Donald School Textbook of Diabetic Pregnancy and Ultrasound Asim Kurjak, Badreldeen Ahmed
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTVW
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table.
A
Addison's disease 123
Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium 111
ADHDs See Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders
Adipokines 141
Adiponectin 141
Adipose tissue, endocrine function of 141
Adrenomedullary system 140
Adverse pregnancy outcome 136
Amylin 24
Amyloid polypeptide 24
Anal atresia 93
perineum in 102f
Anal mucosa 102f
Anal sphincter muscles 102f
Anechoic cystic areas in kidney, multiple 84f
Antenatal corticosteroid
implications of 124
therapy 127, 128
Antenatal prophylactic administration, indications for 124
Antenatal steroid therapy, require 129
Aorta 69, 96
Aortic arch in sagittal section 68f
Asphyxia 112
B
Banana sign 98
Bariatric surgery 144
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 110, 114
Beta-cell dysfunction 105
Betamethasone 123, 124, 127
Birth trauma 4
Blood glucose
levels 127
preprandial 8
BMI See Body mass index
Body mass index 2, 134, 135, 136, 140
C
Canadian Diabetes Association 27
Carbohydrate metabolic changes of pregnancy 141
Cardiac anomalies 65, 95
Cardiovascular system 36
Catch-down growth pattern 112, 113
Caudal dysplasia 93
Caudal regression syndrome 65, 93, 94, 94f, 95, 95f, 113
characteristic elements of 93t
diagnosis of 94
CDA See Canadian Diabetes Association
Central nervous system 35, 46, 64, 74
anomalies 98
Chiari II malformation 98
Chronic disease, development of degenerative and 144
Congenital anomalies
impact of 92
incidence of 92
risk of major 92
Congenital cardiac anomalies 64
Congenital heart disease 36, 65, 80
Congenital malformation, diagnosis of 34, 130
Conotruncal anomalies 66
diagnosis of 66
Cortisol 2
Cranial end defects 74
Cranial regressions syndrome 35
Cranium in transthallamic section 79f
Cyanotic congenital heart disease 96
Cyclic motility 52
Cytokines 141
D
Dexamethasone 123, 124
treatment 124
Diabetes
complication of 87
fetal lung maturation in women with 124
gestational 92
kinds of 121
overt 1
pregestational 1, 92
pregnancies complicated by 122, 124, 129
pregnant women with 123
type 1 14, 105, 139
type 2 112, 113, 136, 139, 144
Diabetes during pregnancy 25
type 1 14
Diabetes in pregnancy 23, 88, 99, 134
biometric measurements 33
classification 23
diagnosis 1
epidemiology 24
management of 15t, 28, 32
pathophysiology 2
physiology 23
postnatal long-term risks 6
prevalence 1
risk factors 2, 26
screening and diagnosis 26
significance 25
treatment 1
Diabetes mellitus 23, 32, 53, 117
adult-onset 92
in women 62
non-insulin-dependent 92
pregestational 24, 34, 92, 113
type 2 1, 114, 134
Diabetes-related congenital anomalies, obstetric ultrasound for 92
Diabetic female, neurological function in fetus of 52
Diabetic mother
congenital malformations in offspring of 113
fetuses of 49
health of 106
infants of 63, 65, 110
offspring of 105, 110, 111
Diabetic pregnancy 39
biochemical parameters, management of 64
causative mechanism, management of 63
fetal behavior in 46
malformations, management of 64
management of 62
newborns from 114
offspring from 108
poorly regulated 106f
respiratory pathology in neonates from 109
Diabetic pregnant patients, monitoring 39
role of ultrasound in 41b
Diabetic vascular disease 49
Diazoxide 111
DM See Diabetes mellitus
Ductus venosus 39
E
Encephalocele 77f
Endogenous glucocorticosteroids 121
Enzyme 141
Erythropoiesis 107
Estrogen 2
Exencephaly 76f
Eyelid and lip movements 49f
F
Facial alteration 51
Facial expression 48
Femoral hypoplasia
bilateral 93
unilateral 93
unusual facies syndrome 101
Femur 86f
Fetal abdomen 82f
Fetal activity, normal 46
Fetal brain
in first trimester 101f
normal development of 49
Fetal congenital malformation, role of ultrasound in diagnosis of 38b
Fetal face with eye 55f
Fetal head rotation and anteflexion movement 56f
Fetal hematocrit 39
Fetal hepatic artery 40
Fetal hyperglycemia 107
Fetal intelligent navigation echocardiography 37
Fetal liver perfusion 39
Fetal lung
maturation
influence 122
physiology processes in 121
maturity
analysis, quantitative ultrasound 130
evaluation of 129
testing of 129
Fetal macrosomia, causes of 138f
Fetal or neonatal death, risk of 140t
Fetal pulmonary maturation, acceleration of 122
Fetal spine, normal 95f
Fetus with iniencephaly 76f
Fetus with large part of brain herniating 76f
Fetus, artificial maturation of 121
Fingers movements 51
Flat fetal head 75f
Four-chamber heart 72f, 74f
Fractional limb volume 33, 34f, 35f
Free fatty acid, increased 115
Fulminant infection 126
G
Gallbladder 72
Gastrointestinal
anomalies 100
tract 80, 93
GDM See Gestational diabetes mellitus
Genital anomalies 93
Gestational age 51
Gestational diabetes 25, 63, 1, 111, 130
detection of 129, 130
diagnosis 9t
management of women with 128
mellitus 23, 24, 32, 49, 92, 105, 111, 124, 134-136
cesarean section rate 138
congenital anomalies 137
development of 105
fetal macrosomia 137
management of 143
perinatal death 139
preeclampsia 138
premature births 140
prevalence of 105f
problems in 3
range of diagnostic criteria for 27t
risk of 26
women with 113, 125
Glucocorticoid
action 122
receptors 121
treatment 128
Glucose
control, effects of lactation on 18
metabolism, dysfunction of 1
test 8, 10, 12
benefits of 7
single-step 9
two-step 9
tolerance test 8, 9
Glycemic control
effects on 125
level of 139
Glycemic index 143
Glycemic levels, elevation of 125
Glycemic status 125
Glycosylated hemoglobin blood concentrations 62
Great vessels, transposition of 69
Grimace 51
H
Hand and facial movements in fetus, types of 48t
Hand and head movements 48
Hand to face movements 51
Health and disease, developmental origins of 106
Hepatic artery Doppler
steps 41f
technique 41f
Holoprosencephaly 79, 79f
Human placental
growth hormone 2
lactogen, levels of 2
Hydronephrosis 81
Hyperactivity disorders, attention deficit 53, 116
Hyperbilirubinemia 3, 6, 17, 107
Hyperechoic kidneys 82, 84f
Hyperglycemia 25, 49
and adverse pregnancy outcome 12, 26
Hyperinsulinemia 107
Hypertension 5
incidence of 138
Hypertonicity 53
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 71, 110
Hypertrophic myocardiopathy 97, 98f
Hypertrophy of interventricular septum 98f
Hyperviscosity 3, 6, 107
Hypocalcemia 3, 17, 107
Hypoglycemia 3, 6, 107, 112
reactive 49
Hypoinsulinemia 141
Hypomagnesemia 17
Hypoplasia-unusual facies syndrome 102
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 73, 110
Hypotonicity 53
Hypoxia, chronic 49
I
IADPSG See International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 123
Infancy and childhood, effect during 53
Inflammatory bowel disease 123
Insulin
deficiency 23
infusion rate 127
determination of 127t
resistance 138
of pregnancy 141
physiological 1
Insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus 92
diabetic women 128
organs 32
Insulinoma 114
Intelligence quotient, reduced 49
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups 27
Intracranial translucency 99
Intrauterine growth restriction 4, 49, 65
Intravenous insulin, supplementary 129
Iron deficiency 49
Islet cell dysregulation syndrome 114
Isolated eye blinking 51
Isolated hand movement 51
Isolated head anteflexion 51
Isolated leg movement 51
IUGR See Intrauterine growth retardation
J
Jaundice 112
Juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus 92
K
Kabuki syndrome 110
KANET See Kurjak's antenatal neurodevelopmental test
Ketogenic diet 142
Ketosis and pregnancy 143b
Kidney 82f
absence of 80
congenital anomalies of 114
Kurjak's antenatal neurodevelopmental test 50, 51, 53
L
Lactic acidosis, increased 117
Left atrium, small 74f
Left ventricle, small 74f
Left ventricular outflow tract 71
Leptin 141
Leukomalacia, cystic periventricular 124
Lumbosacral myelomeningoceles 99f
M
Macrocystic dysplastic kidney 84f
Macrocystic renal dysplasia 82
Macrosomia 4, 32, 84, 107
Macrosomic baby 122
Maternal blood glucose levels 52
Maternal diabetes 116
mellitus 96
Maternal gestational diabetes 114
Maternal glucose
control, level of 123
levels 123
Maternal hyperglycemia 4
fetal effects of 107
neonatal effects of 107
Maternal insulin-dependent diabetes 63, 101
Maternal ketonuria in diabetic mothers 49
Maternal mortality rate 134
influencing 134
Meconium plug syndrome 65
Medicine, communications in 130
Metabolic acidosis 107
Metabolic syndrome 2, 3, 6-8, 26, 32, 106, 112, 113, 144
Metabolism during pregnancy 141
Metformin 114
effect of 143
Microalbuminuria, presence of 139
Microcystic renal dysplasia 84f
Multicystic dysplasia 82
Myelocele with neural placode flush 100f
Myocardial hypertrophy 107
N
National diabetes data group 27
NCD See Noncommunicable diseases
NDDG See National diabetes data group
Neonatal complications 25
hyperbilirubinemia 25
hypocalcemia 25
hypoglycemia 25
polycythemia 25
Neonatal hypocalcemia 6
Neonatal intensive care unit 109
Neonatal metabolic disorders 6
Neonate with fused both lower limbs 81f
Neural tube defects 64, 74, 98, 113, 137
Neurodegenerative diseases 2
Neurological derangements, higher risk of 49
Neurological function, assessment of 50
Neuronal migrational disorders 102
Neuropsychiatric disease 116
Newborns from diabetic pregnancies, inhospital care for 108
Noncommunicable disease 32, 111
Nondiabetic pregnancies 106
Normal pregnancy, fetal behavior in 46
NTD See Neural tube defects
Nutritional deprivation in pregnancy 140
fasting 141
starvation 140
O
Obese pregnant women, specific enzymatic changes in 141t
Obesity 135, 136
on metabolism during pregnancy, effect of 142
OGTT See Oral glucose tolerance test
Open spina bifida, posterior fossa in 100f
Oral glucose
challenge test 11t, 27
tolerance test 8, 9, 18
P
PA See Pulmonary artery
Pelvic kidneys, bilateral 93
Perinatal asphyxia 107, 114
PGDM See Pregestational diabetes mellitus
Phocomelic diabetic embryopathy 93
Phosphatidylglycerol 123
PIH See Pregnancy-induced hypertension
Placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone, levels of 141
Pneumocyte cells, type 2 123
Polycystic ovarian
disease 114
syndrome 6, 10, 26, 114
Polycythemia 3, 6, 17, 39, 107
Polyhydramnios 5, 84, 122
ultrasound assessment of 87
Postprandial hyperglycemia 141
Predominately subcutaneous insulin treatment 128
Preeclampsia 5
Pregestational diabetes, treatment of 114
Pregnancy
diagnosed during 106
intervention
before 144
during 142
obesity in 134
second trimester terminations of 63
Pregnancy-induced hypertension 49
Pregnant diabetic rats, streptozotocin- induced 123
Prenatal and postnatal growth 111
Prenatal glucocorticoid 122
Progesterone 2
Prolactin 2
Prophylactic metformin, use of 143
Proteins, biosynthesis of 122
Pulmonary artery 69, 96
origin of 70
Pulmonary compliance 122
Pulmonary trunk, origin of 71f
R
RDS See Respiratory distress syndrome
Renal
abnormalities 80
agenesis 93
pelvicalyceal system, dilated 83f
pelvis, bilateral dilated 82f
pyelectasis 81
Respiratory disorders 107
Respiratory distress syndrome 3, 63, 107, 109, 112, 122
risk of 129
Rh hemolytic disease 114
RVOT See Right ventricular outflow tract
S
Sacral agenesis 93
Septal hypertrophy 71
Shoulder dystocia 4, 13
Sirenomelia
in fetus 81f
in fused limbs 81f
Situs inversus 72
Skeletal abnormalities 84
Skin defect, large 77f
Small-for-gestational-age infants, incidence of 138
Somatostatin 2
Sphingomyelin 123
Spina bifida 75, 93
Spinal canal defect 75
large 77f
Spinothalamic tract 48
Spontaneous fetal movement 52
Structural cardiac defects 95
Synthetic corticosteroids 124
for antenatal therapy and prophylaxis 123
Systemic lupus erythematosus 123
T
Target sign 102f
Thumb, movement of 55f
Tocolytic drug 125, 127
Tolerate oral glucose test 11
Tongue expulsion 51
Transient tachypnea 109
Truncus arteriosus 70, 71f
Turner's syndrome 110
Ureter on left side, double 83f
Ureteric duplication 82
Urethral agenesis 93
Urinary tract 93
V
Vena cava, inferior 39, 72
Ventricular outflow tract, right 68f
Ventricular septal defect 65, 67f, 71f, 97
large 70f
Vertebral anomalies 93
VSD See Ventricular septal defect
W
Waste elimination 121
Women with
diabetes, management policy for 128
gestational diabetes, management policy for 128
preexisting diabetes, management policy for 127
World Health Organization 135
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Chapter Notes

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Donald School Textbook of DIABETIC PREGNANCY AND ULTRASOUND
Donald School Textbook of DIABETIC PREGNANCY AND ULTRASOUND
Editors Badreldeen Ahmed FRCOG MD (Newcastle UponTyne) MBCHB MFFP CCST Professor of Obstetrics Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha Director of Feto Maternal Centre Doha, Qatar Asim Kurjak MD PhD Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical School University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
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Donald School Textbook of Diabetic Pregnancy and Ultrasound
First Edition: 2018
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Dedication
I dedicate this book to my wife Mandy and my son Kareem, for their continuous and unconditioned support
—Badreldeen Ahmed
This book is dedicated to my grandchildren: Dea, Lina, Lara, Din and Dal
—Asim Kurjak
Contributors Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Group President), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director–Content Strategy), and Ms Angima Shree (Development Editor) of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, India, for giving us a go-ahead at the very beginning and helping me in every way possible to bring out this book.