Psychiatric Drug Handbook Lopamudra (Dhar) Chowdhury, Om Prakash Singh
INDEX
A
Acamprosate 92, 94
Acetylcholine 6, 7
Acute dystonia 111
Acute mania 66
Acute onset panic disorder 110
Addiction 2
Adrenocortical insufficiency 107
Agomelatine 61
Agonist-antagonist
buprenorphine 84
butorphanol 84
nalbuphine 84
pentazocine 84
Akathisia 111
Alcohol withdrawal 110
Alcoholism drug-dosage regimens used 94
Alprazolam 11, 16, 17, 18, 43, 46, 48, 75, 92, 104, 110
Alzheimer's disease 2
drugs used in treatment of 96
pathophysiology 95
symptoms 95
anterograde memory loss 95
forgetfulness in daily chores of life 95
misplacement of items 95
missed appointments 95
repetition of questions 95
Amino acids 1
Amoxapine 117
Anorexia nervosa 44
Anti-anxiety drugs in children 104
Anticonvulsants in psychiatry
history 98
used drugs 98
carbamazepine 98
lamotrigine 98
valproate 98
Antidepressants 39, 105
discussion 40
in children 103
pharmacodynamics 44
pharmacokinetics 43
principles of therapy 41
used
atypical antidepressants 39
monoamine oxidase inhibitors 39
newer antidepressants 39
selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 39
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 39
tricyclic and tetracyclic 39
Antihistaminics in psychiatry 98, 100
Antipsychotics 63, 106
associated medical conditions 65
drugs
first generation 63, 67
long acting depot 63
second generation 63
in children 103
indications 64
mechanism of action 64
pharmacokinetics 63
principles of therapy 65
Anxiety disorders 44
Anxiolytics
benzodiazepines
indications of use of 75
other anti-anxiety drugs 76
symptoms on withdrawal 75
buspirone
advantages 77
adverse effects 77
indications for use 76
Appetite stimulants 109
anticonvulsants 109
antidepressants 109
antihistaminic 109
corticosteroids 109
dronabinol 109
megestrol 109
mixed serotonergic and nor-adrenergic agent 108
oxandrolone 109
serotonergic agents 108
sympathomimetic agents 108
Aripiprazole 106, 119
Atomoxetine 61
Autosomal dominant inherited disorder 96
B
Barbiturates 10
newer hypnotics 14
pharmacokinetics 13
phenobarbitone 15
thiopentone 15
uses 13
Benzodiazepines 9, 10
actions 11
adverse effects 12
drugs
alprazolam 16
clonazepam 16
diazepam 16
flurazepam 16
interactions 12
lorazepam 16
midazolam 16
nitrazepam 16
temazepam 16
triazolam 16
hypnosis 11
pharmacokinetics 11
sedation 12
uses 12
Biogenic amines 1
Biperiden 27
Bipolar mood disorders 66
Blackbox warning 103
Body weight disorders 108
Bulimia nervosa 44
Bupropion 48, 117
adverse effects 49
contraindications 49
drug interactions 50
indications 49
mechanism of action 49
pharmacokinetics 49
Buspirone 15
Butyrophenones 112
C
Carbamazepine 120
Cell bodies 6
Centrally acting analgesics-opioids 78
Chlordiazepoxide 94
Chlorpromazine 26, 63
Cholecystokinin 8
Citalopram 44, 115
Clomipramine 116
Clonazepam 18
Clonidine 94
Clozapine 119, 123
CNS
depressants 92
stimulants 93
Codeine 82
Comparative study of commonly used drugs 15
barbiturates 15
methohexital 15
phenobarbitone 15
thiopentone 15
Corticotropin releasing factor 7
Cushing's syndrome 107
Cyproheptadine 100
D
Delirium tremens, psychiatric emergencies 110
Dementia, pharmacotherapy of 95
Depression 2, 44
Desipramine 116
Diazepam 94
Dietary habit 2
Digestive inhibitors 108
Dopamine
physiologic actions
catecholamine release 20
CNS 20
heart 19
kidney 19
pituitary gland 20
transporter 5
Drug-drug interactions 113
antidepressants 115
atypical antipsychotics 119
5HT2 antagonists 116
MAO inhibitors 118
mood stabilizers 120
SNRIs 116
TCAs 116
tetracyclic antidepressants 117
typical antipsychotics 118
Drug-induced psychotic disorders 107
Drug therapy of status epilepticus 38
Drugs used in ADHD 103
Duloxetine 116
E
Eating disorders 44
Endogenous
and exogenous 26
opioid system 78
Enzyme
CYP1A2 114
CYP2C19 114
CYP2C9 114
CYP2D6 113
CYP3A4 114
Epilepsy
causes 28
characteristic electroencephalographic changes 28
drugs used
aliphatic carboxylic acid 29
barbiturate 29
carbamazepine 32
clobazam 37
clonazepam 37
cyclic GABA analog 29
diazepam 37
ethosuximide 34
gabapentin 34
hydantoin 29
iminostilbine 29
lamotrigine 35
levetiracetam 35
phenobarbitone 30
phenyltriazine 29
phenytoin 31
primidone 37
succinimide 29
tiagabine 36
topiramate 36
valproic acid 33
zonisamide 36
essentials of diagnosis 28
evolution of 29
focal neurological symptoms 28
general considerations 28
mental status abnormalities 28
principles of therapy 29
recurrent seizures 28
types 28
Epinephrine 5
Ergot alkaloids, contraindications of use 90
Escitalopram 44
Euphoria 12
Exenatide 109
Ezopiclone17
F
Fat substitute, adverse effects 109
Fentanyl 82
Flumazenil 14
Fluoxetine 44, 115, 122
Flupentixol decanoate 63
Fluphenazine decanoate 63
Fluvoxamine 115, 122
G
Genetics 2
Geriatric psychopharmacology 105
Glutamate 8
Glycine 8
Guidelines of drug therapy during pregnancy and lactation 102
H
Haloperidol 33, 4648, 6368, 70, 93, 118
Hepatic encephalopathy 107
Histamine 6
Homovanillic acid 5
Huntington disease 96
pathophysiology 97
treatment of 97
Hydroxyzine 100
Hyperparathyroidism 107
Hyperventilation 111
Hypnotics 9
Hypnotics and sedatives 105
I
Imipramine 116
Insomnia 2, 14, 16
therapy of 17
J
Jaundice 13
K
Ketoconazole 12, 70, 119
Kidney 20, 72
Kidney stones 36, 121
Kinetics 31
L
Lamotrigine 74, 121
Lithium 72, 121
Lorcaserin 109
Losartan 122
M
Mania 2
Maprotiline 117
Medical conditions associated with psychiatric symptoms 107
Melatonin congener 10
Melatonin receptor agonist ramelteon 14
Meperidine 82
Metformin 109
Methadone 83
Metoprolol 122
Migraine
drugs used
anticonvulsants 90
antidepressants 90
beta-blockers 90
calcium channel blockers 90
pharmacotherapy of 88
treatment of 88
Mirtazapine 50, 117
adverse effects 51
contraindications 51
indications 50
mechanism of action 50
oxidase inhibitors
adverse effects 58
mechanism of action 58
pharmacokinetics 58
precautions to be maintained during anesthesia 59
therapeutic indications 58
pharmacokinetics 50
Monoamines
agmatine 2
catecholamines 2
histamine 2
phenylethylamine 2
serotonin 2
Mood stabilizers
atypical antipsychotics 71
carbamazepine 71
in children and adolescents 104
lamotrigine 71
lithium carbonate 71
sodium valproate 71
N
Naltrexone 94
Nefazodone 116
Neurohormone 3
Neuromodulator 3
Neuronal depolarization 3
Neuropeptides 1
Neuropsychiatric disorders due to drugs 107
Neurotensin 7
Neurotoxins 2
Neurotransmitter
imbalance
causes 2
expression of 2
in health and disease 4
Neurotrophic factors 8
Newer antidepressants 60
Newer benzodiazepines drugs
eszopiclone 17
zaleplon 17
zolpidem 17
Non-benzodiazepines 10
Non-pharmacological approaches
continuous positive airway pressure 17
restriction therapy 17
sleep hygiene 17
Norepinephrine 5
Nucleotides 8
O
Olanzapine pamoate 63
Opiates
heroin 91
morphine 91
Opioid
antagonists 85
clinical uses 86
nalmephine 86
nalorphine 86
naloxone 85
naltrexone 85
ligands actions of 78
receptors effects 80
Orphenadrine 27
Oxcarbazepine 121
P
Panic disorders 2
Parkinson's disease 4, 5, 8, 23, 25
dopamine and drugs used for 19, 21
Parkinsonism 2
amantadine 25
apomorphine 24
clinical pearls 25
COMT inhibitors 24
dopamine receptor agonists 23
drugs used in 21
drugs/combinations in 21
levodopa 22
muscarinic receptor antagonists 25
selective MAO inhibitors 24
Paroxetine 44, 115, 122
Personality disorders 66
Pethidine 82
Pharmacotherapy of substance use disorders 91
Phencyclidine 94
Phenelzine 118
Phenothiazine 112, 118
Phenylethanolamine-n-methyltransferase 5
Phenytoin 121
Pheochromocytoma 107
Pimozide 119
Pramlintide 109
Pregabalin 74
Proenkephalin 79
Promethazine 100
Psychiatric drug therapy in special situations 101
drugs used during pregnancy 101
benzodiazepine 101
clozapine 101
gabapentin 101
iron 101
lamotrigine 101
lithium 101
thalidomide 101
valproic acid 101
Psychiatric emergencies 110
drug-induced movement disorders causative agents 112
drugs used in the treatment of extrapyramidal symptoms 112
Psychodelic agents 91
Psychotropic drugs
inducers 113
inhibitors 113
substrates 113
Pyridoxine deficiency 107
Q
Quetiapine 18, 63, 106, 120
Quinidine 57, 121
R
Ramelteon 10
Resistance bipolar disorder 66
Rimonabant 109
Risperidone 26, 6366, 68, 7071, 103, 106, 112115, 120
S
Schizoaffective disorder 66
Sedative-hypnotics 91
Sedatives 9
Serotonin NE reuptake inhibitors 5HT2 receptor antagonists 47
advantages 46
adverse effects 47
uses 46
Serotonin syndrome 45
Sertraline 44, 115
Severe headache 86
Sleep disorders 13
Smoking and St. John's wort 123
Somatostatin 8
Stimulants
amphetamine 91
caffeine 91
cocaine 91
T
Teratogenics 101
Thermogenic agents 108
Thiamine deficiency 107
Thioridazine 63
Thioxanthenes 112
Topiramate 74, 121
Tourette's disorder 67
Tramadol 118
Tranylcypromine 118
Trazodone 117
Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants
adverse effects 54
contraindications 55
drug interactions 55
indications for use 53
mechanism of action 53
pharmacokinetics 53
pharmacological effects 53
Trifluoperazine 63
Triptans
adverse effects 89
contraindications 89
mechanism of action 89
pharmacological parameters of 89
U
Unipolar depression 66
Urinary tests
agmatine 3
aspartate 3
GABA 3
glutamate 3
glycine 3
taurine 3
Uses of morphine and congeners 83
V
Valproate 74, 98, 121
Venlafaxine 116
Verapamil 122
Vilazodone 61
Violent behavior 111
Vitamin B12 deficiency 107
Vitamin E 112
W
Warfarin 122
Weight loss 45, 49
Wilson's disease 107
Weight gain 6, 34, 36, 40, 45, 49, 51, 53, 55
Z
Zaleplon 10, 17
Z-compounds 9
Ziprasonidone 63, 120
Zolmitriptan 89
Zolpidem 10, 17, 104
Zopiclone 10, 17
Zotepine 63
Zuclopenthixol decanoate 63
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Chapter Notes

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General IntroductionChapter 1

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Amino Acids
  1. GABA
  2. Glycine
  3. Taurine
  4. Glutamate
  5. Aspartate
  6. Homocystine.
 
Biogenic Amines
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Monoamines.
 
Neuropeptides
  1. Substance P
  2. Vasopressin
  3. Enkephalin, Endorphin
  4. Neurotensin
  5. Oxytocin.
 
Others
  1. ATP, cAMP
  2. NO, CO
  3. PGs, NH3
    2
Monoamines can be further subdivided into:
(i) Serotonin, (ii) Catecholamines, (iii) Histamine, (iv) Agmatine, (v) Phenylethylamine.
Catecholamines are again further subdivided into:
(a) Epinephrine, (b) Norepinephrine, (c) Dopamine.
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Causes of Neurotransmitter Imbalance
  1. High levels of emotional trauma or stress
  2. Dietary habit
  3. Neurotoxins
  4. Genetics.
 
Expression of Neurotransmitter Imbalance
  1. Depression
  2. Anxiety
  3. Mania
  4. Aggression
  5. Addiction
  6. Compulsive disorders – Drugs/Gambling/Overeating
  7. Insomnia
  8. Epilepsy
  9. Parkinsonism
  10. Alzheimer's disease
  11. ADHD
  12. Panic disorders.
    3
 
Assessment of Neurotransmitter Level in the Body
  1. Plasma, serum, blood
  2. CSF
  3. Urine
Urinary tests of neurotransmitters are following:
GABA
Dopamine
Glycine
Serotonin
Glutamate
Epinephrine
Aspartate
Norepinephrine
Taurine
Histamine
Agmatine
Phenylethylamine
  • Neurotransmitter: Chemical agent fulfilling following criteria:
    • synthesized within the neuron.
    • present in the pre-synaptic neuron and released due to neuronal depolarization.
    • exogenous administration of the molecule will mimic the effects of the endogenous neurotransmitter.
    • acts on post-synaptic neuronal receptor and initiate excitatory or inhibitory response.
    • termination of activity due to deactivation either in the neuron or in the synaptic cleft.
  • Neuromodulator arises from non-synaptic sites yet modulates the response of a neuron towards a neurotransmitter, e.g. adenosine, purines, eicosanoids, NO.
  • Neurohormone is released into the bloodstream from where it can diffuse into the extraneuronal space and exert its actions on the neuron, e.g. ACTH, FSH, LH, GH, Prolactin.