Social Psychiatry: Principles and Clinical Perspectives Vinay Kumar, Rakesh K Chadda, Siddharth Sarkar, Rishi Gupta, Nishtha Chawla
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abuse
childhood 229
sexual 271
drug/alcohol 275
history of 275
physical 288, 291
sexual 288, 291
substance 148, 269, 296, 461
Accidental deaths 485
Accredited social health activists 363
Adaptation syndrome, general 139
Aggression 274, 275
Agoraphobia 214, 216
Alcohol 238, 248, 269
dependence, stigma related to 415
use disorders 359
Alcoholic anonymous 238, 324, 352
Alexithymia 227
American Psychiatric Association 52, 225
American Psychological Association 513
Amnesia
anterograde 472
dissociative 225
Anorexia nervosa 51
Antidepressants 248, 272
Antiepileptics 248
Antihypertensive medications 248
Antipsychotics 248
Antisocial personality, development of 107
Anti-stigma programs 261
Anxiety 111, 116, 213, 214, 305, 513
depression, managing 309
pathological 213
states 462
Anxiety disorder 53, 116, 173, 213219, 226, 269, 305, 310, 390
boundaries of 215
detection rate of 219
diagnosis of 215
generalized 215
prevalence and risk factors of 215
prevention of 220, 388
Ashwagandha 400
Asprishya 123
Asthma 111
Autism 78
Auxiliary nurse midwives 363
Ayurveda 399
B
Beck's cognitive 208
Behavior, social determinants of 93
Behavioral contingency contracts 328
Behavioral social exchange therapy 344
Benzodiazepines 248
Besides alcohol 234
Bhopal gas disaster 514
Bias, self-serving 98
Biopsychosocial model 207
Bioreflex sensitivity, decreased 308
Bipolar disorder 203, 207, 210, 269, 306, 310
stigma of 414
Blood pressure, high 512
Body dysmorphic disorder 230, 269
Bonding and communication technology 117
Brown and Harris's seminal work 18
C
Calcium channel blockers 248
Cancer 153, 304
patient groups 324
Cardiac failure 308
Cardiac interventions 308
Cardiac risk factors, independent 306
Cardiotoxicity 306
Cardiovascular
disease 303, 304, 373
disorders 322
system 319
Caribbean cultural healing 398
Catatonia 19
CATEGO program 480
Central and State Mental Health Authority 452
Child neglect 515
and abuse 515
Child trauma 515
Childhood development 284
Childhood disorders 285
Childhood maltreatment 257
Children living in deprivation 288
Chlorpromazine 30, 63
Christian cognitive-based therapy 157
Chronic care model 304
Chronic disease
comorbid 310
groups 304
management of 304
Cigarette smoking 306
Coarse brain disease 25
Cognitive
behavioral therapy 85
groups 351
dimensions 274
dissonance 96
distortions 116
impairment 512
rehabilitation 206
therapies 78, 230
training 85
Collectivistic society 104
Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale 276
Combat stress 438
Common law and mental health, interface of 455
Common mental disorders 175, 220, 360
Communication
deviance 116
in bonding, role of 113
pattern 342
problems 116
technology, advancement in 494
Community camps 359, 364
Community Mental Health Model 361
in India 362
Community Mental Health Programs 30
Community models of care 359
Community outreach clinics 359, 364
Community Psychiatry Movement in India 30
Community syndrome 55
Community-based rehabilitation settings 379
Community-oriented techniques 239
Comorbid chronic disease, management of 309
Complex regional pain syndrome 225
Conceptual framework 223
Conduct disorders 388
Confusion 266
Consciousness 224
Consensual marriage 162
Consenting human partners 252
Consumers’ families scale, devaluation of 417
Conversion disorder 19, 225
Coronary artery disease 153
Coronary heart disease 306
Counter-terrorism 459, 460
offshoots of 466
Counter-terrorist measures, psychosocial impact of 466
Couple 327
for couple therapy, evaluation of 331, 332b
life stages of 329
sex therapy 330
therapy 327, 334
behavioral 328
contraindications of 331
efficacy and effectiveness of 334
indications of 331
narrative 327, 330
object relations 329
steps in 332
therapist dealing with 333b
type of 328
with adolescents 329
with young children 329
Criminal responsibility 455
Crisis intervention team 369
Crisis resolution 359
and home treatment 365
Cross cultural
epidemiology 254
perspectives 217
Cross gender playmates 251
Crude birth rate 294
Cultural adaptation 429f
Cultural factors, influences of 204f
Cultural interventions 396
Cultural remedies, miscellaneous 402
Cultural variations 236
Culture 15, 51, 102, 130, 138, 236, 396
concept of 130
Cumulative stress 139
Current nosology 215
Cyber harassment 125
D
Deficits in social cognition, intervention for 198
Deliberate self-harm 266, 272, 273
Delirium 296
Dementia prevalence 504
Demonized addict 474
Depersonalization, symptoms of 256
Depression 53, 111, 116, 173, 204, 305, 310, 322, 462, 463, 512, 513
adolescent 204
categories of 470
learned helplessness theory of 208
moderate-to-severe 204
prevalence of 296
relieve 203
Depressive and bipolar disorders, social dimensions of 203
Depressive thinking 275
Derealisation, symptoms of 256
Developing tardive dyskinesia 296
Dhat syndrome 246, 249
Dhyana yoga 35
Diabetes 306
comorbid 308
mellitus 210, 303
Digoxin 248
Disability 285, 375, 376
and disease, measurement of 217
assessment 367
result in 125
Disability-adjusted life years 7
Disaster 514
and war 290
weather-related 514
Discordant family 62
Disorder
adjustment 462
depersonalization 226
depressive 269, 389
dissociative 223, 224, 226, 231, 269
factitious 224, 321
group of 223
heterogeneous group of 246
types of 250
Disrupted family 62
Dissociative disorders
causes of 231
interventions for 230
Distress
cultural concept of 52
reactions 514
severity of 52
District Mental Health Program 32, 363, 504
Disturbed family 62
Diuretics 248
Divorce Act 165
Divorce and remarriage 164
Domestic product, gross 184
Dopaminergic pathways, increased activation of 148
Double-bind
messages 60
relationship 63
Dowry Prohibition Act 165
Drug
addiction 237
consequences of 234
supply chain 236
Durkheim's theory 269
Dysfunctional communication 115
Dysregulated oxytocin-vasopressin system 86
E
Eating disorder 116, 269, 289
diagnostic algorithm 480
Ecological momentary assessment 480
Economic
burden 217
concepts 184
factors 107
theories 184
Economically Weaker Section of Society 124
Education 174
Electroconvulsive therapy 277, 476
Emergency treatment 453
Emotion 224
expressed 63, 116
negative 189
regulation 81
centers 81
Emotional
dysregulation 116
lability 116
over-involvement 64
pressure 66
satisfaction 106
warmth 64
Enacted stigma 410
Endocrine system 153, 319
Endophenotype status 83
Epigenetics 20, 284
Ethical issues 355
Ethnic density 195
Exhaustion 441
Exploitation, except 259
Extremist Acts 461
F
Facebook promote 321
Facial emotion recognition 84
Familistic organization 67
Family
and expressed emotions, role of 51
and parenting, role of 286
assessment measure-III 343
emergent role of 60
environment scale 343
framework of 339
homeostasis 60
concept of 60
in mental illness, role of 63
in rehabilitation, role of 65
intervention 64
level psychosocial interventions 378
member, loss of 275
pathology 61
resilience and treatment 64
stigma 410
stress model 164
structure 339, 342
therapy 338, 343
contraindications of 341
indications of 340
models of 343
principles of 340
structural 344
types of 343, 344, 344t
Farmer
crisis mitigation for 491
financial distress in 489
suicide 508, 512
category of 491
in India 485
prevention of 491
Fear 214, 467
Feelings 122
Feminist therapy 328
Frontotemporal dementia 78
Functional recovery, promotion of 203
Fundamental attribution error 97
G
Gender
dysphoria 251
identity disorder 472
Geriatric health
care 297, 298
issues, management of 297
Geriatric mental health 297
care system in India 297
Geriatric population 294, 298
Global collaboration, systems of 518
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 248
Group cognitive-behavioral therapy 351
Group therapist, role of 350
Group therapy 347
Guru-chela relationship 36
H
Half way home and day care center 370
Hallucinations 82
Handicap 375, 376
Hate crimes 466
Health
and medicine, sociology of 140
and well-being 188
consequences 148
self-reported 153
service
migrants and access to 432
system 259
workers 497
Healthcare
provision 504
service utilization 306
Health-related issues in elderly 295
Healthy precarity 510
Hearing voices 82
Hebephrenia 19
Herbal medicines 400
Heuristic-systematic model 96
Hindu Marriage Act 165
Hindu pantheon 135
Hindu Succession Act 165
Hinduism 135
Histamine H2-receptor blockers 248
Histrionic personality 227
Homosapiens, history of 28
Homosexual groups 123
Homosexuality 251
Hopelessness 274, 275
scale 276
Hospital psychiatric unit, general 32
Human
attributes 68
behavior 93
burden 217
development, crucial period of 284
sexual response 247
Hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit 285, 469
Hypertension 306
Hypnosis 230
Hypochondriasis 223, 224, 226, 230
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 148
Hysteria 19
broad rubric of 223
Hysterical personality 227
I
Illicit drug 463
dependence 463
trade 464
Illness, concept of 261
Immune function 322
Immune system 153, 319
Inadequate family 62
Indian cultural interventions 399
Indian judicial system 38
Indian Lunacy Act 448, 449
Indian Penal Code 448
Indian research on public stigma 413
Individual's social interactions 104
Industrial disasters 508, 514
Infectious diseases 111
Information and communication technologies 321
Information technology 469, 480
Institutional syndrome 30
Insula, anterior 321
Insulin levels 148
Interaction of society 49
with psychiatric illness and treatment 49
International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicaps 374
International institute for population sciences 258
International personality disorder examination 255
Interpersonal stigma 410
Intoxication 474
Intranasal oxytocin 85
therapy 85
Intricate relationship 257
In-utero infection 195
Ischemic heart disease 308
J
Joiner's theory 270
Joint responsibility 67
K
Ketoconazole 248
Klüver-Bucy syndrome 94
L
Law and judiciary on status of cohabitation in India 166
Law and marriage 165
Learning, types of 95
Leucorrhea 204
Liaison psychiatry services, effective 280
Low education 174, 216, 278
M
Magic flute 475
Magico-religious assignments 136
Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act 299
Maladaptive family structures 62
Marital conflict 278
and separation 286
Marital instability 194
Marital life cycle 331
Marital schism and skew 63
Marital status 171, 174
Marital therapies 327
Marriage 159, 161
counseling 335
factors affecting success of 163
functions of 164
group 161
popularly 161
social aspects of 159
stability of 165
theories of 161
traditional 162
types of 161
Mass and social media 470
Mass media 469, 470t, 476
and mental health 470
stigma and role of 476
Media and information technology 469
Media and internet 289
Media and mass perception 471t
Medical disease comorbidity 308
Medical health evaluation 307
Medical illness, comorbid 275
Menninger's theory 269
Mental and substance use disorders 383
Mental disorder 171, 189, 303, 359, 399, 471
groups of 223
in children and adolescents, stigma of 414
in rural population, epidemiology of 495
incidence of 176
prevalence of 176
remedies of 495
serious 310
statistical manual of 126
treatment of 45
Mental health 8, 37, 68, 152, 155, 171, 469, 479, 508, 511, 518
Act 299, 447, 449
adverse 514
and illness 172, 470
aspects of 476
by authorities 496
care 307
delivery of 151
programme for improving 498
role in 322
Care Act 278, 447, 448, 450, 451t
consequences 514
cultural context of 245
disorders 285
effect of urbanization on 505
facilities, local 496
Gap Action Programme 498
group 517
impact on children 515
implications 510
inadequate 497
inequality and 511
influencing 176
into primary health care 362
laws governing 449
laws in India, history of 449
legislation and 447, 448
medicalization of 511
morbidity 443, 494
number of 496
of elderly 295
of member 60
of rural population 497
positive 33
problems 191, 325, 432, 488, 495, 504
detecting 499
management of 39
prevalence of 503
treating 499
professionals 78, 199, 475
promote 38
public education about 498
rates of 290
reformatory step 39
relationship of social network and social support with 319
resources in India 299
rethinking of 516
Review Board 452
service 176, 495, 503
accessibility of 433
provision 496
skilling health workers in 498
support groups 324
urban planning on 505
workforce and functioning 442
Mental hospitals 30
Mental illness 30, 49, 53, 5961, 67, 70, 82, 258, 298, 304, 308, 322, 471, 471t, 490, 494, 505
affect society 52
characters with 472
childhood 359
cure 475
depiction of 472
legal definition of 448
national alliance on 324
on family 66
prevent 38
risk of 228
serious 303
severe 31, 303, 354
stigma of 409
well-being and 191
Mental state attributions 81
Mentalizing network 81
Mentally challenged 370
Mentally ill 472
destitute 370
negative stereotypes of 473t
persons, media depiction of 471
service provision for 494
Metabolic disorders 303, 304
Metabolic syndrome 303
management of 309
Meyer's conceptualization faced criticism 47
Microbial theories 24
Migrants and ethnic minorities 195
Migrants, type of 427t
Migration 50, 426, 434
and mental health 426
problems 429
and post-traumatic stress disorder 431
and psychotic disorders 430
involuntary 427
phases of 427, 428
reasons for 427, 427t
Milgram experiments 99
Military families 444
Military stress and adjustment 438
Mind, theory of 80
Mindfulness and Buddhist healing 401
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment 123
Mitigates cognitive symptoms 117
Monogamy 161
Mood disorder 203, 204, 204f, 205t, 207, 210, 296, 304
first episode of 208
management of 209, 210
psychosocial factors in 207
recurrent 480
Mortality
increased 512
postcardiac surgery, higher 305
rate, infant 294
Motor activity 224
Mozart's opera, after 475
Musculoskeletal pain 219
Mythology 130
science of 133
N
Narco-terrorism 464
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 454
National comorbidity study 175
National Crime Records Bureau 268, 485
National epidemiologic survey 173
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse 173
National Human Rights Commission 38
National Institute of Mental Health 5, 80
and Neurosciences 31, 198, 335, 495
National Mental Health Policy 456
National Mental Health Programme 29, 50, 504
National Mental Health Survey 30
National Urban Health Mission 506
Nature of war 439
Network therapy 238
Neurobiological
paradigms 94
systems 462
underpinnings 321
Neurocognitive functions 515
Neurological disorder 359
Neuromodulation therapies 78
Neuropsychiatric disorders 78, 88
Neurotic disorders 249
Neurotic illnesses 296
Neurotoxic effects 148
Nonaffective psychosis 172, 195
Noncognitive psychological factors 107
Non-communicable disorder 220
Nongovernmental organizations 363
Non-invasive brain stimulation 86
Nonproblematic drug 474
Nonresidential settings 379
Nonsuicidal self-injury 265, 266
behaviors 265
Nonsurgical self-injury 272, 273
Normal human relations, hallmark of 126
Novel pharmacotherapies 78
Nutritional status, poor 204
O
Obesity 289
Obsessive compulsive disorder 470
Ongoing war 461
Oral contraceptive pills 248
Organophosphorous compounds 278
Osteoarthritis, treatment for 308
Oxytocin 88
effects of 88
P
Pain 153
disorder 223, 225, 226
Panic attacks 275
Panic disorder 214, 305
Papageno effect 475
Paradigm shift 321
Paranoia 229, 467
Paraphilia 251, 252
Paraphilic disorder 252
Parasuicide 265, 266, 267t
Parental bonding and communication 113
Parental death 287
Parental psychiatric
disorder 287
illness 287
Parent-child relationships, faulty 61
Partner violence 204
Patanjali's yoga advocates 35
Pathological mutation, expression of 20
Pelvic pain, chronic 246
People's lives, part of 200
Person's genes 93
Personal stigma, measures of 417
Personality
and total health 175
development 102, 246
social determinants of 102
disorder 116, 207, 254, 257259, 273, 296
borderline 257, 259
category 227
correlates of 255
diagnosis of 259
management of 260
prevalence of 257, 258, 296
schizotypal 257
several 269, 458
sociocultural dimensions of 254
stigma of 414
formation 106
psychopathology, expression of 256
traits 106
Persons with disabilities 125
Persuasion 96
Phantom vibration syndrome 479
Pharmacological treatment 433
Phenomenology 218
Phenytoin 248
Philosophical concepts 184
Phobia 173
and social anxiety 216
Phobic anxiety 305
Phobic disorders 495
Physical and mental health conditions 310
Physical and mental health status 122
Physical comorbidity 304
Physical disorders 308
Physical functioning 153
Physical health 152, 322
poor 307
Physical illness 303, 353
chronic 204, 303
field of 171
Physical inactivity 512
Physician's perspective 229
Physiological processes, myriad of 93
Pills best treatment 207
Plasma
oxytocin levels 86
vasopressin levels, reduced 86
Platelet coagulability, increased 148
Pleasure-seeking 104
Polarized thinking 274
Policy-based interventions 233
Postmenopausal status 246
Postpartum depression, risk of 175
Post-traumatic
disorder 215
stress disorder 71, 117, 269, 322, 462, 463, 513
Poverty 175, 204
Pre-existing deficiency 60
Primary health centers 363
Problematic behaviors 259
Problematic drug 474
Prominent disorder 52
Pseudohostility 62
Pseudomutuality 62
Psychiatric 461
casualties 440
comorbidity 308
in chronic diseases 308
diagnosis 18, 50, 273
disorders 24, 53, 78, 173, 216, 270, 273t, 275, 298, 303, 409
adolescent 284
context of 171
in elderly 294
management of 45
social dimensions of 181
epidemiology 171
social dimensions in 171
illness 51, 54, 116, 307
development of 116, 296
physical comorbidity in 304
prevention of 54
treatment of 53
management 276
method of 475
medication 310
contemporary 207
morbidity 462t, 495
risk of 514
nurses 29
prevention, classification of 386
signs 275
social workers 29
symptoms 275, 304
Psychiatrically ill
patients 18, 308
population 310
Psychiatrist in court 455
Psychiatry 78, 209
and social sciences 45
concept of prevention in 385t
future of 517
graded specialists in 442
history of 46
prevention in 384
in armed forces 437
integral part of 11
integration of 30
moral treatment in 46
physical comorbidity in 303
practice of 20
preventive 383, 385, 391, 393
recent advances in 480
social cognition deficits in 82
subspecialty of 39
Psychodrama 351
Psychodynamic
factors 208
models 351
theory 227
for mania 209
Psychological
change 68
concepts 185
dynamic make-up 185
holistic outlook 185
multidimensional nature 186
positive emphasis 185
stability over time 186
subjective focus 185
debriefing 465
distress/hopelessness, type of 274
functioning 183
illnesses 111
interventions 278
mechanisms 102
morbidity 116
reactions 463
resilience 285
sequelae 458
treatment 250, 433
warfare 458
well-being 185, 187
Psychology 97
positive 188
science of 93
Psychopathology 117
interplay 396
severity of 273
Psychopharmacologic agents 209
Psychopharmacological treatment 10
Psychopharmacology 396
Psychoses 304
Psychosexual
development, oral phase of 208
disorders 245
problems 252
Psychosis 85, 296, 470
Psychosocial intervention 278
community level 379
principles of 53
Psychosocial rehabilitation 373, 381
formulation, model of 375f
intervention 375
Psychosocial stressors 203, 228, 275, 284, 285, 287
Psychosocial therapies 238
Psychotherapy 206, 230, 352
group 352
short-term 352
Indian adaptation of 35
positive 48
techniques 351
type of 327
Psychotic
disorders 194, 359, 390
illnesses 195
mood 229
Public Educational Programs for Mental Health 497
Public health
aspects 219
issues 226
priority 258
problem 265
Public mental health and clinical services 18
Public Mental Health Education Program 498
Public stigma 410, 412
and attitudes 416
research on 412
Q
Quality of life 188
poorer 254
R
Racial discrimination 234
Realistic conflict theory 98
Reduce public stigma, strategies to 418
Reduce self-stigma, strategies to 420
Refugees 514
Region's socio-economic status 235
Rehabilitation formulation, individualization of 374
Religion 130, 151
and marriage 162
clinical application of 155
spirituality
and psychiatry 153
viz-à-viz. mental health 153
Religious system 131
Religious/faith healings 401
Religious/spiritual affiliation 153
Repetition scale, risk of 276
Rescue marriage 162
Respiratory disease 304
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 454
Rights of persons with mental illness 452
Romantic marriage 162
Romantic relationships and communication 115
Rotting teeth 472
Royal College of Psychiatrists 465
Rural communities 497
mental health 497
Rural mental health 494
Rural population 495
distribution of 494
morbidity in 496
S
Scapegoat 60
Schedule tribes, population of 123
Schizoid and avoidant disorder 116
Schizophrenia 60, 62, 71, 80, 82, 174, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200, 204, 269, 296, 305, 413
actual incidence of 175
and autism 86
case of 26
diagnosed with 310
first episode 200
generating 59
higher rates of 71
improve cognition in 80
international pilot study of 6
misdiagnosed with 71
predisposes people 71
research foundation 198
social cognition in 197
social theories of 194
spectrum disorder 116
stigma of 413
symptoms of 83
treatment of 196
Schizophrenogenic mothers 63, 194
School absenteeism 289
Seeking and continuing treatment 259
Selection and composition of group 348
Self-help groups 48, 238, 352, 359, 365
Self-injurious behaviors, classification of 267, 267fc
Self-mutilation 266
Self-poisoning/self-injury 266
Self-stigma 410, 413, 477
Senses 34
Sensory loss disorders 304
Serotonin transporter, polymorphism of 207
Sexual
activity, early 289
behavior 117
desire constitutes 248
functions 148
health 245
history 249
issues 251
learning and psychological factors 247
orientation 251
problems 246
relationship, mature 248
response cycle, model of 245
satiation, biological function of 159
Sexual development
emotional aspects of 245
part of normal 248
Sexual disorder 248
etiology of 247, 248t
physical factors 248
psychological factors 248
sociocultural factors 248
Sexual dysfunction 148, 246248, 330
drugs leading to 248t
epidemiological of 246t
etiology of 247t
Sexually cohabiting adults 60
Shamanism and exorcism 401
Shell shock 441
Shneidman's theory 269
Sleep
difficulties 512
disturbance 148
problems 289
Smoking in youngsters, prevalence of 474
Social and public recognition 159
Social anxiety 214
Social behaviors 83
Social brain
disorders 80
to social behavior 78
Social capital, structural 69
Social causation
hypothesis 194
theory 68
Social class 8, 50, 68
and mental illness, relationship between 68
Social cognition
concept of 80
deficits, management of 84
domains of 80
impairments 84
concept of 78
management of 78
relevance of 78
treatment of 84
importance of 197
measuring 84
primary goals of 97
Social cohesion 70
Social cost of substance 237
Social cue perception 80
Social dimensions 171
Social disorganization 69
Social drift theory 68
Social exclusion 70
Social factors
and course of illness 54
contributing 195
role of 194, 228
Social functioning, improving 199
Social indicators 184
Social influence, effects of 68
Social integration, promote 433
Social interventions 315
Social isolation 27
Social mechanisms 144
Social media 199, 200, 469, 470t
and mental illness 477
Social network, structure of 318
Social networking sites 470
Social neuroscience 78
Social perspectives 15
Social phenomenon 198
Social pressure 66
Social psychiatrists 518
Social psychiatry 10, 23, 24, 27, 37, 45, 47, 54, 55, 245, 508
and contemporary society 14
basics of 43
beginnings of 30
components of 37
concept of 45
discipline of 3
domains of 49f
evolution of 45
history of 3, 29
initial progress in 5
lived up to expectations 26
models of 48
Social selection theory 68
Social skill
deficits 116
training 199, 200
Social stigma 198
Social stress
education 143
media and market 142
role
mismatch 142
overload 142
severity of 145
social institutions 144
social role 142
sources of 142
value system 143
Social stressor 139, 140, 146
invisible 140, 144
traditionally 141
types of 140
visible 141
Social support 145, 318
and networking 317, 322
group 322
influences mental health 320
measure 323
neural correlates of 321
on mental health 320fc
positive 321
questionnaire 323
Social treatments, success of 47
Social-cultural groups 237
Socialization 104
Socially supportive behaviors, inventory of 323
Societal attitudes 53
Society on Mental Health, positive impact of 51
Society, emergent role of 67
Sociocultural consequences 257
Sociocultural determinants 256
Socioeconomic status 288
Sociological concepts 185
Sociology, science of 47
Sociopolitical turmoil 461
Somatic symptoms, severe 228
Somatization disorder 223, 224, 226
Somatoform 224
and dissociative disorders 223
autonomic dysfunction 223, 225
causes of 231
disorder 223, 224, 226, 228, 230
behavioral interventions for 230
diagnosis of 224, 231
psychosocial interventions for 230
treating 230
undifferentiated 223, 226
syndromes, number of 227
Soul 34
Speaking population 260
Special Marriage Act 165
Spirituality
and health 152
and mental health 151
clinical application of 155
concept of 151
Spousal substance 216
State Crime Records Bureau 487
Stigma 50, 307, 410, 415
and discrimination 258
and substance use 237
and suicide 415
associative 410
by association scale 418
decrease 324
experienced 410
felt 410
impact of 416
measurement of 416
perceived 410
scale 417
types of 410
Storming 349
Strategic family therapy 344
Stress 139, 438, 444
acculturation 278
busting mechanisms 143
coping groups 324
diathesis model 208
disorder, development of acute 463
effects of 148
management in armed forces 444
of migration 71
types of 139
vulnerability response 20
Stressful life events 208
Stressor 139, 228
absence of external 208
number of 146
types of 141
Stress-response 139
Subpopulations in Indian society, psychology of 122
Substance use 304
disorders 233, 353, 359, 383, 390, 417
social dimensions of 233
social treatments for 238
Suicidal attempt 265, 267t
Suicidal behavior 266, 270, 271t, 272, 273t
assessment of 274, 276t
classification of 266
Suicidal tendencies 116
Suicide 265, 485
and similar behaviors 265
and suicidal behaviors, epidemiology of 268
attempt 207, 265, 266
previous 275
risk of 279
by farmers 485, 489f
committed 478
copycat 278
decriminalizing 454
family history of 275
high-risk of 278, 309
history of 274
intent score 276
media reporting for 475t
prevention 210, 278
services in India 279
risk factors for 270, 271t
Suspiciousness 116
Sympathetic nervous system 321
Syncretizing elements 130
Systematic family therapy 48
T
Tele-counseling 368
Tele-medicine, advancement of 499
Terrorism 458, 459
and extremism
psychosocial roots of 461
social impact of 458
and major terrorist incidents, prevalence of 460
psychosocial impact of 466
survivors 462t
Testamentary capacity 455
Therapeutic
community 48, 239, 359, 367
interaction 20
issues 204
relationship 118
Therapist factors 341
Tobacco 204
Transcendental meditation 35
Transcranial magnetic stimulation 85
Trauma 229, 231
counseling 465
Tryptophan, increased catabolism of 148
U
United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities 447
Unity in diversity 134
Unruly hair 472
Urban mental health 502
Urban-rural differences 176
V
Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex 81
Violence 257
and abuse 164
risk of 257
type of 258
Vipassana meditation 35
Vocational rehabilitation 199
Voluntary migration 427
W
War neurosis 441
Wards illness 51
Wind overload 218
Withania somnifera 400
Women from Violence Act, protection of 165
Working memory, emotion interpretations in 81
World Association of Social Psychiatry 23, 25
role of 9
World drug report 233
World Health Organization 11, 117, 266
World Health Report of 2001 11
World Mental Health Atlas 496
World Mental Health Survey 215, 259
World Psychiatric Association 153, 245
Y
Yoga
and meditation 34
Ashtanga 35
practice of 400
sutras 35
therapy 87
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear


SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY: PRINCIPLES AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY: PRINCIPLES AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES
Editors Rakesh K Chadda MD FAMS FRCPsych Professor and Head Department of Psychiatry Chief, National Drug Dependence Treatment Center All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Vinay Kumar MD Consultant Psychiatrist Manoved Mind Hospital and Research Center Patna, India Siddharth Sarkar MD DNB Assistant Professor Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Assistant Editors Rishi Gupta MD DNB Senior Resident Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Nishtha Chawla MD DNB Senior Resident Department of Psychiatry and National Drug Dependence Treatment Center All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India Foreword NN Wig (Late)
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Headquarters
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj
New Delhi 110 002, India
Phone: +91-11-43574357
Fax: +91-11-43574314
Overseas Offices
J.P. Medical Ltd
83 Victoria Street, London
SW1H 0HW (UK)
Phone: +44 20 3170 8910
Fax: +44 (0)20 3008 6180
Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc
City of Knowledge, Bld. 235, 2nd floor, Clayton
Panama City, Panama
Phone: +1 507-301-0496
Fax: +1 507-301-0499
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
Bhotahity, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phone: +977-9741283608
© 2019, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of editor(s) of the book.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. The CD/DVD-ROM (if any) provided in the sealed envelope with this book is complimentary and free of cost. Not meant of sale.
Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com
Social Psychiatry: Principles and Clinical Perspectives
First Edition: 2019
9789352704224
Printed at
Contributors Message
Indian Psychiatric Society
It gives us immense pleasure to present to you Social Psychiatry: Principles and Clinical Perspectives, a landmark book on social psychiatry, published under the aegis of the Indian Psychiatric Society. This book is first of its kind with comprehensiveness of a textbook, and as the title goes, covers not only theoretical aspects but also clinical issues including psychosocial management. It has never been possible to understand and practice psychiatry without taking sociocultural paradigms into consideration. This has become more important and more significant in current period due to good and bad effects of globalization related factors like digitization, urbanization, isolation and migration. This book has been conceptualized well and highlights the various psycho-social issues pertinent to the developing world in general, and Indian society and culture in particular. We hope that this publication will be of great help for all the mental health professionals interested in social psychiatry.
The first and foremost objective of the Indian Psychiatric Society is to promote and advance the subject of Psychiatry, and we are sure that the publication of Social Psychiatry: Principles and Clinical Perspectives will further this.
Conceptualizing and editing such a wide range book was a huge task. We appreciate the commitment and hard work put in by the editors. The Indian Psychiatric Society is grateful to all the authors from India and abroad for their valuable academic contribution. We express our sincere thanks to Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, an internationally acclaimed medical publisher, for partnering with us, and producing this book so beautifully. We believe that this book would be a source of pertinent information for both students as well as the practicing mental health professionals.
Long live Indian Psychiatric Society
Dr (Brig) MSVK Raju
President
Dr Ajit V Bhide
Vice-President
Dr Gautam Saha
Hon: General Secretary
Dr Vinay Kumar
Chair: Publication Committee
Foreword
Social psychiatry is essence of psychiatric practice, but has often not received due recognition by the psychiatrists in the background of glamorous biological psychiatry. In the modern day world with advancing technologies, changing societal norms and intermingling of cultures, social psychiatry holds even more importance than before. In this background, the book Social Psychiatry: Principles and Clinical Perspectives fulfills an important scientific need in the field of psychiatry. The book is a comprehensive compendium of chapters related to social psychiatry. The range of chapters demonstrates that the book intends to capture the entire breadth of topics related to social psychiatry. The social psychiatric aspects of various disorders find due space, and so do the various issues related to social psychiatry. It is enthralling to notice that several issues which are particularly relevant to the Indian cultural context (like rural mental health and farmer suicides) find adequate attention in this book.
India has been an active contributor to the social psychiatry movement in the world. I am pleased to see this book as a yet another important contribution to the cause of social psychiatry at the global scale. This well-crafted book provides perspectives from the practicing and academic psychiatrists who cater to a billion plus individuals of the world. With the contributors being leading experts in the field, including Professors Vijoy K Varma, R Srinivasa Murthy, Dinesh Bhugra, BN Gangadhar and many others, the volume has the potential of an important reference source for those in academic centers as well as those in practice. The readership is intended to be wide and the chapters have been kept at a reasonable level of technicality. Hence, readers from diverse backgrounds are likely to be benefited from this book. I expect that this book would find a unique and crucial position in the narrative of social psychiatry. I would also like to compliment the Indian Psychiatric Society and the Editors of the book for bringing out this important volume to the readership.
NN Wig (Late) MD DPM FRCPsych (Hon) FAMS
Emeritus Professor and Former Head
Department of Psychiatry
Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research
Chandigarh, India
Preface
The book Social Psychiatry: Principles and Clinical Perspectives was conceptualized about a year and half ago by us, Vinay Kumar and Rakesh K Chadda. We had a meeting of a group of interested colleagues during the XXII World Congress of the World Association of Social Psychiatry (WASP 2016) at Hotel the Ashok in December 2016 to discuss the initial proposal. Subsequently the title was finalized. Themes and chapters were finalized over the next 2–3 months. Dr Siddharth Sarkar joined the editorial team in early 2018. We had continued discussions with colleagues and friends for identifying and finalizing the prospective authors as well as the publisher. The Indian Psychiatric Society agreed to publish the book under its banner and Jaypee group was approached and subsequently finalized to publish the book. Here, we would especially like to acknowledge the inputs from Prof Vijoy K Varma, Prof PK Singh, Prof Pratap Sharan, and Prof Nitin Gupta in the initial conceptualization of the book.
This book is divided into 5 sections. gives a brief introduction to the discipline of social psychiatry going into its historical development across the world and in India. The section has also a contribution by Prof Dinesh Bhugra, a Past President of the World Psychiatric Association and an international authority in social psychiatry.
includes conceptual issues on the relationship between mental health and society. It begins with a chapter on the concept of social psychiatry. It then highlights the family and social context in relation to the mental health of the individual. A chapter is included describing biological underpinnings in social psychiatry. Subsequently, social dimensions of behavior and personality development are discussed, along with the social dimension of spiritual health and psychiatric epidemiology. Psychology of sub-populations of the society are presented, and influence of culture, mythology and religion on mental health are delved upon in two subsequent chapters. The section also presents the social psychiatric aspects of marriage and similar affiliations. The visible and invisible stressors, which have a bearing on psychiatric manifestations, are highlighted in a subsequent chapter.
covers the social dimensions of psychiatric disorders. The initial chapter in this section deals with health promotion aspect of evaluating the social well-being and health. Subsequent chapters discern the social psychiatric aspects of individual disorders, including schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depressive and bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform and dissociative disorders, substance use disorders, psychosexual disorders, personality disorders, and suicide and similar behaviors. Disorders in special populations like childhood and adolescent disorders and psychiatric disorders of the elderly are also covered in this chapter. Physical comorbidity in psychiatry, which is a pertinent concern in the holistic management of patients, is also discussed in this section.
expands upon the social interventions that are relevant to the field of social psychiatry. Social support and networking is presented first which highlights the dynamic social networks of the present times. Thereafter, couple therapies, family therapies, and group therapies are discussed. Subsequently, community models of care are presented followed by discussion on the rehabilitation of patients with psychiatric illnesses. Preventive psychiatry, which aims at reducing the incidence and burden of psychiatric disorders is also reviewed in this section. The section concludes by emphasis on cultural interventions for psychiatric disorders.
, the last section, dwells upon the social issues and mental health. The initial chapter here highlights the stigma of mental illness. Thereafter, migration and mental health are discussed. This is followed by psychiatry in the armed forces, where the application of social psychiatry concepts is an interesting reflection. The legislative aspects of mental health, under which the psychiatry is practiced, is presented next. The social impact of terrorism and extremism, which is very important in today's world, is presented thereafter, followed by discussion on mass media, information technology and mental health. Pertinent issues of farmer suicides in India, rural mental health and urban mental health are discussed subsequently. The section concludes with a discussion on globalization, market economy and mental health.
We hope that the wide range of topics related to the social psychiatry would provide a ready composite reference for the readers. Clinicians, researchers, academicians and policy makers are likely to be benefited from this book. The chapters have been contributed by illustrious experts who are renowned figures in their field. This text is likely to be useful for varied mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, mental health nurses, psychiatric social workers, and anyone else who is interested in the field of social psychiatry. This comprehensive compilation would be of interest for both students as well as experts in the field of mental health. We expect that this book provides information and perspective to the readers and contributes to the cause of advancement of social psychiatry.
Social psychiatry has a wide range and multiple interfaces. Due to this reason, we needed experts and academicians not only from the field of psychiatry but also the humanities. We express our sincere thanks to all the authors for their commitment and hard work. We understand that thinking differently and writing on unconventional topics is how much difficult. We are especially grateful to international authors and academic luminaries from humanities for their contribution. Last but not least, leading medical publisher Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers and its enthusiastic team members deserve all praise for quality production of this book.
Rakesh K Chadda
Vinay Kumar
Siddharth Sarkar