Recent Advances in PEDIATRICS—26
Hot Topics
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Recent Advances in PEDIATRICS—26
Hot Topics
Editor: The Short Textbook of Pediatrics; Recent Advances in Pediatrics (Series), Textbook of Pediatric Emergencies, Neonatal Emergencies, Pediatric Nutrition, and Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Influenza: Complete Spectrum; Case-based Reviews in Pediatric Emergencies, Clinical Problem Solving in Neonatal Emergencies and Intensive Care, etc.
Author: Differential Diagnosis in Pediatrics, Pediatric Drug Directory, Instructive Case Studies in Pediatrics, Influenza, Perspectives in Influenza, Nutrition in Neonatal ICU, Speaking of Child Care, etc.
Chief Editor (Gastroenterology Section): International Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Transplant and Nutrition.
Co-editor: Asian Journal of Maternity and Child Health (Manila, Philippines).
Section and Guest Editor: Pediatric Today (New Delhi).
Editorial Advisor: Asian Journal of Pediatric Practice (New Delhi).
Editorial Advisory Board Member/Reviewer: Indian Journal of Pediatrics (New Delhi), Indian Pediatrics (New Delhi), Indian Journal Child Health (Gwalior), Synopsis (Detroit, USA), Maternal and Child Nutrition (Preston, UK), Journal of Infectious Diseases (Turkey), EC Pediatrics (London), Journal of Clinical Pediatrics (Patna), etc.
Examiner: Several Universities, including National Board of Examinations (NBE) for DNB, New Delhi; All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh; Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar; Indira Gandhi Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi.
Pediatric Faculty Selection Expert: All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Punjab Public Service Commission, Jammu and Kashmir Public Service Commission, Union Public Service Commission.
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Recent Advances in Pediatrics—26: Hot Topics
First Edition: 2018
9789352703432
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My dear Parents whose inspiration, motivation, blessings and moral support continue to contribute a great deal to our academic endeavors and Everybody striving to contribute to child health and welfare for a brighter future globally
Sheikh Minhaj Ahmed
Full-time Pediatric Intensivist
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ch 17: Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Mohammed Javed Ali
Consultant
Dacryology Services
LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 24: Eye Examination at Birth and during Neonatal Period (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Manish Arya
Full-time Pediatric Intensivist
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ch 17: Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Rajath Athreya
Lead Consultant Neonatologist
Rainbow Children's Hospital
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Ch 20: Neonate with Respiratory Distress (An Algorithmic Approach and Newer Concepts in Management)
Anurag Bajpai
Pediatric Endocrinologist
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
Regency Hospital Limited
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ch 38: Prevention of Global Lifestyle Diseases
Divya Balakrishnan
Consultant
Smt Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreoretinal Diseases and Jasti V Ramanamma Childrens’ Eye Care Center
LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 25: Neonatal Retinal Disorders (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Bratati Banerjee
Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Maulana Azad Medical College
New Delhi, India
Ch 29: Strategies to Improve Adolescent Health under Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child Plus Adolescent Health Program
Ch 30: Eradication of Poliomyelitis: Current Scenario
Shweta Bansal
Consultant Pediatric Hemato-oncology and BMT Physician
Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Center
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ch 18: Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
C Bindu DNB (Pediatrics)
Fellow
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ch 17: Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Dinesh Chirla
Director
Intensive Care
Rainbow Children's Hospital
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 20: Neonate with Respiratory Distress
(An Algorithmic Approach and Newer Concepts in Management)
Ch 21: Neonatal Resuscitation: Current Status
Aashima Dabas
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya
New Delhi, India
Ch 1: Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiology
Karan Dang
Senior Resident
Government Medical College
Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ch 6: Management of Childhood Obesity
Parag Shankarrao Dekate
Lead Pediatric Intensivist
Director PICU Fellowship Program
Lotus Hospital for Women and Children
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 35: Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
Edwin Dias
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatrics
Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Ch 12: The Child with Ascites
Preeti M Galagali
Consultant Adolescent Physician and Medical Director
Bangalore Adolescent Care and Counseling Center
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Ch 13: Teen Aggression
Paula Goel
Consultant Pediatrician
Fayth Clinic
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ch 4: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Obesity
Neeraj Gupta
Consultant Intensivist
Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Unit, Institute of Child Health
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
New Delhi, India
Ch 9: Cardiopulmonary Interaction
Ravinder K Gupta
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatrics
Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences and Hospital (ASCOMS)
Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ch 11: Lipid Storage Disorders: An Emerging Threat
Ch 15: Slow Viral Infections of Central Nervous System
Ritu Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of Physiology
Government Medical College
Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ch 15: Slow Viral Infections of Central Nervous System
Naveen Parkash Gupta
Consultant Pediatrcian and Neonatologst
Max Superspecialty Hospital
New Delhi, India
Ch 19: Neonatal Pharmacotherapy
Novy Gupte
Regulatory Consultant
Clnical Development Service Agency (CDSA), Department of Pharmacology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
New Delhi, India
Ch 16: Immunology of Influenza
Ch 31: Giardiasis: Rational Pharmacotherapy in Children and Adolescents
Suraj Gupte
Professor and Head (Emeritus)
Postgraduate Department of Pediatrics
Mamata Medical College and Hospitals
Khammam, Telangana, India
Ch 31: Giardiasis: Rational Pharmacotherapy in Children and Adolescents
Rekha Harish
Professor and Head
Government Medical College and Associated Hospitals
Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ch 2: Metabolic Syndrome: Diagnosis
Ch 6: Management of Childhood Obesity
Jayashree Hegde
Senior Resident
Department of Pediatrics
AJ Institute of Medical Sciences
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
Ch 10: Coma
Vandana Jain
Professor
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology
Department of Pediatrics
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India
Ch 32: Disorders of Sex Development
Subhadra Jalali
Head, Smt Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreo-retinal Diseases and Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 24: Eye Examination at Birth and during Neonatal Period (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Ch 25: Neonatal Retinal Disorders (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Rahul Kadam
Consultant Neonatologist
Lotus Hospitals for Women and Children
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 23: Neonatal Transport
Swathi Kalki
Consultant
Center for Ocular Oncology
LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 24: Eye Examination at Birth and during Neonatal Period (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Ramesh Keunnaya
Head
Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center
LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 24: Eye Examination at Birth and during Neonatal Period (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Kavita Khanijo
Consultant
Department of Neonatology
Fortis Hospital
New Delhi, India
Ch 19: Neonatal Pharmacotherapy
GS Latha
Professor
Department of Pediatrics
SS Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center (SSIMSRC)
Davangere, Karnataka, India
Ch 14: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
MR Lokeshwar
Consultant Pediatrician and Pediatric Hematologist/Oncologist
Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ch 17: Acquired Aplastic Anemia
Sudhir Mishra
Senior Specialist and Head
Department of Pediatrics
In-charge Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Tata Main Hospital
Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
Ch 7: Essentials of Pediatric Intensive Care
Sudha Moka
Consultant Neonatologist and Pediatrician
Lotus Hospital for Women and Children
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 36: Cerebral palsy
R Muralidhar
Consultant
Pediatric Cornea Services
Jasti V Ramanamma Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 24: Eye Examination at Birth and during Neonatal Period (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Deepak Pande
Associate Professor
Department of Pediatrics
Government Medical College
Rajkot, Gujarat, India
Ch 2: Metabolic Syndrome: Diagnosis
Ch 6: Management of Childhood Obesity
Nalinikanta Panigrahy
Consultant
Rainbow Children's Hospital
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 21: Neonatal Resuscitation: Current Status
SK Panigrahi
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
IMS & SUM Hospital, SOA University
Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
Ch 27: Strategies to Reduce the Neonatal and Perinatal Mortality
Ch 28: National Health Mission and the Child
Suresh Kumar Panuganti
Consultant Pediatric Intensivist and Pediatrician
Lotus Hospitals for Women and Children
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 33: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Ch 34: Bronchiolitis
Niranjan Pehere
Consultant
The David Brown Children's Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute
Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
Ch 24: Eye Examination at Birth and during Neonatal Period (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
VSV Prasad
Chief Consultant Neonatologist and Pediatric Intensivist
Lotus Hospitals for Women and Children
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 23: Neonatal Transport
Ch 33 : Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Ch 34: Bronchiolitis
Ch 35: Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
Ch 36: Cerebral Palsy
Ajay Puri
Assistant Professor
Department of Biochemistry
Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences and Hospital (ASCOMS) Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ch 11: Lipid Storage Disorders: An Emerging Threat
Padmaja Kumari Rani
Consultant
Smt Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreo-retinal Diseases and Jasti V Ramanamma Childrens’ Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 25: Neonatal Retinal Disorders (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
E Venkata Rao
Professor
Department of Community Medicine
IMS & SUM Hospital
SOA University
Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
Ch 27: Strategies to Reduce the Neonatal and Perinatal Mortality
Ch 28: National Health Mission and the Child
Vivek M Rege
Pediatric and Neonatal Surgeon
Saifee Hospital
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ch 37: Prenatal Diagnosis and Postnatal Therapy of Surgical Anomalies
Anil Sachdev
Director and Senior Consultant
Pediatric Emergency, Critical Care and Pulmonology, Institute of Child Health
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
New Delhi, India
Ch 9: Cardiopulmonary Interaction
Bedangshu Saikia
Fellow, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
London, UK
Ch 8: Extracorporeal Life Support
Sarita Sambhana
Consultant
Smt Kanuri Santhamma Center for Vitreo-retinal Diseases and Jasti V Ramanamma Childrens’ Eye Care Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Ch 25: Neonatal Retinal Disorders (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
KP Sarbhai
Consulting Pediatrician
Sarbhai Nursing Home
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Ch 26: Impact of Immunization on the Community
Sirisha Senthil
Head
VST Glaucoma Center
LV Prasad Eye Institute
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 24: Eye Examination at Birth and during Neonatal Period (Excluding Retinopathy of Prematurity)
Prenika Shangloo
Senior Resident
Department of Pediatrics
Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences and Hospital (ASCOMS)
Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ch 15: Slow Viral Infections of Central Nervous System
Sanjay Sharma
Senior Fellow in Immunology
State University of New York
New York, USA
Ch 16: Immunology of Influenza
Sushil Sharma
Senior Resident
Government Medical College and Associated Hospitals
Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ch 2: Metabolic Syndrome: Diagnosis
Ch 6: Management of Childhood Obesity
Utpal Kant Singh
Professor and Head (Ex)
Nalanda Medical College
Patna, Bihar, India
Ch 16: Immunology of Influenza
Santosh T Soans
Professor and Head
Department of Pediatrics
AJ Institute of Medical Sciences
Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
Ch 10: Coma
Priya Soni
Emergency Physician and Intensivist
Mission Hospital
Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Ch 22: Systematic Approach to the Bleeding Neonate
A Swapna
Consultant Neonatologist
Lotus Hospitals for Women and Children
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Ch 33: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Lokesh Tiwari
Assistant Professor
Department of Pediatrics
All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Patna, Bihar, India
Ch 8: Extracorporeal Life Support
Satish K Tiwari
Professor
Department of Pediatrics
PDM Medical College
Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Ch 7: Essentials of Pediatric Intensive Care
Ch 8: Extracorporeal Life Support
Pankaj C Vaidya
Assistant Professor
Department of Pediatrics
Advanced Pediatrics Center
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
Chandigarh, India
Ch 8: Extracorporeal Life Support
Virender Verma
Consultant Neonatologist
Institute of Pediatrics and Neonatology
Mission Hospital
Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Ch 22: Systematic Approach to the Bleeding Neonate
Anju Virmani
Senior Consultant Pediatric Endocrinologist
Max, Pentamed, and Apollo Hospitals
New Delhi, India
Ch 3: Dyslipidemia and Obesity
Ch 5: Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity
Varuna Vyas
Assistant Professor
Department of Pediatrics
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Ch 32: Disorders of Sex Development
Sangeeta Yadav
Director Professor and Head
Department of Pediatrics
Maulana Azad Medical College
New Delhi, India
Ch 1: Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiology
Preface
Ever since its inception in 1990–91, the international series, Recent Advances in Pediatrics, has been in the forefront in providing state-of-the-art, peer-reviewed and evidence-based updates on topical issues especially relevant to the resource-limited regions through “Hot Topics” and “Special” volumes. In totality, having crossed the half century mark in 2015, the number of these volumes has now reached 53.
RAP-26 Hot Topics gets off with a flying start with Part 1, which leading from the front, provides a very timely and informative Spotlight on Obesity. Paradoxically, obesity is beginning to assume an epidemic proportion on top of the rampant burden of undernutrition in our child and adolescent population. Six well-written chapters eminently provide state-of-the-art updates on obesity with special reference to its epidemiology and management and the related problems, such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes.
Part 2 on Intensive Care focuses on such important issues as essentials of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), cardiopulmonary interaction and coma.
This is followed by Part 3 providing an excellent update on lipid storage disorders, while Part 4 is a very informative update on ascites. Besides the clinical intricacies, it draws attention to ground situation for clear understanding of the issues.
Part 5 focuses on teen aggression, which frequently becomes a source of considerable concern for the parents and, at times, the social milieu.
Part 6 gives a good account of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)—a topic that is often skewed up.
Part 7, on infectious diseases, provides a fine update on slow virus infections (SVIs), causing serious degenerative diseases of the brain and spinal cord. Another update on immunology of influenza is targeted at a clear concept of immunology of influenza that has become imperative in view of the increasing incidence of influenza after the 2009-10 H1N1 pandemic.
Part 8 discusses the acquired aplastic anemia and inherited bone marrow failure. With the availability of curative treatment facilities like bone marrow transplants, it has become imperative to diagnose these conditions at the earliest and have treated at the specialized centers.
Part 9 deals with neonatal pharmacotherapy, respiratory distress, resuscitation, bleeding and transport. The new neonatal resuscitation guidelines (2015) try to clarify certain controversial issues in delivery room management. To drive home the importance of ophthalmic examination of the newborn (an often neglected area in neonatal care), two chapters providing the essentials of ophthalmic check-up of the newborn are incorporated.
Part 10 presents 5 fine chapters on community pediatrics, namely immunization: impact on the community, strategies to reduce neonatal and perinatal mortality, national health mission and the child, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child plus adolescent health (RMNCH+A) program, and current scenario of eradication of poliomyelitis.
Parts 11 deals with the therapeutics of never-ending infection of gastrointestinal tract with Giardia lamblia, appropriately designated by the WHO as “neglected disease”. Over and above the evolving therapy of this, at times, never-ending problem, there is a sound thrust on the refractory/resistant giardiasis with recommendations on its treatment and the new and in-pipeline antigiardial drugs.
In Part 12, the rather difficult topic of disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD) is dealt with in a commendable manner. In the second topic, i.e. diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), the emphasis on “reduced volume rules” for fluid management and skipping bicarbonate therapy in DKA, having positive therapeutic implications, is well placed.
Part 13, on respiratory diseases, gives detailed up-to-date accounts on bronchiolitis and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). With the increasing use of ventilator in the intensive care environs and inadequate cautions, the incidence of VAP is on the hike. Surely, improved care can contribute to a reduction in its frequency, thereby cutting short the morbidity and mortality.
Part 14 presents a cutting-edge commentary on cerebral palsy (CP), pointing out that, in the aftermath of survival of extremely low birthweight babies, incidence of CP is on an increase. Timely diagnosis, physiotherapy and occupational therapy help in minimizing impairment, reduce disability and optimize function.
Part 15 is a useful commentary on antenatal diagnosis of surgical conditions, giving an overview of the approaches to various common prenatally diagnosed conditions. Today, only limited fetal intervention is being carried out for diagnostic and prognostication. Hopefully, before long, fetal surgery shall become a reality in India.
Finally, Part 16 provides an update on WHO recommendations on prevention of lifestyle diseases (LSDs) which are snowballing into huge health hazards, causing a lot of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, LSDs have the potentials of taking the wind out of our health system and rendering the system out of gears. Nothing short of a well-orchestrated and passionate approach is likely to achieve a safeguard from this devastating though silent killer.
Mercifully, each and every chapter is outstanding by its excellence, providing a stimulating, mature, informed, state-of-the-art and, at times, even provocative update.
Multidisciplinary approach with an eye on the future, a well-tested and well-appreciated conviction with the RAP series, continues to occupy pride of place in the present volume too. Such an approach is known to be befitting when the goal is not only to inform, but also to motivate discussion, interaction, research and innovation.
We are confident that the RAP-26 Hot Topics shall provide the target audience an enjoyable, fruitful and productive source of cutting-edge information on topical issues in pediatrics that are especially relevant in the resource-limited settings.
Academic Editor
Suraj Gupte
Executive Editors
Shamma-Bakshi Gupte
Manu Gupte
Acknowledgments
Grateful acknowledgments are made to:
- The contributing authors, both from India and abroad, for providing excellent state-of-the-art chapters on various topical issues and reposing confidence in our editorship.
- The Advisory Editorial Board for providing input and advice in various matters.
- The peer-reviewers for critically reviewing the contributions, thereby providing us the benefit of their expertise.
- Various journals and periodicals for editorial and critical reviews of RAP volumes and for permission to use their references in the state-of-the-art chapters.
- Dr Gagan Hans, Assistant Professor (Psychiatry), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, for voluntarily helping us in several ways.
- Dr Novy Gupte, Regulatory Consultant, Clinicial Development Service Agency (CDSA), Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, for voluntarily helping us in various ways in taking the project to its logical conclusion.
- Shivani-Mahendru Gupte, Associate Consultant, TCS, Jammu & Kashmir, for considerable help and goodwill.
- The readers who provide us the feedback to maintain and enhance the excellence of the series.
Finally, M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, and their dedicated staff deserve our appreciation for the skillful and commendable production qualities of the book.