channel-coupled receptors 5
Irreversible cell injury 41
Islet cell tumor 523, 524
Isolated cells 602b
K
Karyorrhexis, typical 51f
Karyotype 56f
Keratin 166
Kidney 531, 535b, 538, 541, 541f, 542b
tubules of 95f
tumor of 533t
Kikuchi'i disease 460
Kikuchi'i lymphadenitis 460b
Kimura'a disease 460, 460b
Kinetochore-microtubule attachment, defects in 79
Knobby-like clusters 166
Knudson'n two hit hypothesis 81
Koilocytes 131f
Koilocytosis 131b
Kupffer cells 502
L
Laboratory safety 340
Laboratory techniques 253, 261
Laboratory waste, accumulation of 341
Lactating adenoma 424, 425f
Lactational adenoma 425b
Lactic acidosis 12
Lactobacilli 113
Lamin B receptor 16
Lamina associated polypeptide 16
Langerhans cell 462f
histiocytosis 461, 461b, 608, 608b, 608f
Laser scanning cytometry 310, 310b, 310f, 318
advantages of 311
Legionella pneumophila 331
Leiomyosarcoma 567b, 578, 578f, 579b
Leishmania donovani 586, 624
Leishmania lymphadenitis 458, 458f
Leishmaniasis 624
Lens 301
Lepidic adenocarcinoma 226, 226b, 227b
Lepra bacilli 287
strongly positive 457f
Lepromatous
leprosy 621
lymphadenitis 457, 457f
Leprosy 621f
indeterminate 621
lymphadenitis 457b
Leptotene 30
Leptothrix 118
Lesion 489
benign 420, 437, 453
of lacrimal gland 355
Leucocyte common antigen 295f
Leukemia 174, 255
Leukemic blasts 174f
Leukemic infiltration 174f, 357, 481
Leukocyte 112
common antigen 248, 497
Light chain restriction 295b
Lipid bilayer cell membrane 4f
Lipoblast
atypical 571b
cells 569
Lipoma 567, 568b, 568f
Lipomatous tumor, atypical 569
Liposarcoma 566, 568, 569, 569f
Liquid-based
cytology 114, 117, 122, 140, 147f, 152, 273, 288, 289, 323
preparation, fixatives for 276
Listeria monocytogenes 331
Lithiasis 192, 193b
Liver 501, 513b, 525b
cell adenoma 503, 504b, 504f
lesions 502
Living cell cytogenetic 62
Lobular carcinoma 165b, 438b, 438t
invasive 437
of breast 437f
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, management of 132
Lung 165b, 222f, 223f, 228f, 229t
cancer, classification of 220
carcinoma 65, 165b, 170, 219, 221, 221t, 255, 296, 332
in pleural effusion 171f
in sputum 228f
origin, primary 293f
samples, normal constituents of 211b
tumor, classification of 220b
Lupus erythematous cell 163f
Lymph node 449, 449b, 452, 453
anatomy of 450f
fine-needle aspiration cytology, advantages of 449b
histiocytosis of 462f
intraparotid reactive 366, 381
lesions, diagnosis of 480
normal components of 452b
paraaortic 464f
Lymphadenitis, acute 455
Lymphadenopathy, persistent generalized 460
Lymphoblastic
leukemia, acute 59t, 255, 255b, 256f, 482
lymphoma 174f, 473, 473b, 474f, 495, 495b, 495f
Lymphocyte 97, 111, 161, 228, 254f, 364b, 401, 520b, 590b
abundant 365f
reactive 365b
Lymphocytic cell 480t
Lymphocytic leukemia
B-chronic 59
chronic 256, 466, 466b, 477, 481
Lymphocytic lymphoma, small 466, 466b, 471, 477, 480, 481
Lymphocytic thyroiditis 393f, 394f, 398t
chronic 393, 394b
Lymphoepithelial cyst 365, 365b, 366
Lymphoepithelial lesions 363b
Lymphoepithelial sialadenitis 365, 366b, 366f
Lymphoglandular bodies 452
Lymphoid cells 351f, 366f, 394f, 450, 458f, 471f
abundant 351b
abundant reactive 393f, 489f
atypical 473f
discrete 319, 475f
large 468f
atypical 453f
reactive 393f, 478f
Lymphoid hyperplasia 248
reactive 453, 454b, 454f
Lymphoid malignancies 59t
Lymphoid markers 294
Lymphoid progenitors, common 98
Lymphoid rich lesion 363, 363b
Lymphoid tissue lymphoma 470b
Lymphoma 228, 231, 248, 249, 256, 318f, 356, 363b, 366, 380, 408, 465, 494
classification 465, 466t
marginal zone 469, 471, 480
of large cells 472
subtyping 481b
subtyping, antibodies for 295b
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma 469, 469b, 471
Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma 469f
Lysosome 13, 13b
M
Macronucleoli 593b
Macrophage 97, 112, 160, 161t, 364b, 401
Malignant effusion, malignancy in 165t
Maltoma 248t, 381f
of thyroid 409f
Mammary analog secretory carcinoma 379, 380b
Mantle cell lymphoma 454, 467, 468b, 471, 477, 480, 481
Massive lymphadenopathy 458
Mast cells 97, 161
Matrix metalloproteinase 6
Mature miRNA 77
May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining 88, 159, 216, 244, 253, 258f, 282, 282t, 362, 389, 422, 452, 477, 524, 536, 620
Measles virus 219
Mediastinal embryonal carcinoma 493f
Mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, primary 494
Mediastinal tumors 497t
diagnosis of 497
Mediastinum 488
parts of 488f
Medulla 450
Medullary carcinoma 350, 398t, 403, 404f, 405b, 405f, 433b, 433f
Medullary thyroid carcinoma 398
Medulloblastoma 257b
Meibomian carcinoma 355, 355f
Meiosis 29, 29b
Melanin 166
Melanin-containing cells 162
Melanoma 171, 255
malignant 172b, 356, 513, 593, 593b, 593f
markers 295
Membrane 11
inner 11
outer and inner 11f
Memory T cell 99, 99b
Meningioma 353, 354b, 354f, 357
Meningitis, acute 253, 253b
Merkel cell
carcinoma 592, 594, 594f
tumor 594b
Mesenchymal cells 539
Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma 603, 603b
Mesenchymal markers 292
Mesenchymal stem cells 37, 38
Mesoblastic nephroma 540, 540b, 540f
Mesothelial cells 107, 159, 159b, 160b, 160f, 161t, 162f, 169b, 176f, 177, 177t, 290
benign 292
discrete 159f
malignant 179b, 292
reactive 161t, 168, 169t, 176, 520b
Mesothelial markers 290
Mesothelioma 161, 161t, 165b, 169, 175
malignant 175, 176b, 176f, 176t
diffuse 175
Messenger RNA 22
Metachromatic material 602b
Metaphase spread chromosome 63
Metaplasia 41
Metaplastic
apocrine cells 435t
carcinoma 436, 436f
change 368
endocervical cell 110f
squamous cells 109, 368f
Metastasis 72, 546t
Metastatic adenocarcinoma 176, 176t, 507t, 512f, 545f, 595, 606
Metastatic carcinoma 169, 202, 350, 381, 495, 497, 545, 581, 609, 609f, 610
in effusion 167, 168f
poorly differentiated 581
Metastatic follicular cell carcinoma 609f
Metastatic malignancy 231, 357, 463, 511, 513b
Metastatic malignant
melanoma 512f
tumors 409
Metastatic melanoma in effusion 172f
Metastatic neuroendocrine tumor 513, 513f
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma 171f, 609f
Metastatic sarcoma 565b
Metastatic seminoma 464f
Metastatic small cell carcinoma 171f, 351, 464f
Metastatic solid tumor 255
Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma 171f, 377, 463f, 589
Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma 512f
Metastatic tumor 166, 538, 542b, 545, 565b
Microacini 522b
Microfilaria 458f, 623f
Microfollicles, multiple 396f
Microglandular hyperplasia 144
Micronucleus 90
Micro-RNA 77
Microsatellite instability 73, 79, 80, 80b
Microsatellites 79
Millipore filtration 280
Millipore technique 192, 277
Minimal residual disease, detection of 320
miRNA
biogenesis of 77
formation, primary 77
Mismatch repair system 80
Mitochondria 10, 10b, 11f
Mitochondrial encephalopathy 12
Mitophagy, mechanism of 50
Mitosis 28, 28b, 89, 166
atypical 575b
phases of 28f, 29f
qualitative abnormality of 90
Mitotic activity 571b, 579b
Moderately pleomorphic malignant cells, discrete 168f
Molecular
biology 222
cytogenetic techniques 60
diagnostic tests 481
genetics 55, 410
pathway of apoptosis 44b
Monitoring therapy 65, 320
Monocytes 97, 99
Monomorphic benign ductal cells, round to oval 364f
Monomorphic bland nuclei 535b
Monomorphic cells, discrete 437f, 525f
Monomorphic nuclei 350b, 610b
mildly enlarged 543b
round to oval 352b
Monomorphic round
basaloid cells 589b
nuclei 371b, 524b, 589b, 590b
Mononuclear
Hodgkin cells 478f
stromal cells 575b
Monophasic synovial cell sarcoma 581
Morphological changes 86b
Morphology 97
Morphometry 305, 308
Mouse pointer 308
mRNA 77b
code, translation of 24b
Mucicarmine stain 285
Mucin 166
Mucinous carcinoma 433, 434b, 434t
Mucinous cystic
neoplasia 520, 521b
neoplasm 521, 521f
Mucinous metaplasia 368, 434
Mucocele 349, 364, 434, 434t
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 362, 363b, 369, 370, 376, 376f, 377, 377f
Mucoid fluid 364b
Mucormycosis 625, 626f
Mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue 248, 469, 481, 513
lymphoma 408
Mucosal membrane 107
Mucus 212
membrane 341
contact 341
secreting cells 243, 376
Multinucleated cells 196f, 353f, 354b, 593b
in effusion 167b
typical 119f
Multinucleated giant cells 160f, 365b, 394f, 421f, 423f, 436f, 456, 579b, 588f, 589b, 592b, 604b, 610f
Multinucleated osteoclast 575b
Multinucleated osteoclastic giant cells, abundant 604b
Multinucleated tumor giant cells 600b
Multivacuolated lipoblasts 570b
Multivacuolated round cells 569
Muscle
actin, smooth 247, 430, 573
origin, tumor of 577
Muscular layer 107, 187
Mutational inactivation of E-cadherin 72
Mycobacteria, atypical 215f
Mycobacterial infection 215b
Mycobacterial leprae 621
Mycobacterial staining 287
Mycobacterial tuberculosis 620
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection 621, 621f
Mycobacterium tubercle 287
Myeloblastic leukemia, acute 256, 256b
Myelogenous leukemia, chronic 58f
Myeloid leukemia
acute 65, 256f, 482
chronic 65, 256, 482, 482f
Myoepithelial
carcinoma 379
cells 364, 372f, 419, 590b
tumors 372, 372b, 372f
Myofibroblastic lesion 571
Myometrium 106
Myositis ossificans 572, 572b, 572f
Myxoid
fibrillary background 579b
liposarcoma 569, 570b, 570f, 571
material 602b
tumor 571
N
Naked nuclei 579b
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma 350, 351b, 351f
National Cancer Institute 387, 441, 566
Natural course of infection 126
Natural killer 466
cell 85, 99b
Necrosis 42t, 51, 565b, 571, 579
Necrotic cell 48
Necrotic fat, degenerated 421f
Necrotic lesion 598b
Neoplasia 146f
Neoplasm 69, 255, 514
benign 69, 367
classification of 69t
malignant 355
of bone, classification of 599b
Neoplastic lesion 196, 349, 366, 520, 588
benign 503
Neoplastic lymphoid cells 473f
Nephroblastoma 538
Nerve sheath, tumor of 575
Neural network, artificial 310, 311, 312b, 312f
Neuroblastoma 496, 496b, 497, 539, 614, 615, 615b, 616f
Neuroendocrine
carcinoma 439f, 491
markers 294
system, diffuse 248
tumor 524
diagnosis of 294f
Neurofibroma 496b
Neurogenic tumor 496
Neuron-specific enolase 178, 525, 594, 606, 606b
Neutrophils 97, 99
Nipple discharge 443, 443f
smear 443f
Nocardia 622, 622f
Nodular fasciitis 571
Nodular goiter 390f
Noncellular components 212
Noncellular substances 161
Non-embryonic stem cell 37
Nongynecological
lesions 337
smears 336
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 59, 173, 174, 228, 247, 253, 257, 295f, 317, 331, 332, 350, 363, 388, 439, 452, 465, 466t, 472b, 480, 490, 492, 494, 494b, 497, 513, 514f, 586, 593, 607, 607b, 614, 615
classification of 477b
Noninflammatory lesions, benign 422
Non-neoplastic
causes 162
conditions 364
lesions 192, 502, 586, 587
process 514
Nonrepresentative material 271b
Nontuberculous mycobacteria 455
Nuclear atypia 350b, 579b
mild 195f
Nuclear budding 88
Nuclear changes 90
Nuclear chromatin 17, 88, 89b, 166, 348
Nuclear contour
irregularity 522b
smooth 524b
Nuclear ends, pointed 576b
Nuclear enlargement 87, 132f, 214f
mild 200f, 440f
moderate 202f
Nuclear grading of renal cell carcinoma 536, 536t
Nuclear groove 527b, 575b
in papillary carcinoma 400f
Nuclear margin irregularity 87, 88b, 166
Nuclear matrix 88
protein 17, 88, 202, 203b
Nuclear membrane 16, 16b
inner 16
irregular 574b
thickening of 88
Nuclear overcrowding 522b
Nuclear pleomorphism 545f
minimal 348
moderate 242f, 594b
variable 574b
Nuclear pore 89
change of 88
complex 17
multiple 16f
Nuclear staining 281
Nuclear study 305
Nuclei 16, 17f, 87, 131f, 166, 400
degenerative changes in 120
large multiple 112f
oval 602b
pointed 574b
Nucleocytoplasmic ratio 139f, 167
low 538b
Nucleolar functions 20f
Nucleolar organizer regions 19, 20, 34, 36
Nucleolar prominence 136f
Nucleolar structure 20f
Nucleoli 19, 19b, 88, 166, 579b
small 145b, 371b
Nucleosome 18f
remodeling 81
Nucleotide excision repair 35
Nucleus-cytoplasm ratio 239, 240
Numerical abnormalities 56
O
Olfactory neuroblastoma 354, 354b
Oncocyoma 376
Oncocytes 376t, 397b
Oncocytic cells 370f
clusters of 369f
discrete 371f
Oncocytic changes 363
Oncocytic metaplasia 368
Oncocytic variant 403, 403b
Oncocytoma 370, 371, 371b, 371f, 537, 537b
Oncogenes 74, 75t
activation of 75
functional
activity of 76b
properties of 76
Oncogenic transformation 128
Optic glioma 357, 358f
Optical components 303
Optically clear nucleus 400
Oral contraceptive pill 126
Orangeophilic cytoplasm 134f, 201f
Orbital lesions 354
Orbital lymphoma 319, 357f
Organization of nucleoli 20f
Origin recognition complex 22, 33
Osteoblastoma 599, 600b
Osteoblasts 598, 598f, 600b
Osteoclast 598, 599f, 600b, 603b
Osteoclastic giant cell 602b, 610b
carcinoma 523
Osteoid material 600b
pinkish 600b
Osteosarcoma 572, 599, 600b, 600f, 601f
central low-grade 601
Ova of parasites 112
Ovarian carcinoma 165b, 169
Overstained cells 137
P
Pachytene 30
Paget't disease 438, 438b, 593
Pagetoid malignant melanoma 593
Palisading arrangement of cells 576b, 610b
Pancreas 518, 520, 524, 525, 526f
Pancreatic acinar
carcinoma 523, 524f
cells 519, 519b, 519f, 524f
Pancreatic ductular cells 519f
Pancreatic endocrine tumor 524, 524f, 525b, 525f, 526t
Pancreatic pseudocyst 519
Pancreatic tumor 294
classification of 520b
Pancreatitis, chronic 522, 522t
Papanicolaou 151, 238, 253, 273, 620
cells 213
stain 51, 131f, 282, 282t, 594b
staining steps 281
Papillary carcinoma 200b, 395, 396t, 398, 399f, 400b, 400f, 401, 402b, 402f, 403, 431b, 527, 535, 535b
low-grade 200, 200b
Papillary clusters 189b
Papillary cystic acinic cell carcinoma 376f
Papillary neoplasm 430
Papillary renal cell carcinoma 538
Papillary structures, multiple 590f
Papillary thyroid carcinoma 398, 403
Papillary tumor 431b
Papillary urothelial
carcinoma, low-grade 199f
neoplasm 196
Parabasal cells 108, 111, 188b
number of 122f
Paracortex 450
Paraganglioma 349, 350b, 497
Parakeratotic cells 110f
Parasites 623
Parasitic infection 219, 331, 586
Parathyroid
adenoma 353f
hormone 353b
neoplasm 352f, 353b
tumors 351
Parietal cells 243
Paris system of classification 197
Parotid glands 361
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 315, 316b
Pathological hyperplasia 41
Pediatric renal tumors 538
Pericytes 97
Perinuclear halo 607b
Periodic acid schiff 285, 620
stain 168, 285
Peripheral membrane protein 5
Peripheral nerve sheath tumor 496, 575f, 576f
benign 575
malignant 496, 573, 576, 576b, 576f
Peripheral nerve, malignant 497f
Peripheral neuroectodermal tumor 614–616
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma 477
Peroxidase-antiperoxidase 290
method 290
Pexophagy 50
Phagophore assembly site 49
Pheochromocytoma 544, 544f, 545b, 545f
Philadelphia chromosome 58f
Phosphate
buffer solution 220
buffered saline 315
Phosphatidylethanolamine 49
Phosphatidylserine 47
Phycoerythrin 315, 315b
Phyllodes tumor 428, 429b, 429f
Physaliphorous cells 605f
Physiologic transformation zone 107b
Physiological hyperplasia 40
Pigment-laden histiocytes 610b
Pilomatrixoma 588, 588f, 589b
Placental alkaline phosphatase 295, 465
Placental leukocyte alkaline phosphatase 497
Plasma cell 97
clusters of 608f
myeloma 607b
neoplasm 607
reactive 608
tumor 373
Plasma membrane
functions of 5
types of 5f
Plasmablasts 607b
Plasmacytoid cells 372f, 409f, 469f
Plasmacytoma in bone 608f
Plasmodium falciparum 331
Plastic spatula 273, 273f
Platelet derived growth factor 76, 85
receptor 245
Pleomorphic adenoma 362, 363b, 367, 367f, 368b, 368f, 369t, 374
type of 373f
Pleomorphic cell 350f, 374f, 493f, 523f, 593f
type 566
Pleomorphic lipoma 568, 568b
Pleomorphic liposarcoma 570, 570f, 571, 571b
Pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma 574
Pleomorphic nuclei 243f, 543f, 544f, 571b
moderately 593b
Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma 578
Pleomorphic sarcomas 571, 575
Pleomorphism 87
moderate 580b
round to oval with moderate 592b
Pleura, involvement of 162
Ploidy analysis 316
Pneumocystis carinii 218f
infection 218, 218b
pneumonia 624
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia 624, 625f
Pneumocytes 214, 227
Pneumonia 163
Policeman of genome 82
Polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen 507, 508
Polygonal cells 371b, 371f, 520b, 524b, 544f, 545b, 572b
large 375b, 404f, 524f
Polygonal to spindle cells 602b
Polyhedral cells 594b
oval to 222f
round to 582b
Polyhedral malignant cells 242f
Polymerase chain reaction 153, 162, 330, 330f, 331b, 332, 457, 481, 497, 620
applications of 331
steps of 330
types of 331
Polymorphic population of cells 495f
Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma 374, 378, 378b
Polymorphs 161, 364b, 520b
Post-translation modification of histone 80, 81
Potential pitfalls 91b
Predictive value, positive 151
Predominant cartilaginous lesion 598b
Predominant cystic lesion 598b
Predominantly blood 580b
Predominantly diffuse large β-cell 607
Predominantly discrete
cells 433f
population 356f
Predominantly spindle cells 373, 568f
Preneoplastic lesions 85
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor 465, 540
Proficiency test 338
Prokaryotic cells 3, 3t
Prominent macronucleoli 582b
Prominent nucleoli 202f, 243f, 522b, 524b, 571b, 589b, 607b
Promoting inflammation, tumor 73
Promyelocytic leukemia, acute 65f
Propidium iodide 47
Prostate-specific antigen 297
Prosurvival members 45
Protease, liberation of 73
Protein 45t, 83, 128
breakdown 45
integral 5
kinase 50
AMP-activated 50
synthesis 22
Psammoma body 161, 166, 212, 354b, 401b, 535b
Pseudocyst 520
Pseudomyxoma peritonei 172, 173b
Pseudopapillary clusters 189
Pseudoparakeratosis 110
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 94, 95f
Pulmonary
candidiasis 217
cryptococcosis 217
zygomycosis 217
Pyknotic nucleus 110f
Pylorus 242
Pyogenic abscess 503, 503b
Q
Quantitative abnormality 90
R
Radiation
changes 196b
effect 121b, 195, 240b
changes in acute 120
chronic 121
Radiation-induced
changes 120, 146
nuclear enlargement 132
RB-protein 88
Rectal adenocarcinoma 202f
Red blood cell 253, 276, 443, 482, 503
Red fluorochrome 63
Redundant systems 327
Reed-Sternberg cell 477b, 478f, 480t, 495f
Relative centrifugal force 278
Renal cell carcinoma 170, 202, 531, 532–534, 535b, 534, 535f, 536, 537, 537t, 544t
types of 537t
Renal cyst 532, 532b
Renal lesions 532
Renal neoplasms 533
Renal pelvis 186
Renal tubular cells 531f, 534f
Reprogramming cellular metabolism 73
Reserve cell hyperplasia 214b, 228
Resisting cell death 71
Respiratory
cytology 208
system, techniques of 211t
tract
anatomy of 208f
lining of 208t
lower 208
Restaining of smear 282
Retention cyst 364, 364b, 377
Reticular nuclear chromatin 174f, 579b
Reticulocyte count 320
Retinoblastoma 71, 355, 356b, 356f
gene 84
protein 31, 84b
particularly 128
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction 62, 399
Reversible cell injury 41
Revised European American Lymphoma 465
Revolving nose-piece 302
Rhabdoid tumor 541, 541b
Rhabdomyoblasts, types of 577t
Rhabdomyoma 577
Rhabdomyosarcoma 356, 540, 567b, 577, 577f, 614–616
diagnosis of 293f
Rheumatoid arthritis 163, 163b
Ribonucleic acid -induced silencing complex 78
Ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid 19
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid 23, 36
Ribosomal synthesis 20
Ribosome 12, 12b, 13f
Ring finger binding protein 16
Robertsonian translocation 57
Rosai-Dorfman disease 458, 459b, 459f
Rosette-like structure 525b
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 9
Round bare nuclei, abundant 543b
Round bland nuclei 579b
Round cell 356b, 357f, 570b, 580f, 589b, 592b, 602b, 607b
malignancies 296
tumor 614
type 566
Round monomorphic nuclei 354b, 520b
Round nuclei 575b, 590b, 594b
with fine chromatin 589b
S
Salivary acinar cells, benign 364f
Salivary acini in sialadenosis, benign 365f
Salivary duct carcinoma 379
Salivary gland 361, 362b, 363b, 364, 373t, 380, 381f, 384f, 385f
aspirate, benign 376
cells, normal 363
lesions 364
minor 361, 380
neoplasia 363
tumors 379
classification of 366t
Salvage cytology 237
Sarcoidosis 457b
Sarcoma 172, 514, 571, 593
primary 510
recurrent 565b
Sarcomatoid type 536
Scanty cytoplasm 201f, 352b, 356b, 589b, 589f, 590b, 592b, 607b
Scanty deep blue cytoplasm 354b, 594b
Scanty to moderate cytoplasm 520b, 527b
Scattered spindle cells 580f
Schwannoma 496b
Sclerosing polycystic adenoma 379, 380
Sclerosing variants, diffuse 403, 403b
Sclerosis, multiple 254
Sebaceous carcinoma 355, 592, 592b, 592f
Sebaceous metaplasia 368
Selective autophagy 50
Seminomas 493b
Sensitivity 337
Serosa 106
Serosal layer 107
Serosal tumor, primary 175
Serous acinar 375
Serous cystadenoma 520
Sex chromatin 90
Sialadenitis 365
acute 365
chronic 363b, 365, 365f, 366, 381
Sialadenosis 365
Signet ring carcinoma 170f, 437b, 523
Signet ring cells 166, 167b, 580b
in effusion 161b
Simulate fungus 216t
Single-strand conformation polymorphism 331
Sinus histiocytosis 458
Skin 586, 586b, 588, 591, 594f
adnexa, benign tumor of 588
adnexal carcinoma 592
benign diseases of 586
tumor, primary 595
Small-cell carcinoma 492, 592, 594
Smear
destaining of 282
direct 275, 277
Sodium hypochlorite 342
Soft tissue 565b
lesions 565, 565b
sarcomas 565
tumor
classification of 567b
cytogenetic of 567t
individual 567
Solid and cystic papillary neoplasm 525, 526f, 527b
Solid pseudopapillary tumors 523
Solitary fibrous tumor 572, 573b, 573f
Somatic cell nuclear transfer 37
Space-occupying lesions in liver 502t
Specimen
adequacy 113, 114t, 189
collection 158
preparation area 340
processing 339
Spectral karyotyping 62
Spermatozoa 112
Spindle cell 373f, 534f, 544f, 545, 545b, 571b, 575f, 576, 580, 580f, 593b, 600b, 604b
elongated 579b
lesions 373t
lipoma 568, 568b, 568f
malignant 436f
origin 354
round to 350b
sarcoma 573, 577, 581
soft tissue 246
tumor 495, 579
different 247t
types of 566
variant 507
Spindle-shaped nuclei, elongated 579b
Spirit swabs 265
Spleen 501, 514, 514f
Sputum 209, 209b, 222f
processing of 278
sample 275
Squamoid cells 377f, 610b
type of 377f
Squamous cell 189, 189b, 348b, 351, 352, 364b, 365b, 588f
abnormalities of 213
adequate number of 114t
atypical 113, 114t, 115, 137, 138, 138f, 152, 197
benign 348b
carcinoma 115, 127, 136, 139, 140f, 141b, 141f, 170, 171b, 201f, 219, 221, 222b, 222f, 223f, 223t, 224b, 239t, 241, 242b, 242f, 347, 355, 370, 481, 492, 513, 593, 594b
nonkeratinizing 223t, 228
malignant 463f
small 110f
superficial 108
Squamous epithelial cells 131, 210
Squamous epithelium 94, 94f
changes of 110
Squamous intraepithelial lesion 111, 114t, 115, 122, 126, 127, 130, 133, 134b, 136f, 138, 142
diagnosis 134
low-grade 114t, 115, 127, 129, 130, 130b, 131, 131f, 134b
Squamous metaplasia 41f, 109b, 368
Squamous metaplastic cells 137
Squamous nonkeratinized 94
Squamous pearls 166, 352b
Stem cell 37
adult 37
maintenance 78
types of adult 38
Stomach 242, 245f
benign diseases of 243
Storage disorders 514
Storage of waste 341
Stratified columnar epithelium 95
Stratified cuboidal epithelium 95
Stratified squamous epithelium 95
Stromal cells 538
Subareolar abscess, chronic 421
Sublingual glands 361
Submandibular salivary glands 361
Submucosal layer 187
Submucosal leiomyoma 111
Supernumerary centrosomes 79
Suppressor gene, tumor 78, 81, 82b, 82t
Supraclavicular lymph node 464f
Surepathtm technique 324t, 325f
Surepathtm test 324
Suspicious for malignancy 388
Sustained angiogenesis 72
Sweat gland tumor, malignant 594
Swollen excess cytoplasm 90
Synaptophysin 294
Synovial sarcoma 567b, 580, 580f, 581, 581b
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum 590, 590f, 591f
Systemic lupus erythematosus 46, 163, 163b
T
T cell
marker 295b, 295f
receptor 98
types of 99b
T lymphoblastic lymphoma 475
T lymphocytes 85, 98
T regulatory cell 99, 99b
Tadpole cells 594b
Tall cell variant 402, 403b
Tamoxifen therapy 111
Tata binding protein 23
T-cell lymphoma 475
Tegument layer of cyticercous 624f
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma 601
Telomerase 204
activity 178
repeat amplification protocol 180, 204
Tendon sheath 574, 575b, 575f
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 473
Tetraploid aneuploidy 316
Thermus aquaticus 330
Three-dimensional clusters, large 522f
Threonine kinases 77
Thymic carcinoid 491, 491b, 491f
Thymine 21f, 60
Thymoma 489, 490b
classification 490b
malignant 490b
Thyroglossal cyst 348, 348b
Thyroid 386, 386b, 387b, 392, 395, 396f, 397b, 397f, 399f, 400f, 401, 402b, 402f, 404f, 405f, 407f, 408f
carcinoma of 406f
diseases of 389
follicle 389f
follicular cells 348b, 389, 394f
lesion, classification of 390t
swelling, management of 410t
transcription factor 297, 594
tumor 353, 353b
Thyroiditis 392
acute 392b
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone 386, 410
immunoglobulin 391
Tissue
adipose 96
biopsy 263b
invasion 72
Toxic goiter, diffuse 391, 392b
Toxoplasma
gondii 331
lymphadenitis 458
Transbronchial needle aspiration 209, 210
Transesophageal fine needle aspiration 210
Transfer ribonucleic acid 12
Transient cells 97
Transitional cell 188
carcinoma 198f, 199f
low-grade 199f, 200f
reactive 188, 188b, 538
Transitional epithelium 96
Transmitted light fluorescent 304
Transudative effusion 157
Trichomonas 116
vaginalis 116, 117b, 117f, 623, 623f
Trophoblastic cells 112, 112f
Trouble shooting in immunocytochemistry 290, 291t
Tubal metaplasia 109f, 122, 146
Tuberculosis 162b, 215, 249
of lung 215f
Tuberculous
effusion 162, 162f
lymph node 455f, 456f
meningitis 254
Tubular cells, benign 535t
Tumor 88, 246, 257, 354, 579, 580
benign 70t, 363
cells 71, 72, 72f, 223f
discrete 172f, 247f
dissociated 349
diathesis
absence of 120
thin 143f
gain in solid 64t
individual 221
low grade 363
malignant 69, 70, 70t, 363, 504, 591
microenvironment 84, 85f
components of 85f
necrosis factor 43, 44
primary 542b
type of primary 178
with macrophages 85
with oncocytic changes 372
Turbid fluid 348b
Tyrosine kinase 77
Tyrosine kinase activity 75
U
Ultrafast Papanicolaou'u staining 282
Ultrasonography 268, 386, 488, 501, 518, 531
Ultrasound guidance fine-needle aspiration cytology 387
Umbrella cell 188, 190f
superficial 188b
Unique identification number 277
Unlimited replicative potential 72
Upper respiratory tract 208
Upstream regulatory region 127
Ureter 187
Urethra 187
Urinary
bladder 96t, 187, 199f
calculi 193b
cytology 197b
lithiasis 193f
sample 191
tract 186f, 192
Urine 202f
casts in 192
catheterized 191, 191b
crystals in 192f
cytology 186, 205
examination 186b
smear 190f, 196f, 197f, 206f
normal cells in 188b
sample 275
voided 191
Urothelial carcinoma 538, 538b, 538f
grade of 205
Urothelial cell 112, 189
atypical 197
carcinoma 89, 89f, 189, 193, 193b, 197
high-grade 197, 198, 200
low grade 197, 199
Urothelial tumors, classification of 196b
Urovysion test 203
Uterine, extra 114t
Uterus 105
V
Vacuolated cytoplasm, abundant 568b
Vaginal smear 275
Vascular endothelial
cell 85
growth factor 72
growth factor 85, 175
Vascular origin 579
Vascular permeability factor 175
Vegetable material in sputum 213f
Vessels, atypical 154
Vimentin 292
Viral
infection 219, 453f, 454f, 586, 627
stage of 127
lifecycle 127
meningitis 254, 254b
protein interaction 128
Virus-induced lymphocyte depletion 46
Vortexing 324
Vulva 105
part of 105
W
Warthin'n tumo 363b, 366, 369, 369f, 370b, 371, 376, 377
Washings 275
Waste disposal 340, 341
Waste material, general 341
Watery fluid 364b
Wavy kinked nuclei 576b
Wavy nuclear margin 576b
Wet fixed smear 268
Wilms’ tumor 291, 538, 539, 539b, 539f, 614–616
Wooden spatula 273, 273f
World Health Organization 128, 220, 426, 489, 520b, 599b
X
Xanthogranulomatous
inflammation 532, 532f
pyelonephritis 536
Xylene, clear in 285
Z
Ziehl-Neelsen stain 215f
Zona fasciculata 542
Zona glomerulosa 542
Zona reticularis 542
Zygomycetes 216
Zygotene 30
×
Chapter Notes

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DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY
DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY
Second Edition Pranab Dey MBBS MD MIAC FR CPath Professor Department of Cytology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
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Diagnostic Cytology
First Edition: 2014
Second Edition: 2018
9789352701209
Printed at:
Shree Shree Satyananda Giri
Rini
Madhumanti
and my mother Nisha Dey
Preface to the Second Edition
In this second edition of the book, I have introduced two new chapters on round cell tumors and infections. The newer classifications of diseases and molecular genetics have been provided. In each chapter, I have added review questions along with multiple figures. Many old figures have been either replaced or deleted. Overall, I have changed many chapters. I am sure that this will help the readers significantly.
Pranab Dey
Preface to the First Edition
Cytology is an integral part of pathology curriculum and it is very important to have working knowledge in this area. I designed this book in four sections: general cytology, clinical cytology (exfoliative cytology), laboratory techniques in cytology and fine needle aspiration cytology. I hope that this present book will help immensely all the postgraduate students in pathology, students of cytology (both BSc and MSc), cytology practitioners and all others who are interested in clinical cytology. I have tried to explain various areas of cytology by simple language, tables and illustrations (both line diagrams and microphotographs). All the line diagrams are drawn by me. I hope that these figures are satisfactory. There are multiple boxes in this book which convey the essential and important messages. I will be glad if this book is helpful to the students, teachers and practitioners of cytology.
Pranab Dey
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Mr Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman) and Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director—Content Strategy) of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, for their great support and encouragement in writing the second edition of this book. Mr Subrata Adhikari (Commissioning Editor), Ms Kritika Dua (Development Editor) and the other members of the publishing team also provided me full support and advice during the preparation of the manuscript.
It is my great pleasure to express my thanks to Professor Arvind Rajwanshi, Head, Department of Cytology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. I am also thankful to my departmental colleagues for their routine support. My friend, Dr Suvradeep Mitra helped me to rethink in many aspects of general cytology. I am especially thankful to Dr Manish Rohilla. He thoroughly read the first edition of the book and corrected many chapters and gave me valuable suggestions. My friend, Dr Chandrasekaran Muralidharan taught me the principle of many newer techniques in cytology. My sincere thanks to Mr Ghanashyam Mahato, assistant librarian of Browser library, for helping me to provide many important references.
I am thankful to all my junior residents, senior residents and technical staffs in the Department of Cytology. My wife Rini and daughter Madhumanti provided me constant support and encouragement in writing this book.
Finally, I am grateful to God Almighty for His blessing to make this book successful.
Abbreviations AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ALL
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
AML
Acute myeloblastic leukemia
ACC
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
APC
Adenomatous polyposis coli
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
ACC
Adrenocortical carcinomas
APC
Allophycocyanin
AFP
Alpha fetoprotein
ACS
American Cancer Society
APC
Anaphase promoting complex
ALCL
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
ALK
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase
AR
Androgen receptor
ABC
Aneurysmal bone cyst
AML
Angiomyolipoma
APAF
Apoptosis activating factor
AIF
Apoptosis inducing factor
AGNOR
Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region
ANN
Artificial neural network
ADH
Atypical ductal hyperplasia
AGC
Atypical glandular cells
AGUS
Atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance
ALT
Atypical lipomatous tumor
ASC
Atypical squamous cell
ASC-H
Atypical squamous cell cannot exclude HSIL
ASC-US
Atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance
ATG
Autophagy related gene
BCG
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
BE
Barrett't
BCA
Basal cell adenoma
BCC
Basal cell carcinoma
BBN
Bayesian belief network
BTA
Bladder tumor antigen
BAC
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma
BAL
Bronchoalveolar lavage
BL
Burkitt lymphoma
CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen
CKI
CDK inhibitor
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CHS
Chondrosarcoma
CIN
Chromosomal instability
CLL
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML
Chronic myeloid leukemia
CCSK
Clear cell sarcoma of kidney
CLIA
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
CDK
Cluster of differentiation
CGH
Comparative genomic hybridization
CT
Computerized tomography
CP
Conditional probability
CP
Conventional preparation
CIMP
CpG island methylator phenotype
CDK
Cyclin dependent kinases
CKI
Cytokeratin
CMV
Cytomegalovirus
CP
Cystosarcoma phyllodes
DFC
Dense fibrillar component
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DSRCT
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
DLBCL
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
DPAM
Disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis
Dnmt
DNA methyl transferases
DCIS
Ductal crcinoma in situ
EST
Endodermal sinus tumor
ER
Endoplasmic reticulum
ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
EUG FNAC
Endoscopic ultrasound guided FNAC
EGF
Epithelial growth factor
EMA
Epithelial membrane antigen
EMT
Epithelial mesenchymal transition
EST
Epithelioid sarcoma
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
ER
Estrogen receptor
EWS
Ewing'g sarcoma
FADD
Fas-associated death domain
FC
Fibrillar center
FDP
Fibrin degradation product
Fad
Fibroadenoma
FGF
Fibroblast growth factor
FD
Fibrocystic diseases
FNAB
Fine needle aspiration biopsy
FNAC
Fine needle aspiration cytology
FNS
Fine needle sampling
FCM
Flow cytometry
FCI
Flow cytometry immunophenotyping
FITC
fluorescein isothiocyanate
FISH
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
FNH
Focal nodular hyperplasia
FA
Follicular adenoma
FC
Follicular carcinoma
FCC
Follicular centre cell lymphoma
FL
Follicular lymphoma
FN
Follicular neoplasm
FVPTC
Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma of thyroid
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
GIST
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
GIT
Gastrointestinal tract
GCT
Giant cell tumor
GCTTS
Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath
GFAP
Glial fibrillary acidic protein
GLUT-1
Glucose-transport protein 1
GC
Golgi complex
GPCR
G-protein-coupled receptors
GC
Granular components
GM
Granulomatous mastitis
GTP
Guanosine triphosphate
GDP
Gunasonsine diphosphate
HCC
Hepatocellular carcinoma
HSV
Herpes simplex virus
HP
Heterochromatin protein
HSIL
High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
HMGB1
High mobility group box 1
HP
High power
HDAC
Histone deacetylases
HMTase
Histone methyltransferases
HL
Hodgkin lymphoma
HL
Hodgkin'n lymphoma
HSR
Homogenously staining region
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
HHV
human herpes virus
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
HPV
Human papilloma virus
HA
Hyaluronic acid
HC
Hybrid capture
ICM
Image cytometry
IDC
Infiltrating duct carcinoma
INM
Inner nuclear membrane
IC
Insular carcinoma
IQC
Internal quality control
ISUP
International Society of Urologic Pathologists
INI
Intranuclear pseudoinclusions
IUCD
Intrauterine contraceptive devices
ILC
Invasive lobular carcinoma
LDH
Lactate dehydrogenase
LBR
Lamin B receptor
LAP
Lamina associated polypeptide
LCH
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
LCC
Large cell carcinoma
LSC
Laser scanning cytometry
LMS
Leiomyosarcomas
LPS
Liposarcoma
LBC
Liquid based cytology
LOH
Loss of heterozygosity
LSIL
Low grade squamous intraepithelial
LP
Low power
LE
Lupus erythematous
LBL
Lymphoblastic lymphoma
L & H
lymphocytic and/or histiocytic
LESA
Lymphoepithelial sialadenitis
LG
Lymphoglandular body
LPL
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
MFH
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
MM
Malignant mesothelioma
MPNST
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
MRCT
Malignant round cell tumor
MCL
Mantle cell lymphoma
MZL
Marginal zone lymphoma
MAR
Matrix attachment region
MGG
May Grunwald Giemsa
MDC1
Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1
MP
Medium power
MCL
Medullary carcinoma
m-RNA
Messenger RNA
miRNA
Micro RNA
MN
Micronucleus
MSI
Microsatellite instability
MT
Mitochondria
MCN
Mucinous cystic neoplasia
MEC
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
MALT
Mucosa associated lymphoma
M-FISH
Multicolor FISH
MEN
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
MLS
Myxoid liposarcoma
NPC
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
NHS UK
National Health Service, United Kingdom
NKT
Natural killer T
NILM
Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy
NB
Neuroblastoma
NSE
Neuron specific enolase
NLPHL
Nodular lymphocytic predominant HL
NHL
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
NTM
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria
NMP
Nuclear matrix proteins
NPC
Nuclear pore complex
N/C
Nucleocytoplasmic
NOR
Nucleolar organizing regions
NA
Numerical aperture
OI
Oil immersion
ORF
Open reading frames
OCP
Oral contraceptive pill
OG
Orange G
ORC
Origin recognition complex
ONM
Outer nuclear membrane
53BP1
p53 binding protein 1
PET
Pancreatic endocrine tumor
PUNLMP
Papillary neoplasia of low malignant potential
PTC
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
PAS
Periodic Acid Schiff'f
PNET
Peripheral neuroectodermal tumor
PTCL
Peripheral T cell lymphoma
PMCA
Peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis
PI3P
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
PtdSer
Phosphatidylserine
PE
Phycoerythrin
PT
Phyllodes tumor
PLAP
Placental alkaline phosphatase
PCM
Plasma cell myeloma
PDGF
Platelet derived growth factor
PA
Pleomorphic adenoma
p-CEA
Polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
PLGA
Polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma
pre-RC
pre replicative
pre-miRNA
Precursor miRNA
PEL
Primary effusion lymphoma
PMLBCL
Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma
pri-miRNA
Primary miRNA
PNET
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor
PR
Progesterone receptor
PCD
Programmed cell death
PCNA
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen
PBD
Proliferative breast disease
PSA
Prostate specific antigen
PB
Psammoma bodies
RMS
Rhabdomyosarcoma
RLH
Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia
RS
Reed-Sternberg'g
RCC
Renal cell carcinoma
RLF
Replication licensing factors
Rb
Retinoblastoma
RT-PCR
Reverse transcriptase PCR
RM
Rhabdomyoma
RMS
Rhabdomyosarcoma
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
RFBP
Ring finger binding protein
RER
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
SR
Scavenger receptors
SC
Sebaceous carcinoma
SSCP
Single strand conformation polymorphism
SHML
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy
SCC
Small cell carcinoma
SLL
Small lymphocytic lymphoma
SER
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
STS
Soft tissue sarcoma
SCPN
Solid and cystic papillary neoplasm
SKY
Spectral karyotyping
SAC
Spindle assembly check point
SQC
Squamous cell carcinomas
SIL
Squamous intraepithelial lesion
SOP
Standard operating protocol
SS
Synovial sarcoma
SCAP
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum
SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus
TBP
TATA binding protein
TRAP
Telomeric repeat amplification protocol
TUNEL
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling
TBS
The Bethesda System
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
TSI
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin
TTF
Thyroid transcription factor
TBNA
Transbronchial fine needle aspiration cytology
tRNA
Transfer RNA
TCC
Transitional cell carcinoma
TV
Trichomonas vaginalis
TNF-receptors
Tumor necrosis factor-receptors
USG
Ultrasonography
URR
Upstream regulatory region
UC
Urothelial carcinoma
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor
VPF
Vascular permeability factor
VIA
Visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid
WT
Wilms’ tumor
WHO
World Health Organization