Surgical Techniques in Pediatric and Adolescent Urology Mohan S Gundeti
INDEX
Page numbers followed by, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table
A
Abdomen 684
transverse section of 457f
Abdominal flap 313
phalloplasty 312
Abdominal girth 40
Abdominal incision 55f, 902
lower transverse 761
Abdominal mass 266
Abdominal musculature, absence of 41
Abdominal wall 319, 461, 571, 765, 818
anterior 467f, 468f, 469, 469f, 723
defect 773
inferior-anterior 410
initial closure of 411
lower anterior 102
posterior 102, 723
reconstruction 771, 827
Abdominopelvic radiation, history of 754
Abdominoplasty 827, 828f
techniques 827
Abraham Flexner recognizing 87
Absorbable gelatin sponges 896
Accessory obturator vein 783
Accurate ureteral anastomosis technique 4
Acellular matrix 6
Acetabulum 719
location of 717f
Acetaminophen 25, 53, 268, 342, 395, 612, 741, 837
Acetyl-para-aminophenol 25
Acid-base
balance 813, 815, 816
status 44
Acidosis 44
hyperchloremic metabolic 729
prompts mobilization 729
Actinomycin-D 537
Acute scrotum, differential diagnoses of 306t
Acute tubular necrosis, diuretics phase of 43
Adenocarcinoma 531, 774
Adenoma 816
cortisol secreting 507
Adenosine triphosphate 32
Adhesions 288, 709
Adjacent sigmoid colon 4
Adnexal tumors 109
Adolescent Redo reconstructions 689
complications 692
epidemiology 689
management 692
Adrenal crisis, life-threatening 366
Adrenal gland 507, 507f, 509, 538
mobilization of 508
Adrenalectomy 507
indications 507
modifications 510
postoperative care 511
potential intraoperative complications 510
pure laparoscopic 511
surgical steps 508
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, level of 116
Adult kidney and ureters, development of 109
Adventitia 399
Aggressive curative therapies 10
Aggressive partial cystectomy, murine model of 939
Air pyelogram 879, 879f
Alcock's canal 251f, 263
Alimentary tract, part of 723
Alkalemia 44
Alkens dilators 885f
Alkens telescopic needle 885f
Allis clamp 785
Allografts 64
loss, risk of 589
Alpha-fetoprotein 833, 842, 846
Ambiguous newborn genitalia 116
Amenorrhea 109
American Academy of Pediatrics 458, 921
American Urological Association guidelines 731
American Urology Association 873
Amino acid 46
neonatal parenteral 47
requirements 47, 47t
Amniotic fluid, decreased volume of 111
Amniotic membrane 401
Amoxicillin-clavulanate, oral 395, 612
Amplatz dilator 691, 908
Amplatz sequential dilators 886f
Amputation technique 443
Anal atresia 812
Analgesia 53
epidural 411
patient-controlled 395
Analgesic medications 27
Anaplasia 533
Anastomosis 232, 468, 738
paracolic vessel of 726
sutures 513
Anatrophic nephrolithotomy
advantages of 871
clear indications for 871
steps of 869, 870f
Anatrophic pyelolithotomy 869
intraoperative steps 869
postoperative
complications 871
work-up 869
Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty 470, 470f
Androgen
insensitivity syndrome 101fc
production 101
Androgenic cells, female 101
Anema, antegrade colonic 737, 739
Anesthesia
administration of 19
long-term effects of 30
Angiogenesis 939
challenge of 939
Angiogenic mesenchyme 110
Angiotensin 40
converting enzyme 40
Ankle, medial malleolus of 51
Anomaly, type of 243
Anorectal malformations 95, 96, 174, 223, 400, 403f, 626, 697, 730, 744
spectrum of 379
Antegrade continence enema 388, 744
channel 741, 749, 750
formation 744
inhibitors 44
technique 751
tunnel creation 745, 747
Antegrade enema 751
flushes 747
Antenatal hydronephrosis, postnatal intervention for 465
Anterior pelvic floor, detachment of 263
Anterior urethra 820
exposure of 786f
Anterior vaginal
cavity 415
wall 415, 698
Antibacterial agents 667
Antibiogram, local 230
Antibiotic 52, 815
oral 801
preoperative 801
prophylactic 731
prophylaxis 425
continuous 555
surgical 52
systemic 66
Antibodies, monoclonal 794
Antifungals agents 667
Antimesenteric face 762
Antimesenteric incision 789
Anti-Müllerian hormone 339f
action of 400
Antireflux mechanisms, passive 549
Antireflux procedure 264, 266, 276, 630, 799
Antireflux reimplantation, reliable 728
Antireflux surgery 798
undergoing unilateral 554
Antireflux techniques 797
Antireflux ureteroileal anastomosis, technique for 798
Antirefluxing tunnel, creation of 592f
Anuria 42
Anxiety
level of 19
parental 20
perioperative 19
separation 20
Aorta, medial retraction of 849
Apgar score 34
Aphallia 311, 311f, 312
childhood reconstruction of 311
phalloplasty for 318320, 328
Apnea
history of 18
postoperative 18
Aponeurosis, external oblique 300f
Appendectomy 803
history of 754
Appendicostomy 746
Appendicovesicostomy 657, 729, 733, 737, 739, 739f, 740f, 751, 754
robotic 755
Appendix 737, 746, 754f
anatomy of 724f
blood supply of 748f
interposition ureteral reconstruction 612
mobilization of 745
proximal 738, 755
Argon beam coagulation 510
Armamentarium, pediatric urologic 3
Arterial disease, peripheral 62
Artery 124
appendiceal 754
colic 726
epigastric 827
forceps, straight 74
hypogastric 558f, 783
ileocolic 726, 758
inferior mesenteric 727, 853
internal pudendal 124, 399
marginal 726
segmental 496
skeletonized 64
splenic 725
Artificial bladder
patch 6
tissue 6
Artificial dermis 401
Artificial erection 153f, 158, 322
test 156
Artificial intelligence, learning programs of 84
Artificial sphincter placement 83
Artificial urethral sphincter 83, 174, 691, 705, 730
placement of 645
Artificial urinary sphincter 696f
implantation 683, 696
insertion 696, 704
robotic-assisted 703f, 704f
placement 696
Ascending colon 781, 803
mobilization of 782f
Astrocytes 30
Atelectasis 852
small degree of 17
Atresia 391
urethral 243, 311, 388, 668, 818
Atrial natriuretic peptide 40
Augmentin 395, 612
Autonomy, preeminent importance of 9
B
Baby sweetheart retractor 235
Bacterial contamination, risk of 754
Bacteriuria
asymptomatic 690
chronic 780
Bag technique 652
Bajpai bird-wing technique 314
Balanitis xerotica obliterans 137, 181
Balloon
catheters 599f
dilatation
antegrade 809
endoscopic 598
dilation 598, 599t, 605
endoscopic high-pressure 599
high-pressure 598
dissection 523
pressure, excessive 704
rupture of 523
technique 539
ureterotomy 598
Barrett's esophagus 44
Bartholin's gland
ducts 350
secrete mucus 399
Baskin modification 190
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 531
Benzodiazepines 20
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 833, 842, 846
Betamethasone 749
Bhonsale lined posterior wall 401
Bicarbonate 690
Bifid clitoris 115
Bifid penis 117
Bifid system 458
Bifid ureter 112f
Bile salt 728
Bilious fluid, drainage of 52
Biological bench models 862
Biopsy 535
specimens 542
urethral 794
Bipolar forceps, straight 371f
Bird-wing technique phalloplasty 314f, 315f
Bladder 275f, 655, 657, 667, 671, 715, 737, 753, 779, 874, 925
ability 649
abnormalities, congenital 730
acellular matrix 935
anatomy of 657, 657f
augmentation 625, 645, 754, 759, 773
indicative of 697
new techniques of 761
robotic 810
behavior 703
calculi 425, 905
signs of 905
cancer 774
type of 774
capacity 272, 671
actual 641
reduction in 671
catheterization 45
closure 608
compliance 626, 649
contraction 681
decompressions 195
dehiscence 265, 773
dissection, deep posterior 785f
distension 41
diverticulum, dissection of 662
drainage 525, 681
additional 740
adequate 733
suprapubic 622
dynamics 647
dysfunction 683, 737
non-neurogenic 730
severe 665
enlarged 818
exstrophy 3, 266, 408, 672, 708, 712f, 761, 800
classical 708, 710
closure 771
complete primary repair of 771
epispadias complex 812
epispadias repair 312
female 409f, 412f, 417f
inspired 5
management of 267
orthopedic management for 437
population 260
prenatal diagnosis of 266
reconstruction 263
Redo surgery for 709
repair operative approach 268
repair preoperative technique 266
surgical treatment of 436
treatment of 279
filling, absence of 768
flap 670
function 647, 668, 753
long-term monitoring of 388
poor 669
several changes in 705
fundus 113
hiatus 661
hyperplasia 937
hypertrophy 937
initial closure of 411
injuries 503, 616
innervations of 659
irrigation 649
margin 714
mobilization 713
motor innervation of 659f
mucosa 658
neck 269, 504, 563, 655, 657, 658, 674, 681, 684686, 689, 702
area 425
closure 425, 679, 680f, 681, 730, 906
connecting 698
cuff around 704f
dissection of 672, 679
fistula 265
left of 685
procedure 669
reconstruction 3, 256f, 266, 278, 279, 415, 657, 671, 675, 683, 730, 906
region 254
repair 278
right of 685
surgeries 705
suspension 674
neoplasia 735
neuropathic 665, 669, 670, 928
obstruction 665
outlet obstruction 115, 564, 565, 576
perforation 651
prolapse 425
reclosure 425
reconstruction 566, 574
refractory neuropathic 669
removal 761
repair, postprimary 504
rhabdomyosarcoma of 779
sensory innervation of 659f
sequence, exstrophy of 46
severe neuropathic 669
spasms 615, 729, 741
stones 905
complications 909
endoscopic approach 906
formation 651
percutaneous approach 907
postoperative management 909
presentation 905
surgical management 906
surgical technique for 910t
substitution 800
history of 935
superior surface of 713
tissue 667
engineering, revival of 6
trauma reconstruction 494
trigone of 399
ultrasonography 697
wall 909
anterior 674
fibrosis 667
hypertrophy 935
muscle 658
posterior 667
reconstruction 580
Blastema, metanephrogenic 111
Blastemal cell clusters, abnormal 533
Blastocyst cavity 94
Bleeding 287, 485
intraparenchymal 532
parenchymal vessels 570
Bleomycin
intralesional 69
single cycle of 843
Blind incomplete urethral duplication 242
Blocksom procedure 666
Blocksom vesicostomy 615, 620, 621f, 667
Blood 41, 652
filled uterus 440
glucose 48
pressure
high 44
normal 42, 44
stained peritoneal fluid 541
testis barrier 100
type-and-screen 847
urea nitrogen 41, 42, 45, 512
vessels 727
Blunt trauma 495
Boari flap 502f
Body mass index 739, 874
Bone
marrow aspiration needles 51
mineral density, loss of 813
Bovine tissue, surgically modified 89
Bowel 737
anastomosis 8183
conduits 5
dysfunction 555, 737
injuries 616, 898
isolated 804
movement 793, 815
restoration 765
obstruction 523
pararenal 898
preparation
mechanical 731, 800
preoperative 800
reconstructive procedures risk dire 6
segments 4, 731
stimulants 744
vaginoplasty 390, 391
Brachytherapy 794
Bracka two-stage repair 145f
Bradycardia 19, 26
Bradykinin 24
Brain
development, normal 30
magnetic resonance imaging 845
malformations, congenital 626
swelling 43
Brainstem 727
Bricker's ileal conduit technique 5
British Association of Pediatric Urologist 597
Brodel's avascular intersegmental plane 896
Brodel's palne 871
Brodel's white line 455
Bromodeoxyuridine 937f
administration of 937
Bronchoscopic studies 17
Broomstick casts 435
Bryant's traction 435
Buccal graft 491
closure 234f
inlay 196f
urethroplasty 185
Buccal mucosal graft 235f, 393, 393f, 613, 614
autologous 391
fenestration of 393
harvest of 234, 235f, 393
use of 519t
Buck's fascia 124, 127f, 167f, 318, 357, 418
Buck's traction postoperatively 435
Bugbee electrode 566, 578f
Bulbar 232
urethra 212
urethral
diverticulum, technique for 176
plate 234f
stricture 230
Bulbospongiosus, identification of 263
Bulging bladder mucosa 592f
Bull's eye 882f
technique, steps of 880
Bupivacaine 268
continuous infusion of 28
Burgenheim's ureterorectal anastomosis 4
Buried penis 163, 164f, 165
Buttocks flaps 361
Button vesicostomy 670
Byars’ flap
fixation of 318
two-stage repair 146f
C
Cadaveric dura 708
Cajal interstitial cell 597
Calcium
concentration 46
intravenous 45
Calculi, residual 895, 898
Caloric requirement 46, 46t
Calyceal puncture
anterior 896
lower posterior 881f
posterior 895
Calyceal urothelium 516f
Calyx 871
lower 512
Canal of Nuck 290
Cancer, urothelial 782
Candidiasis 449
Canine model 939
Cantwell-Ransley
epispadias repair 272
repair, modified 279, 413
technique 417, 772
Caprosyn stitches 608
Carbohydrate 46
requirement 47
Carboplatin 536, 537
Carcinoma
adrenocortical 507
in situ 846
Cardiac membrane stabilization 45
Cardinal ligaments, deficiency of 774
Carnitine 48
Casale procedure 757, 757f
Castravecchio needle holder 73, 74f
Cat's paw retractor 74, 74f
Catheter 652
accidental dislodgement of 505
balloon 683, 699
into stoma 653
number of 741
occlusion of 48
placement 415f
Catheterizable channel 753
placement 728
Catheterizable stoma 686, 754, 807
Catheterizable urinary
channel 738
reservoirs 761
Catheterization technique 675, 686
Caudal anesthesia, risks of 27
Caudal extension 106
Caudal regression syndrome 380
Cavernous erectile tissue 357
Cavernous nerves 351, 352
Cavity
abdominal 340, 503
central 94
coelomic 105
oral 396
peritoneal 94, 348, 724
Cecal arteries
anterior 726
posterior 726
Cecal flap 737, 740f, 746, 747
creation 746
Cecal mucosa 802
Cecal segment 728
Cecal separation 771
Cecocystoplasty, disadvantages of 731
Cecostomy
percutaneous 751
tube 744, 748, 749
placement 745f
Cecoureterocele, extravesical 576
Cecum 723
anatomy of 724f
terminal 405f
vascular fold of 724
Cefazolin 395, 731
Celiac trunk 724
Cell
female supporting 101
fragmentation 31
populations, origins of 938
regression of 30
Cellulitis 67
area of 66
Cellulose, oxidized 401
Celomic epithelium 98
Central nervous system 26, 223, 659, 941
lesions 730
opioid receptors, types of 26
Central parenteral nutrition 46, 46t
Central venous catheter, infection of 48
Cephalosporin 521
Cephalotrigonal reimplantation 276, 672, 674f
Cerebral palsy 626, 696, 730, 744
Cervical
duplication 770
prolapse 449
Cesarian section, complications of 15
Chancroid 281
Charleston pouch 803
Chemical mediators 23
Chemotherapeutic agents 779
Chemotherapy 844
cystitis 730
neoadjuvant 779
platinum base 838
primary 843
protocols, postoperative 537, 537t
regimens 794
salvage 844
Chevron incision, subcostal 56
Chiari malformation 770
Child sexual abuse 449
Children's Oncology Group 533
Chlorhexidine 50
gluconate 50
Chloride 690, 729
Chordee 188, 190, 223, 317, 320f
complex 153
corporocavernosal 153
correction of 188, 217
cutaneous 153
fibrous 153
incidence of 215
types 152
without hypospadias 153f, 156f
and torque 215
classification 152
diagnosis 152
management of 155fc
surgical treatment 154
types of 219fc
Choriocarcinoma 832
Chromaffin endocrine cells 728
Chromium 48
Chwalla's membrane 563
Chylous ascites 852
Circumumbilical incision 56, 57
Cisplatin 843
Cisterna chyli 727
Civil registration systems, scarcity of 949
Clamps, pair of 834
Classic bladder exstrophy 266, 267f, 411, 413, 416, 428, 771
complications 436
orthopedic treatment for 429
postoperative management and care 435
preoperative indications 430
preparations 431
repair 426
surgical technique 432
Classic scar revision techniques 70
Clean intermittent catheterization 4, 388, 574, 729, 730, 761
program 708
Clear cell sarcoma 531, 535
Cleft lip 949, 950
surgical repair of 951
Cleft palate 949
surgical repair of 951
Clinical scar assessment scale 69
Clitoral anatomy 354
Clitoral corpus cavernosa 350
Clitoral glans, medial side of 259f
Clitoral hypertrophy 355
Clitoral reduction technique 356
Clitoral skin, plication of 359f
Clitorectomy 356
Clitoris 350, 351
body of 350
corpus of 350
defects of 116
divergence of 413
dorsal nerve of 351, 352
external component of 350
separation of 413
Clitoroplasty 354, 356, 413, 420, 424
albuginea-sparing 358f
techniques, current 356
Cloaca 380f, 400
posterior 380, 386
sequence, exstrophy of 46
Cloacal anomaly 97, 97f, 356, 661
Cloacal exstrophy 73, 115, 324f, 408, 420, 428, 689, 691, 730, 768, 769, 770t, 772f, 796
female 409f
orthopedic treatment for 429
postoperative care and follow-up 424
reconstruction of 768
repair 425, 426
surgical interventions for 437
Cloacal malformations 379, 380, 389, 626, 927
Cloacal membrane 95
reinforcement 408
superior portion of 115
Cloacal reconstructions 379
anatomy 379
diagnosis 380
physiology 379
surgical treatment 382
Cloacal walls, lateral 96
Clonidine 20
Clostridium difficile colitis 801, 852
Clot retention 504
Cloutier-Bracka technique, first stage of 185
Coagulation disorders 449
Codeine 27
Coffey's tunnel
anastomosis 4
ureter 4
Cohen cross-trigonal
reimplantation 276, 550
technique 567
Cohen procedure 549
Cohen transtrigonal ureteral reimplantation 607
Cohen ureteral reimplantation 549, 554
complications and management 553
embryology 549
epidemiology 549
future advancements 554
indications and prerequisites for surgery 549
postoperative care and follow-up 553
surgical technique 550
Colic artery
left 726, 727
middle 726, 727
right 726, 796
Collagen layers 123
Colles’ fascia 233
Colon 753, 796
arterial supply of 801f
mobilization of 509
segments 905
vascular arcades of 726f
Colonic enema surgery 731
Color Doppler ultrasound detects 915
Colostogram, distal 381
Colostomy 738
end-hindgut 424
Colovaginoplasty 403
Colpoplasty 390
Common intra-abdominal pediatric malignancy 531
Compartment syndrome 437
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome 13
diagnosis of 14
Complete patent urethral duplication 242
Complex surgery requires modern anesthetic techniques 3
Concealed penis 163, 163f, 312
surgical correction of 172
Condylomata acuminata 449, 450
Congenital lifelong urology 693, 694
Connective tissue 115, 399, 902
Conscious sedations 616
Constipation 744
idiopathic 744, 750
Continence 276, 750
mechanism 5
procedures 655
rates 750
Continent orthotopic ileal neobladder diversion 791
Continent urinary diversions 4, 681, 728
surgical techniques of 801
Continuous positive airway pressure 18
Conventional inguinal open techniques 331
Copper 48
Corona sulcus 127f, 710f
Coronal urethral fistula, repair of 190f
Corpora 275
cavernosa 318
deep dissection of 261
reconstruction of 259f
cavernosum, proximal 258f
mobilization of 263
Corporal albuginea 184f
Corporal bodies 257f, 714
Corporal disproportion 318
Corporal loss 312
Corporal plication 154
technique 211
Corporal sparing
clitoroplasty technique 358
dismembered clitoroplasty 358
Corporoplasty, ventral 160
Corpus cavernosa 231f
Corpus spongiosum 6, 127f, 216f, 318
fascia of 234
separation of 231f
Corpuscular receptors, different types of 351
Cortical calcification 898
Corticosteroid
intralesional injections of 69
use 62
Cosmesis 188, 260
Costovertebral angle 40
Cowper's gland abscess 174
Cranial suspensory ligament 102
Craniosynostosis 770
C-reactive protein 62
albumin levels 62
Cribriform hymen 439
Cricoid cartilage 17
Crohn's disease 54, 57, 754
Crosses iliac vessels 501
Cross-trigonal ureteral reimplantation 567f
Crucial step 857
Crus clitoridis 350
Cryptorchid testis, classification of 297
Cryptorchidism 130
bilateral 298, 820
unilateral 303
Crypts of Lieberkühn 728
Cuboidal granulosa cells 102
Currarino's syndrome 96
Cushing's syndrome 44
Cyanoacrylate
glues, commercial 58
skin adhesives 58
Cyclooxygenase 25
enzymes 26
Cyclophosphamide 536, 537
Cyst 527
avascular 527
epidermoid 832
inclusion 288
multiple 770
orifice dilatation 338
recurrent 189
solitary 770
Cystectomy 82, 761, 780, 796
partial 82, 938
radical 780, 781f
specimen 787
Cystic disease, family history of 40
Cystic mass 381
Cystitis glandularis 774
Cystogram 504
retrograde 711
Cystography, radionuclide 916
Cystolithotomy 905
Cystolithotripsy, percutaneous 906
Cystometric capacity 633
Cystometrogram, complex 649
Cystoplasty 691
augmentation 647, 671, 675, 679, 681, 686, 730, 734f, 800
complete augmentation 732f
ileocecal 728
Cystoprostatectomy 779, 780
Cystorrhaphy, post-traumatic 504
Cystoscopic management 230
Cystoscopy 81, 392, 395, 521, 529, 569
simple basic 83
Cystostomy, suprapubic 615, 616
Cystourethrogram 246f, 626f
micturating 712
Cystourethrography 821f
Cytokine connective tissue growth factor 939
Cytoplasmic enzyme 101
D
da Vinci SI surgical system 851f
da Vinci XI system 851
Dartos fascia 127f
De Castro technique 312
Deafness 40
Decubitus ulcer fasciitis 735
Deep infection 436, 437
Deep venous network complex 352
Deepithelialization 444
technique 443
Degloving penis 136f
Dehydration 42
causes of 42
management of 42
mild 42
moderate 42
severe 42
signs of 42
symptoms of 42
Delivery, preterm 108
Denis-browne dressing 185
Denis-browne retractor 74, 74f
Denonvilliers’ fascia 340, 784, 787
Dense connective tissue
outer layer of 399
sheath 350
Denys-Drash syndromes 531
Deoxyribonucleic acid 101
synthesis 935
Depression, respiratory 26
Dermabrasion 69
Dermal graft 193f
Dermatology life quality index 69
Detrusor compliance 633
Detrusor flaps 501
Detrusor matrix 633
Detrusor muscle
closure of 560f
demucosalized 674
fibers 658
Detrusor pressure 638f
Devine and Horton operative classification 152t
Dexmedetomidine 24, 30
Dextrose 46
infusion guidelines 47, 47t
Diabetes insipidus 43
Dialysis, peritoneal 478
Diaphragm 102
Diarrhea 48, 653
Diastasis, recurrence of 428
Diathermy pencil 669
Diazepam 20, 268
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid 41, 869
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 41, 550, 564, 576, 666, 816, 823
scintigraphy 525
Direct inguinal hernias 290
Direct visual internal urethrotomy 230
Disability-adjusted life-year 950
Discontinue potassium supplements 45
Distal hypospadias 129, 181, 338
repair 139f
surgical reconstructions of 129
Distal necrosis, early 315
Distal stenosis, evaluation of 175
Distal ureter 597, 782
anatomy of 597
congenital abnormalities of 563
demonstrates fibrosis 819
Distal ureteral
development 563
length 580
stricture 608
stump 572
wall 659
Distal urethra 352
Distal vaginal
atresia 387
shortening 391
Distant metastasis 845, 846
Distress
emotional 19
physical 19
postobstructive 43
spiritual 11
Diuretics 44
Divergent corpus spongiosum, mobilization of 212
Diverse quantitative evaluation methods 78
Diverticula 925
congenital 174
Diverticular neourethra 180f
Diverticulum 243
formation 709
risk of 567
paraureteral 923f
Dizygotic twins 769
Dog ear correction 70
Donor ureter 582, 594f
Doppler pulses 327
Dorsal arteries, deep 124
Dorsal chordee, correction of 273
Dorsal cloaca 96
Dorsal Dartos wrap rotation technique 212
Dorsal glanular strip 5
Dorsal lithotomy position 851
classical 907
Dorsal lumbotomy 461
Dorsal nerves, branch of 351
Dorsal penile nerve block 283, 283f
Dorsal urethra 241
Dorsal urethral incision 196
Dorsal venous complex 785
Dorsoventral corporal disproportion 184
Double bubble sign 381
Double dye test 376
Double J stent 598, 903
Double penis 117
Double T-pouch 799
Double ureters 458
Double urinary stream 243
Double V technique 170
Downward-angled penis 279
Doxorubicin 794
Doxycycline administration 940
Drooping lily sign 924f
Drugs
bioavailability of 18
intravenous administration of 18
toxic levels of 18
Dry mucous membranes 42
Duckett's horizontal strip 6
Duodenal atresia 770
signs of 381
Duodenal injuries 852
Duodenum 723
mobilization of 509
Duplex collecting system 564
Duplex kidney 457, 458, 458f
heminephrectomy for 521
parenchyma of 458
Duplex renal system 574
complications and management 525
postoperative follow-up and care 525
preoperative indication 521
preparations 521
surgical technique 521
Duplex system 924
ureteroceles 567f
Duplex ureter 567
Duplex ureteral reimplantation 563, 568f
Duplex urethra repairs 241
associated anomalies 243
classification systems 241
clinical features 243
diagnosis 243
embryology 241
management 243
Dynamic retrograde urethrogram 243
Dyselectrolytemia 617
Dysfunctional urinary systems, management of 4
Dysgenetic gonads 117
Dysphoria 311
Dysplasia 598
bronchopulmonary 19, 294
Dysplastic nonfunctioning kidney, left-sided 821f
Dysplastic upper pole tissue 570
Dysuria 40, 181, 729
E
Economic Burden of Neonatal and Pediatric Surgical Disease 950
Ectoderm 94
cleaves 114
Ectodermal folds 208
Ectodermal urethral folds, lateral 208
Ectopic embryonal ureteric bud development 549
Ectopic kidneys 471
Ectopic upper pole ureteral orifice 581
Ectopic ureter 458, 581, 657, 662, 697, 923
upper pole 924
Ectopic ureterocele 46, 458, 577
extensive 566
Edema, postoperative 205f
Ejaculation, antegrade 698
Ejaculatory disorders 853
Ejaculatory ducts 563
Ejaculatory dysfunction 177
Elaborate stem cell technology 6
Electrocardiogram changes 44
Electrolyte
abnormalities 42, 46, 755
balance 39
derangements 6
requirements 47, 48t
Electromyography 636, 646
Elephant-trunk appearance 409f
Elevated tumor markers 847
Elliptical xyphopubic incision 827
Embedded nipple 601
Embryo, urogenital ridges of 399
Embryonal carcinoma, high proportion of 838
Encephalitis 696
Encephalopathy 45
Endemic bladder stones 905
Endocrine function 330
Endodermally-derived epithelium lining 113
Endopelvic fascia 698f, 700f
Endopyelotomy 472, 479
retrograde 512
Endoscope 691
Endoscopic approach 910
Endoscopic evaluation 677
time of 370
Endoscopic incision 576
Endoscopic puncture 573, 576
Endoscopic techniques 338
Endoscopic treatment 561
Endoscopy 690
Endotracheal tube 17
Endoureterotomy 598, 599
Enlarged utricle
incidence of 338
pouch 338
Enoxaparin sodium 395
Enterobiasis 449, 450
Enterocolitis, necrotizing 19, 46
Enterocystoplasty 4f, 690, 693t
multi-staged 3
ranges 905
Enuresis 40
Epididymal temperatures 330
Epididymis 846
function of 330
Epididymo-orchitis 306
Epidural anesthesia 431
Epigastric vessels, inferior 300f, 783
Epinephrine 196, 268
Epispadiac meatus 249f
Epispadiac penis 127f
pendular portion of 128
Epispadias 128, 278, 279, 288, 416, 428, 689, 730
complete 408
originates 247
penile torsion in 219
penopubic 260
primary 261
repair 210, 260, 273, 408, 413
goal of 248
surgical steps, female 421f
severe 708f
torsion-associated 220f
Epispadic males 426
Epispadic urethra 410
Epithelial coverage 131
Erbium:YAG lasers 70
Erectile dysfunction, self-limited 686
Escherichia coli 899
Esophagus 723, 724, 727
Estrogen, lack of 448
Etoposide 536, 537, 794, 843
European Association of Urology 873
Excision 169
Excretory duct, primary 104
Exstrophic bladder, outer surface of 410
Exstrophy 626, 661, 681, 691, 927
classical 689
complete primary
reconstruction of 263
repair of 411
epispadias complex 115, 241, 671, 768
epidemiology 409
management of 426
operative procedure 411
postoperative care and follow-up 416
preoperative care 410
primary goal for 411
repair 426t
modern staged repair of 263, 266, 270
Extensive capsular loss 497
External female genitalia, development of 347, 348
External genitalia 114, 443
agenesis of 117
development of 113
repair of 708
External ring 299, 833
External urethral sphincter 352
External urinary sphincter reconstruction 658
Extracellular calcium concentration 17
Extracellular fluid 39
Extracellular matrix 660
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy 871
amenable for 873
Extracorporeal suturing and knotting technique 294
Extramural tunnel technique 812, 813
Extraperitoneal bladder ruptures 504
Extraperitoneal injuries 504
Extraperitoneal space, development of 557f
Extrarenal wire kinking and slippage 894
Extravaginal torsion 305
peaking 103
Extravesical ureteral reimplant
clinical 561
complications and management 561
future advances 561
indications for surgery 555
management of persistent 561
postoperative care and follow-up 560
prerequisites for surgery 555
remains 561
surgical technique 556
F
Faces pain scale 24
Facial plastic dilators 885f
Failed glandular epispadias, repair of 719f
Falciform ligament 848
Fallopian tube 349, 753
Fanconi's syndrome 44
Fascia 790
external oblique 834f
lata 684
musculoaponeurotic 827
Fascial attachments, shearing of 504
Fascial closure 739
Fascial defect 739
Fascial dissection, aggressive 158
Fascial edge, inferior 667
Fascial graft 684
Fascial incision, transverse muscle-sparing 57
Fascial sling 685
autologous 684
Fat, excess 165
Fatty tissue 350
Fecal continence 744, 750
Fecal incontinence 744, 750
Federal criminal law, violation of 443
Female epispadias 248f, 420
repair 426
Female genital anatomy 348
neural innervation of 352
Female genitalia reconstruction 413, 415f
clitoroplasty 415f
labioplasty 415f
urethroplasty 415f
Female genitalia
anatomy of 347, 348f
internal 347, 348
Female hypospadias, mild 384
Female oogonium cells 106fc
Female urethral sphincter complex, anatomy of 352
Feminizing genital reconstructive surgery techniques 352
Feminizing genitoplasty 347, 354
techniques 347
Femoral veins 51
Fentanyl 20
Fertility
importance of 426
issues 853
Fertilization 93
multiple 117
Fetal aromatase deficiency 116
Fetal cloaca
persistence of 379
ventral half of 97
Fetal exposure, amount of 116
Fetal growth restriction 108
Fetal testicular failure 117
Fetal urine refluxing 380
Fetus, karyotype of 116
Fibers, parasympathetic 727
Fibrin 935
Fibrin glue, application of 518
Fibroblast growth factor 100
Fibroma 832
Fibrosarcoma 832
Fibrosis 903
retroperitoneal 512
severe peripelvic 512
Fibrous connective tissue 439
Fibular free flap 328
Fistula 113, 693, 793
excision 505
formation 197
risk of 374
nephropleural 897
penopubic 773
preputial 206
vesicocutaneous 505, 505f
Fixator pins 435
Fixator, removal of 435
Flank incision 471t, 514
Flank position 523
modified 583
Flap 64, 319
distal part of 315
necrosis 227
types of 319t
vaginoplasty 359
valve mechanism 658
Fluid
and electrolyte
balance 39
maintenance 41
therapy 39
peritoneal 290
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography 843, 845
Fluoroquinolones 52
Fluoroscopic guidance 865, 910
Fluoroscopy 774
simultaneous 627
Fogarty technique 539
Foley's bulb 504
Foley's catheter 341, 374, 420, 451, 465, 481, 503, 556, 560, 612, 641, 668, 701, 787f
insertion of 698
placement of 451f
removal 471
Foley's VY pyeloplasty 470f
Follicles, primordial 102
Follicular cells 102
Foregut
blood supply of 724
venous drainage of 725
Foreskin, amount of 130
Fossa navicularis 124, 238
Fowler-Stephens orchidopexy 827
Frank purulence 67
Freamine 47
Free scapular flaps 319
Free sensate osteocutaneous fibula flap 324
Freehand sleeve technique 282
French multicentric study 526
Frenulum, reconstructing 202
Full blood count 690
Functional bladder closure, management of 269
Functional endometrial tissue, presence of 405
G
Gabapentin 26
mild side effect 26
preoperative dose of 26
Gabapentinoids 25
Gamma-glutamyl transferase 48
Gastric
acid, reduction of 815
artery
left 724
right 724
fluid, drainage of 52
secretions, acidic nature of 729
wall, posterior 457
Gastrocystoplasty 6, 728, 731
Gastroesophageal junction 54
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 19
Gastrointestinal abnormalities 822
Gastrointestinal anastomosis 733
Gastrointestinal complications 774, 853
Gastrointestinal disorders 754
Gastrointestinal dysmotility 750
Gastrointestinal losses 48
Gastrointestinal problems 46
Gastrointestinal system 723, 769
Gastrointestinal tract 729, 762
anatomy of 723
lymphatic drainage of 727
nerve supply of 727
vessels of 724, 725f
Gastroplasty technique 3
Gastroschisis 46, 266
Gastrostomy 51, 52
Gelatin 935
sponge 497
Gene expression, activation of 939
General anesthesia 34
endotracheal 521
type of 34
General plastic surgery principles 64
Generous glans spatulation 183f
Genetic 12
bias 769
males 105
markers 536
Genital appearance 12
Genital atypia 366
Genital bleeding, causes of 449t
Genital complications 774
Genital disorders, correction of 3
Genital ducts 399
development of 103
Genital end-bulb 351
Genital examination 697
Genital feminization 93
Genital mass 449t
Genital mutilation, female 449, 450
Genital organs
external 350
female 348
internal 348, 349
Genital reconstruction 772
external 424
Genital restoration surgery, female 354
Genital skin, excoriation of 729
Genital surgery, elective 14
Genital swellings 115
Genital systems 93
Genital tracts, clinical embryology of 93
Genital tubercle 101, 115, 117
development of 311
Genitalia 279
atypical 366
develop, internal 348
diminutive 266
Genitogram 370
Genitography 355
Genitourinary anomalies 738
Genitourinary system 65, 96
Genitourinary tract 683
Genotypic sex 93
Gentamicin 395, 731
Geometric broken line closure 71
Germ cell 98
neoplasia, intratubular 821, 846
primordial 98, 98f
survival of 826
tumors 832
Germinal epithelium 102
Gerota's fascia 457, 462, 478, 484, 495
opening 523
Gibson incision, modified 582
Gigli saw 716f
Gillies needle holder 75, 75f
Gil-Vernet trigonoplasty technique 264
Gittes test 226f, 322
Glabrous skin, area of 263
Glandular reconstruction 273
Glandular sulcus 190
Glans atrophy 366
Glans clitoris 350
tunica albuginea 350
Glans dehiscence 180f, 188, 191
Glans penis 285
abnormal formation of 126f
surgical types of 194f
Thiersch-Duplay of 199f
Glans wings 275
Glansplasty 6, 135f, 419f
Glanular epithelial plate 114
Glanuloplasty 131, 204f, 212, 217f, 218f, 255, 256f
Glenn-Anderson technique 227
modified 223, 228
Glial cells 30
Glomerular filtration rate 39, 41, 45, 812
Glomerular function 39
Glucose 41
monitoring 52
Glycemic control
approximation of 62
level of 62
poor 62
Glycinate 815
Glycolytic pathways, activation of 939
Goblet cells, mucus secreting 728
Gomco clamp 285, 286
circumcision technique 285
Gonad, development of 97
Gonadal descent 102
females 103
males 102
Gonadal ridge 98, 99
Gonadal sex 93
development of 98
Gonadal status 13
Gonadal vein 460, 462
Gonadal vessels 827f
Gonadectomy 14
timing of 13
Gonadoblastoma 832
Gonadotoxic therapy, initiation of 15
Gracilis 319
muscle 401
Graft
materials 684
types of 390, 391
Granulosa cell 101, 102
Gravity cystograms 272
Great Ormond street hospital repair 165
Green fluorescent protein 937
Groin 319
Growth
factor signaling systems 31
spurts correlate 31
Gubernacular bulb, distal 103
Gubernacular swelling 103
Gubernaculum 102, 299
abnormality 223
actively grows 103
long 103
Gut syndrome 771
H
Hairy urethra 196
Haller's anastomosis 726
Halothane anesthesia, administration of 33
Halstedian
concept of 857
model 77
Harmonic scalpel 525
Harvest additional ileum 762
Hasson technique 583
Healing
abnormal 60
postoperative 54
Healthy ureter 608
accidental injury of 526
Heart
anomalies, congenital 949
failure, congestive 19
rate, normal 42
Heat 23
Heineke-Mikulicz
corporoplasty 190, 191f
plastic technique 6
Hemangioma 832
Hematocolpos 439, 440, 440f
Hematoma
perinephric 498f
scrotal 303
subcapsular 495
Hematuria 494, 497, 504, 690, 905
dysuria syndrome 729
gross 616, 729, 779
microscopic 495
Hemihypertrophy 532
Hemikidneys separation 525
Heminephrectomy, laparoscopic 523
Heminephroureterectomy, upper pole 525
Hemisacrum 380
Hemiscrotum 836
Hemivagina 383
Hemolysis 44
Hemorrhage 33
delayed 896
parenchymal 43
periventricular 19
refractory 896
Hemostasis 235, 479, 608, 834
early phase of 60
Hemostatic agents, application of 510
Hemothorax 897
Hendren's technique 552f
Hendren's telling 5
Henoch-Schönlein purpura 306
Hepatic arteries, common 724
Hepatocolic ligaments 456
Hermaphroditism, true 117
Hernia
repair 837
transection of 301f
Herniotomy
bilateral 411
right-side 413f
Herpes simplex virus 281
Heterozygosity, loss of 531, 534
Hidden incision endoscopic surgery 602
High-fidelity fluoroscopy-free simulators 860
Hindgut 95
blood supply of 727
imperforate anus 768
venous drainage of 727
Hinman disease 761
Hinman syndrome 626
Hip
bone 716
dislocation, risk of 719
dysplasia 770
joint 719
Hirschsprung's disease 744, 750
Hodgson innovations 6
Holmium laser fiber 566
Hormone
antidiuretic 40
replacement therapy 12
Horseshoe kidney 46, 111, 381, 464, 465, 466, 512, 920f
Human embryo 104f
Human fetal
lower urinary tract 658
penis, dissection of 317
Human immunodeficiency virus 281
Human papillomavirus 281, 450
Human tissue haptics 865
Humerus, proximal 51
Hyaluronic acid-based bulking agents, endoscopic injection of 550
Hydatid of Morgagni 306
Hydration, intravenous 765
Hydraulic fluid leakages 705
Hydrocele, types of 290f
Hydrocephalus 770
Hydrocodone 27, 395
Hydrocolloids 65
Hydrocolpos 370
Hydrocortisone 69
Hydrogel 65
dressings 58
Hydrogen ion 729
Hydrometrocolpos 381
Hydromorphone 27, 395
Hydronephrosis 46, 370, 381, 597, 898
congenital 919, 920
grading system for 919f
left 875f
lower pole 565f
persistent obstructive 605
resolution of 565
severe 642f
upper pole 565f
worsening 572
Hydronephrotic system, right 918f
Hydroquinone 69
Hydrothorax 897
Hydroureter 597
Hydroureteronephrosis 589, 638, 733, 818, 823
upper pole 923
Hydroxylase deficiency 44
Hymen 109, 439
anomalies of 109f
incomplete fenestration of 439
normal parous 109f
septate 439
structural abnormalities of 439
Hymenal abnormalities 439, 442
Hymenal membrane 439
removal of 442
Hymenal ring 442
Hymenectomy 442
Hyperaldosteronism 43
Hyperalgesic nitric oxide, production of 25
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 62
Hyperglycemia 43, 52
incidence of 47
perioperative 62
Hyperkalemia 6, 42, 44
factitious 44
true 44
Hyperlipidemia 43
Hypernatremia 42, 43
Hyperpigmented scar 70
Hyperplasia
adrenal 116
congenital adrenal 44, 105, 106fc, 116, 354, 507
result of 937
Hyperproteinemia 43
Hypertension 532
Hyperthermia
harmful effect of 330
scrotal 330
Hypertrophic scars 60, 61, 67
bulk of 69
Hypertrophy 445, 633, 937
contralateral compensatory 464
detrusor 581, 711
Hypoaldosteronism 43, 44
Hypogastric
plexus, lower 352
vessel, anterior 783
Hypoglycemia, risk for life-threatening 116
Hypokalemia 42, 44
Hypokalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, risk for 793
Hyponatremia 42, 43, 116
causes of 43
factitious 43
rapid correction of 43
true 43
Hypoplasia 770
congenital 597
adrenal 391
Hypospadias 3, 5, 115, 126, 129, 152, 174, 179, 186, 188, 215, 215fc, 223, 288, 318320, 689
adolescent adult life 188
causes of 115
correction of 188
management of 199
matured 5
penoscrotal 224f
perineal 338
perineoscrotal 226f
postoperative care for 653
repair 5, 6, 76, 177, 198, 224
evolution of 5
method of 5
multi-stage 6
preputioplasty in 201
primary 185
severe 147f
proximal 312
severity of 130, 209
single-stage correction of 224
surgery 190
instruments 140f
techniques 5
torsion in 208f
type of 206
Hypospadic meatus 132f
Hypotension 42
orthopedic 42
Hypothermia, detrimental effects of 18
Hypoxemia 939
Hypoxia
inducible factor pathway 939
perinatal 33
study of 940
I
Iatrogenic injury 709
risk of 260
Ibuprofen 26, 612
oral 395
Ideal scar 69
Ifosfamide 536, 794
Ileal bladder substitution 796, 801
Ileal chimney 935
Ileal conduit 728
Ileal interposition 5, 512
Ileal limb 802
Ileal mesentery segments, isolation of 789f
Ileal neobladder 804
diversion, continent cutaneous 787
urinary diversions 779
with chimney 799f
Ileal patch, isolated 807f
Ileal reservoir, cutaneous 799
Ileal segment 728, 788f
division of 788f
Ileal ureter 613
replacement 610, 614
Ileocecal valve 5, 724, 731, 745, 746
Ileocecocystoplasty, disadvantages of 731
Ileocystoplasty 728, 732, 732f, 800, 809
augmentation 730
continent cutaneous 758
open augmentation 810
series of 4
Ileoileostomy reconstitutes bowel 732f
Ileostomy 738
Ileum 761, 762, 796, 905
arterial blood supply of 726f
distal 727, 774
produces 728
terminal 405f, 804
Iliac apophysis 432
Iliac artery 607
external 783
Iliac crest 484f
Iliac fossa, right 724
Iliac osteotomy, description of 429
Iliac spine
anterior
inferior 716
superior 430f, 431, 465, 684
inferior 716
Iliac vein, circumflex 783
Iliac vessels 502f, 525
common 782
external 783, 822
Iliac wing 432
exposure of 432f
osteotomies, anterior 429
Iliococcygeal fibers 264f
Ilioinguinal nerve 835
Imperforate anus 665
Imperforate hymen 430f, 439, 439f, 441f
concern of 439
diagnosis of 440
surgical repair of 440
In situ flap reconstruction 325f
In utero maternal estrogen production 109
Incision 169
cuts rectus sheath 713
placement 60
Incisional hernia 54, 708
risk of 54
Inconspicuous penis
classification of 162, 162f
complications 171
different surgical approaches 162
epidemiology 164
etiology 163
management principles and indications for surgery 164
Incontinence
causes of 681
prosthesis 174
unexplained 14
Indiana pouch 729, 801
Indocyanine green 491
Indwelling catheters, management of 51
Infant cardiovascular system 17
Infant feeding tube 566
Infection 63, 287
impair renal function 6
surgery risk of 442
Infectious diseases 730
Inferior vena cava 458, 507f, 537, 896
Infertility 243
Inflammation
chronic 64
pulmonary 19
Inflammatory bowel disease 46
history of 754
Infraumbilical body wall, muscle of 115
Inguinal hernia
and hydrocele 290
complications, and management 294
future advances and directions 294
indications and prerequisites for surgery 291
postoperative care and follow-up 294
preoperative technique 291
indirect 290
Inguinal ring, external 835
Initial puncture needle 862, 864
Injury
abdominal 495, 505
isolated ureteral 505
long mid-ureteric 501
mid-portion 497f
non-accidental 448
orthopedic 494, 737
pancreatic 852
pleural 897
renovascular 852
straddle 174, 449
Inner preputial flap urethroplasty flap 227f
Innovative tissue engineering technology 519
Inotropes 19
Inspired oxygen, fraction of 847
Instances steri-strips 68
Instill flush solution 652
Insulin 44, 45
deficiency 44
Intact ileal ureter reconstruction 611
Internal inguinal ring, level of 842
Internal pudendal nerve 252
vessels 252
Internal spermatic artery 332
International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group Risk Stratification 837
International Prostate Symptom Score 238
International Reflux Grading System 922f
International Society of Paediatric Oncology 533
Interstitial cell population 938, 940
heterogeneity of 940
Intestinal segment 390, 401, 402, 728
Intestinal vaginoplasty 406
complications of 406
Intra-abdominal pressure 632f, 634, 636638, 641, 643f, 646
Intracellular fluid 39
Intramural ureters, smooth muscle of 113
Intraoperative retrograde ureteral catheter placement 477
Intrathecal local anesthetic placement 28
Intrathecal morphine, addition of 470
Intrauterine fetal demise 108
Intravaginal torsion, type of 305
Intravascular extension 538
thrombus, management of 531
Intravascular volume, restoration of 42, 44
Intravesical portion, cystic dilation of 563
Intravesical pressure 634, 636638, 641, 643f, 646
Intravesical ureteral reimplantation 590
Intravesical ureterocele 458
resection 580
Intrinsic anti-reflux mechanism 4
Invasive urinary diversion methods 622
Iron supplementation 46
Ischemia 62, 746, 774, 836
Ischiopubic ramus 350
Ischiorectal fossa 252, 252f, 263, 712
Ischium 252f
Island flap 189
Isoflurane 34
Ivanissevich inguinal varicocelectomy 333
J
J ureteral stent 599
Jaundice, cholestatic 48
Jejunostomy tube 51, 52
Jejunum 457, 692, 723, 725
arterial blood supply of 726f
Jhonston's loop ureterostomy 618
Joint pain 425
Juvenile granulosa cell 832
Juxtaglomerular cells 40
K
Kalicinski's technique 552f, 601
Karyotype, disclosure of 13
Kaye nephrostomy tamponade balloon 896
Kayexalate 45
Kelly procedure 249, 259
Kelly repair, philosophy of 263
Kelly soft-tissue mobilization 260
Keloid 67
scars 61, 67
Ketamine 20, 34
doses of 32
Ketones 41
Ketorolac 26
Keyhole sign 115
Keyhole technique 873
Kidney 635, 769, 671, 818, 874
aplastic 589
complete anatomical development of 39
complicated duplex anomalies of 521
contralateral 572
development 110f
anomalies of 110
variations of 110
disease, significant chronic 381
diskoid 111
draining ipsilateral 563
drop down of 523
duplicate 381
dysplastic 589
excursions, respiratory 864
exposition of 529
function 733
protection of 381
functional development of 39
gross morphology of 455
heminephrectomy 529f
hypoplastic 589
injury, acute 847
left 457, 461f
lower pole of 515f, 582
malrotation of 112f
masses 41
mid-portion of 496
mobilization 525
multicystic dysplastic 381, 533
neonatal 670
normal 39
normalcy of 671
preoperative evaluation 919
rhabdoid tumor of 531
scarring 651
shape of 921
single functioning 598
solitary 497, 770
ultrasound 380
examination of 424
upper pole of 569
ureter bladder ultrasonography 513
Kiss tubularized prostatic urethra 715
Kittner dissector 371
Klinefelter's syndrome 842
diagnosis of 298
Kocher's incision, subcostal 56
Kock pouch 729
Kojic acid 69
K-receptor 26
Krickenbeck classification 96, 97f
Kropp bladder neck reconstruction, technique for 676f, 677f
Kropp method 675
Kropp reconstruction procedure 675
Kropp technique 675
Kyphoscoliosis 731
L
Labia
majora 114, 348, 350, 413, 415, 703
anterior displaced 365, 365f
tissue of 103
minora 114, 348, 350, 413, 442
hypertrophy, diagnosis of 442
preoperative indication 439
structural abnormalities of 439
surgical alteration of 443
Labial adhesions 440, 445, 446
complications and management 446
concise message 446
epidemiology 445
formation of 445
incidence of 445
postoperative follow-up and care 446
preoperative indication 445
progression of 445
surgical technique 446
Labial anomalies 355
Labial commissure
anterior 114
posterior 114
Labial hypertrophy 442
complications and management 445
epidemiology 442
management of 443
postoperative follow-up and care 444
preoperative indication 442
surgical technique 443
Labial skin flap 391
Labioplasty 365, 413, 443
Labioscrotal folds 348
Labioscrotal swellings grow 114
Laceration, parenchymal 498
Lactate dehydrogenase 842, 846
Lacuna magna 174
Lacunar cavities 350
Ladd's bands 299
Lamina propria 399
Lancet Commission on Global Surgery 951
Langer's lines 55, 56, 833, 835
Laparoscopic assisted robotic techniques 755
Laparoscopic box trainer 87
Laparoscopic port
placement 81, 83
sites 334f
Laparoscopic skills 81, 83
evaluation of 83
Laparoscopic surgery 699
advent of 56
Laparoscopic technique 292f, 293
Laparoscopic transvesical cross-trigonal antireflux ureteral reimplantation 553
Laparoscopic varicocelectomy 333
Laparoscopy 58
Laparotomy 751, 848
emergency 56
lower medial 813
Lap-trainer ureteroscopic reconstruction 82
Large intestine 727
anatomy of 724f
extends 723
histopathology 728
lying 724
Larger caliber cutaneous stoma 729
Laryngeal mask airway 18
Laryngitis 19
Laryngospasm 19
Latissimus dorsi 64, 319
myocutaneous flap 312
Le Duc ureteroileal anastomosis 799f
original 798f
Leadbetter-Mitchell procedure 686
Learning relaxation techniques 671
Leiomyoma 832
Leiomyosarcoma 832
Lembert sutures 802
Leukemia 832
Leukocytes 41
Leukocytosis 44
Levator ani 269
muscle 96, 252, 264f
Leydig cells 100103, 105
Lichen sclerosis 196
development of 181
Lich-Gregoir technique 591f
Lidocaine jelly 441
Ligamentum
suspensorium clitoridis 350
teres uteri 350
Limb
agenesis 770
embedding of 790f
hypoplasia 770
tapering of 789f
Limbic system 24
Linea alba 698
Linear blockage 439
Linear calcification 532
Lipectomy, suprapubic 165
Lipids 47
Lipoma 832
Lipomeningocele 770
Liposarcoma 832
Liposuction 165
Lithotomists 3
Live porcine labs 82
Liver 724, 781
bleeding 510
disease 48
function tests 48, 779
problems 48
retraction 480
Lloyd and Simon, fistulization method of 4
Local anesthetic
cream, eutectic mixture of 283
infiltration 470
infusion 28
systemic toxicity 28
Long ureteric strictures, reconstruction of 519
Loop diuretics 43, 45
Loop of Henle 40
Loop ureterostomy 620
closure of 620
Loose superficial sutures, placement of 68
Lorazepam 20
Loupe surgery 81
Lovenox 395
Low cost laparoscopic pyloromyotomy simulator 89
Lower abdominal transverse incision 582
Lower genitourinary tract, functional restoration of 709
Lower IQ test scores 34
Lower pole collecting system 571
Lower pole
mass, procedure for 512
mobilization of 524
ureter, separation of 525
Lower urinary sphincter mechanism 796
Lower urinary tract 935
approach 566
closure of 715
congenital anomalies of 114
development of 113
dysfunction 550, 696
malignancy 5
primary goal of 728
symptoms 657
Low-perioperative oxygen concentrations 852
Lumbar epidural continuous analgesia 263
Lumbar vein, ascending 460
Lumbar vessels 852
Lumbotomy 523
posterior 471t
Lung
disease, chronic 18
endothelium converts angiotensin 40
involvement 541
parenchymal injury 897
Lying down adrenal sign 111
Lymph node 781, 846
access 781
dissection 780, 849
documentation 540
group of 727
metastases 534
sampling 783f
Lymph vessels 727
Lymphadenectomy 782
completion of 849
Lymphadenopathy 512
regional 845
Lymphatic, number of 332
Lymphedema 172, 227
Lymphoid follicles 727, 728
Lymphoid nodules 723
Lymphoma 832
Lymphovascular invasion 838
M
Mace procedure 758
Macroscopic renal collecting structures 456
Mafenide acetate 66
Magnesium 48
ammonium phosphate 869
powder 815
Magnetic resonance
imaging 41, 312, 712, 915
urogram, functional 465
urography 477, 564
Maingot's abdominal operations 54
Maintenance fluids, calculation of 41, 42
Mainz pouch 803
utilized colon 5
Male and female epispadias repair 247
embryology 247
epidemiology 247
indications and prerequisites for surgery 248
surgical technique 249
Male androgenic cells 101
Male bladder exstrophy 409f, 411f, 412f, 417f
abdominal closure 415f
herniotomy 413f
omphaloplasty 414f
repair
different approaches 266
external fixation 424f
osteotomy 423f
surgical steps 422f
umbilical arteries 413f
Male epispadias 247f, 409f, 417, 420
repair 419f, 420f, 422f, 426
chordee correction 419f
neourethra formation 419f
painting and draping 418f
urethral plate incision 418f
Male genitalia
abnormality of 117
congenital anomaly of 188
Male genitourinary tract, common congenital anomalies of 129
Male reproductive tract 105
Male sexual function 775
Male spermatogonium cells 100fc, 101fc
Male urethral stricture disease
epidemiology 229
preoperative indications 229
Malignancy, retroperitoneal 512
Malignant testicular tumors, management of 838
Malignant tumors 5
radical removal of 523
Malnutrition 62
risk of 691
Malone 745
antegrade colonic enema 731
antegrade continence enema 631, 745, 746f, 749, 758
channel 758f
Malrotation 770
Manganese 48
Manikin-based training protocols 87
Marjolin's ulcer 65
Marsupialization technique 567
Mastoid retractor 74, 74f
Mature skin bridges 288
Mature T-tubule system 17
Maydl's trigonosigmostomy maintained 4
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome 108, 391, 400
McBurney's incision, modified 56
McBurney's point 56
McCune-Albright syndrome 449
McGill inanimate system 83
McIndo forceps 74
McKenna felt 431
Meatal anomaly 282
Meatal stenosis 194, 287, 452
uncorrected 288
Meatotomy 281, 288
Meatus 238
Meckel's diverticulum 54, 57
Medial endodermal urethral folds 208
Median raphe 208
Medicalized language, avoidance of 14
Megacalycosis, congenital 512
Megarectum 402f
Megaureter
causes of 598
congenital 558f
diagnosis of 597
etiology of 598
obstructed 926f
primary 555, 598
types of 596
Membranes, premature rupture of 108
Meninges, congenital anomaly of 28
Menstrual stasis 354
Mercaptoacetyltriglycine 41, 564, 599, 823, 917, 918f, 926f
Mermaid plaster 430
Merriam-Webster dictionary 12
Mesenchymal epithelial transformation 104
Mesenchyme 98
metanephric 110
Mesenteric artery, superior 725
Mesenteric border 757
Mesenteric transillumination 733
Mesenteric window 482
Mesoappendix 724, 726, 729
Mesoblastic nephroma, aongenital 531
Mesocolon 462
transverse 726
Mesodermal deficiency 174
Mesodermal ingrowth 408
Mesodermal proliferation 208
Mesonephric duct 104, 105, 115, 563
development of 104f
distal 105
orifices 113
Mesonephric ridge 105
surface of 105
Mesonephric tubule 100, 104
remnants 109
Mesonephroi 39
Mesonephros 103, 104
development of 104f, 109
Mesothelial broad ligament 103
Mesothelium, mesodermally derived 94
Mesovarium 103
Metabolic acidosis 19, 45, 693
risk of 813
Metachronous hernia, risk of 294
Metanephroi 39
Metanephros 104
Methylene blue injection 526
Meticulous technique 303, 852
Metoclopramide 815
Metronidazole 395, 731, 815
Metzenbaum scissors 738
Microdermabrasion 69
Microfibrillar collagen bolster 497
Micropenis 117, 312
Microperforate
hymen 439
treatment of 441
Microsurgery 81
Microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy 331
Microsurgical varicocele repair 335
group 335
Microvascular free flaps 319, 328
Microvascular plastic surgery 772
Microvascular techniques 772
Midazolam 20, 34
oral 20
Midclavicular line 584
Midgut
blood supply of 725
venous drainage of 727
Midline abdominal incision 804
Midline genitourinary reconstruction 436f
Midline incision 54, 57
Midline Mercedes extension 56
Migration 31
Mineralocorticoid, excess 43, 44
Mini bladder neck reconstruction 414f
Minimally functional right kidney 923f
Minimally invasive surgery 89, 662
era of 88
Minimally invasive techniques, development of 694
Mitochondrial degeneration 31
Mitochondrial dysfunction 32
Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy 755, 759, 797f, 809
Mitrofanoff catheter 692
Mitrofanoff channel 741, 748f
Mitrofanoff principle 5, 661, 753
Mitrofanoff procedure 741, 753f
Mobilize colon 509f
Modern retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, evolution of 843
Mogen clamp 286, 286f
Monfort's techniques 827
Monozygotic twins 769
Mons pubis 114, 350, 413
reconstruction 263
Monsplasty 424
Monti channel 798f
Monti tube 403, 757
bowel segments reconstruction 612
Monti-Yang technique 729
Moral distress 10
Morphine 26
Mouse's voiding phenotype 937
Mucosa-to-mucosa
ureterocolic anastomosis 812
ureterovesical anastomosis 501
Mucosal defects, closure of 259f
Mucosal edema 450
Mucosal tissue 363f
Mucus discharge 243
Mucus fistulogram, high-pressure 381
Mucus production 729
Müllerian anomalies 770
Müllerian duct 105, 106, 338
anomalies 105
multiple 108f
develop 105
fail 108
formation 108
fusion 106
Müllerian inhibiting substance 100
lack of 399
Müllerian remnants 109
Müllerian structures 403f, 769
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
bilateral 111
contralateral 598
Multifunctional organ 328
Multimodal analgesia 25, 25f
cornerstone of 27
essential aspect of 25
strategy 25
adjunct of 26
Multinucleate umbrella cells, luminal layer of 113
Multiple classification systems 369
Multiple organs, extensive resection of 538
Multiple pelvic procedures 686
Multiple tailoring techniques 601
Muscle 64
bands 723
bulbospongiosus 123, 234
cutting 55
flaps 401
ischiocavernosus 123
perineal 96, 263
splitting 55
dissection 569
right iliac fossa incision 56
technique sparing 582
tone 672
Muscular formation extending 352
Muscularis propria, muscle of 113
Myelitis, transverse 626, 696
Myelodysplasia 665, 669, 671
Myelomeningocele 698, 730, 755, 761, 770
Myocardial infarction 23
Myocutaneous flaps 60
N
Nasogastric tube 51, 52, 809
placement of 51
National Advisory Council 946
National Comprehensive Cancer Network 837
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease 945
National Institute of Health 944
National Wilms’ Tumor Study Group 533
Neoappendicostomy 746
channels 748
Neobladder
construction 788f
rupture 809
wall, anterior 791f
Neolabia minora 385
Neonatal and pediatric surgical disease and interventions 949
Neonatal circumcision 282
complications 287
techniques 284
Neonatal infant pain scale 283
Neonatal surgical disease 951
Neophalloplasty 312
Neophallus
construction 312
creation of 311
Neoplasia 541
Neourethra 675
distal 675
Neourethral stenosis 177
Neourethroplasty 180f
Neovagina 394, 403f
calibration of 394
creation of 390, 391
final calibration of 394f
hair in 391
nonsurgical creation of 108
Neovaginal prolapse 388
Nephrectomy 82, 521, 608, 897
bilateral 543
laparoscopic
and robotic total and partial 543
partial 83, 525
polar 521
lower pole partial 529
partial 82, 521, 528f, 543, 572
prophylactic 533
radical 538
robotic-assisted laparoscopic partial 524
upper pole partial 569, 570, 571f, 572, 573, 576, 580
Nephric duct, common 113
Nephrogenesis 39
Nephrogenic cord 104
Nephrolithotomy 83
Nephroma, mesoblastic 531, 535
Nephron-sparing surgery 544
Robotic approach for 544
Nephropathy, obstructive 564
Nephropexy sutures 513
Nephroscope placement 908f
Nephroscopy 891
Nephrostogram 513f
Nephrostomy, percutaneous 587
Nephrotoxic drugs, dosing of 45
Nephroureterectomy, upper pole partial 523, 529
Nerve 123
hypogastric 659
plexus of 853
nociceptive 23
origin, autonomic 353
palsy
femoral 425, 436
postoperative 432
parasympathetic 727
stimulation 661
sympathetic 727
Nervous system, peripheral 941
Nesbit's anastomosis 4
Nesbit's plication 159
Nesbit's procedure 318
Neural tube defects 696, 949
Neuroblastoma 532, 779
Neurofibromatosis 116
Neurogenesis 31
Neurogenic bladder 5, 617, 627, 631f, 661, 669, 705, 730, 759, 761
dysfunction 615, 625, 683, 730
management of 730
etiology of 737
management of 735
type of 737
Neurogenic disease 688
Neurogenic sphincter incompetence 700
Neurologic disease, history of 18
Neurologic disorder 626
Neurologic injury 27
Neurons 30
parasympathetic postganglionic 659
Neuropathic bladder, congenital 617
Neuropathic population 729
Neuropathy 45
peripheral 843
Neurosurgery 34
Neurotoxicity
anesthetic-induced 32
mechanisms of 31, 32
risk of 34
Neurovascular bundle 252f, 273, 359f, 582
Nightmares 20
Nissen fundoplication 19, 54
Nitrofurantoin, dose of 815
Nitrous oxide 32
N-methyl-D-aspartate 31
Nociceptive pain 23
examples of 23
experience of 23
pathophysiology of 23
Node dissection, right-sided 849
Nonabsorbable monofilament material 293
Nonappendiceal tubes 756
Noncavitary rudimentary horn 107
Noninfectious pulmonary disease 735
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, mucosa of 399
Non-microsurgical phalloplasty techniques, types of 312
Nonoliguric hyperkalemia, incidence of 47
Nonovergrowth syndromes 532
Nonrefluxing lower pole ureter 569
Nonseminoma 843, 844
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 25, 44, 53, 306, 342, 440, 903
Norepinephrine 24
No-touch technique 478
Novel antireflux technique 601
Noxious stimuli 23
Nuclear
chromatin, breakdown of 31
renogram 464
scan imaging 471
Nutrition 424
O
Obstructed upper pole 580
moieties 581
ureter 569
Obstruction
causes of 606
level of 501
upper pole 580
Obstructive megaureter
reimplantation for 596
Robotic reconstruction for 601t
Obturator foramina 715
Obturator internus muscle 252
Ocutaneous flaps 391
Oligodendrocytes 30
Oligohydramnios 820
develops 116
history of 40
severe 116
Oliguria 42
Omega and umbilical sliding window incisions 57
Omentum 517
fixation 513
Omphalocele 266, 408
excision 771
exstrophy-imperforate anus-spinal defects 768
sac 771
Omphaloplasty, preparation for 414f
Oncological disease control, concern of 543
Open bladder
access 909, 910
neck 683, 821f
stone removal 909f
Open inguinal orchiopexy 297
surgical technique 298
Open reconstructive urological surgery 76
Open ureteral reimplantation 660
Open ureterolithotomy 901
indications 901
Ophthalmic caliper 75, 75f
Ophthalmic micro forceps 73
Ophthalmic scissors 73, 74f
Opioids 26
monotherapy, negative side effects of 25
risks of 58
Oral contraceptive pills, continuous use of 440
Oral rehydration therapy 42
fluid, composition 42
Orchidopexy 298, 826, 827f
inguinal 298, 300f, 303
transabdominal 826
Orchiectomy
radical 837
inguinal 832, 833
Organ
intra-abdominal 495
preservation therapy 780
Orogastric tube 51, 792
Orthotopic urinary diversion 787, 793
Osteocutaneous fibular flap 312, 319
Osteomyelitis 425
Osteotomy 269, 278, 428f, 430, 711
author's technique of 717f
choice of 431
greenstick-type closing-wedge 269
horizontal 432
nonunion 425
oblique 435
posterior 429
site 436
technique of 716
transverse 431, 434f
Ostium
urethrae externum 350
vagina 350
Ostomy 48
care 52
Ovarian development 116
Ovarian function 108
Ovarian tissues 117
Overgrowth syndromes 532
Oxybutynin 703, 704, 741
Oxycodone 27
Oxygen desaturation 17
P
P53 tumor suppressor gene, mutation of 531
Pacinian corpuscles 351
Pain
abdominal 107, 653
assessment 24
classification of 23
control 395
postoperative 23
problems 606
cyclical abdominal 109
impulses 727
management 268
postoperative 58
severe 395
suprapubic 729
Painful catheterization 737
Painless testicular mass 832
Pallister-Hall syndrome 96
Palomo's retroperitoneal varicocelectomy 333
Palpable bladder, two-thirds of 620
Palpable testes, presence of 130
Pampiniform plexus, veins of 330
Pancake kidney 111
Pancreas 724
Pancreaticoduodenal artery, inferior 725
Para-aortic areas 540
Para-aortic tissue, lateral retraction of 849
Paraboloid lithotripter 893f
Paraexstrophy skin 713, 714
Parallel-hole collimator 916
Paralytic ileus 44
Paramesonephric ducts 100, 105, 399
develop 105
epithelium 105
parts of 105
remnants 109
Parastomal hernia 667
Paratestis 779
Paratubal cysts, adult females 109
Parenchyma 871
healthy upper pole 524
Parenteral lipids, administration of 47t
Parenteral nutrition 39
complications of 48
indications of 46
intravenous 387
peripheral 46, 46t
route of 46
total 769
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome 312
Patent ductus arteriosus 19
Patent processus vaginalis 291, 293f, 299
Pediatric airway 17
anatomy 17
Pediatric and adolescent reconstruction, operative manual of 354
Pediatric anesthesia
neurodevelopment assessment 33
neurotoxicity 30
Pediatric Device Consortia Grant Program 947
Pediatric ethical issues, management of 9
Pediatric ethics, unique aspects of 9
Pediatric genitourinary organs 505
Pediatric hydronephrosis, common causes of 464
Pediatric medical device
development 946
projects 947
safety and improvement Act 947
Pediatric pain management 28
Pediatric parenteral
amino acids 47
nutrition 46
Pediatric population 737, 780
technique in 761
Pediatric reconstructive history 3
Pediatric renal
transplantation 589
trauma 494
Pediatric solid tumors 832
Pediatric spina bifida population 758
Pediatric suprapubic cystostomy 616f
Pediatric surgery 10, 50, 89
practice of 50
Pediatric surgical disease 951
burden of 949
macroeconomic burden of 952
Pediatric surgical technique 694
Pediatric trace element multitrace 47, 48
Pediatric trauma, mortality of 494
Pediatric ureteral trauma 499
indications 499
operative technique 500
postoperative care and complications 503
Pediatric ureteropelvic junction disruption 498
Pediatric urinary
bladder trauma 503
reconstruction 4
Pediatric urologic
conditions, management of 5
reconstruction 3
early 3
history of 3
Pediatric urology 654, 657, 665
centers 642
field 944
practice, current 625
preparation 521
reconstructive 73
surgical reconstructive procedures 649
Pedicle 64
flaps 319, 328
grafts 708
island groin flap phalloplasty 314
rotation of 64
Pelvic
anatomy 82
bones 263
brim 902
calculus, left 875f
diaphragm 96, 685, 772
drain 504
floor 404, 714, 716
anatomy 83, 270f, 381, 774
intraoperative imaging of 269
muscles relax 638
fracture urethral disruption 232f
hematoma
infection 504
manipulation of 504
immobilization 425
incisions 54
kidney 111, 112f
nerves 659f
organs 349
osteotomy 429, 429f, 431, 434f, 773
complete 431
goal of 436
oblique 429
technique of 718f
pain 439
pathology 730
plexus 399, 660, 661
nerve 661
ring 269, 429
trauma, extensive 626
urethra 114
Pelvicalyceal system 458, 885f
Pelvis 110f, 270, 429, 783, 871
anatomy of 428
anteroposterior 436f
female 352
intrarenal 484
lower fragment of 716f
normal 429
sides of 434f
Pelviureteric junction 874, 901
anastomotic strictures of 512
disruption, complete 495
obstruction 871
Pendulous diverticulum, technique for 176
Penicillin allergy 815
Penile anatomy, normal 123, 125f
Penile chordee correction 263
Penile concealment 288
Penile construction 318
Penile curvature 184, 206, 243
correction of 156
repair of 144fc
residual mild 190
Penile degloving 156, 210
combination of 214
Penile disassembly
partial 220f, 253f
technique 772
Penile edema 227
Penile entrapment 165, 261
Penile fascia 123
Penile lengthening 272
Penile reconstruction 248, 251
Penile replacement 319
techniques 318
Penile shaft skin 165f
Penile shortening, aggravation of 718f
Penile skin 124, 263
closure 273, 275
coverage 197
degloving 212
flaps, local 198
mobilization of 158
Penile straightening 131
Penile swelling during voiding 243
Penile torque, correlation of 209
Penile torsion 207, 209f, 210
correction of 213f, 220f
etiopathogenesis 208
incidence 207
isolated 209f
management 210
right 220f
types 208
Penile urethra, distal 929f
Penile web, incision of 169f
Penile wrap 171
Penis
anatomy of 123
development of 115
iatrogenic amputation of 312
shaft of 190
skin coverage of 258f
Penopubic junction 773
Penoscrotal fusion 164f
Penoscrotal junction 170f, 171f
reconstruction of 166f
Penoscrotal transposition 223, 228, 312
correction of 185
surgical technique 223
Penrose drain 685
Peptide, calcitonin gene-related 103, 351
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy 857, 869, 873, 874, 887
complications 894
confirming successful puncture 884
instructions on steps of 859
precautions 894
preoperative evaluation 874
simulation today 858
simulator 861
special situations 893
steps 877
surgical technique 876
tract loss in 895
training 857
opportunities 858
triangulation technique 882
Performed osteocutaneous fibular free flap 328
Perianal stitch 713
Periaortic nodes 534
Perinatal infection 33
Perineal artery 351
flap 64
Perineal dissection 263
Perineal fistula 403f
Perineal flap 360, 360f
Perineal opening 355
Perineal orifice, single 380
Perineum 404
Perirenal fat 517, 525
Peritoneal hitch stitch 585f
Peritoneum 541
cephalad 698
posterior right parietal 848
Periumbilical incisions 56
Periureteral tissue 661
defective 317
Per-urethral catheterization 615
complications 615
technique 615
Peyer's patches 723, 727
Pfannenstiel incision 56, 551f, 557, 557f, 566, 569, 606
Phagocytosis 60
Phallic reconstruction 775
Phallic redo operation 718
Phallic repair 718
Phallic urethra 114
Phalloplasty 317
abdominal 313f, 315
complications of 324
groin flap 312
surgical techniques 317
Phallus 768
Pharmacokinetics 18
Phenotypic sex 12, 93
Pheochromocytoma 507, 510
Phimosis 206, 209f
Phosphate, sodium-dependent 769
Pigtail catheter 616, 616f
Pin worm 449, 450
Pin-site infection 425
Pioneering pediatric urologic reconstructive techniques 3
Piperacillin 815
Pippi Salle bladder neck reconstruction 675, 677
technique of 678f
Plastibell circumcision 284, 285
technique 284f
Plastibell device 284f
modified 285
Plastibell stem 284
Plastic repair, advent of 428
Plastic surgical principles 60
Platinum microcoils 896
Plexus
hypogastric 727
submucous 727
Pneumoperitoneum, perioperative 525
Pneumothorax 897, 897f
Pneumovesical distention 660
Polar injuries, major 496
Poliglecaprone 815
Polycystic kidney 46, 111
disease 111, 243, 589
Polydioxanone 76, 275, 461, 815
sutures 679, 745
Polyester tape suturing, method of 717f
Polyethylene glycol 395
electrolyte solution 356
Polyfilament 76
Polyglactin 76, 910, 76
braided configuration of 76
monofilament 76
polyfilament nature of 76
Polyglycolic acid 815
suture 685
Polylactic-co-glycolic acid copolymers 935
Polymerase chain reaction 939
Polypropylene 76
Polyuria 40
Pop-off mechanisms 635, 636
Porcine kidney model 82f
Port placement 702f
Positive end-expiratory pressure 18
Postchemotherapy 847f
residual mass 844
retroperitoneal mass 847f
surgery 794
Posterior calyx, selection of 883f
Postsurgical pain, majority of 23
Postvoid residual volumes, measurement of 471
Potassium
concentration 46
levels, frequent monitoring of 45
secretion of 40
sparing diuretics 44
Potential tumor spillage 836f
Potter sequence 111
Potter syndrome 111
Pouch, creation of 802f
Povidone-iodine 50, 52
solution scrubbing 698
Precocious puberty 449
Premature birth, complications of 19
Prepubic fat 163
excess 163f
Prepubic hairless skin 711f
Prepucial skin
inner 202
junction 202f
Preputial collar, completion of 323
Preputioplasty 204f
steps of 203f, 204f
technique for 202
Pre-Sertoli cells 100
Pressure
regulating balloon 703
sores 425
Primary obstructive megaureter, diagnosis of 597, 602
Primary pyeloplasty 476
time of 477
Primary tumor 534, 846
size of 534
Programmed cell death 31
Pronephroi 39
Pronephros 103, 104
development of 104f
Prophylactic antibiotics 907
duration of 619
Propofol 34
Prostaglandins 24, 26
Prostate 715, 779
cancer 657
rhabdomyosarcoma of 779
transurethral resection of 82
Prostatectomy 780
radical 661
Prostatic apex 784
Prostatic urethra, dilated 818, 821f
Prostatic utricle
cyst 341f, 342
complications and management 342
epidemiology 338
postoperative follow-up and care 342
surgical treatment of 338
embryonic development of 339f
excision 338
Protein 41, 46
C deficiency 731
early administration of 47
Proteus mirabilis 899
Prothrombin time 874
Provoke hematuria-dysuria syndrome 6
Proximal hypospadias 177, 185
epidemiology 142
future advances and directions 149
indications and prerequisites for surgery 142
outcomes with brief pertinent literature 148
postoperative care and follow-up 148
preoperative assessment 143
preputioplasty in 204f
techniques 144
two-stage repair of 142
Proximal ureteral strictures 608, 613
Proximal urethra 686
mobilization of 212
Proximal urethral
meatus 157f
mobilization 214
Prune-Belly syndrome 41, 615, 665, 829, 927f
clinical features 818
diagnosis 823
evaluation and management 823
surgical treatment 818, 824
Pseudodiverticulum formation 504
Pseudohermaphroditis, female 116
Pseudospongioplasty 176
Psoas hitch 502f
Psychiatry 12
Psychology 12
Pubic articular surface, lower border of 714
Pubic bar 251f, 674
Pubic bone 258f, 717f, 763f
contralateral 685, 685f
Pubic dehiscence 709f
Pubic diastasis 408, 410
Pubic rami 207, 266
inferior 252f
superior 433
Pubic separation, persistent 718f
Pubic skin 315
Pubic symphysis 56, 241, 403f, 557, 694, 781
Pubis
contralateral 685f
lower border of 714
Pubococcygeal fibers 264f
Puborectalis fibers 264f
Pubourethral ligament 361, 362f, 373f
Pudendal neurovascular bundles 263
Pudendal vessels 351
Pulmonary hypoplasia 116
severe cases of 822
Pulsatile renal hematoma 495
Pump malfunctions 705
Pump sodium ions 94
P-waves, flattening of 45
Pyelogram
intravenous 875f
retrograde 376, 499f, 556, 581
Pyelolithotomies 512
Pyelonephritis 651
history of 898
Pyeloplasty 3, 512
indications for 920
laparoscopic 462, 464, 481
open 460, 471
reoperative 477
reoperative 485, 486t
robotic 461f, 613
assisted laparoscopic 462, 464, 465, 466f, 473t, 479, 484
Pyelotomy 481f
Pyeloureteral junction 457
Pyloric stenosis, hypertrophic infantile 42
Pyloromyotomy 54
Pyonephrosis 898
Pyuria 41, 905
Q
QRS complexes, widening of 45
R
Radial deformities 380
Radial forearm flap 64, 312
Radiation
lack of 915
nature of 915
therapy 61, 535, 537, 542
principles of 537t
type of 812
Radical prostatectomy, robot-assisted 657
Radical soft tissue mobilization 263
complications 265
technique 263
Radiofrequency ablation 512
Radiolucent pelvicalyceal system 862
Radionuclide scans 41
Radio-responsive mixed renal embryonal tumor 531
Radiotracer counts 917
Ramstedt pyloromyotomy 56
Ransley-Gundeti technique, modified 420
Rathke play, lateral folds of 96
Rawandale's fluoroscopy 861, 861f
Rawandale's virtual fluoroscopy 864f
percutaneous nephrolithotomy simulator 863
Reconstructed urinary systems, management of 4
Rectal artery
inferior 252
middle 399
superior 727
Rectal enemas 744
retrograde 744
Rectal muscles 766f
Rectal prolapse 388
Rectal tube 813
Rectosigmoid, antimesenteric opening of 813f
Rectosigmoidoscopy 816
Rectourethral fistula 697
Rectouterine pouch 349
Rectum 392, 723
location of 381
retractor in 361f
Rectus abdominis
flap 64
muscle 401
Rectus fascia 674, 684, 685, 702f
superior edge of 667
Rectus muscle 608, 619, 667
abdominal 414f, 698
splitting of 557f
Rectus myocutaneous flap 787
Rectus sheath 560, 713
anterior 56
Recurrent chordee, correction of 192f
Recurrent penile curvature 192f
treatment of 184f
Red blood cells 494
Redo bladder exstrophy 708
Redo cystoplasty 692
Redo hypospadias repair 179
complications and management 185
future advances and directions 185
indications and prerequisites for surgery 181
postoperative care and follow-up 185
preoperative and operative techniques 182
Redo operations 718
Redo pyeloplasty 472
Redo surgery, common indications for 710
Redo surgical repair 561
Redo ureteral
reimplantation 605, 612614
strictures 613
Reflux
degree of 272
nephropathy 549
recurrent 613
resolution of 565
Refluxing ureteral reimplantation 598, 600, 600t
Regenerative tissue technology 694
Regional anesthesia 23, 27
Regional lymph node 846
clinical 846
involvement 534
metastasis 846
pathological 846
Reinforced ileocecal valve 758
Reinsertion technique 636
Remis virtual reality trainer 87
Renal agenesis 46, 111
bilateral 40, 111
unilateral 111, 381
Renal anatomy 455, 455f
aspects of 455
Renal anomalies 381, 874, 921
Renal artery 459f, 460f
accessory 111
main 462
origin of 534
supernumerary 113f
thrombosis 498f
Renal biopsy 41
Renal bladder ultrasound 471, 555, 733, 738
Renal calculi, bilateral 876f
Renal calculus 875
left 874f
right 876f
Renal capsule 570
incision 525
Renal cell carcinoma 531
Renal concentrating ability 39
Renal contusion 495
Renal corpus 455
Renal cysts 527
Renal damage 709
Renal decompensation 670
Renal deterioration 5
Renal development, abnormal 46
Renal disease 41
end-stage 45, 381, 543, 589
Renal disorders preauricular tags 41
Renal Doppler ultrasonography 525
Renal dysfunction 4, 477
Renal dysplasia 46, 818, 823, 928
multicystic 457
severe 40
Renal ectopia 381, 770, 921
Renal failure 4446, 48, 564, 633, 936f
acute 43, 45
chronic 43, 45, 549, 669, 728, 735
end-stage 935
rate of 705
Renal function 39, 464, 580, 665, 690, 917
evaluation of 40
hormonal control of 40
impairment of 823
preservation of 576
tests 512
Renal hilar control 496f
Renal hilum 496
Renal impairment, degree of 666
Renal injury 495t, 633
grades of 495t
high-pressure transmission 633
presence of 494
traumatic 495
Renal lymphatic systems 460
Renal osteodystrophy 45
Renal parenchyma 879f, 919f
Renal pelvis 461, 466, 480, 512, 586
anastomosis 611
diameter, anterior-posterior 919
diminutive 484
dissection of 461
medial aspect of 481f
reduction 477
retraction of 468
ventrum of 460
Renal replacement therapy 45
Renal retroperitoneal approach, left 462, 461
Renal scan, functional 666
Renal segmental injuries 495
Renal stone 691
percutaneous extraction of 873
removal of 873
Renal surgery, percutaneous 857
Renal system 576
Renal transplant 46, 630
recipient 581
Renal tubular acidosis 44
Renal tumors 531
unilateral 537
Renal ultrasound 45, 614, 666
Renal unit, contralateral 576
Renal vasculature 458
Renal vein 460f
crosses 538
right 460
transection of 541
Renal vessels, level of 457f
Renin 40
Renorrhaphy 497
Renovascular disease 44
Replogle dual lumen tubes 52
Reproductive organs, evidence of 382
Reproductive systems 95
Reproductive tract, female 105
Residual distal ureteral stump 584
Residual maternal estrogen stimulation 369
Respiratory distress syndrome 852
Respiratory failure 19
Retinoic acid 69
production 100
Retract spleen superiorly 538
Retractor system 392
Retrocaval ureter 464, 468, 469f
anterior transposition of 469f
Retrograde intrarenal surgery 873
Retrograde ureteral catheter, insertion of 526
Retroperitoneal access 522, 522f
lateral approach 522, 527
prone posterior approach 522, 528
Retroperitoneal anatomy, didactic teaching of 859
Retroperitoneal drain 525
Retroperitoneal lymph node 842, 851f
dissection 834, 843, 844t, 853
complications 852
for testicular cancer 845
indications for 843t
laparoscopic and robotic-assisted 850
management 852
postoperative care and follow-up 852
preoperative preparation 845
preparation for postchemotherapy 845
robotic-assisted 851
surgical approaches to 847
Retroperitoneum 456f, 724, 848
staging of 842, 843
Retropubic techniques 684
Retzius space 702
Rhabdoid tumor 531, 535
Rhabdomyolysis 44
Rhabdomyosarcoma 761, 762, 779, 816, 832
embryonal 449
paratesticular 832
Rhabdosphincter 658
Rib cartilage, autologous 319
Rickham's initial description 770
Right renal artery aneurysm, angioembolization of 897f
Ring forceps 909
Ring ureterostomies 619f, 622
Riolan's arcade 726
Robin Hood's tissue apportionment 65
Robotic port placement 508f
configurations 480f
Robotic prostatic utricle cyst excision 342f
Robotic redo ureteral reimplantation 613
Robotic technique 759
Rockey-Davis
incision 56
modification 56
Ropivacaine 263
Rose-bud stoma 755
Routine pain assessment 24
Ruiz repair 166
Rule-out outlet obstruction 425
S
Sacral promontory 782
Sacrocervical ligaments 399
Sacrococcygeal ligament 27
Sacroiliac joint 429f
Sacrospinous ligament 264f
Sacrum, lower border of 902
Safe surgery, critical elements of 86
Safeguard renal function 708
Salle stent traverses, distal tip of 469
Salter innominate osteotomy 432
Saphenous vein 51
Sarcoma botryoides 449, 779
Scaphoid megalourethra 821f
Scar
assessment 69
scale 69
excision and revisions 69
formation 67
prevention 68
revisions 690
surgical 67
tissue
density of 691
formation 651
Scarpa's fascia 299, 557, 557f, 607, 833, 835, 835f
Schistosomiasis 449, 730
Sciatic nerve 716
Sciatic notch, contents of 432
Scimitar sacrum 380
Scrotal dartos 202
Scrotal edema, idiopathic 306
Scrotal exploration 309
Scrotal flap phalloplasty 314
Scrotal hypospadias 204f, 206f
scrotoplasty in 225f
Scrotal skin 307f
edges 303
Scrotal wound breakdown 303
Scrotoplasty 131, 224, 224f, 225f
Scrotum 115, 168
closure of 302
facilitates assisted fertilization techniques 826
ipsilateral 300f
partial bifid 227f
superior portion of 703
Seldinger technique 690
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 24
Selenium 48
Semen parameters, abnormal 331
Seminal colliculus 115
Seminal vesicles 101, 563, 698, 699f
Seminiferous tubules 308, 836
Seminoma 832, 844
Sensory loss 366
Sensory nerve fibers, types of 659
Sepsis 505
clearance of 666
intraperitoneal 3
Seromuscular extramural ureteral tunneling 787, 791
Serotonin 24
norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 24
Serous-lined extramural ureteral reimplantation 799
Sertoli cells 98, 100
regulate spermatogenesis 100
testicular 98
Serum creatinine 41, 555, 666, 697, 731, 738
Serum electrolytes 42
frequent monitoring of 43
Serum prealbumin, measurement of 62
Serum tumor markers 846
Sevoflurane 34
Sex cords 99
primary 98
Sex therapists, support of 186
Sexual abuse 448, 450
Sexual activity 684
Sexual characteristics, secondary 101, 108
Sexual determination 12
Sexual development 347, 354
disorder of 11, 12, 117, 298, 338, 369, 400
surgery of disorders of 13
Sexual differentiation 100
disorder of 321, 391
Sexual dysfunction 188
Sexual function 123, 324, 683
and fertility 774
Sexual health, long-term 279
Sexual identity 93
Sexual intercourse 442, 444
Sexual stimulation 350
Shock wave lithotripsy 869, 873
Short epispadiatic penis 709f
Short-gut syndrome 19
Sickle shaped deficiency 380
Sigmoid
artery, highest 727
colon 403, 724, 782
segment 404f
vaginoplasty 403
cystoplasty 728
mesentery 782, 790
mesocolon 727
neovagina 404f
vaginoplasty 403f
Sigmoidocystoplasty, disadvantages of 731
Silicone sheeting 61
Silk scaffolds 6
Silver sulfadiazine 66
Simportal C-arm trainer simulation model 862, 863f
Simulating stress, common methods of 79
Simulation
advantages of 87, 88
history of 86
immersive 88
industry 866
labs 860
present status of 864
program, efficacy of 79
role of 77
tasks 80
Simulator
classification of 859fc
fluoroscopy based 865
types of 87
Single incision laparoscopic surgery 58
Single lumen catheters 639
Single Monti tube vaginoplasty, modified 403
Single photon emission computed tomography 916
Single shot intravenous pyelogram 495
Sinovaginal bulb 105
tissues of 107f
Sinus 113
isolated urogenital 369
Skeletal muscle cells 779
Skene's ducts open 350
Skin
adhesives, types of 58
chordee 318
cover, full-thickness 719
flaps 60
folds, vertical pair of 350
glue 68
grafts 63, 168
full-thickness 63, 64
require, types of 63
incision
abdominal 761
circumferential 57
lines of 357f
level stenosis 749
reattachment technique 210
relocating shaft 165, 323
sutures, interrupted 309
tension, Langer's lines of 55, 56
turgor
and perfusion, normal 42
reduced 42
wash 50
Skoog's series 311
Sling material 684
Sling techniques 681
Small bowel
arterial supply of 801f
augmentation 647
obstruction 693
Small business technology transfer grants 947
Small inguinal incision 703
Small intestinal submucosa 935
Small intestine 727, 753
histopathology 728
submucosa 6
Smith-Peterson approach, portion of 432
Smooth muscle
circular 658
layer, inner 658
layers of 110
Sober ureterostomy 619f
Sodium
bicarbonate 815
administration 45
exogenous 43
fractional excretion of 39
hypochlorite 66
loss 43
reabsorption 40
supplementation 43
Soft eyedropper 667
Soft tissues, binding of 433f
Solid epithelial cords 105
Somatosensory system 24
Sperm
banking 845
count 330
Spermatic collateral veins 333
Spermatic cord 333
dissection of 300f
structures 313
stumps 834
Spermatic fascia, external 299
Spermatic immune privilege 100
Spermatogenesis 330, 335
Sphincter
complex 352
dyssynergy 633
implantation 705
placement of 671
Sphincteric deficiencies, congenital 681
Sphincteric incompetence, treatment of 683
Spica cast 435
removal of 435
Spina bifida 626, 631f, 683, 744, 750, 935
group 693
Spinal anesthesia 34, 770
Spinal cord 96, 380, 659, 768
abnormality 770
injury 626, 696, 730, 935
ischemia 853
Spinal defect 408
Spinal dysraphism 626, 633, 730, 774
Spinal tumor resection 626
Spindle cell variant 779
Spine
congenital anomaly of 28
Spinothalamic tract, contralateral 24
Spiral fibers 658
Spleen 724
Splenocolic ligament 457
Split appendix 740f, 747
Split skin grafts 168, 708
Split thickness skin graft 63, 326f, 402
Spongiform erectile tissue 350
Spongioplasty 212
Spongiosal tissue 322f
Spongiosum hypoplasia 174
Spotted hyenas 352
Squamous cell carcinoma
formation of 65
type of 65
SRY gene 98, 100
Staghorn calculi 869
Staghorn stones 869
Standard Therapy in North America 542
Staphylococcus epidermidis 697
Stem cells 694
Stenosis 613, 774
distal urethral 265
functional 181
infundibular 512
recurrent 517
Stensen's duct 196, 235
Stent 653
insertion 469
manipulation 584
placement 477
technology 491
Sternocleidomastoid muscle 51
Sternotomy 540
Steroid
hormones 101
injections, intradermal 61
Steroidogenic factor 1, expression of 100
Steroidogenic precursors 98
Still-healing surgical skin 654
Stimulates aldosterone secretion 40
Stimulates sodium absorption 40
Stoma 653, 667, 669
clean 651
creation 746
placement of 738, 755
stenosis of 619
Stomach 796
anatomy of 723f
arterial blood supply of 725f
histopathology 727
Stomal incontinence 749
Stomal stenosis 620, 742, 748, 749, 807, 809
long-term 801
management of 748
prevention rate of 742
Stomal stricture 765
Stone 692, 693
cultures 899
during manipulation, migration of 871
extraction, percutaneous 908
formation 197, 667
prevention of 910
risk for 905
impaction, long-standing 904
management of 910
manipulation bench 867f
migration 903
pulverization, energy sources for 892, 892f
recurrent 512
treatment, intraoperative 485
Stranguria 779
Stress
adjusted environment 79
perioperative 20
responses, surgical-induced 37
Stromal tumors 832
Subatmospheric pressure wound therapy 64
application of 66
Subclavian vein 51
Subcostal incision, anterior 461
Subdartos pouch 302f, 303
Submucosal tunnel 502, 607, 675, 738
creation of 559f
Subtherapeutic concentrations 52
Subumbilical surgery 27
Sub-ureteric injection 622
Sudden infant death syndrome 19
Superficial dorsal vein 784
Superficial inguinal pouch 299
Superficial pin site infection 437
Superficial surgical site infection 852
Supra-acetabular triple displacement osteotomy 716, 719
technique of 716
Suprahilar dissection 853
Suprapubic catheter 264, 415f, 654, 680, 681, 686, 692, 741
placement of 671
Suprapubic fat pad 117
Suprapubic tube 315, 654, 677, 681, 773
Suprarenal veins, right 460
Surgery
anorectal 812
draping for 713f
end aspect of 767f
extent of 18
indications for 689
prerequisites for 597, 605, 689, 731, 737
reconstructive 60, 66, 73, 74
Surgical reconstruction, renal anatomy for 455
Surgical repair, proximal hypospadias elements of 143
Surgical site infection 131
Surgical skills 78
laboratory 8082
Surgical technique
complexity of 87
principles of 73
Surrogates articulate 9
Suture
material, characteristics of 76t
preplacement of 716
Sympathetic trunks 727
Symphysis 685
pubis 437, 631, 717f
Symptomatic hyponatremia, emergency treatment of 43
Symptomatic labial adhesions, treatment for 445, 446
Synaptogenesis 30, 31
peak of 32
Syncytiotrophoblast 116
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion 43
Synthetic nonabsorbable suture material 76
Syphilis 281
Syringe technique 652
T
Tachycardia 42
Taenia coli 723
Taenia libera 723
Taenia mesocolica 723
Taenia omentalis 723
Taenzer examined 27
Tamponade effect 495
Tapered ileal catheterizable channel 741f
Tazobactam 815
Technetium 99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid 916
Technetium 99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine 917
Tegaderm 52
Telangiectatic scar 70
Telescopic metal dilators 886f
Tensile strength 76
Tension
circumferential 686
free
closure 238, 411
stoma 746
Teratoma 832, 842
retroperitoneal 843
Testicle, solitary 836
Testicular appendage 307
Testicular atrophy 838
incidence of 303
rate of 303
Testicular cancer 842, 843t
diagnoses 832
majority of 842
survival statistics 842
Testicular descent 297
function of 103
transabdominal phase of 102
Testicular dysgenesis 842
Testicular fixation 309
Testicular function 330, 335
Testicular growth 335
impaired 335
Testicular loss 303
Testicular lump 842
Testicular neoplasia in intra-abdominal testes, risk of 826
Testicular pathology, causes of 330
Testicular prosthesis 835
Testicular sparing surgery 832, 835
Testicular tissues 117
Testicular torsion 309
diagnosis 306
epidemiology 305
imaging 307
operative treatment 307
surgery for 305
with testis 305f
Testicular tumors 832
complications and management 837
future advances and directions 838
indications and prerequisites for surgery 833
operative techniques 833
postoperative care and follow-up 837
radical surgery for 832
Testis 310
atrophied 309
descent 101
intra-abdominal 820, 821
lateral sulcus of 299, 302f
migration 104f
mobilization of 300f
normal alignment of 302f
pampiniform plexus of 330f
placed 302f
spermatogonia in 98
torsion of 305
tumors metastasize 842
Testosterone 339f
absence of 105
Tethered cord 380, 770
Thecal cells 101
Thermogenesis, nonshivering 18
Thiazide 43
diuretics 44
Thiersch-Duplay
procedure 131
technique 146
tubularization 190
urethroplasty 227
Thoracic deformities 822
Thoracic vena cava 534
Thoracoabdominal incision 537
Three-quarters supraumbilical incision 57
Thrombocytosis 44
Thromboprophylaxis, perioperative venous 731
Thromboxanes 26
Thumb deformities 380
Tibia, proximal 51
Tissue
handling 68
injury 60
ischemia during blood drawing 44
mobilization, local 708
necrosis, risk of 686
subcutaneous 607, 781
submucosal 235
transfer 60
vascularity preservation 425
Toldt's line 480
Topical steroid cream, course of 287
Torsion, correction of 210, 215fc, 216f
Total bladder substitution, indications for 800
Townes-Brocks syndrome 96
Trace elements 47
Tracheitis 19
Tracheoesophageal fistula 46, 381
model 89
Tract dilatation 886
Tramadol 395
Transabdominal access 686
Transient urinary retention 561
Transitional epithelium, fibrous membranes of 115
Transmesenteric laparoscopic pyeloplasty, primary 482
Transperitoneal approach, right renal 461
Transplant ureter reimplantation 589
complications 592
intraoperative preparation 590
postoperative follow-up 592
preoperative evaluation 589
surgical techniques 590
Transureteroureterostomy 580, 584, 586f, 608, 610f, 612, 614
complications and management 586
future advances and directions 587
indications 584
operative techniques 585
postoperative care and follow-up 586
preoperative management 584
Transurethral catheterization 338
Transurethral deroofing 338
Transurethral endoscopy, advanced 83
Transurethral incision 576
Transvaginal techniques 684
Transversalis fascia 56, 557
Transvesical excision 338
Trapped penis 163, 163f
Trauma
penetrating 174
psychological 223
setting of 63
Traumatic renal artery thrombosis 497
Tricyclic antidepressants 24
Triglycerides 48
Trisomy 21 96
Trocars
insertion 522f
configuration of 523f
placement of 58
suprapubic cystostomy 616f
Trophamine 47
Tuberculosis 730
urinary 608
Tuberosity, ischial 712
Tubular function 39
Tubularized incised plate 131, 198, 201
Tubularized urethral strip 5
Tubules
primordial seminiferous 99
proximal 40
Tuck penoplasty 159
Tuffier's observation 4
Tummy bug 653
Tumor 730
bearing testis, treatment for 842
benign 837
bilateral 531, 836
metachronous 543
synchronous 543
cells 534
estrogen-secreting 449
high-risk 536
invades
scrotum 846
spermatic cord 846
low-risk 536
low-stage 534
lysis syndrome 44
markers 842
paratesticular 832
relapse 542
residual 534
spillage 534, 540, 542, 835
unfavorable 533
unresectable 541
Tunica albuginea 123, 309, 350, 356f, 358f, 836
dorsal 358f
sparing technique 357
Tunica vaginalis 202, 301f, 305, 308f, 309, 836
flap 189
testis 103
visceral layers of 290
Turner's syndrome 117
T-waves, peaking of 45
Tylenol 27, 612
U
Ulaanbaatar procedure 147f
Ulcerative colitis 754
Umbilical artery 667
obliterated 619
Umbilical cord 96f, 768
formation of 96f
Umbilical hernia 713
postoperatively 58
Umbilical incisions 57f
midline 57
transverse 57
Umbilical ligament
medial 557, 558f
median 657
Umbilical ring 57
Umbilical scar 763f
Umbilical vesicle 96f
Umbilicus 115
Undescended testes 297, 297t, 298
unilateral 298
Unrepaired cloacal exstrophy, anatomy of 768f
Untwisted testis 308f
placement of 308f
Upper abdominal viscera 723
Upper extremity neuromotor function 683
Upper pole
function of 580
pathology of 521
ureter 524, 525, 563, 564
dissection of 529
division 525
vessel ligation 525
and division 525
Upper tract
deterioration, causes of 633
dilatation 639, 647
diversion 425
imaging 731
injury 636
risk for 633
obstruction 425
Upper ureter 461, 617, 902
distal part of 524
part of 515f
Upper ureteric stricture 500f
Upper urinary tract 697
deterioration 730
development of 103
injury 638t
Urachal anomalies 925
Urachal cysts, variety of 113
Urachal diverticulum 821f
Urachus 657, 698, 713
Ureter 596, 658, 714, 753, 802f, 874, 901f, 902, 904
anatomy of 657
bilateral
ectopic 661
tailored 825f
chronic dilatation of 596
contralateral 564
derives 901
dilated tortuous 821f
ectopia 114
embryologic development of 563
end-to-end anastomosis of 622
identification 525, 607
lower 617, 902
medial aspect of 481f
mobilization of 607
part of 902
pediatric group 902
preoperative evaluation 921
proximal 478, 563
refluxing 659
single 567
stents in 680f
stipulation 605
stones, common 904
stricture 605, 608
formation 904
surgical anatomy of 901
transection of 468
Ureteral anatomy 657
Ureteral bud 658
initially forms 563
Ureteral catheter 566
retrograde insertion of 527
Ureteral duplication 458f, 564, 770, 923
Ureteral identification, bilateral 783f
Ureteral implantation 804f, 813f, 814f
Ureteral injuries 499, 581
Ureteral innervation 662
Ureteral obstruction 512, 563
presence of 561
setting of 477
Ureteral orifice 607, 614
contralateral 563
identification 607
insertion 563
Ureteral reconstruction 82, 590
Ureteral reimplantation 549, 555, 572, 573, 590, 600, 605, 607f, 614, 657, 679, 686, 797, 825f
bilateral 567, 580, 552, 553f
laparoscopic 660
lower moiety 576
Ureteral replacement 605
Ureteral smooth muscle 658
Ureteral stenosis, treatment of 593
Ureteral stent 567, 677, 680, 805
insertion 521
placement of 583, 592f, 713
Ureteral stricture 605, 613
mid 608, 613
repair of 588
surgical management of 608
Ureteral stump excision 573
Ureteral techniques 590
Ureteral tunnel length 658
Ureteral urothelium 516f
Ureterectomy, upper moiety 576
Ureteric bud 109, 110
Ureteric catheter 552, 814f, 815
Ureteric dissection, atraumatic 558f
Ureteric duplication 551
Ureteric injury, right lower 499f, 500f, 503f
Ureteric JJ stent 513
Ureteric orifices 113
Ureteric reimplantation 254, 412, 668
Ureteric remodeling 552f
Ureteric stay suture 513
Ureteric stent 815
Ureteric stones 901
Ureterocalicostomy 472, 480, 484, 512, 514f, 519
contraindications 512
indications 484, 512
laparoscopic 516
materials 513
open 514, 518t
postoperative care 516
preoperative workup 512
prognosis 517
robotic 518t
Ureterocele 449, 564, 657, 565f, 576, 661, 923, 924f
absence of 923
associated moiety, dysplasia of 564
bilateral 564, 567
decompression of 576
detection of 564
diagnosis of 564
endoscopic
management of 578
puncture of 577
treatment of 566
excision 573
familial cases of 563
impression 565f
incidence of 564, 576
incision 576
complication 577
endoscopic 578
epidemiology 576
management 577
preoperative indication 576
preparation 576
surgical techniques 577
large 580
obstructing 576, 626
pediatric 574
puncture 576
elective 572
endoscopic 578f
single system 572
surgery, major complications of 572
treatment 573t, 662
typical intravesical 577f
upper pole obstructing 566f
Ureterocelectomy 573, 576
Ureteroenteric anastomosis 4, 782
Ureterolithotomy 904
Ureteroneocystostomy 501, 568f, 589
antirefluxing anastomosis 591f
bilateral 672
extravesical 662
Ureteropelvic junction 459, 476, 483f, 586, 816
common causes of 498
indications for surgery 477
obstruction 46, 461f, 464, 485, 491, 512, 920
complications and management 472, 485
congenital 498
future advances and directions 473
indications and prerequisites for surgery 464
operative technique 465
postoperative care and follow-up 471, 485
preoperative technique 465
right 918f
operative technique 477
preoperative considerations 477
radiologic progression of 477
right 467f
transection of 469f
Ureteropelvic obstruction, intrinsic 457
Ureteropyelogram, retrograde 500f
Ureterorenoscopy 873
Ureteroscopy 81
basic 83
Ureterosigmoidostomy 44, 812
adenocarcinoma displaced 5
Ureterostomy 615617, 619
complications 619
cutaneous 598, 600, 616
history 616
indications 617
lateral 669
low 617
low-refluxing 618, 619, 622
permanent cutaneous 616
proximal 617
surgical techniques 617
Ureterotomy 903f
anteromedial 569
closure suturing 903
Ureteroureteral anastomosis 580
Ureteroureterostomy 569, 573, 580, 581, 589, 593f, 608, 609f, 612, 614
anastomosis, posterior wall of 583f
common indications for 580
indications 580
ipsilateral 569
open 570f, 582, 583f
operative technique 581
preoperative management 581
robotic-assisted 583, 585f
Ureterovesical junction 596, 658, 661f
anatomy of 658f
obstruction 615, 770
revision 3
Urethra 97f, 124, 245f, 361f, 392, 442, 659, 679, 684, 713, 737, 787, 928
anterior urethral valve 929
bulb of 713
bulbous 124
congenital short 153
continuation of 374f
duplication of 241, 242t
ends of 232
exposing 785
female 251f, 787f
glanular 114
hair-bearing 188
hypoplastic 153, 212, 215f, 318
initial closure of 411
mechanical reinforcement of 175
membranous 124, 784
muscle of 658
open proximal 255f
orthotopic 245f
pendulous 124
penile 124, 929f
plate 190
posterior 269, 275f, 674, 715
urethral valve 928
posterolateral direction of 350
prolapse of 576
prostatic 124
reconstruction 257f
sensate 737
tubularization of 277f
ventral
aspect of 685
transposition of 263
Urethral access, endoscopic 907f
Urethral anastomosis 792f
Urethral anomalies 282
Urethral catheter 387, 577, 581, 638, 665, 675, 686, 733, 741
placement 583
indwelling 666
Urethral cells, autologous 6
Urethral channels 241
Urethral complications 328
Urethral construction 188
Urethral defect 233
Urethral development 114
mechanisms of 241
Urethral dilation 230, 425
Urethral diversion 312, 315
Urethral diverticulectomy 194f
Urethral diverticulum 188, 189, 190, 710f, 929f
classification of 174t
congenital and acquired, repair of 174
epidemiology 174
indications and prerequisites for surgery 175
management of 175t
Urethral division 159
Urethral duplication 242f
classification of 241
management of 244t
symptoms in 243t
type of 244
Urethral fistula 188, 227, 328
complex 189
incidence of 681
repair of 189f
Urethral hypermobility 683
Urethral injury 616
iatrogenic 737
repair 83
Urethral length 672
Urethral lumen 189, 415
Urethral meatus 753
calibration 907
Urethral mobilization 157f, 212
complete 159
Urethral obstruction, posterior 640f
Urethral opening derives 105
Urethral plate 127f, 196, 212, 216, 216f, 250f
canalization of 241
incision of 183f
lamina propria of 127f
mobilization of 212
Urethral polyp arises 449
Urethral prolapse 449
complications 452
demographics 448
differential diagnosis 449
incidence 448
management 450
pathology 448
surgery 448
symptoms and signs 448
Urethral reconstruction 175, 229, 273
Urethral roof 115
Urethral sling 83, 683
placement 686
Urethral sphincter 816
complex 353
innervation 353
mechanisms 658
Urethral stenosis 265
Urethral stricture 188, 229, 230, 626, 669
confirmation of 229
disease 232
long 196f
posterior 231
release of 63
roof of 196f
Urethral tethering 153
Urethral transection 157f
Urethral valve
anterior 174, 177, 929f
posterior 46, 115, 589, 615, 626, 665, 665f, 689, 730, 761, 796, 916, 927f, 928
Urethral violation, avoidance of 322
Urethrocutaneous fistula 6, 177, 179f, 183, 265, 279
formation 285
Urethrogram, retrograde 230f, 711, 712
Urethroplasty 131, 174, 217f, 224, 225f, 229, 238, 256f, 313f
complications 238
double buccal 236
healthy 193f
joining, delayed 5
open 425
techniques 230
Urethrostomy
internal 824
scrotal 315
Urinary ascites 369
Urinary bladder 97f, 115
absence of 410
evaluation of 589
temporary drainage of 665
Urinary channel 766f
Urinary complications 773
Urinary continence 709f, 774, 803
maintenance of 576
terms of 730
Urinary disorders, correction of 3
Urinary diversion 589, 615, 665, 793, 794, 796, 798, 800, 803f, 805
diversions for 812
higher 666
level of 666
temporary 615, 824
Urinary drainage 516
Urinary frequency 40, 779
Urinary incontinence 188, 243, 417, 420, 564, 661, 683, 773, 779, 905
management of 683, 688
persistent 773
prevention of 657
risk of developing 408
treatment of 696
Urinary leak 669
Urinary obstruction 243, 382f
Urinary pH 874
Urinary reconstruction 767
Urinary reservoir 729, 753
continent 729
Urinary retention 188, 446, 661, 779
episodes of 181
extended 660
Urinary sepsis 824
Urinary sphincter 408, 659, 796
damage 566
Urinary symptoms 40, 448
Urinary system 93, 381
in situ 456f
anomalies of 112f
Urinary tract 366, 657, 729
abnormality 820f
spectrum of 818
assessment of 666
clinical embryology of 93
dilatation, severe 617
dilation 464
classification 919t
progressive 644f
duplication of 111
dysfunction, neurogenic lower 683
imaging of 915
infection 131, 281, 339, 354, 369, 408, 445, 449, 450, 464, 549, 555, 576, 597, 599, 615, 645, 650, 651, 665, 690, 693, 729, 738, 773, 793, 819, 869
febrile 425
history of 589, 921
prevention of 654
recurrent 243, 521
risks of 230, 381
monitoring, continuous 829
normal 39
obstruction 41
reconstruction 6, 822f, 824, 824f, 826f
future of 518
major lower 28
savior of 580
sealant 518
ultrasonography 550
Urine
accumulation 370
analysis 41, 45, 874
macroscopic 41
microscopic 41
catheter 653
collection bag 616f
culture 697, 874
drainage of 618
dribbling of 439
ejaculation 815
electrolytes and osmolality 43, 44
flow 197
high-pressure storage of 633
intra-abdominal 3
leakage 485
persists 647
retention of 439
routine and culture 513
specific gravity 42
Urinoma, postoperative 527
Urogenital diaphragm 255, 257f, 399
Urogenital mobilization 359, 361, 372, 373f
partial 362, 362f
technique 385f
total 361, 362f, 373f, 388
Urogenital ridge, caudal end of 110
Urogenital septum 113
Urogenital sinus 95, 338, 351, 355
anomalies 391
endoscopy of 355
high-lying 351
persistent 366
reconstruction 369, 376
incidence of 369
indications and prerequisites for surgery 370
operative techniques 370
postoperative complications and management 375
surgical techniques for management of 370
Urogenital structures, radical mobilization of 263
Urogram, intravenous 513, 602
Urography, intravenous 875
Urologic operations 56
Urologic procedures 27
Urological anomalies, congenital 689, 812
Urological reconstruction 5, 723
consideration of 60
Urological reconstructive surgery 650
complex 650
Urological surgery 657
Urology
congenital 689
residents, exposure of 944
skills labs, examples of 83
Uropathy, obstructive 40, 188, 665
Urorectal septum 379
Urosepsis
recurrent 669
severe 665
Urothelial cancers, adult 782
Urothelial carcinoma 774
Urothelium 567
Uterine
artery 399
prolapse 710f
tissue 404f
tubes 103, 104f, 105, 116
Uterus 104f, 349, 779
adnexa of 349
arcuate 106
bicornuate 106, 107f
development of 107f, 116
didelphys 106
hypoplasia of 108
septate 106, 107f
small 103
unicornuate 107
Utricle
incision 338
prostatic 341
V
Vacterl anomalies 223
Vacterl syndrome 380
Vacuum-assisted closure 65
Vagina 348, 386, 401t, 402, 684, 685, 779
anterior 684, 784
wall of 353
arterial supply of 349
back wall of 360
caudal third of 399
characteristics of 381
development of 107f
distention of 439, 440
embryologic development of 399
hydrodistention of 370
lateral wall of 353
nerve supply of 399
posterior wall of 348, 360
upper 116
urine pooling in 445
vestibule of 350
Vaginal agenesis 386, 442, 770
complete 399
Vaginal anatomy 399
Vaginal anomalies 109, 399, 400
Vaginal artery 349, 399
Vaginal atresia 388, 389, 399, 403f, 770
acquired 366
Vaginal augmentation 406
Vaginal bleeding 396
Vaginal border, posterior 375f
Vaginal cuff closure 788f
flap coverage of 788f
Vaginal delivery 87f
Vaginal dilatation 395
Vaginal duplication 770
Vaginal epithelium 685
cranial 105
Vaginal foreign body 449
Vaginal function 399
Vaginal infections 439
Vaginal lubrication 399
Vaginal nerve plexus 352, 353
Vaginal opening 360, 370
Vaginal orifice 384
Vaginal plate forming, inferior portion of 109
Vaginal polyp 449
Vaginal pull-through 371, 373
Vaginal reconstruction 787
Vaginal replacement 400, 402
surgery for 404
techniques 401
history of 399
Vaginal secretions 439
Vaginal septa 109
Vaginal septum 440, 442
transverse 440f
Vaginal stenosis 391
Vaginal stent, placement of 394
Vaginal switch procedure 402
Vaginal wall
defects 385
posterior 374, 375f
Vaginoplasty 351, 359, 371, 424
cut-back 359
graft for 390
history of 390
principles 359
pull-through 360
sinus, pull-through 364f
techniques, options of 392
timing of 366
with buccal mucosa 390
complication and management 396
epidemiology 390
postoperative follow-up 394
preoperative indications 391
preparations 391
surgical technique 392
with intestinal segments 399
with perineal skin flap 371
Vaginoscopy 395
Valsalva leak 683
Valsalva maneuver 291
Valve bladder 761
syndrome 666f, 669
changes of 669
Vancomycin 52
Vancouver scar scale 69
Varicocele 330f
complications 334
etiology 330
future advances and directions 336
idiopathic 330
indications for surgery 331
ligation 330
management 331, 334
pathophysiology 330
prevalence of 330
related testicular hypotrophy 330
surgical repair of 331, 335
treatment of 331
Varicocelectomy 335, 335t
completion of 332
microsurgical techniques of 331f
Vas deferens 292, 563, 783
Vasal injury 566
Vascular clamp, atraumatic 513
Vascular disease, peripheral 67
Vascular forceps 74
Vascular malformation 449
Vascular thrombus, removal of 539f
Vasoactive drugs, pulmonary 19
Vasoconstriction, pulmonary 19
Vein 64, 124, 896
adrenal 509, 538
inferior mesenteric 848
internal jugular 51
isolate adrenal 509f
posterior cardinal 468
Vena cava 534
Venous tissue plexus 350
Ventral buccal mucosa graft 184f
Ventral chordee 319, 320
without hypospadias 317, 321
phalloplasty for 317, 328
Ventral cloacal membrane thickens 96
Ventral meatotomy 236
Ventral nerve sparing clitoroplasty 356f
Ventral onlay urethroplasty 234f
Ventral penile
curvature 288, 317
raphe 170f
tissues, poor 142f
Ventral prepuce, deficiency of 288
Ventral skin 318
Ventral urogenital sinus 379
Ventral V-plasty 167
technique 168f
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt 731
Verapamil 69
Veress
access 508
technique, modified 465
Vermiform appendix 723, 724
Vertical iliac osteotomies 268
Vertical incisions 54
Vertical osteotomy 432
Vertical rectus abdominis flap 64
Vertical ureterotomy 902
Vesical catheter 636
Vesical fistula 697
Vesicostomy 620, 622, 641, 665, 667669, 935
closure of 667670
remporary 668
complications 620, 667
indications 620
long-term 670
modifications of 670
newer modifications of 670
placement 686
stoma 667
surgical techniques 620
Vesicoureteral obstruction 563
Vesicoureteral reflux 111, 114, 458, 525, 563, 565f, 573, 576, 589, 599, 638, 657, 665, 683, 773, 818, 819, 821f, 921
absence of 671
bilateral 923f
contralateral 580
current management of 555
high-grade 646f
incidence of 555
left 634f
presence of 671
unilateral 928
Vesicoureteric junction 549, 801, 902
Vesicoureteric reflux, bilateral high-grade 615
Vesicourethral junction 784
Vesicovaginal fistula 566, 686, 816
Vessel 292
loop 254f, 513, 685
Vestibular bulbs 350
Vestigial organ 754
Vicryl sutures 745
Videourodynamics 627, 644, 738
evaluation, preoperative 683
graph 635f, 639f, 645f
study 697
Villi 728
Vincristine 537
Visiport visual trocar 523
Visual analog scale 24
Vitamin B12 690, 728, 809
deficiency 729
Voiding
cystourethrogram 243, 449, 550, 556f, 565f, 577f, 580, 589, 602, 605, 612, 614, 627, 649, 665f, 666, 731, 823, 916, 922f, 924f, 927f, 929f
dysfunction 660, 697
history dribbling 40
per urethra 679
urosonography, contrast-enhanced 915
volitional 672
Vomiting 653
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome 531
V-plasties, multiple 168
V-skin flap 739
Vulva, scrotalization of 445
Vulvar swelling 116
VURD syndrom 928
V-Y plasty 169, 169f
W
Waldeyer's sheath 596, 658, 660
Water
infused volume of 634, 636, 637, 641, 646
loss, insensible 41
maintenance fluids composed of 41
metabolism 40
soluble lubricant 651
Webbed penis 163, 164f, 165
Wedge technique 443, 444
Wilms’ tumor 531, 535, 538, 540f, 542, 779
bilateral 542, 542f
classic 533
clinical presentations 531
cystic 535f
determinants of treatment strategy 536
diagnostic workup and imaging 532
differentiated cystic 534
distribution of 531t
extending into ureter 541f
genetic patterns 531
histopathology 533
incidence 531
low risk 534
nephrectomy 531
patterns of 532t
predisposition genes, familial 531
prognostic factors 534
risk-based management 535
specimen 540f
synchronous bilateral 533
syndromes, familial 532
Wilson's serrated scissors 75
Wingspread classification 96
Wolffian duct 104, 105, 563, 658
distal lumen of 563
Wolffian structures 342
Wolffian tumors 109
Wound
abdominal 537
care 65
catheter 28
closure 470, 471, 560f
surgical 608
complications 67, 309
dehiscence 67
drain 513
healing 60
complications of 67
infection 303, 425
superficial 309
therapy, subatmospheric 65
W-plasty 70
design 71f
X
Xenografts 64
Xiphoid 801
Xiphopubic incision 828f
X-Y chromosomes 938
X-Y congenital penile absence 319
Y
Y chromosome 355
absence of 399
gene, sex-determining region of 399
Yachia procedure 765
Yang-Monti
ileovesicostomy 756f
method 756
procedure 756
reconstruction 757
Yerkes-Dodson law 79f
Yolk sac 95, 832
Young's modulus 76
Young-Dees-Leadbetter bladder neck reconstruction 672
modified 277f
technique of 673f
Y-type urethral duplication 242
Y-V plasty 365f
Z
Zona glomerulosa cells 40
Zona pellucida 94
Z-plasty 70, 169f
design 70f
incision 275f, 420
smaller 70
technique of 70
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Chapter Notes

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