Diabetes: Clinical Case Series – II Viswanathan Mohan, Ranjit Unnikrishnan
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table
A
Abdomen
computed tomography scan of 104, 128, 150f
ultrasonography of 122
Absolute reticulocyte count 97
Acanthosis nigricans 121
Acarbose 91, 93
Accidental trauma 150
Acetohexamide 90
Acrogeria 156
Adipose tissue, abdominal 41
Adrenalectomy, bilateral 132
Advanced glycation end products 87
Albumin excretion rate 81
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio 81
Albuminuria 66, 82
categories 81t, 82f
persistent 84
Aldosterone 88
antagonists 96
Aliskiren trial 96
Alkaline phosphatase 23
Alogliptin 20
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors 29, 91, 93
Alzheimer's disease 7
Ambulatory glucose profile 10, 13f
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 35, 115
American College of Cardiology 60
American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 53
American Diabetes Association 48, 51, 52b, 52f, 63, 115, 139
American Heart Association Guidelines 60
American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery 120
American Society of Bariatric Surgery 120
Aminoglycosides 151
Amlodipine 58
Amphotericin-B mannitol 151
Amputations 59
Amylin analog 91
Anemia 97, 146
Angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitor 65, 95, 151
receptor blockers 95
Ankle joint 110
destruction of 108f
Aorta, atheromatous 155
Aortic sclerosis, mild 58
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (APGAR) scores 48
Arterial blood gas analysis 113
Aspartate transaminase 122
Asphyxia, neonatal 49
Aspirin 58
Atorvastatin 34, 58, 97, 99
Atrial fibrillation 1
Autoimmune disease 31
B
Bacteriuria, asymptomatic 102
Baldness, pigmentation of 156
Bariatric surgery 69
benefits of 68
Basal-bolus insulin regimen 10
Bezafibrate 97
Biguanides 91
Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling 130
Bile acid sequestrants 97
Birth trauma 49
Bland urine sediment 84
Blindness 59
Blood glucose 47, 114
fasting 4, 142, 144, 149
postprandial 127, 142, 144
self-monitoring of 48, 51
Blood pressure 2, 5, 10, 57, 58, 78, 136, 142, 149
control of 65
diastolic 4
lowering agents 95
management 94
systolic 4
Blood sugar
control of 64
postprandial 79
random 113
uncontrolled 14
fasting 2, 48, 79, 121
Blood urea 122, 136, 142, 144
Body mass index 2, 4, 10, 31, 34, 39, 47, 57, 79, 121, 123, 136, 149, 153
Bones, abnormalities of 156
Bony destruction/deformity 110
Breastfeeding 56
Bromocriptine 94, 132
mesylate 91
C
Cabergoline 132
Calcaneocuboid articulations 110
Canadian Angiographic Study 61
Carbohydrate reduction 29
Cardiovascular disease 1, 2, 5t, 33, 59, 65, 78, 146
atherosclerotic 34
complications 9
risk reduction 65
Cataract 134, 135, 142, 156
bilateral 155
ocular 156
surgery 134
Cellulitis 107
Cerebrovascular accident 103
Cesarean sections 49
Charcot foot 107, 109, 110, 112
anatomic classification of 110
and ankle 106, 108, 110
Charcot neuroarthropathy 106
Chemokines 88
Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 146
Chlorpropamide 90, 92
Cholesterol, serum 121, 136, 142, 144
Cholestyramine 97
Ciprofibrate 97
Cisplatin 151
Clofibrate 97
Cognitive behavioral therapy 42
Colesevelam 97
Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study Trial 34
Complete blood count 29, 97
Concomitant sepsis 113
Continuous glucose monitoring system 52
Coronary artery
bypass
graft 57
surgery 57
disease 1, 5962, 63t, 121
Coronary syndrome, acute 35
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 130
Cotton wool spots 141
C-reactive protein 6, 123
Creatinine, serum 91, 136, 142, 144
Cuneonavicular articulations 110
Cushing's disease 131
Cushing's syndrome 126, 127, 129133
diagnosis of 130f
Cyanosis 121
Cyclophosphamide 151
Cyclosporine 7, 151
Cystitis 102
D
Daily insulin dose 4
Dementia 1
Deoxyribonucleic acid 155
Depression 42
reactive 39
Detemir 90
Dexamethasone 130
Diabetes 9, 10, 22, 59, 7880, 89, 102, 126
care scoring scale, elements of 2
complications of 14, 62
control and complications trial 88, 146
diagnosis of 134
interventions and complications, epidemiology of 89
late-onset 60
management of 1, 9, 117
mellitus 16, 38, 40, 41, 45, 78, 102, 103, 105, 109, 114, 141
gestational 47, 4952, 52b, 5355
stress-related 38
type 1 30, 8184, 88, 146
type 2 1, 6, 9, 16, 22, 26, 30, 34, 40, 47, 59, 78, 8284, 96, 102, 106, 115, 120, 134, 139, 141, 148, 151
onset of 40
prevalence of 9
twin epidemics of 60
young-onset 57, 60
Diabetic kidney disease, typical progression of 83f
Diabetic macular edema, mild 141, 143f
Diabetic retinopathy
bilateral nonproliferative 79
moderate nonproliferative 136, 141, 143
Diacylglycerol 87
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors 20, 20t, 91, 93
emerging role of 16
Disaccharidase inhibitor 93
Dopamine receptor agonist 91
Drugs, use of 43
Dyslipidemia 9, 66, 79, 96, 123, 135, 139
atherogenic diabetic 33
control of 65
diabetic 36, 65
management 14, 99
E
Ectopic tumor 126
Edema 116, 121
Electrocardiogram 79, 127
Electrolytes, serum 23
Empagliflozin 149
End-stage kidney disease 98
causes of 80f
Erb's palsy 49
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 29, 107
Escherichia coli 155
Esomeprazole 58
Estudios Cardiologicas Latin America Study Group Study 115
European Society of Cardiology 35
Exenatide 91
Eye
burning of 148
irritation of 148
itching of 148
Ezetimibe 97
F
Farnesoid X receptor 124
Fat cell 3
Fatty liver
grade 1 154
grade 2 10
Ferritin level, serum 97
Fetal complications 49
hyperglycemia-related 49b
Fever 103
Fibric acid derivatives 97
Fistula, arteriovenous 98
Flat foot, unilateral 110
Fluvastatin 97
Foleys catheter 104
Foot
ulceration 107
unilateral swelling of 110
Fredrickson type IIb dyslipidemia 122
Fundus fluorescein angiography 135, 138f, 142
Fungal infection 28
G
Gamma glutamyltransferase 23
Gastrectomy 57
Gastroesophageal reflux 57
Gastroparesis 57
Gemfibrozil 97
Gentamicin 151
Glargine 90
Glasgow coma scale 104
Glibenclamide 92
Gliclazide 91, 92
Glimepiride 34, 78, 90, 92
Glipizide 90, 92
Gliptins 20
Glomerular filtration rate 58, 80, 81, 82f, 91, 93t, 99
categories of 81t
estimated 58, 79, 91, 93, 149
Glomerular hyperfiltration 88
Glomerulonephritis, chronic 80
Glucagon
like peptide-1 14, 93
secretion 17
Glucose
dependent
insulin secretion 14
insulinotropic polypeptide 17
intolerance 49
loading test 52
Glulisine 90
Glutamic
acid decarboxylase antibody 29, 30
oxaloacetic transaminase, serum 23
pyruvic transaminase, serum 23
Glutathione production 87
Glyburide 54, 91
Glycemia 83
Glycemic control 5, 9, 22, 30, 45, 88, 108, 114117, 123, 141
poor 113
targets of 53
Glycemic management 98
Glycohemoglobin level 4
Goiter 121
H
Hair or hair loss, premature graying of 155
Hard exudates 141
regression of 144f
Heart
attacks 59
disease 59, 63
ischemic 113
failure 58
acute congestive 113
protection study 34
rate 10
Hemoglobin 18, 23, 121, 142
glycated 2, 136, 142, 144
glycosylated 18, 22, 23f, 28, 34, 39, 79, 107
Hexosamine pathway 87
High dose dexamethasone suppression test 127
High intracellular glucose 87
Hip 149
Hormone, adrenocorticotropic 126, 129f, 130
Human chorionic gonadotropin 50
Human placental lactogen 50
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome 156
Hydramnios 51
Hydrochlorothiazide 78, 99
Hyperbilirubinemia 116
Hypercholesterolemia 121
Hyperglycemia 6, 16, 39, 86f, 102, 113
acute symptoms of 31
glucotoxicity of 25
management of 14, 54
states of 87
Hyperlipidemia 1, 39, 124
after metabolic surgery, reversal of 120
familial combined 122
Hyperosmolar nonketotic states 116
Hyperparathyroidism, secondary 98
Hyperphosphatemia 98
Hyperplasia, adrenal 129
Hypertension 1, 65, 66, 68, 79, 103, 126, 135, 139, 145
current pregnancy induced 51
management of 14, 99
optimal treatment 94
previous pregnancy induced 51
systemic 9, 135
Hypertriglyceridemia 33
isolated 124
Hypertrophy
left ventricular 58
renal 87, 88
Hypocalcemia 98
Hypoglycemia 49, 64, 92
neonatal 48, 49, 54
nocturnal 52
severe 64
Hypokalemia 128, 131
Hypothalamopituitary-adrenal axis 42
Hypothyroidism 9, 122
I
Icterus 121
Infections, higher incidence of 49
Insulin 58, 90, 94
infusion 116
pumps, use of 54
requirement of 10
sensitive glucose transporters 86f
subcutaneous 116
therapy 114
treatment 54
Intensive care unit 113
International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups 48, 52f
International Disease Severity Scale for Diabetic Macular Edema 145t
International Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Guidelines 80
Intraocular pressure 135
Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial 94
Isosorbide 58
J
Joint
destruction 11
interphalangeal 110
subtalar 110
Jugular venous pressure 79
K
Ketoacidosis, diabetic 49, 103, 116
Kidney disease 80, 83
outcomes quality initiative 79
chronic 58, 78, 80, 80f, 81, 82f, 81t, 84f, 90t, 91, 97t
Kidney, ureter, and bladder 79
L
Lactic acidosis 92
Latent autoimmune diabetes 28, 29, 31
Leprosy 109
Linagliptin 20, 91, 93
Lipemia retinalis 122
Lipodystrophy 154f
Lipoprotective drug 3
Lipoprotein 62
cholesterol
high density 22, 121
low density 39, 96, 123, 136, 142, 144
elevated 66
high density 2, 5, 58, 79, 123
levels
high density 6
low density 6
low density 2, 5, 58, 79, 123
very low density 2, 6
Liraglutide 91, 149
Lispro 90
Lithium 151
Liver enzymes 23
Lovastatin 97
Lymphadenopathy 121
Lymphopenia 127
M
Macrosomia 49, 54
Macrovascular complications 9, 14
Macular edema 136, 145
diabetic 134, 137f, 145
Maglitinides 91
Major depressive disorder 43, 43b
Maternal complications, hyperglycemia-related 49b
Maturity-onset diabetes of young 151
Medical nutrition therapy 48, 53
Mental disorders 43b
Mesangial expansion 87
Metabolic complications, acute 49
Metabolic syndrome 5, 57, 59, 61, 62t
Metatarsophalangeal joint 110
Metformin 1, 35, 7, 10, 34, 39, 54, 58, 65, 78, 91, 92, 99
cardiovascular benefits of 6b
neuroprotective role of 6
nonglycemic benefits of 1
plus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors 121
therapy 1
Metoprolol 58
Microalbuminuria 22, 79, 136, 142, 144
Microaneurysm 141
Midnight adrenocorticotropic hormone 127
Miglitol 91
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, hyperglycemia-induced generation of 85
Mitral regurgitation, mild 58
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 88
Muscle tissue 65
Myocardial infarction 6, 57, 114, 115
Myocardial ischemia reduction 35
N
Nails, abnormalities of 156
Nateglinide 91
National Cholesterol Education Program, modified 61
National Institutes of Health 51, 52
Nelson's syndrome 132
Nephrectomy 150
Nephritis, chronic interstitial 80
Nephropathy 59, 68, 82, 85
diabetic 57, 58, 7985, 85t
hypertensive 83
ischemic 83
prevention of 68, 98
treatment of 68
Nephrotoxic drugs 151
Neural tube defects 49
Neuroarthropathy 109
Neuropathic feet, foot prints of 111f
Neuropathy 59
autonomic 109
peripheral 109
Neutral protamine hagedorn 90
Niacin 97
Nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate 87
Noncommunicable diseases 33
Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction 113
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 151
Nonsulfonylurea secretagogue 92
O
Obesity 40, 50, 55
complex pathophysiology of 120
control of 68
management of 14
morbid 122
One-hour plasma glucose 48
Optical coherence tomography 135, 137f, 142, 143f, 144f
Oral
antidiabetic agents 5t
contraceptive pills 121
drugs in pregnancy, role of 54
glucose tolerance test 48, 52f
hypoglycemic agents 113
Osteoporosis 132
Overnight dexamethasone suppression test 127
Oxidative stress 6, 26
P
Pain, abdominal 102
Pallor 79, 121
Palmitic acid 5
Pancreatic β cell function 22
Pedal edema 79
Peripheral insulin sensitivity 17
Phalanges 110
Pheochromocytoma 128, 128f
Pioglitazone 58, 91, 92
Plasma
electrolytes 113
glucose
fasting 39, 127, 136
postprandial 136
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 6, 87
Platelet aggregation and adhesion 6
Polycystic kidney disease, autosomal dominant 80
Polyhydramnios 49
Polyneuropathy, diabetic 109
Polyol pathway 87
Polyuria 28
Potassium 127
Pramlintide 91
Pravastatin 97
Preeclampsia 49
Progeroid syndromes 153, 156
Progressive disease, chronic 22
Protein kinase C pathway 87
Protein-to-creatinine ratio 81
Proteinuria 58
mild 154
Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome 126
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 103
Psoas muscle 103
Psychotherapy 41, 42, 45
interpersonal 42
Pyelitis, emphysematous 103
Pyelonephritis 102
bilateral emphysematous 103
emphysematous 103, 104
Pyonephrosis 150
R
Ramipril 58
Randomized controlled trials 90
Reactive oxygen species 86f, 87
Renal agenesis, congenital 150
Renal disease
diabetic 85
progressive 97
Renal parenchyma, severe necrotizing infection of 103
Renal replacement therapy 98
Renal status, evaluation of 146
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 88, 95
Renovascular disease 80
Repaglinide 91
Retinal pigment epithelial layer 143f
Retinopathy 79, 134
diabetic 62, 134, 141, 145
nonproliferative diabetic 145
proliferative diabetic 134, 138f
stage 145
Rhinocerebral mucormycosis 103
Rosiglitazone 91
Rosuvastatin 78, 97, 99
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome 156
S
Saxagliptin 20, 91, 93
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 44
Sensory neuropathy 102
Sepsis study, severe 114
Shock 116
Short stature 156
Shoulder dystocia 49
Simvastatin 58, 97
Sitagliptin 10, 20, 78, 91, 93
Skin
changes, scleroderma-like 155
pigmentation of 156
rashes, recurrent 28
Slit-lamp examination 135, 142
Snellen chart 135
Sodium 127
glucose
cotransporter-2 inhibitors 10, 16
linked transporter-2 151
Soft tissue calcification 155
Solitary kidney 103, 148
Sorbitol 87
Sporadic disease 155
Stabilization 110
Statins 97
Stillbirths, higher incidence of 49
Stress 3840
emerging sources of 40
management of 41
reduction, techniques of 42
Stroke 1
Sulfonylureas 14, 16, 54, 92
first-generation 90, 92
low-dose 10
second-generation 90, 92
Suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis 65
Swollen foot, and ankle 107f
Syringomyelia 109
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, signs of 107
T
T score 127
Talonavicular articulations 110
Tarsal bones, involvement of 108f
Tarsometatarsal joint 110
Teeth, abnormalities of 156
Telmisartan 78
Thiazolidinediones 16, 91, 92
Thyroid
antibody 29
function test 23
Tolazamide 90, 92
Tolbutamide 90, 92
Total cholesterol 4, 5, 58, 79, 123
Transferrin saturation, serum 97
Tricarboxylic acid cycle 86
Triglyceride 2, 4, 5, 33, 58, 66, 123
lowering therapy 36
serum 136
Tumor
adrenal 129
necrosis factor-α 50
U
United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 89, 139
United States Food and Drug Administration 54, 91
United States National Kidney Foundation's 2002 Guidelines 80
Uric acid, serum 107
Uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine 87
Urinary
albumin levels 83
protein excretion 58
tract infection, spectrum of 102
Urine
albumin-to-creatinine ratio 79
free cortisol 130
metanephrines 127
microalbumin 122
vanillylmandelic acid 127
V
Vascular endothelial growth factor 88
Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial 89
Vildagliptin 20, 91, 93
Visual acuity 135
Vitamin
B12, serum 97
C 156
Vitiligo patches 29
von Willebrand factor levels 6
W
Werner syndrome 153, 155, 156
Westergren's method 107
X
Xanthine 20
Xerosis, signs of 154
Z
Zinc 30
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