Essential Pediatric Pulmonology
Essential Pediatric Pulmonology
Third Edition
Editors Professor Rakesh Lodha MD
Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India
Professor Sushil K Kabra MD DNB
Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India
Associate Editors Assistant Professor Kana Ram Jat MD FCCP MAMS
Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India
Assistant Professor Jhuma Sankar MD
Department of Pediatrics All India Institute of Medical Sciences
New Delhi, India
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Essential Pediatric Pulmonology / Rakesh Lodha, Sushil K Kabra
First Edition: 2006
Third Edition: 2018
9789352703500
Printed at
EDITORS
- Rakesh Lodha MD
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sushil K Kabra MD DNB
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
- Kana Ram Jat MD FCCP MAMS
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Jhuma Sankar MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS
- Sandeep Agarwala MCh
- Professor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Narendra Bagri MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Ashu S Bhalla MD
- Professor
- Department of Radiodiagnosis
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sumit Bhargava MD
- Clinical Associate Professor
- Department of Pediatrics - Pulmonary Medicine
- Stanford University
- Stanford, California, USA
- Arpita Chattopadhyay MD
- Senior Research Associate (CSIR-Pool Scheme)
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Lesa Dawman MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
- Chandigarh, India
- Babak Ghalibafsabbaghi MD
- Pediatric Pulmonologist
- Assistant Professor of Medical School
- Islamic Azad University
- Tabriz, Iran
- Jagdish P Goyal MD
- Additional Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- Lokesh Guglani MD FAAP
- Assistant Professor
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep
- Emory University and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
- Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Ganganath Gunathilaka MD
- Consultant, Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine
- Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children
- Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Alisha Gupta MCh
- Senior Resident
- Department of Pediatric Surgery
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Arun K Gupta MD
- Professor and Head
- Department of Radiodiagnosis
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Neerja Gupta DM
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sumita Gupta PhD
- Senior Physiotherapist
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Vishesh Jain MCh
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatric Surgery
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Manisha Jana MD
- Associate Professor
- Department of Radiodiagnosis
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Madhulika Kabra MD
- Professor, Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Jasmeet Kaur DNB
- Senior Consultant, Department of Pediatrics
- Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Umakanth Khatwa MD
- Attending Physician
- Director of Sleep Laboratories, Director of Aerodigestive Center (Pulmonary Program, Director of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Program)
- Boston Children's Hospital
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Prawin Kumar MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
- Anirban Maitra DCH MRCP FRCPCH MMedSci CCT MD
- Consultant, Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital
- Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Manchester, England, United Kingdom
- Anirban Mandal MD
- Consultant
- Department of Pediatrics
- Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research
- New Delhi, India
- P Ramesh Menon MD
- Assistant Professor
- Pediatric Intensivist
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Aparna Mukherjee MD PhD
- Early Career Fellow - Wellcome Trust/ DBT India Alliance
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Dinesh Raj MD
- Consultant Pediatrics
- Holy Family Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vinod H Ratageri MD
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences
- Hubbali, Karnataka, India
- Samiya Razvi MD MS
- Consultant Pediatric Pulmonologist
- Apollo Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Estefania Rivera MD
- Fellow
- Department of Medicine
- Boston Children's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Isha Saini MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Safdarjung Hospital and Vardhaman Mahaveer Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- M Jeeva Sankar DM
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Amit K Satpathy MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
- Channa de Silva MD
- Consultant
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine
- Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children
- Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Snehal Vala MD FAAP
- Fellow
- Department of Pediatrics
- Emory University School of Medicine Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
- Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Sneha Varkki DNB
- Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Christian Medical College
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Kannan Venkatnarayan DM
- Associate Professor and Head
- Department of Pediatrics
- Command Hospital
- Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Sumit Verma MD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Pediatrics
- Emory University School of Medicine
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta
- Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Wai Wong MD
- Fellow
- Department of Medicine
- Boston Children's Hospital
- Harvard Medical School
- Boston, Massachusetts, USA
We are pleased to present the third edition of our book “Essential Pediatric Pulmonology.” Since the publication of the second edition in 2010, significant knowledge has been generated in the field of pediatric pulmonology. Considering the recent developments and the feedback from the readers, we have thoroughly revised the book; existing chapters have been revised and 20 new chapters have been added.
New chapters/sections added in this edition include imaging of chest including X-ray and computed tomography scan; endobronchial ultrasound and its uses; fractional exhaled nitric oxide; nasal nitric oxide; acute laryngotracheobronchitis; pulmonary fungal infections; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; assessment of airway inflammation; preschool wheezing; obesity and asthma; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; environment and lung diseases; neuromuscular diseases and lungs; central hypoventilation syndrome; pulmonary arterial hypertension; pulmonary injury due to pharmacological agents; sudden infant death syndrome; genetics and pulmonary illnesses; chronic care of respiratory illnesses at home; airway clearance techniques; oxygen therapy; aerosol therapy; and pharmacology of pediatric pulmonary disorders.
We are thankful to all the authors, experts in their respective fields, for their valuable contributions. All the chapters are revised to include diagnostic and treatment algorithms. More tables, figures, and line diagrams have been included in the existing chapters. The “key points” provides a summary for quick reference.
We are hopeful that this new edition of book will provide the necessary information required for the management of acute and chronic respiratory diseases in children, meeting the needs of pediatricians, specialists, and pediatric residents.
We are thankful to all the contributors, team from Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., specifically Ms Barkha Arora, Dr Neeraj Choudhary, Gladden Saveio, Manoj Kumar, and Satender Singh.
Rakesh Lodha
Sushil K Kabra
Preface to the First Edition
Respiratory illnesses in children are the common reason for visit to a pediatrician. Acute respiratory infections are leading cause of mortality and one of the leading causes of morbidity in children. There are several good books and reviews on respiratory illnesses in children. Most of them are either not accessible or too heavy for the busy practicing pediatricians. With an aim to provide updated evidence based information on management of common respiratory problems this book is being published. The book has been divided into five sections. The first section is on basics and provides a brief description of history taking and common symptoms and description of common investigations. Section 2 includes details of respiratory infections, section 3 provides details of asthma, section 4 provides details of noninfectious diseases, and section 5 include some basics of intensive care in pediatric pulmonology.
As the aim of this book is to provide evidence based treatment of common respiratory illnesses in children, we have tried to keep the book concise. In this edition, we have avoided detailed discussion on pathophysiology and uncommon illnesses. Wherever possible, we have tried to give simplified recommendations for diagnosis and management of common illnesses.
We hope that readers will find it useful. We seek feedback from readers for improvement in the future editions of this book.
We are thankful to all the contributors of different chapters, Mrs Kanta Chawla for secretarial help, and Mr Sudhir Heera for publishing this book in short time.
Sushil K Kabra
Rakesh Lodha