Gems of Ophthalmology—Cornea and Sclera HV Nema, Nitin Nema
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVWYZ
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure and t refer to table.
A
Aberrations, high order 88, 102
Aberrometer 137
Aberropia 32
Ablation-related complications 110
Absidia sp. 170
Acanthamoeba 71, 72f, 139, 140, 145, 148, 152, 156, 202–205, 211, 425
adhesion 206
and hartmanella, stages of 203
castellanii 204, 206, 207
classification of 203
cysts 152, 152f, 210, 211
detection of 212
diagnosis of 211
double walled cysts of 210f
genotypes of 212
genus 148
in corneal stroma 140
infection 205, 209
interactions of 207
keratitis 70, 71, 140, 143, 202, 208f, 210f, 440
diagnosis 202, 210
diagnosis molecular methods of 211
immune-biology of 207
pathogenesis 202, 205
morphological classification of 203t
pathogenicity of 207
plasma membrane of 206
rhysodes 204
species 205
treatment of 202
trophozoites 149f, 206, 209
Acid phosphatase, zymograms of 204
Acid-fast bacilli 154f
Acremonium sp. 170
Acridine orange 146
ACS See Automated corneal shaper
Acute red eye, causes of 437
Adalimumab 450
Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis 159
diagnosis of 162
Air bubble
dimpling 431
in scleral lens, trapped 431f
large 432f
Air injection in big bubble technique 302f
Air pump-assisted PDEK 386
Air-guided deep stromal dissection 300
AK See Astigmatic keratotomy
Albumin 432
Alcohol dehydrogenase 204
ALK See Automated lamellar keratoplasty
Alkyl triethanol ammonium chloride 430
Alkylating agents 450
Allergy 427
Allogenic grafts 366
Alport syndrome 253
AM See Amniotic membrane
American Society of Microbiology 141
Amethocaine eye drops 128
Ametropic eye 78
AMG See Amniotic membrane graft
Amiodarone 75
Amniotic graft 339
Amniotic membrane 345, 345f, 350
characteristics of 345
extract 353
for corneal perforation 350
graft 337, 349f
advantages of 352
multilayered 352f
histology of 345f
inlay 347, 348f
with overlay 348
overlay 347
patch technique 350
preparation of 347
transplantation 196, 344, 345, 349f, 351, 353f, 359f
indications for 346
surgical techniques 347
wound healing of 345
Amphotericin B 179, 183, 347
intracameral injection of 180
AMT See Amniotic membrane transplantation
AMX See Amniotic membrane extract
Anerobic glycolysis 424
Aniridia 357
Ankylosing spondylitis 440
Antibiotic susceptibility 156
Antifungal
agents 178
drug 182, 183
classes of 179
susceptibility testing 156
therapy 72
Antigenic tissues, types of 362
Antiglaucoma
agents 252
drops 412
Anti-inflammatory proteins 345
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing 148
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody test 450
Antinuclear cytoplasmic antibody 447
Antiphospholipid syndrome 440
Anwar's big bubble 384
DALK technique 304, 378
Aqueous layer 316
Aqueous tear production, assessment of 327
Aqueous-deficient dry eye 366
Argon-fluoride excimer laser 83, 83f
Aspartyl acid 172
Aspergillus 169, 170, 179, 181, 182, 445
fumigatus 171, 172, 178
niger 331
strains of 171
Astigmatic keratotomy 38, 41f
Astigmatism 88
Autoimmune diseases 346, 449
Autologous conjunctival transplantation 339
Autologous limbal grafts 366
Autologous oral mucosal tissue, transplantation of 367
Automated corneal shaper 128
Automated lamellar
keratoplasty 80, 107
therapeutic keratoplasty 376
technique 376
Autosomal recessive disorder 417
Avellino corneal dystrophy 243
Azathioprine 450
B
Bacterial and fungal keratitis 202
Bacterial infections 172
Bacterial keratitis 169, 175, 184
Bacterial susceptibility 156
Balamuthia species 212
Balanced salt solution 117
Barraquer's disciples 80
Barraquer-Krumeich-Swinger technique 80
Basal epithelia of limbus 355f
Basal epithelial cells 57f
Basal limbal epithelium 355f
Basement membrane dystrophy 222f
Benzalkonium chloride 321, 330, 430
Best corrected visual acuity 32, 120, 129f
Best spectacle corrected visual acuity 285
Big bubble technique 304, 306, 378
Blepharitis 321f
posterior 320
Blepharoconjunctivitis 188
Blood agar 144, 147f
aerobic 144
anaerobic 144
Bowman's layer 68
absence of 226
dystrophy 221, 231
Bow-tie pattern 17f
Brain heart infusion 144, 177
broth 144, 145
with antibiotic 144
Breakup test, noninvasive 325t
Bromfenac 449
BSCVA See Best spectacle corrected visual acuity
Bubble technique, small 304, 378
Buccal mucosal
Graft
inner surface 395f
outer surface 395f
incision 394f
Bulbar conjunctiva 333f
superior 430
Bullous keratopathy 66, 74, 193, 281, 339, 346
aphakic 382
chronic 357
early stages of 66
pseudophakic 382
Burns
chemical 299
thermal 299
BUT See Breakup test
C
Calibrated spheres 1
Candida 175, 178, 179, 181, 182
albicans 172, 178
keratitis 171
Candidal keratitis 179
Canthal angle, reconstruction of 339
Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 244
Carbon dioxide 424
Carboxymethylcellulose 328, 329
Cardiac arrythmias 75
Carnitine 421
deficiency 418
Cataract and implant surgery 112
Cataractous lens 137
Cellular components, types of 55
Cellular dysfunction 419
Cellulose esters 329
Central cornea 38
Central corneal
marker stitch 396f
sensitivity 98
thickness 45f
Cephalosporins 452
Cephalosporium 182
Chlorhexidine gluconate 430
Chlorobutanol 330, 331
Chloroquine 75
Chocolate agar 144
Chronic renal failure 102
Cidofovir 198
Ciliary nerve, long 56
Cincinnati procedure 362
Clear lens extraction 78
Clotrimazole 180
Coarse punctate erosions 434
Cogan's microcystic epithelial dystrophy 224f
Cogan's syndrome 439, 440
Color-coded scales 15
Coma primary 32t
Confocal microscope 66, 68
advantages of 53
optics of 54f
Confocal microscopy
employs 53
fundamental of 53
in corneal pathology 61
in SMILE 102
of normal cornea 55
Congenital erythrokeratodermia 357
Congenital glaucoma, coexisting 255
Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy 255, 256, 256f, 257f
Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy 246
Conidiophores 178
Conjunctiva 240, 338
Conjunctival autograft 339, 340f, 343, 343f, 344t
efficacy of 340
for pterygium 341
in situ 344f
procedure 339
Conjunctival congestion 172
Conjunctival cul-de-sac 387
Conjunctival epithelial cells 313
Conjunctival goblet cells 313
Conjunctival granulomas 344
Conjunctival inflammation 366
Conjunctival lesions 346
Conjunctival limbal
allograft, living-related 362
autograft 359, 360, 361f
Conjunctival plexus 438
Conjunctival tissue 361, 362
Conjunctival transdifferentiation 339
Conjunctival transplantation 339
procedure of 339
Conjunctival tumor, post-excision of 339
Conjunctivochalasis 346
Contact lens 268, 368, 424, 427f, 428f, 430f, 431
assisted corneal collagen cross-linking 291
fenestrated rigid 432f
fitting for keratoconus 269
induced corneal
molding 48
warpage 48
induced infective keratitis 426f
soft 50f
solution preservative hypersensitivity/toxicity 430
warpage 23, 428f, 429f
wear 357, 434
Cornea 1, 19f, 78, 338, 395, 419f, 430
bioengineered 368
deep vascularization of 358
donor 73
entire circumference of 38
guttata, stage of 250
in keratoplasty surgery, postoperative 46
in refractive surgery, postoperative 38
in SMILE, biomechanical properties of 100
in vivo 53
irregular 14, 24f
lower area of 323f
normal 23
pathological 32
postsurgery 14
projection of slit light onto 7
range of normal 53
retreated 128
sculpting of 79
shape of 15
normal 3
steep 115
verticillata 75
Corneal aberrations 33f
effect of 27
in normal population 32t
Corneal aberrometry 24
Corneal allogenic intrastromal ring segment 288, 289f
Corneal asphericity 88
Corneal astigmatism 344
Corneal biopsy tissue 143, 145
Corneal blindness 337
vision to 222
Corneal button 158
section 208f
Corneal cap precision in SMILE 102
Corneal clouding, diffuse 257f
Corneal collagen 280
cross-linking 270, 276, 283f
physiology of 277
Corneal confocal microscopy 53, 140
culture methods 145
interpretation of microbiology results 151
molecular methods 150
Corneal cross-linking
technique, steps of 279
treatment, indications for 278
Corneal curvature, change in 78
Corneal cystine crystals 422
Corneal decompensation 281
Corneal dystrophy 64, 74, 219, 221, 230f
anterior 219
classification of 219
gelatinous drop-like 229
histopathology 230
inheritance 229
management 230
signs 230
symptoms 229
granular 241
signs 241
symptoms 241
lisch epithelial 221, 228
histopathology 229
inheritance 229
management 229
signs 229
symptoms 229
management 224
posterior 219
posterior amorphous 248
histopathology 249
inheritance 248
management 249
signs 248
symptoms 248
posterior polymorphous 253
management 255
signs 253
symptoms 253
prevalence of 219, 220t
signs 223
subepithelial mucinous 226
histopathology 227
inheritance 226
management 227
signs 226
symptoms 226
symptoms 223
types of lattice 236
X-linked endothelial 258
histopathology 258
management 258
signs 258
symptoms 258
Corneal eccentricity index 22
Corneal ectasia 276
postoperative 137
Corneal edema 66, 254, 281
Corneal endothelial monolayer, bioengineered 367
Corneal endothelium 54, 55, 61, 219, 246, 272
disorder of 66
Corneal epithelial
cell 189, 206
defects 75, 346, 424
Corneal epithelium 55, 313, 356, 365, 428
superficial 54
Corneal erosions, recurrent 237
Corneal fibers, strengthening of 278f
Corneal fluorescein staining 98, 323f
Corneal graft 73, 73f
Corneal guttata 66
Corneal hydrops, acute 61
Corneal hypoesthesia 427
Corneal impression smear 158
Corneal indexes 21
Corneal inlay 78
Corneal lamellae 175, 240, 298
Corneal lesions 75
post-excision of 299
Corneal leukomas 73
Corneal limbal epithelial stem cells 356t, 365f
Corneal maps 18
Corneal measurement 1
Corneal melting 281
Corneal myoring with central aplannation 21f
Corneal nerves 53, 56
Corneal opacification 233
Corneal pachymetry 55, 127
alteration in 40f
Corneal perforation 117, 193
glue in management of 350
Corneal phenotype, marker of 358
Corneal photoablation 83
Corneal power, average 22
Corneal resistance factor 276
Corneal rings in keratoconus, indications for 285
Corneal samples
collection of 142
transport of 142
Corneal scar 193
Corneal scraping 145, 152, 154f, 158, 160f
collection 143f
procedures for 146t
processing of 143
stained with gram stain 153f
transportation of 142
Corneal signs of toxicity 430
Corneal steepening, inferior 49
Corneal stem cells 354
Corneal stroma 219, 238f, 298
posterior 378
Corneal stromal dystrophy 234
inheritance 236
lattice 236
signs 236
symptoms 236
Corneal stromal edema 425
Corneal surface, anterior 3, 99f
Corneal tensile properties, calculation of 101f
Corneal thickness
increased 249f
maps 21
Corneal tissue 248
Corneal topographic patterns, normal 6f
Corneal topography 1, 3, 5, 10, 16f, 17f
in normal right eye 5f
maps, interpretation of 13
quantitative descriptors of 21
uses of 49
Corneal transplant 392
Corneal ulcer 140, 150f
infectious 351
management of 141
with serrated and immune ring 174f
Corneal warpage 48, 50f, 427
Corneal wavefront
aberration, measuring 26
analysis derived 27f
Corneal/conjunctival swab 158
Corneal/corneoscleral ulcers 346
Corneoscleral
junction 354
limbus 355
perforation 344
ulcers 346
Corticosteroids antibiotics 79
Corynebacterium species 155
CRF See Chronic renal failure
Cryopreservation of corneal lenticules, technique of 103
Cryoprobe 400f
Cryptococcus 179
neoformans 172
Curvularia sp. 170, 181
Cycloheximide 177
Cyclophosphamide 450
Cyclosporin A 195, 334
Cyclosporine 450
Cystadrops 422
Cystaran 422
Cysteamine 422
hydrochloride eye drops, treatment with 422
ophthalmic solution 422
Cysteine, intracellular burden of 419
Cystinosis 416, 417
Cystinosis
clinical manifestations 417
diagnosis of 421
early diagnosis of 421
gene 417
genetics 417
management 421
pathogenesis 419
treatment 421
gene therapy 422
ophthalmic 422
symptomatic 421
D
Dacron mesh sutured to cornea 401f
DALK See Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
Debulking after air injection, anterior 303f
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty 247f, 272, 298, 309f, 378, 379f
advantages of 381
ondications of 299
Deep lamellar keratoplasty 298
Dehydrating agents 252
Dellen formation 344
Dematiaceous fungi 174
Dendritic ulcer 189, 194f
Descemet's folds and interface infection 379
Descemet's membrane 61, 66, 171, 172, 175, 219, 248, 256, 272, 298, 304f, 305f, 363, 378
and endothelial dystrophy 221, 249
endothelial keratoplasty 253, 383
lamination of 257
part of 251
perforation 306
Descemet's stripping automated endo thelial keratoplasty 252, 382, 382f
Descemetorhexis 386
performed 388f
Diabetes 279
Diffuse lamellar keratitis 68, 70f, 86, 119, 119f
DLK See Diffuse lamellar keratitis
DMEK See Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty
DMEK and PDEK, ancillary techniques for 385
Dohlman keratoprosthesis, parts of 409f
Doughnut-shaped flap 115, 116f
Dry eye 319
cases of 97
diagnosis of 321
forms of 326
inflammation and 319
patients 325
severe 339
status 311
syndrome 321
treatment of 327
Dry eye disease 311, 312, 316, 318, 320
and allergies 319
and blepharitis 320
and conjunctivitis 320
and eyedrops 320
causes of 333
diagnosis of 328t
epidemiology of 312
induction of 319
prevalence 312
scale of problem of 312
vicious cycle of 319f
Dry Weck-Cel sponge 302
DSAEK See Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty
Dystrophy
epithelial 220, 222
map-dot-fingerprint 222
subepithelial 220, 222
E
EBMD See Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy
Econazole 180, 181
Eczema, severe 191f
EK See Endothelial keratoplasty
ELISA See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Embryonic organogenesis 416
Endocrine deficiencies, multiple 357
Endoilluminator-assisted
DMEK 385
PDEK 385
Endophthalmitis 92, 272
Endothelial blebs 426
Endothelial cell 61, 63f, 73, 74f
epithelialization of 255
hexagonal 62f
loss of 73, 91, 309
Endothelial corneal dystrophy, X-linked 258
Endothelial decompensation 249f
Endothelial keratiits 189, 197
Endothelial keratoplasty 192, 193f, 252, 298, 381
Endothelial polymegathism 427
Endothelium 53, 61, 63f, 378
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 161
Eosinophilic hyaline deposits, deposition of 65
Epidermal keratinocytes 365
Epikeratophakia 107
Episclera 437
Episcleral plexus, superficial 438
Episcleritis 437–440, 440t, 448, 449
classification of 439
Epithelial abrasion 424
Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy 222, 223f
Epithelial cell 315
intermediate 57f
proliferating 86
shape of superficial 64
superficial 56, 56f
Epithelial inclusion cyst 344
Epithelial ingrowth 122, 123f
management of 123
Epithelial keratitis 187, 191f, 194, 197
Epithelial layers distinctly 55
Epithelial microcysts 425
Epithelial microerosions 434
Epithelial thinning 424
Epithelial wrinkling 431
Epithelium 53, 55
in keratoconus, superficial 64f
Erosion dystroph 225f
epithelial recurrent 225
histopathology 226
management 226
signs 226
symptoms 225
Escherichia coli 147, 149f, 211
Eukaryotic and heterotrophic organisms 169
Ex vivo stem cell expansion 363
Excimer laser 81
pulse 82f
tissue interaction 83
treatment, customized 88
Exogenous sources 74
Eye
of immunocompetent 171
pathogenesis involving 420
Eyeball 437
Eyelid 433
scarring 339
F
Fabry's disease 74
Fanconi syndrome 416
Fehr corneal dystrophy 244
Femtosecond laser 87, 90, 92, 288
eliminating 79
intrastromal lenticular implantation 103
LASIK 100
platform 102
technique 286
Femtosecond lenticule extraction 99, 101
Femtosecond posterior lamellar keratoplasty 389
Femtosecond-assisted
corneal transplantation 388
deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty 389
lamellar keratoplasty 377
LASIK 96, 97, 101f
superficial anterior lamellar keratoplasty 389
Fenestrated rigid contact lens 432f
Fibrin glue 344f
Fibrin substrate 367
Filamentous fungi 170
Flap
complications 108
decentered 117f
problems 85
striae 120f
Fleck corneal dystrophy 247
histopathology 248
inheritance 247
management 248
signs 248
symptoms 248
Fleshy pterygium 340f
FLEX See Femtosecond lenticule extraction
Fluconazole 180, 181, 183
Flucytosine 182, 183
Fluorescein 322
staining 322
tear breakup test 326
Fluorinated pyrimidines 182
Fluorometholone 449
Flurbiprofen 449
Food and Drug Administration 422
Forme fruste keratoconus 123
Fornix reconstruction 339
Foscarnet 198
Free flap 116f
FS-LASIK See Femtosecond-assisted LASIK
Fuchs’ dystrophy 66, 249f, 250, 382
Fuchs’ endothelial
corneal dystrophy 249
dystrophy 66
Fundus fluorescein angiography 445f
Fungal filaments 176f
in gram staining 177f
Fungal hyphae 72f
Fungal keratitis 71, 139, 140, 169, 184
clinical features 172
diagnosing 72
epidemiology 169
incidence of 169
laboratory diagnosis 176
medical treatment 178
pathogenesis 171
principles of therapy 182
risk factors 170
surgical treatment 184
treatment for 182, 183
Fungal species, identification of 148
Fungal ulcer, typical 172f
Fungi
classification of 169
detection of 152
dimorphic 170
nonreplicating, nonreplicating 175
Fusarium sp 169–171, 181, 182
G
GCD See Granular corneal dystrophy
Gene mutations in cystinosis gene 417
Genetic locus 222
Giant cell, multinucleated 159f
Giemsa stain 144, 146, 159, 163, 177
Glaeseria 203
Glaucoma
coexisting 255
congenital 257
incidence of 406
intractable 368
medications, multidose 331
secondary 272
steroid induced 344
Globulin 432
Glucose phosphate isomerase 204
Gold fish analogy for functions of tear layers 317f
Gomori methenamine 177
silver stain 211
Graft
adhesion 387
centration 387
edema 344
edge unfolding 387
failure, primary 377f
floatation 387
hemorrhage 344
inversion 344
necrosis in inverted graft 344
rejection 308, 389
retraction 344
unwrinkling 387
Gram stain 144, 146, 176
techniques 177
Gram-negative bacteria 152
Gram-positive bacteria 152
Granular corneal dystrophy 242f, 243
Granular dystrophy 65
Grayson-Wilbrandt corneal dystrophy 221, 234
histopathology 234
inheritance 234
signs 234
symptoms 234
H
Haemophilus influenzae 444
HAM See Human amniotic membrane
Hank's balanced salt solution 158
Hansatome microkeratome 128
Hartmanella 203
species 212
Harvesting conjunctival autograft 342
Hazy cornea 256f
HBSS See Hank's balanced salt solution
Healthy cornea
in high magnification 62f
in low magnification 62f
Healthy endothelial cells, number of 73
Hematopoietic stem cell 422
Hemosiderosis 74
Hepatitis
B 347
C 347
Hereditary corneal stromal dystrophies, types of 300
Herpes keratitis 279
Herpes simplex virus 160f, 161, 445
keratitis 159f, 160f, 187–192, 196
classification of 189t
prevention of recurrent 197
risk factors for 191t
type of 189
necrotizing keratitis 351
vaccination 198
Herpes zoster 445
ophthalmicus 440
Herpetic disciform keratitis 196
Herpetic endothelitis 196
Herpetic epithelial keratitis, treatment of 194
Herpetic eye disease 187
study 188
Herpetic infection 346
Herpetic keratitis 71, 187, 193
clinical presentation 189
complications 193
epidemiology 187
etiology 188
management 194
manifestations of 187
prevention 197
risk factors 190
High-hyperopic ablation 45f
Homogeneous hexagonal cells 61
HSV See Herpes simplex virus
Human amniotic membrane 365f
Human anterior lens capsular scaffold 367
Human immunodeficiency virus 347
infection 362
Human leukocyte antigen 375
Hydroxychloroquine 75
Hydroxyethyl-cellulose 329
Hypercapnia 424
Hyperlipidemia 74
Hyperopia 103, 112
surgical correction of 107
Hyperopic LASIK, complications of 108
Hyperreflective cellular stroma 68
Hypertonic sodium chloride 224
Hyphe 170
Hypokalemia 418
Hypophosphatemia 418
Hypoxia 424
Hypromellose 329
I
Iatrogenic ectasia 87
Iatrogenic keratectasias 87
ICL See Implantable contact lens
ICRS 284, 285, 292
Imidazoles 180
Immobile lens syndrome 427
Immunological disorders 357
Immunoperoxidase technique 211
Immunosuppressive therapy 452
Implantable and prosthetic devices 368
Implantable contact lens 91
In situ keratomileusis 80
In vivo confocal microscopy 71f, 72, 72f
of cornea 210f
Infection, initial 207
Infectious scleritis, treatment of 452
Infectious suppurative keratitis, cause of 169
Infective scleritis, causes of 445
Inflammatory response 207
Infliximab 450
Insulin 421
Intacs regular segment 284
Interblink interval 325
Intracapsular crystalline lens extraction 400f
Intracorneal deposits 74
sources of 74
Intracorneal ring segments 269
types of 284t
Intracytoplasmic lysosome-like lamellar inclusion 75
Intraepithelial edema 66
Intraocular lens 1, 400
Intraocular pressure 301, 366, 442
accurate 110
reduction of 115
Intraocular surgery 92
Intrastromal corneal ring segments 282
advantages of 284
complications 288
contraindications 284
disadvantages of 285
indications for 283
intraoperative complications 288
postoperative complications 288
structure of 283
surgical techniques 285
types of 282
Iris excision 400f
Itraconazole 180, 181
J
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis 440
K
KCS See Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Keratconus, management of 268
Keratectomy, postphotorefractive 40
Keratic precipitates 428
Keratitis 160f, 183, 357
cause of 171
diagnosis of nonviral 144t, 146t, 150
diagnostic procedures in infectious 139
diffuse 189
disciform 189, 190, 196f
fungal etiology of 211
infectious 70, 88, 346, 425
linear 189
medicamentosa 330f
microbial 139, 143, 190, 425
non-necrotizing 195
role in 70
type of 197
Keratoconic cornea 62, 270
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 311, 323f, 324f
Keratoconus 15, 23, 32, 47f, 61, 253, 285, 289
advanced 65f
cases of 62
early 33f
optical effects of 268
prediction index 23
progressive nature of 268
surgical management of 271
suspect 23, 34, 87
topography pattern 35f
treatment options for 268
Keratocyte 53, 246
depletion 207
nuclei 59
Keratoglobus 36, 253
Keratolimbal
allograft 359, 363, 364f
graft 363f
Keratometer 1
Keratometric index, standard 2
Keratometry reading
minimum 22
simulated (SimK values) 21
Keratomileusis 79
experience of 87
literally 79
Keratopathy, drug-induced 75
Keratoplasty 220t, 252, 309, 338, 392
advances in 375
classification advances in 375
conductive 112
indications of 74
manual 375
procedure 392
repeat penetrating 377f
superficial 338
Keratoprosthesis 392
Keratorefractive procedures 32
Keratoscopy 2
Keratotomy
hexagonal 107
overcorrected radial 112
photorefractive 40, 68, 79, 83, 95, 99, 107, 114
Ketoconazole 180, 181, 183
Kinyoun method 154
Kinyoun's modification of acid-fast stain 146
Kontur lens 415
Krypton fluoride excimer laser 83f
L
Lacrimal gland 313, 318, 319, 337
atrophy, cause of 318
Lactophenol cotton blue 146
Lamellar keratoplasty 272, 298, 375, 376
anterior 376
posterior 376, 381
superficial anterior 376
LASEK See Laser epithelial keratomileusis
Laser cavity 82f
Laser correction for myopia 284, 285
Laser epithelial keratomileusis 85, 107
Laser lenticular extraction 103
Laser thermal keratoplasty 44, 46f, 112
for hyperopia 46f
Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis 42, 67, 69f, 70f, 78, 84, 95–103, 109f, 114, 127
ablation 43, 135
birth of 79
central islands 124
complications 85, 90, 114
contraindication for 110
decentered
ablations 124
flap 117
early postoperative complications 119
epithelial
defect 118, 119
ingrowth 122
flap
displacements 121
wrinkling/striae 120
free cap 116
group 97
hyperopic 108, 109f, 111, 111f, 112
ablation-related complications 110
flap complications 108
management of complications 110
in hyperopia 107, 110
indications of 89
infections 122
interface debris 121
intraoperative
bleeding 118
complications 114
keratectasia 123
late postoperative complications 122
limitations of 89
management 114
overcorrected myopic 112
partial flap 114, 115
primary 135
regression and haze 125
retinal complications 125
surgery 127
wavefront-guided 134
LASIK See Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
Lasiodiplodia sp. 170
Lattice corneal dystrophy 237, 238, 238f
Leaking blebs 346
Lens
and cornea
distance between front 55
front 54
edge imprint 430
supplementary 78
syndrome, tight 431
Lenticular problems 92
Lenticule creation 102
Leucine aminopeptidase 204
Lid 394f
lower 394f
Lignocaine hydrochloride 141
Limbal allograft 339
rejection 362
Limbal autograft 339
transplantation 360
Limbal cell transplantation, surgical techniques for 359
Limbal dermoid 346
Limbal epithelium 313, 356
Limbal stem cell 355, 367
cultivated 363
deficiency 338, 356, 359f
causes of 357t
total and partial 357f
location of 354f
transplantation 339, 354, 366
Limbal tumors 357
Limbic keratoconjunctivitis, superior 322
Limbitis, chronic 357
Limbus 338
Lipid deposits 433
Lipid layer 316
LK See Lamellar keratoplasty
Local tangential curvature map 20
Loteprednol 449
Lowenstein-Jensen medium 144
LSCD See Limbal stem cell deficiency
LTK See Laser thermal keratoplasty
Lycoprotein 270
Lymphoproliferative syndromes 319
Lysophospholipase 206
Lysosomal enzymes 209
Lysosomal storage disorder 419
Lysozyme 432
M
Macula in posterior scleritis 445f
Macular corneal dystrophy 244, 245f, 300
Macular dystrophy 246, 247f
Macular edema 92
Malate dehydrogenase 204
Mannose-binding protein 205
Matrix metalloproteinases 270, 351
Matted eyelashes 321f
Maumenee corneal dystrophy 227, 256
histopathology 228
management 228
signs 228
symptoms 227
Meibomian gland 313, 433
dysfunction 320
obstructed 321f
Meniscus height 326
Metaherpetic ulcer 193f
healing 348f
Methotrexate 450
dosage of 450
Miconazole 180, 183
Microbial keratitis 140
diagnosis of 141
Microkeratome-assisted LASIK 96
Moire deflectometry-based systems 7
Molecular methods 156
Mooren's ulcer 357
Mucin in goblet cells 358
Mucin layer 316
Mucoepidermal junction of lid 313
Mucor 170
Mucosal epithelium, biopsy of 365
Mucosal flap, central opening in 401f
Mueller-Hinton agar 148, 150f
Mycobacterium chelonae keratitis 154f
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 150, 445
Mycophenolate mofetil 450
Mycotic keratitis 71
diagnosis of 177
Myopia 282, 284
high 78, 99f
low 89
moderate 98f
treatment of 95
Myopic ablation 43f, 84f
decentered 46f
Myopic corrections 41
Myopic eyes 87
Myopic laser in situ keratomileusis 17f
Myopic LASIK 108
N
Natamycin 179, 183
Near-Descemet's deep lamellar keratoplasty 299
Necrotizing anterior scleritis 442, 444f
with inflammation 442, 443f
without inflammation 442
Necrotizing keratitis 195
Necrotizing scleritis 438, 442, 443f, 448, 449, 451f
surgically induced 444
Nephropathic cystinosis 417, 420f
Nerve
fibers, small 58
growth factor 100
plexuses, sub-basal 58
plexuses, subepithelial 58
Neurotrophic keratitis 171
Neurotrophic keratopathy 193, 346
Neurotrophic ulcer 349f
healed 353f
Neutrophils 171
kill ameba 209
Newer biological agents 450
Nipkow disk 54
Nocardia species 154
Nodular scleritis 442, 442f
Non-amniotic substrate 367
Noninflammatory ectatic disorder 61
Non-nutrient agar 143, 144
Nonpreserved drugs 331
Non-Sjögren's syndrome 319
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 449
Nonviral corneal ulcer 143
Nonviral keratitis 140, 144f, 157, 211
NSAIDs See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Nuclear sclerotic cataract 137
Nystatin 180
O
Ocular
adnexa 337
chemical injury 346
cicatricial pemphigoid 347, 357
disease, active 279
Ocular protection index 325
calculating 325t
Ocular surface 313, 313f, 338
comprises 337
damage 317
disease 97, 299
disorders 337
dysfunction of 316
epithelium 354
equivalents, bioengineered 363
inflammatory reactions of 318
multiple 357
reconstruction 337
indications for 339t
squamous neoplasia 299, 339, 346
resection 352f
staining 322, 323t
transplantation, evolution of 338
Oculopalpebral and reconstructive surgery 347
Oil glands, assessment of 327
Onchocerca 445
Opaque corneal stroma 305
Ophthalmic practice 70
Ophthalmometer 1
Optical coherence tomography 11f
Optics 54
Optimum refractive treatment 49
Oral ketoconazole 183
Oral steroids, starting 191f
Orbicularis
muscle 397
suturing 396f
Orbscan II system 8f
Orbscan, postoperative 133f
OSD See Ocular surface disorders
Osmotic effects 434
OSR See Ocular surface reconstruction
OSSN See Ocular surface squamous neoplasia
Oxychloro complex, stabilized 331
P
Pachymetry 89
Paecilomyces 182
Pallikaris 84
Papanicolaou stain 159
Papillary cum follicular conjunctivitis 430
PBIKP See Pintucci biointegrated keratoprosthesis
PBS See Phosphate buffered saline
PDA See Potato dextrose agar
PDEK See Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty
Pellucid marginal corneal degeneration 292
Pellucid marginal degeneration 35
Penetrating keratoplasty 48f, 271, 375, 376
Perilimbal injection 362
Perinuclear hypodense rings 56
Periodic acid-schiff stains 177, 211
Peripheral cornea 38, 355f
Peripheral iridectomy 387
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis 357
Phakic lens 78, 91
Phosphate buffered saline 158
Phosphoglucomutase 204
Phospholipase A 206
Photoablation related complications 85
Photokeratoscope raw image 14f
Photokeratoscopy 2
Photophobia 256, 356, 428, 431
Phototherapeutic keratectomy 125
Pigmented fungal ulcer 175f
Pintucci biointegrated keratoprosthesis 392, 393, 399f
surgical technique 393
Pintucci keratoprosthesis 393f
Piramidal aberrometry 26
Placido's disk 7
method 7
system 5
Placido's targets, types of 7
Placido's rings 3f, 14
Plano refraction 136
Pleomorphism 73f
PMMA See Polymethyl methacrylate
Polyarteritis nodosa 439, 440, 447
Polyenes 179
Polyglycolic acid 396
Polymegathism 73f
Polymerase chain reaction 151, 158
Polymethyl methacrylate 282, 368, 401
Polymorphous dystrophy, posterior 66
Polymorphous membranous dystrophy, posterior 254f
Polymyositis 440
Polyphaga 204
Polyvinyl alcohol 329
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 329
Postastigmatic keratotomy 38
Postintrastromal corneal rings implantation 45
Postlaser in situ keratomileusis 42
Postlaser thermal keratoplasty 44
Post-LASIK
ectasia 282, 289, 292
eye 137
surgery 154f, 276
Post-PRK ectasia 282
Postradial keratotomy 38
cornea 40f
Post-refractive keratectasia 276, 280
Potassium hydroxide 144, 176, 176f
preparation 146
Potato dextrose agar 144, 145
Potential visual acuity 22
Povidone 329
Preclude iris 256f
Precorneal tear film, layers of 316t
Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty 381, 383, 384
Prednisolone 308
Preocular tear film 314
PRK See Photorefractive keratectomy
Prokera 353
Prolate surface 4
Propionibacterium
acnes 150
species 155
Propionyl esterase 204
Protein deposit 432
contact lens 433f
Pseudoanterior chamber 307
Pseudokeratoconus 49
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 147f, 425
isolated 150f
Pseudomonas keratitis 156
Pseudomonas spp 143
Pterygium 38, 299, 339, 346, 357
excision 340f, 342, 343f
surgery 343
complications of 344t
Punctate epithelial staining, superior 430
Punctate keratitis, superficial 321
Punctum patch 333f
Pupillary block glaucoma 307
Pupillometer 89
Pure placido disk technology 18
Pythium insidiosum 148
R
Rabbit corneas 83f
Ray tracing system 26
Reactive oxygen species 277
Recipient eye 406f, 407f
button removed 405f
Rectus muscle 396
disinsertion 344
Reflection of buccal mucosa, second stage 398f
Refractive lens surgery 89
Refractive lensectomy 78
Refractive map 20
Refractive outcome 308
Refractometer, spatially resolved 26
Reis-Bucklers corneal dystrophy 231, 232f
histopathology 232
inheritance 231
management 233
signs 232
symptoms 232
Relapsing polychondritis 439, 440
ReLEx technique 90
Renal dysfunction 422
Renal manifestations, extra 418
endocrine 418
gonads 418
growth retardation 418
myopathy 418
neurology 418
Renal tubular acidosis 416
Residual hyperopia 135
Residual pachymetry 131
Residual stroma, thickness of 87
Retinal detachment 92
Retreated corneas 127
RGP lenses See Rigid gas permeable lenses
Rheumatoid arthritis 440, 442, 443f
Rheumatoid factor 447
Rhizopus sp. 170
Riazole antifungal agents 182
Riboflavin acts 270
Rigid contact lens 425f
Rigid gas permeable lenses 48, 116, 268, 269
Rigid scleral lens, interface debris in 433f
Robertson's cooked meat broth 144
Root mean square 32t
Rose bengal 324
staining of conjunctiva 324f
RTA See Renal tubular acidosis
S
Sabouraud dextrose agar 144, 145
Sahara syndrome 86
SAI See Surface asymmetry index
Sands of Sahara 119
syndrome 68
Sarcoidosis 440
Satellite lesions 173
multiple 174f
Sattler's veil 425
Scedosporium 182
Scheimpflug camera 9
Scheimpflug photography, principle of 8
Scheimpflug technology 15
Scheimpflug-based topographer 9f
Schirmer's test 98, 327
Sclera 437
Scleral contact lens 426f
Scleral edema 442, 448f
Scleral inflammation 452
infectious 444
treatment of 449
Scleritis 437, 439, 440, 440t, 444, 447–449
anterior 438, 443
necrotizing 449, 450
non-necrotizing 449
classification of 439
complication of 448
necrotizing 448
diagnosis of 440
diagnostic evaluation of 447
diffuse 441f
posterior 438, 443, 444, 446f, 447, 449
treatment of 450, 452
Scleromalacia perforans 438, 442
Scotopic pupils, large 88
SDA See Sabouraud dextrose agar
Securing conjunctival autograft 342
Septate fungal filaments 152f
Serratia marcescens 425
Serum uric acid 447
Sexual hormones 335
Shack-Hartmann method 26
Sheep blood agar 145, 177
chocolate 145
Sheimpflug-based noncontact tonometer 100
Shield ulcer 346
Silver sulfadiazine 183
Sirius system 9
Sjögren's syndrome 171, 319
primary 319
secondary 319
Slice of cornea, computer-generated 53
Small-incision lenticule extraction 89, 91, 96–99, 101, 101f
advantages of 97
all-femtosecond 91
surgery, enhancements after 103
technique 96
SMILE See Small-incision lenticule extraction
SMILE ReLEx, future of 90
Sodium perborate 331
Spherical aberration 32t
primary 32t
Spherical configuration 38
Spherical equivalent 287
SPK See Superficial punctate keratopathy
Staphylococcus aureus 425
Staphylococcus epidermidis 155
Stem cell
cultures 347
transplantation 360f, 366
Stevens-Johnson syndrome 299, 339, 357, 368, 392
Stocker-Holt variant encompasses 228
Strabismus, surgical correction for 247
Streptococcus pneumonia 149, 152, 425
Stroma 55, 58
acellular 58
cellular 58
neurosensory 58
Stromal corneal dystrophy 219, 235, 235t
Stromal disease, surgical treatment of 378
Stromal dystrophy 221, 234
Stromal edema 254f
Stromal herpes simplex keratitis 351
Stromal keratitis 175, 187, 189, 190, 195, 197
Stromal keratocyte 60f
nuclei 59
Stromal necrosis 207
Stromal nerve fibers 59
Stromal opacities 245f
Stromal striae 426
Subconiunctival hemorrhage 85
Subconjunctival miconazole 183
Subconjunctival tissues 437
Subconjunctivitis 438
Subepithelial nerve
fibers 58f, 69
plexus 55, 56
Subneurosensory retinal space 445f
Sulfacetamide 183
Superficial punctate keratopathy 321, 425
Suprachoroidal hemorrhage 92
Symblephara 395
Symblepharon 346
formation 339
shell in situ 349f
Syphilis 347, 440
serologic tests for 447
Systemic autoimmune disease 440
Systemic diseases 439
Systemic lupus erythematosus 440
Systemic tetracyclines 334
T
Tacrolimus 450
T-cell inhibitors 450
Tear
artificial 328
breakup time, noninvasive 325
deposits 432
drainage system, occlusion of 332
evaporation in ocular surface disease, role of 318f
inflammatory mediators in SMILE 100
lysozyme 432
meniscus height 98
nonpreserved artificial 331
preservation 332
preservatives in artificial 329
substitutes, artificial 329t
substitution 328
Tear film 313, 313f
composition of 315
dysfunction of 316
functional unit 313t
normal 316f
osmolarity, altered 434
regulation 314
stability, assessment of 325
Tenon's capsule 437
Terrien's marginal degeneration 37
Testosterone 421
Tetraene antibiotic 179
Therapeutic DALK 380
Therapeutic keratoplasty 184
Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy 233
histopathology 234
inheritance 233
signs 233
symptoms 233
Thioglycollate broth 144
Thiomersal hypersensitivity 429
Threatening infectious keratitis 70
Thyroxine 421
Tissue culture methods 161
TMH See Tear meniscus height
Topical antibiotic drops 308
Topical autologous serum 335
Topical corticosteroids 334
Topographers
curvature-based 5
elevation-based 7
Topographic indexes, basic 21
Topography
examination 10
improvement in 290f
Topography-guided treatment 89
Toxic epidermal necrolysis 346, 357
Toxic lens syndrome 427
Toxicity 427
Toxocara 445
Toxoplasma 445
gondii 150
Transient amplifying cells 355f
Transporters-preceding cell atrophy 420
Trauma 357
Treponema pallidum 445
Triazole 180
water-soluble 181
Trichiasis 339
Trifluridine 195, 198
Trigeminal nerve 314
Trophozoites of acanthamoeba 152
Troublesome artefacts 152
Tscherning aberrometry 135
Tscherning technique 26
Tuberculosis 440
Tubular glomeruli 417
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha 100
U
Ulcer 173f
Ulcerative colitis 440
Undercorrected hyperopic 111
LASIK 111
Unmyelinated nerve fibers 437
Urrets-Zavalia syndrome 379
V
Valacyclovir 198
Vancomycin 452
drops 410
Varicella zoster virus 159, 161
Vascular plexuses 438f
Vessels of episclera and sclera, layers of 438t
Videokeratography system 4f
Videokeratoscopes 7
Videokeratoscopy 3
Viral
disease 157
infections, diagnosis of 156
Viral keratitis 157, 158t
collection of samples 157
diagnosis of 157, 163
diagnostic tests for 161t
protocol for 156
transport of samples 157
Virology results, interpretation of 163
Visante ocular coherence tomography 307f
Visual acuity 308
assessment 279
best corrected 270
corrected distance 103
decreases 243
spectacle-corrected 86
uncorrected 131f, 308
Visual disturbances, severe 42
Visualize corneal guttata 66
Vogt's striae 61
Voriconazole 181
Vortex keratopathy 75
VZV See Varicella zoster virus. 161
W
Wegener's granulomatosis 440, 447, 449–451, 451f
Wilson's disease 74
Witschel dystrophy 246
Y
Yeasts 170
Z
Zeihl Neelsen acid-fast stain 146
Zeiss achroplan lens 141f
Zernike polynomial 27
expansion 28f
Zernike second order 134
Ziehl-Neelsen
staining 154f
technique 154
Zylink software program 128
Zyoptix enhancement
program 132
surgery 129
Zyoptix system 127, 135
Zyoptix wavefront-guided customised ablation 127, 128
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