Preventive Newborn Health and Care Balaji Govindaswami
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdomen 125
Abdominal wall defects 182
Abdominopelvic ultrasound 186
Abruptio placenta 105, 106
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome 220
Abuse 427
Accurate diagnosis 177
Acetaminophen 382
Acetyl coenzyme A 332
Acetylcholine 277
Acetylcholinesterase 155
Acquired hydrocephalus 193
Acrocyanosis 122
Actinomycetales 278
Activated clotting time 208
Acute kidney injury
management of 459
postrenal 458
prerenal 457
Addiction medicine 390
Adenosine triphosphate 328, 332
Adequate prenatal folate 5
Adiposal triglycerides 332
Advanced practice
nurse 79
provider 65
role of 65
registered nurses 67
Adverse childhood event 60
African-American infants 125
Air displacement plethysmography 324
Alanine aminotransferase 446
Alcohol 392
spectrum disorders, fetal 392
Alfentanil 382
Allantois, developmental anomalies of 187
Alport's syndrome 193
Altman's classification 185f
Altruists 89
Alveolar capillary dysplasia 224
Alveolar gas equation 435t
Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient 206
American Academy of Pediatrics 71, 137, 146, 193, 197, 200, 328, 340, 367, 378
American Board of Internal Medicine 72
American Board of Medical Subspecialties 70
American Board of Pediatrics 70
American College of Obstetrician and Gynecologists 100, 104
American Heart Association 197
American Speech-language Association 201
Amino acids 286, 331
essential 333, 333t
Ammonia 286
Amniocentesis 155, 156
Amphetamine 394
Amplatzer duct occluder II 239
Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography 268
addition of 7
Anal atresia 423, 452, 453
Ancient egyptian depiction 136f
Ancillary testing 217
Anemia 322
Anesthesia, infant 191
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 456
inhibitors 461
Animal milks 356
Anomalous left coronary artery 216
Anomalous pulmonary venous return, partial 216, 221
Anorectal malformations 180
classification of 187b
Antenatal care 101
Antenatal corticosteroids 95, 96
Antenatal glucocorticoids 236
Antenatal steroid 17, 235
therapy 246
Antepartum risk factors 113
Anthropologic evidence 137
Antibiotic 97
exposure 279
Antiepileptic drugs 287
Antimicrobial therapy 28
Antithrombin 208
Aorta 219f
coarctation of 198, 216, 218
critical coarctation of 216
Aortic arch 216
descending 212
interrupted 216, 218, 220
Aortic stenosis 198, 218
Aortopulmonary collateral arteries, major 215
Aplasia cutis congenita 416, 416f
Apnea 166, 237
treatment of 15
Appendectomy 184
Approach institutional funders 88
Arachidonic acid 332
metabolism 228f
Arginine 370
Arrhythmia 215, 217
managing fetal 214
Arterial blood
gas 286
saturation of 208
Arteriovenous malformation 217
Ash leaf macule 406, 406f
Aspartate aminotransferase 446
Asphyxia 27
Asymmetric crying facies 123
Atrial septal defect 217, 225
Atrioventricular canal 218
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 275
Audible grunting 122
Auditory neuropathy 192
Autism in toddlers 302, 310
Autism spectrum disorders 275
Automated auditory brainstem response 194, 197
Autopsy results 52
B
Babel problem, tower of 33
Baby's medical condition, severity of 63
Bacillales 279
Bacteroidales 278
Bacteroides 278, 279
Ballard maturational assessment 121
Ballard score 121
Balloon atrial septostomy 221
Bariatric surgery 352
Basic laboratory investigations 171
Battelle developmental inventory screening tool 309
Battlefield injuries 14
Behavior disorders 275
Behavior function 390
Bench-to-bedside 266
Benzodiazepines 288
Beraprost 230
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 155
Bicuspid aortic valve 218
Bifidobacteria 279
Bifidobacterium 278, 279
Bilateral renal agenesis 457
Bile acid biosynthesis, defects of 448
Bile salt-stimulated lipase 334
Biochemical disorder, variety of 171
Biochemical laboratory studies 172b
Biochemical maternal serum screening tests 156
Birth asphyxia 24, 96, 112, 113
prevention of 21
severe 192
Birth attendants 26
Birth defects 160
congenital 427
Birth trauma 123f
Blood
culture 286
gas monitoring 247
pressure 460
low diastolic 237
stream infections 48
transfusion 367
number of 17
urea nitrogen 169, 172, 350, 458
vessels, abnormal development of 15
Blood-brain barrier 277
Bloodstream infections 365
Blue-gray spot 406, 407f
Body composition 321
analysis 324
Body electrolytes 321
Body fluids and solids, composition of 325
Body mass index 324
Body oriented therapy 392
Bone
morphogenetic protein 451
receptor 2 226
neonatal 423
Brachial plexus injury 98
Brachioplexopathy 427
Bradycardia 381
fetal 214
Bradyrhizobiaceae 279
Brain
development 255
fetal and neonatal 253
injury, risk of 275
structure and function 5
volumes, maturational changes in 305f
Brain-derived neuronal growth factor, release of 265
Brainstorming maps 49
Branchio-oto-renal syndrome 193
Breast
function of 357
milk, human 333
Breastfeeding 380
conditions promoting 358
contraindications of 361
establishing full 360
Breathing pattern 122
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia 15, 223, 226, 236, 246, 437
Bubble
continuous positive airway pressure 247
use of 53
Buprenorphine therapy 396
C
Café-au-lait macule 405f
CAKUT, management of 456
Calcium 286, 334, 335t
channel blockers 461
Caloric requirements 331t
Calorie-protein-mineral content 350t, 351t
Cannabinoid 390
Caput succedaneum 123
Carbohydrate 331, 332
disorders 168
enteral 332
Carbon dioxide, partial pressure of 179, 246
Cardiac axis
and size, normal fetal 212f
fetus with varying 212f
Cardiac catheterization, indications for 221
Cardiac defects 217t, 423, 452, 453
congenital 218t
Cardiomyopathy 170, 221
Cardiopulmonary bypass 205, 220
Cardiorespiratory disorders 203, 244
Cardiovascular management 247
Careful physical examination 162
Catheters, malposition of 50f
Centers for Disease Control 293
and Prevention 6,147, 192
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 67
Central nervous system 127, 208,285, 305, 339, 340, 411
developmental 82
injury 295, 301
Central referral hospital 25
Cephalohematoma 123
Cerebellar injury 302
Cerebral artery, anterior 266
Cerebral calcifications 194
Cerebral complications 192
Cerebral infarction 82
Cerebral palsy 112, 116, 275, 280, 300, 301, 305308, 313
hierarchical classification of 308fc
surveillance of 307
Cerebral thrombosis 82
Cerebrospinal fluid 169, 286, 297
Certified nurse midwife 67
Certified registered nurse anesthetist 67
Cesarean section 17, 146, 367
CHARGE syndrome 193
Chest 124
auscultation of 125
reveals, palpation of 125
Chickenpox 419f
Child developmental inventory 309
Child with birth defects, evaluation of 161
Child's neonatal intensive care unit 60
Children's healthy emotional development 60
Chorioamnionitis 293
Chorionic villus sampling 155, 156
Chorioretinitis 194
Chromosomal syndrome 215
Chromosome
abnormalities 160
risk of 157t
analysis 155
microarray 155, 158, 162
Circadian rhythm 4
Circuit diagram 207f
Cirumcised penis 139f
Clarity and focus, cognitive tool for 36
Cleft lip 360
Cleft palate 360
Clinical nurse specialist 65
Clinical practice variability 237
Clostridia 278
Clostridiales 278, 279
Clostridium 278
difficile 279
tetani 248
tyrobutyricum 277
Clubfoot 428
Coagulase-negative staphylococci 278
Cocaine 394
Coenzyme A 339
Collaboration facilitates continuity 51
Collodion baby 412, 412f
Colonic atresias 181
Community health workers 26, 82
Community-acquired pneumonia, improving 72
Comparative genomic hybridization 200
Complete blood
count 147
panel 286
Conducting funder research 87
Congenital abnormalities, clinical features of 453t
Congenital constriction band syndrome 429f
Congenital disorders, causes of 4f
Congenital malformations 141
Conotruncal defect 217
Continuous positive airway pressure 15, 25, 259, 312, 437
Continuous renal replacement therapy 460
Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration, use of 460
Contraception 164
Cor triatriatum 227
Cord
blood registries 7
clamping 5
disorder of 109
Corynebacterium 279
COVID-19 201
Cow protein formula 334
Coxsackie 285
Cranial nerves 255
Cranial ultrasonography 297, 299
Craniofacial anomalies 360
Craniofacial malformations 193
C-reactive protein 425
Creatinine 286
Critical aortic stenosis 221
Critical congenital heart disease 5, 191, 196, 200
Critical pulmonary valve stenosis 221
Crossing quality chasm 46
Cryptorchidism 126
Cutis marmorata 404, 404f
Cyanosis 215
treatment of 15
Cyanotic heart disease 322
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 229
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate 227
Cyclooxygenase-2 296
inhibitors 457
Cystic kidney disease 125
Cystic periventricular leukomalacia 293, 306
Cytomegalovirus 193, 285, 446, 447, 462
D
Data
collection of 33
Modeler's design 35
multiple sources of 47
sources of 47
Database design, implementation of 38
Database software application report 42f
Delayed cord clamping 5, 351
Denver developmental screening tests 310
Deoxyribonucleic acid 211, 328, 339
maternal mitochondrial 193
Depressed tone 112
Depression, long-term 265
Detect developmental abnormalities 126
Dexmedetomidine 382
Diabetes 98
Diabetic mothers, infants of 265
Diaphragmatic hernia
anterior 182
congenital 179, 206, 208, 212, 212f, 223, 428
Dickens’ character sairey gamp 14
Dimercaptosuccinic acid 459
Diphosphoglycerate 436
Discharge planning 76, 361
Disease burden 3
Disease progression, stages of 4f
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 369
Diuretics 459, 461
Docosahexaenoic acid 332, 342
Donabedian's triad 46
Donor
human milk 279, 346, 349, 350
recognition 90b
Dopamine 277, 459
Double outlet right ventricle 218
Double-check methods 52
Double-outlet right ventricle 7
Down syndrome 157
Driving brain development 264
Dual diagnosis disorder 395
Ductal areteriosus 235
Ductal arterial sensitivity 237
Ductal closure, physiology of 236
Ductus arteriosus 212, 243
closure 238
Ductus venosus 243
Duodenal atresia 180f
Duodenal obstruction 180
Duodenojejunal junction 184
Dwarfism 426
Dynasts 89
DYNC2H1 gene 163
Dysmorphology syndrome 215
Dysplasia 453
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa 415
E
Ear 123
anatomy, cross-section of 192f
nose, and throat 195
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 167, 169
Early intervention services 314
Eat, sleep, console 149
Ebstein's anomaly 220
Echocardiogram 211, 218
Echocardiography 186
Ectopia cordis 182
Education
and training 53
partnerships for 23
Educational curriculum for providers 23
Educational interventions 21
Educational outcomes 27
Egyptian tomb 136
Electrocardiogram 217
Electrocardiography 170
Electroencephalogram 116,284
Electroencephalography 313
Electrolyte 327, 327t, 458
Electronic database 31
Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring 115
Electronic health record 53
Electronic medical record 50f
Electronic neonatal intensive care unit 34, 35f
Embracing maternal social and cultural context 361
Embryology 236
Emergency department 395
Emergent ororhythmic motor behaviors 258
Emerging modalities 379
Encephalopathy, moderate-to-severe 127t
Encryption 43
End preventable deaths 22
Endocannabinoid type 1 receptor 393f
Endocrine
disorder, variety of 171
imbalances 324
Endothelial cells 228f
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 228f
Endothelin 226, 228f
converting enzyme 228f
Endotracheal tube 15
End-stage renal disease 452, 453
Engorgement and milk stasis 359
Enteral feeding 367
Enteral feeds, osmolality of 350t
Enteral nutrition 347
Enteral protein 334
Enteral tubes 444
Enteric nervous system 276
Enterobacter 278, 279
Enterobacteriaceae 278
Enterobacteriales 279
Enterococci 278
Enzyme disorders 8
Epidermal growth factor 366
Epidermal nevus 409, 409f
Epidermal skin, development of 326
Epidermolysis bullosa 415
simplex 415, 415f
Epinephrine 277, 381
Episodes, stroke-like 441
Epithelial barrier 366
Epithelial cells 356
Epoprostenol 229
Erectile dysfunction 67
Errors, types of 52
Erythema toxicum neonatorum 418, 418f
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 425
Erythropoietin 370
high dose 6
Escherichia 279
coli 147, 248, 279, 294, 337, 359
sepsis 168
Esophageal atresia 177
Esophageal perforation 248
Essential modulator gene 416
European extracorporeal life support organization 206
Extracellular fluid 325f
electrolytes in 325
Extracorporeal life support 205
anticipated survival with 209
contraindications to 207
mode of 207
organization 205, 206
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 12, 82, 179, 193, 205, 206
circuit 207
management 208
Extramedullary hematopoiesis 194
Extrauterine growth
requirements 323t
restriction 324
Extremities, congenital abnormalities of 122
Eyes 123
F
Face 123
congenital abnormalities of 122
Facial coding system, neonatal 379
Facial dysmorphism 171
Facial expressions 379
Facilitated tucking 380
Family centered care 18, 77
Family integrated care 5, 59, 61
Fat 356
soluble 321
Fatty acid 356
essential 332
oxidation defect 167
long-chain 170
oxidation disorder 167, 168, 171
Feeding after discharge 352
Feeding difficulties 166
Feeding preterm 359
Fentanyl 382
Fetal alcohol syndrome 392
Fetal circulation 244f
Fetal echocardiogram
level 2 212t
limitations of 213
Fetal echocardiography, role of 211
Fetal growth 331t
Fetal monitoring 97
Fetal surgery 16
success of 186
Fetal ultrasound 179
Fetus
and newborn, renal function in 451
function in 153
Fibroblast growth factor 2 451
Fibular absence 429f
First-trimester diagnosis 157
Flattened facial profile 171
Fluids 325
Fluorescent in-situ hybridization 218
studies 200
Food and Drug Administration 195, 239, 288, 437
Food and Drug Association 229
Foundation of honesty 53
Foundations of Philanthropy Program 86
Four-chamber view, fetal 211f
Fractures 425
Functional residual capacity 245
Funding proposals 90
Furosemide 459
G
Galactosemia 168, 173
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 277, 390
activation of 287
Gamma-glutamyl transferase 446
Gangrene 425
Gastric bubble 212f
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 441443, 443t
Gastrointestinal anastomosis 181
Gastrointestinal disease 356
neonatal 441
Gastrointestinal reflux disease 449
Gastrojejunal feeding 444
Gastroschisis 182, 184
reduction 182f
Gastrostomy tube 444
Genetic counseling 156
Genetic defects 218t
Genetic hearing loss 193
Genetic tests, consideration of 162
Genital mutilation 8
Genitalia 125
female 126
male 126
Genitourinary 461
Gestational age 34, 213, 235, 245, 258, 278, 293, 296, 306, 307f, 322, 345, 347349, 369, 377
appropriate for 321, 349
assessment 121
large for 98, 122, 244, 323, 349
small for 114, 122, 244, 311f, 323, 333, 346, 349
Gestational diabetes mellitus 98, 99
Giant congenital nevus 410f
GJB2 gene 193
GJB6 gene 195
Glial fibrillary acid protein cells 265
Glial-derived neurotropic factor 451
Glomerular filtration rate 288, 451, 452t
Gluconeogenesis disorders 168
Glucose 381
infusion rate 332
solutions 15
transporter deficiency 167
Glutamine 370
Glycine encephalopathy 173
Glycogen storage disease 168
Glycosylation, congenital disorders of 167, 168
Gomco clamp 138, 139, 139f
Gore-tex synthetic patch 180
Great arteries
dextro-transposition of 211, 215, 219
transposition of 198
Gross motor function classification score 307, 309, 312
Growth factors 356
Growth failure 322
Growth velocity 323
Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency 167
Gut motility, impaired 381
Gut-microbiota
dysbiosis 278
neonatal 278
Gut-microbiota-brain axis 276
factors affecting 276t
H
Haemophilus influenzae 424
Hand hygiene 49fc
Haptocorrin 334
Harlequin ichthyosis 412
Head and neck 122
Head lag, absence of 127
Healthcare Delivery and Hearing Programs 196
Healthcare
education and informatics, role of 4
facilities in rural areas 82
improvement, institute for 46
infections 53
outcome, improves 46
provider, role of 131, 133
research and quality's, agency of 52
services delivery 57
systems, manner of 3
Hearing aids, conventional 195
Hearing loss
acquired 193
diagnosis of 197fc
nonmedical treatments for 196f
prevalence of 192
resources on 201t
sensorineural 192
Heart defect
congenital 211, 215, 216, 216t, 219, 219f, 220, 221
risk of 157t
Heart disease 125
congenital 5, 7, 209, 211, 223, 227, 246
Heart failure, congenital 457
Heart rate 217
fetal 115, 214
Heel stick 26
Helping babies breathe 4, 25
Hemangioma 408, 408f
congenital 408
Hemolytic disease 17
Hemorrhage
diagnosis of intraventricular 297
intracerebral 207, 311f
postpartum 17
subgaleal 123
Hepatitis C 4, 390
Hepatocyte growth factor 451
Hepatology and nutrition 442
Hepatorenal tyrosinemia 168
Hereditary acrodermatitis enteropathica 413, 413f
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 226
Hereditary tyrosinemia 173
Heritable cystic kidney diseases 455
Herniated viscera 183
Herpes 193, 285
Herpes simplex 447
virus 141, 419, 419f
Heterogeneity, wide spectrum of 3
Heterotaxia 184
Heterotaxy syndrome 214
High reliability organizations, hallmarks of 46
High-risk infant 74, 75
High-tech data bases 33
Hindgut, developmental anomalies of 187
Hip dysplasia, congenital 427
Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency 173
Home visitation, alternatives to 81
Homunculus 299f
Human factors, management and 31
Human immunodeficiency virus 141, 224, 390
maternal 361
Human microbiota studies, evidence from 276
Human milk 332, 346, 347, 355
advantages of 356
Banking Association 361
composition 355
studies of 356
lactation 355
oligosaccharides 332, 367
stem cells 356
Human papillomavirus 141
Human randomized trials 6
Hyaline membrane disease 13, 15, 209, 235, 245
Hydronephrosis 455
Hydroxyglutaric aciduria 171
Hygiene disorders 4
Hyperammonemia 172
Hyperbilirubinemia 98, 145, 192
screening 148
Hyperextension, congenital 430
Hyperglycemic milieu 99
Hyperinsulinism 168
hyperammonemia syndrome 171
Hyperkalemia 458, 459
Hyperoxia
harmful effects of 434b
test 200, 218
Hypertension 99, 459
etiology of neonatal 460b
neonatal 460
Hypertonia 166
Hypocalcemia 285
Hypoglycemia 145, 168, 171, 285
management of 145
neonatal 171
screening 146
Hypomagnesemia 285
Hyponatremia 458
Hypoplasia 453
Hypoplastic left heart 220
syndrome 198, 214, 216, 218, 227
Hyporeflexia 112
Hypotension 381
Hypothermia 313f
Hypotonia 166
Hypoxemic defects 198
Hypoxia, chronic 322
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy 7, 112, 127, 128, 193, 284, 292, 308, 312
infants with 127
I
Idiopathic-persistent pulmonary hypertension 206
Illicit substances 5
Illness, recognition of 26
Iloprost 229
In vitro fertilization 114
Inadequate protein 322
Incontinentia pigmenti 416, 417f
Incubator baby side 13, 13f
Individual donors, funding from 89
Individual healthcare experience 5
Individual with Disabilities Education Act 314
Indocin blocks prostaglandin E2 369
Infant bonding 76
Infant development 300
Bayley scale of 295, 295f, 307
Infant fed human milk 349
Infant mental health 5
Infant respiratory distress syndrome 243, 245, 246
Infant sepsis evaluation 72
Infantile hemangiomas 408
Infantile psoriasis 414
Infection 24,96
control 25, 29
Infectious disease, resurgence of 4
Infertility 109
Information
age of 4
management system 38, 44b
system 33
technology 44, 53
Innate immunity 366
Inpatient paediatrics, value in 71
Inspired oxygen, fraction of 246
Institutional funders, funding from 88
Insulin-like growth factor 322, 369, 433
Intelligence quotient 293, 306, 308
Interleukin 293, 368
International Business Machines Corporation 36
International Council of Nurses 68
International Lactation Consultants Association 355
Intestinal atresia, type II 181f
Intestinal epithelial cells 366
Intestinal malrotation occurs 183
Intestinal microbiota 366
Intestinal perforation 365
Intimate mother-infant connection 60
Intracardiac defects 182
Intracellular fluid 325, 325f
Intralipid 333
Intraluminal pressure 260f
Intramural course 216
Intrapartum 114
infections
recognition of 29
treatment of 29
Intrauterine fetal demise 131
Intrauterine growth
restriction 113, 194, 265, 323, 328, 340
retardation 447
velocity 349t
Intrauterine transtibial amputation 429f
Intravenous
fluids 369
immune globulin 17
initiation of 216
lipids 333
Intraventricular hemorrhage 5, 235, 275, 286, 292, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 459
prophylaxis 369
risk factors for 296
risk of 306
severe 381
Invasive diagnostic testing 156
Iron 336
Isolated intestinal perforation 369
Isovaleric acid, derivatives of 172
Isovaleric acidemia 173
J
Jaundice 166, 194, 360
Jejunoileal atresias 181
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome 193
Joint commission 52
Joint Commission on Infant Hearing 192
Joints, neonatal 423
Junctional epidermolysis bullosa 415
Juvenile xanthogranuloma 411, 411f
K
Kangaroo mother care 26, 27
Kangaroo pump 15
Kaplan-Meier curve 313f
Karyotype 200
Ketamine 383
Kidney 453t
congenital anomalies of 451
disease, chronic 452, 453
enlarged 125
injury, acute 451, 457
etiology of 457
malformations, congenital anomalies of 452
Klebsiella 248
Klippel-Feil syndrome 193
Knee, hyperextension of 430
L
Labor monitoring 97
Lactate dehydrogenase 446
Lactational amenorrhea method 361
Lactic acidosis 441
congenital 167, 168
Lactobacillales 279
Lactobacillus 276, 278, 279
species 279
Lactoferrin 334, 356
Lactoperoxidase 334
Lactose 356
Langerhans cell histiocytosis 413, 413f
Laparoscopy 188
Laryngeal nerve, superior 257
Late onset sepsis 294, 295f
and prematurity 294
Latent errors, method of investigating 53
Left suprasternal view, high 219f
Left ventricular
ejection fraction 224
outflow tract 211, 212f, 216
Lethargy 166
Leukocytes 356
Levetiracetam 288
Lidocaine 288,381
Limb
abnormalities 423, 452, 453
deficiencies 429
Lipopoly saccharide 368
Listeria 248
Liver disease 170, 447t
alcoholic 391
chronic 433
intestinal failure-related 448
neonatal 441, 445, 446
Liver function tests 169, 286
Local capacity, strengthening of 29
Long-term potentiation 265
Lorazepam 382
Low birth weight 295, 300, 311, 321, 326, 365
Low gestational age newborns 300, 310
Low-cost Infection Control Program 28
Lower motoneuron 257f
pools 256f
Lower respiratory tract 356
Lumbosacral hemangioma 409
Lung disease
cause of developmental 226
chronic 82, 223, 247, 265, 311f, 325, 326, 328, 333, 339, 340, 442
developmental 226
Lung rest 208
Lysosomal storage disorders 167, 168, 170, 171
Lysozyme 334
M
Macronutrient 331
caloric intake 331t
Magnesium 286, 334, 336t
disorders 335t
Magnetic resonance imaging 179, 301
functional 258, 276
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy 169
Malaria prophylaxis 24
Male circumcision
global map of 137f
prevalence 137
Maple syrup urine disease 167, 168
Marijuana 5
Mass spectrometry 166
Massage therapy 381
Masticatory central pattern generation 258
Mastitis 359
Mastocytosis 416
Maternal and child health 24f
Maternal and neonatal injury 109
Maternal body mass index 100
Maternal data, table of 35
Maternal disease, contribution of 98
Maternal experience 61
Maternal factors 113
Maternal health and preconception care 5
Maternal illness, chronic 132
Maternal microbiota changes 278
Maternal-fetal medicine 211
Mature milk 351t
Mean pulmonary arterial pressure 224
Meatal stenosis 140
Mechanical ventilation 25, 237, 248
Meckel-Gruber syndrome 161
Meconium aspiration 243
syndrome 205, 243, 248
Medical community 77
Medical management, planning for 162
Medical stabilization 177
Medical suppliers 21
Medication errors 52
bar coding for 53
Medications substances 5
Medium congenital nevus 410f
Medium-chain triglycerides 15
Melanocytic nevus, congenital 410
Membranes
disorder of 104
premature rupture of 104, 293
preterm 96, 97, 104
Mental developmental index 295f, 300, 307, 311f
Mental health 4, 59
conditions, pre-existing 63
professionals 62
Mercaptoacetyltriglycine lasix renal scan 459
Mesenteric artery, superior 183
Metabolic acidosis 172, 237, 458, 459
encephalopathy
with 170
without 168
evidence of 113
neonatal 172
Metabolism, inborn errors of 166, 167b 169, 173t, 446, 447
Methadone, chronic 396
Methamphetamine 391, 394
associated psychosis 394
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 359
Methylmalonic acid, derivatives of 172
Methylmalonic acidemia 173
Mevalonic acidemia 167
Microbe-associated molecular products 366
Microbiota 280
colonization occur 278
gut-brain signaling pathways 276
Microcephaly 193
Microminerals 339t, 342
Micronutrients 331, 337
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor 408
Midazolam 382
Miliaria 418
crystallina 419f
rubra 418f
Milk
ejection reflex 359
expression, methods of 360
Millennium development goal 85, 95
Milrinone 230
Mimic intrauterine growth velocity 323t
Minimal enteral nutrition 345, 346
Minimal neural circuitry 256, 257
Minimum enteral nutrition 334
Miscarriage 131
causes of 132
Mitochondrial disease 173
Mitochondrial disorders 168, 171, 173
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy 441
Mitochondrial inheritance 167
Mitral stenosis 227
Mitral valve prolapse 218
Modulate brain activity 264
Molybdenum cofactor deficiency 173
Mongolian spot 406, 407f
Morbidity and mortality, neonatal 95
Morbidly adherent placenta 104, 107
Morphine 382
6-glucuronide 382
Mother's own milk 279, 340, 346, 350, 365
Mother's unique identifier 35
Mother-infant separation 60
Müllerian duct, developmental anomalies of 187
Multicystic dysplastic kidney 453
Multidisciplinary team 77
Multifetal gestation 109
Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency 168, 173
Multisensorial stimulation 381
Murmur 215, 217
Muscle tone 379
Muscular dystrophies, congenital 167
Music therapy 381
Mycoplasma spp 368
N
Nasogastric tube 177
National Association of Neonatal Nurse Practitioners 66
National Association of Pediatric Gastroenterology 442
National Certification Testing 14
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development 260, 296, 313
Neonatal Research Network 293, 310
National Institutes of Health 192, 248
National Perinatal Association 59, 61
Natriuretic peptide, B-type 237
Natural disease progression 4
Near-infrared spectroscopy 7, 258, 269
Necrotizing enterocolitis 183, 184, 247, 277, 295, 295f, 311f, 321, 334, 346, 356, 365, 367, 443
incidence of 236
mediators of 368
pathogenesis of 366
Necrotizing fasciitis 425
Neonatal abstinence syndrome 149, 394
incidence of 75
treatment of 395
Neonatal care 37
Neonatal cholestasis, causes of 448
Neonatal death worldwide, causes of 293f
Neonatal distress 167
Neonatal electrocardiogram, role of 218
Neonatal encephalopathy 18, 112
trial 313
Neonatal factors 237
Neonatal intensive care unit 7, 12, 13, 31, 43, 51, 59, 66, 75, 88, 97, 105, 147, 178, 192, 206, 214, 223, 237, 248, 256, 268, 275, 284, 321, 349, 360, 367, 377, 412, 423, 437, 443
Neonatal morbidity and mortality 17
Neonatal mortality 28
majority of 21, 27
worldwide, cause of 28
Neonatal opiate withdrawal syndrome 148, 149
Neonatal Pain Control Programs 378
Neonatal Research Network 260, 296, 300, 301, 313
Neonatal resuscitation 25
comprehensive 27
interventions for 27
Neonatal Resuscitation Program 13
Neonatal seizures, recognition of 285
Neonatal surgery, history of 16
Neonate
exhibit 166
function in 153
mouth 32
Neonatology
evidence-based 3
special interest group 61
Nephrocalcinosis 461
etiology of 461
Nephrology in neonate 451
Nephrotoxic medications 457
Neuroblastoma 125
Neurodevelopment function 390
Neurodevelopmental impairment 300, 301, 312
Neurodevelopmental outcome 294, 299
Neurofibromatosis 405
Neuroimaging 173, 301
Neurological dysfunction, bilirubin-induced 148
Neurological injury 117
neonatal 112
suspected 128
Neuronal injury and apoptosis 289
Neuroprotection and sensory stimulation 265
Neuropsychological assessment 308
Nevus depigmentosus 406, 406f
Nevus of ito 407f
Nevus sebaceous 409, 409f
Nevus simplex 403
New interventions, trial of 47
Newborn brain, monitoring 268
Newborn care
continuum of 24f
enhance 85
essential 27
home-based 86
improve 21
normal 119
Newborn galactosemia 361
Newborn hearing loss 191, 196
etiology 192
risk factors 192
Newborn hearing screening
guidelines for 197fc
tests 194
Newborn medicine 1, 4
Newborn pain 377
management of 377
scales, different 380t
Newborn physical examination 121
Newborn populations 292
Newborn screening 174
Newborn survival, improving 29
Newborn transition, normal 214
Newborn's posture 122
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate 339
Nicotine 393
Nitric oxide 228f, 368
inhaled 220, 227, 248
therapy 206
N-methyl d-aspartate 289
Non-anxious parents 60
Nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma 412
Non-Governmental Organization 21, 86
Non-hispanic whites 391
Nonimmune hydrops 168, 171, 171b
Non-nutritive sucking 256, 258, 258f260f, 380
benefits of 259
development of 266
frequency modulation of 259f
support 256
Nonpharmacological analgesia 380
Nonprotein nitrogen 356
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 235, 382
Norepinephrine 277
Normal placenta, sonographic appearance of 108f
Nose 123
Novel viral diseases 4
Nuchal translucency 155
measurement 157t
Nucleus accumbens 394
Nucleus ambiguus 256
Nucleus tractus solitarius 256
Nulliparity 109
Nulliparous term singleton vertex 17
Nurse
practitioner 65
neonatal 14, 66
role, evolution of 14
Nutrition 14, 459
goal of 321
Nutritional breakdown 350t
Nutritional counseling 24
Nutritional deficits evaluation, specific 324
Nutritional support, stages of 345
Nutritive sucking 257f, 258, 258f, 260, 260f
swallow central pattern generation 256, 258
O
Obesity 109
Occipital frontal circumference measurement 322b
Oculocutaneous albinism 408
Oligoanuria 458
Omphalocele 182, 184
Ontology 33
Operative delivery 98
Opiates 394
Opioid 381, 390
exposed newborns 395
Optimizing neonatal care 5
Oral feeds, time-to-full 268
Organic acidemias 173
Ornithine transcarbamylase 441
Orofacial sensorium 264
Orogastric tube 177, 179
Oromotor pattern generation, building blocks for 255
Orosensory entrainment therapy 259
Orphan diseases 19
Orthopedic problems, common 423
Oscillatory ventilation, high-frequency 12,206
Osteogenesis imperfecta 426
Osteomalacia 426
Osteomyelitis 424
Osteopenia 322, 426
Ostial stenosis 216
Otoacoustic-evoked emissions 194
Ototoxic medications 192
Oxygen 432
administration, safety in 434
in blood
assessment of 436
clinical assessment of 436t
practices 437
saturation 432
therapy 230
Oxygenation 432
index 206
P
Pain
and addiction 375
inducing procedures, common 378t
management 16, 379
neglect 377
newborn's response to 378t
prevention 379
Pallor and poor pulses 215
Paper-based system 31
Papulosquamous eruption 411
Paralysis 137
Parasympathetic tone 322
Parenchymal liver disease 170
Parental anxiety 76
Parental stress 59
frequency of 59
impact of 60
Parenteral calcium 336t
Parenteral carbohydrates 332
Parenteral nutrition 345
total 336, 340, 345, 347, 349, 350, 366, 448
Parenteral protein 333
Pareto chart 50
Patent ductus arteriosus 199, 215, 217, 218, 224, 235, 237, 325, 369
closure 238, 239
diagnosis of 237
prophylactic treatment of 239
risk factors of 236
risk of 247
treatment 239
effect of 239
timing of 239
Paternal experience 61
Pathogenic fecal flora 355
Patient information systems, paper-based 32
Patient safety 7, 51
and quality 5
improving 53
Patient Safety Program 53
Peabody picture vocabulary test 299
Peak inspiratory pressure 208
Pectus excavatum 125
Pediatric autopsy, declining 7
Pediatric cardiothoracic surgeons 211
Pediatric Endocrine Society 146
Pediatric nurse practitioner 80
Pediatric surgery 188
Pelvic floor dysfunction, manage 186
Perimembranous 217
Perinatal asphyxia 6, 18, 98, 457
Perinatal factors 236
Perinatal hyperoxia, risk factors for 434b
Perinatal sentinel events 5
Perinatal substance exposure 148
Perineal fistula 187
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis 218
Peritoneal dialysis 460
Periventricular leukomalacia 82, 296, 301, 311f
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders 171
Peroxisomal disorders 167, 173
Persistent pulmonary hypertension 82, 199, 223, 225, 243, 437
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 405f
Pharmacological analgesia 381
Pharyngeal perforation 248
Pharyngoesophageal manometry 258
Phenytoin 288
Philanthropy, costs of 90
Phosphate 335
Phosphodiesterase, inhibitor of 5, 227, 230
Phosphorus 321, 334, 335, 335t, 336t
Phototherapy 17
Physician assistant, role of 65
Physiologic parameters 378
Physiologic stress 322
Piebaldism 407, 407f
Placenta 434b
accreta 107, 108f
sonographic appearance of 108f
disorder of 105
increta 107
percreta 107
previa 104, 106, 109
complete 107f
diagnosis of 107
partial 107f
Placental abruption occurs 105
Placental anomalies 7
Placental pathology examinations 7
Placental previa, marginal 107f
Placentation, spectrum of 107f
Plan-do-study-act 46, 50
cycles 50
Plasma protein A, pregnancy-associated 155
Platelet-activating factor 368
Plus disease 433
Pneumatosis intestinalis 185f
Pneumonia 248
Pneumothorax 52
Point-of-care testing in newborn screening 191
Polycystic kidney 454
disease 457
autosomal dominant 454
autosomal recessive 454
Polydactyly 428
Polymerase chain reaction 194, 367
Polyunsaturated fatty acid, long-chain 332
Ponderal index 324
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia 173
Poor cognitive function 275
Poor feeding 166
Port-wine stain 404, 404f
Positive airway pressure, nasal continuous 246
Positive end-expiratory pressure 208, 238, 438
Positive pressure ventilation, nasal intermittent 246
Postextubation atelectasis 248
Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus 297
Postmaturity desquamation 411, 411f
Postmenstrual age 256, 264, 278, 300, 365
Postmortem radiograph 7
Postnatal gut microbiota colonization 278
Postnatal hydronephrosis, grading system for 455
Post-traumatic stress disorder 61, 395
Practical nutritional critical periods 349
Precordial pulsations 237
Predominantly veillonella 278
Preeclampsia 99
Pre-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation evaluation 206
Pregestational diabetes 98
Pregnancy
implications for 392
loss 129
management 164
to community 130
Premature birth, prevention of 17
Premature born 13
Premature infant pain profile 379
Prematurity 24, 27, 95, 295
anemia of 351
management of 21
osteopenia of 351
prevention 17
Prenatal diagnosis 155, 164
Prenatal female infanticide, selective 8
Prenatal tests, common 155t
Prenatal ultrasound 186
Preterm birth risk reduction 5
Preterm infant 255, 267f, 278, 294
brain development and injury 280
late 305, 306
residual treatment guidelines for 348t
Preterm neonates 302f
Previa, absence of 108f
Prevotella species 279
Primary peritoneal drainage 185
Primitive reflexes 127
Prior pregnancy termination 109
Probiotics 370
Produce admission notes 37
Profound cyanosis 215
Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis syndromes 448, 449
Promote ororhythmic sucking activity 264
Prophylaxis 141
Propionibacterium 279
Propionic acid, derivatives of 172
Prostacyclin 228f, 229
receptor 228f
Prostaglandin 213, 228f, 230
E1 214, 230
E2 237
synthetase inhibitors 238
Protein 321
Proteobacteria 279
Prothrombin time 446
Proton pump inhibitor 444
Providers in different settings, types of 25
Providing skilled delivery care 24
Proximal femoral focal deficiency 429
Prune belly syndrome 457
Pseudomonas 279
Psoriasis 414f
Psychomotor developmental index 295f, 300, 310
Psychosocial function 390
Pubertal menstrual cycles 357
Public health nurse 65
Public safety net system 52
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 224
Pulmonary artery 180, 212, 215, 216, 219f, 224, 225f, 248
end-diastolic pressure 225, 225f
hypertension 223, 224
main 212
pressure, fetal 224
Pulmonary atresia 198, 220, 221
Pulmonary blood flow 214, 215t, 219, 221
higher 217t
Pulmonary deterioration 237
Pulmonary hypertension 223, 224, 226, 227, 248
classification of 223, 224b
diagnosis of 224
with drugs and toxins 226
with genetic disorders 226
world symposium on 223
Pulmonary hypoplasia 224
Pulmonary insufficiency jet 225f
Pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis 224
Pulmonary lymphangiectasia 224
Pulmonary regurgitation 225
Pulmonary valve 218
Pulmonary vascular
disease 224
resistance 214, 224, 243
Pulmonary vein 212
stenosis 226
Pulmonic stenosis 214
Pulse
oximetry 200fc
randomized trial 247
pressure, wide 237
Pupillary light reflexes 4
Putative premotor, schematic of 257f
Pyridoxine-responsive seizures 173
Pyruvate 286
dehydrogenase deficiency 173
Q
Quality and safety 46
principles of 5
Quality improvement 46
methods in 47
team, development of 47
R
Ralstonia 279
Reactive oxygen species 368, 434
Recognize parental emotional distress 62
Red blood cell 340
Red cell membrane, risk of 8
Reflux 441
high grade 141
Registered nurse 66
Regurgitation 441
therapies 443t
Relaxation and massage 360
Release reactive oxygen species 296
Remifentanil 382
Renal acute kidney injury 457
Renal and urologic anomalies 409
Renal anomalies 423, 452, 453
Renal artery
occlusion 457
thrombosis 457
Renal disease, intrinsic 457
Renal failure, acute 457
Renal function tests 458
Renal replacement therapy 451, 459
Renal scars 141
Renal vein thrombosis 457
Reproduction function 390
Residual foreskin 139f
Respiratory central pattern generator 256
Respiratory compromise 112
Respiratory disease 442
Respiratory distress 215
developed 163
Respiratory distress syndrome 97, 104, 116, 206, 235, 246, 259, 266, 457
died of 13
incidence of 369
Respiratory failure 206
Respiratory management 15
Respiratory support 25
Respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, severe acute 201
Retinitis pigmentosa 168
Retinopathy of prematurity 15, 229, 236, 332, 339, 340, 432, 433f, 434
early treatment for 433
international classification of 433
Retractions 122
Rhesus isoimmunization disease 17
Rickets 426
Right distal
femur 424f
tibia 424f
Right ventricle 215, 243
Right ventricular outflow tract 219
Ritual scarring 8
Root cause analysis 53
Rubella 193, 285
S
Sacrococcygeal teratoma 185, 186
types of 185f
Safety
culture of 47
improvement strategy 47
role in 53
Salmon patch 403, 403f
Scabies 419, 419f
Scalp injury 123f
Scimitar syndrome 227
Screening tools, developmental 309t
Seborrheic dermatitis 414, 414f, 415f
Secretory immunoglobulin A 356
Seizures 166, 169t
etiology of neonatal 284
neonatal 173, 284
Sensory hair cells 193f
Sensory nuclei 257f
Sensory stimulation on brain maturation, role of 268
Sepsis 145, 183, 206, 448
diagnosis of 29
early-onset 147, 248, 293, 294
management of 145
neonatal 292
screening for 147
treatment of 25, 29
Septic arthritis 424
Serial fetal echoes 212f
Serial transverse enteroplasty procedure 181
Serotonin 390
reuptake inhibitor, selective 225
Serratia 279
Serum
alpha-fetoprotein, maternal 182
bilirubin, total 148
electrolytes 286
screening, second-trimester 157
sodium concentration 32
Sexually transmitted
diseases 390
infections 137
Short bowel syndrome 181
Short-chain fatty acids 277, 370
Shunt status 300t
Sick children, action for 18
Signal extraction technology 434
Sildenafil 227
Silicone nipple, inside 260f
Singleton children, risk factors in 307f
Six sigma 47
Skin
and integumentary system 122
care, specialized 12
disorders 403
Sleep-wake cycling 268
Smooth muscle cells 228f
Society for Fetal Urology 455
Society for fetal urology grading system 455f
Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine 100, 104
Society of Hospital Medicine 72
Sodium, fractional excretion of 452
Soft tissue injury 123f
Software program applications 33
Somatosensory cortex 270
Soy protein formula 334
Soybean oil 15
Sphingomonas 279
Sphingomyelin, lecithin to 15
Spinal dysraphism 409
Stanger electrocardiogram wheel 219f
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome 417, 417f
Staphylococcus 278, 279
aureus 359, 417, 424
Stenosis 220
Stillbirths, rate of 28
Stone formation, inhibitors of 461t
Streptococcal disease, group B 294f
Streptococci predominate 278
Streptococcus 278, 279, 359, 424
disease, group B 248
group B 104, 147, 243, 285, 294
Stress, maternal 279
Stria vascularis 193f
Stridor 122
Structural cardiac defects 213
Structural congenital disorders 160
Structural disorders 425
Subcutaneous fat necrosis 409
Subglottic stenosis 248
Subsequent surfactant replacement therapy 17
Substance abuse and mental health services administration 148
Suck central pattern generator 255, 257f
Sucrose 381
Sudden infant death syndrome 106, 132
unexpected 132
Suicide 390
Sulfite oxidase 173
deficiency 173
Support nutritive sucking 257
Support patient care 33
Supporting implementation, focus on 21
Supravalvar mitral ring 227
Supraventricular tachycardia 214, 216
Surfactant administration 246
Surfactant positive pressure 247
Surfactant therapy 246
Surgical conditions, common 177
Surgical deliveries 7
Surgical errors 52
Surgical repair, timing of 219
Surgical site infections 54
Sustainable family-centered care 18
Swallow central pattern generator 257
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation 208
Syphilis 193
congenital 4
Systemic vascular resistance 215, 243
Systolic murmur 237
T
T cells 356
Tachycardia 237
Tachypnea 122, 166, 215, 216
Target oxygen saturations 247
Tblinfants 36
Teamwork and communication errors 53
Telemonitoring 81
Temporal bone abnormalities 193
Teratomas 125
Tetrahydrocannabinol 390, 393
Tetralogy of Fallot 7, 198, 214, 215, 218220
Therapeutic hypothermia 18
Thermoregulation 13, 25, 247
importance of 13
remains vital 13
Thoracoscopic surgery, video-assisted 238
Three-generation pedigree 162f
Throat 123
Thrombocytopenia 194, 429
syndrome 430f
Thromboelastography 208
Thyroid stimulating hormone 340
Tissue oxygenation 435b
physiology of 434
Tobacco smoke exposure 393
Tocolysis 97
Topical analgesics 381
Topiramate 289
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return 198, 207, 217, 218
Total body
cooling 4, 6, 18
hypothermia 313
water 324
Toxoplasmosis 193, 285
Tracheoesophageal fistula 177, 423, 452, 453
classification of 178f
Training traditional birth attendants 28
Traintrainers method 23
Transcutaneous bilirubin 148
Transcutaneous water loss, reduce 326, 326t
Transforming growth factor β 226
Transient hyperammonemia 169
Transient neonatal pustular
dermatosis 418f
melanosis 418
Transient tachypnea 243, 244, 246
Transport ventilators, days of 14
Treacher Collins syndrome 193
Treponema pallidum 248
Treprostinil 229
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 225
Tricuspid atresia 198, 220
Tricuspid regurgitation 224
Tricuspid valve abnormalities 220
Trigeminal complex, mesencephalic nucleus of 256
Trisomy 21 syndrome 193
Truncus arteriosus 198, 217, 218
Tuberculosis 137
Tubular function 452
Tubular necrosis, acute 457
Tumor necrosis factor alpha 296, 368
Twins, kangaroo care of 18f
U
Ultrasound 116, 207, 351
Uniform terminology 34
United Nation's Millennium Development 292
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund 74, 82
Unmeasured anions 171
Upper esophageal sphincter 257, 257f
Urea cycle disorders 167, 173
Ureteropelvic junction 455
obstruction 455f
Urethral injury 140
Urethrocutaneous fistula 140
Urinalysis 458
Urinary tract 453t
congenital anomalies of 451
infection 452, 453
catheter-associated 53
risk of 141
malformations, congenital anomalies of 452
Useful tools 213
Usher syndrome 193
V
VACTERL syndrome 193
Varicella 419
neonatal 419f
Varicella-zoster virus 419
Vasa previa 109
Vascular endothelial growth factor 296
role of 433
Vasoactive peptide 228f
Vasodilators 461
Velamentous cord insertion 109
Vena cava
inferior 212
left superior 218
superior 212, 219f
Veno-venous 207
Ventral pallidum 394
Ventral swallowing group 256, 257f
Ventricle heart disease 227
Ventricular septal defect 213, 215, 217, 224
Vertebral defects 423, 452, 453
Very low birth weight 66, 75, 236, 265, 294, 312, 348, 349, 365
Vesicoureteral reflux 455
Vesiculopustular eruptions 415
Video interaction guidance 81
Vital signs 217
Vitamin 337t
D 340
maternal 337
Voiding cystourethrogram
grading system 456f
role of 456
Vomiting 166, 441
differential diagnosis of 441t
W
Waardenburg syndrome 193
Waste, reducing overall 46
Water balance, evaluation of 326
Weaning 208
Wechsler intelligence scale 308
Whiskey nipple 16
White matter
abnormalities 301
evidence of 300
injury 295, 301, 302f, 306
Whole exome screening 162
Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene 451
Wood units 224
World Health Organization 21, 74, 78, 96, 361, 392
X
Xanthine oxidase 368
Z
Zika virus 4, 193
Zinc 370
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear


Preventive Newborn Health and Care
Preventive Newborn Health and Care
Editor-in-Chief Balaji Govindaswami MBBS MPH FAAP Professor of Pediatrics and Associate Chair for Research, Department of Pediatrics Endowed Chair, Preventative and Addiction Medicine Professor, Department of Clinical and Translational Sciences Office of Research and Graduate Education Marshall University Joan C Edwards School of Medicine Division Chief, Neonatology; Director - NICU Hoops Family Children's Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital Huntington, West Virginia, USA Associate Editor Robin Daughters Wu Assistant Editor Nisha Bedi Donley Section Editors Glenn Henry DeSandre Kamakshi Devarajan Matthew J Garabedian Priya Jegatheesan Rupalee Patel Audra Pritt Dongli Song Illustrative Editor Albert H Alhatem
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
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© 2021, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
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Preventive Newborn Health and Care
First Edition: 2021
9789352704736
Printed at:
James Donald Whitaker, Jr
In memory of Ira Adams-Chapman
Contributors Foreword
Maternal, perinatal and newborn health should matter to all of us, and should be viewed from both a human rights and public health perspective. We are only beginning to comprehend the interplay of risk and protective factors, such as socioeconomic status, stress, toxic environmental exposures, and social, nutrition and health behaviors that are at play throughout our lifetime. The potential cumulative effects of these influences on health outcomes may be significant. As research continues to demonstrate the important role of early life events in shaping our health trajectory, we must learn and respond.
Through science, we have now been able to establish key links between early life events and the occurrence of many common chronic diseases that usually manifest in adulthood. A mechanism may be that early events are programed into the developing immune, cardiovascular, endocrine and other physiologic systems. For instance, fetal malnutrition can lead to long-term physiologic changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, increasing the risk of obesity in adulthood with consequent diabetes, heart disease, hypertension and arthritis. Animal studies have indicated that epigenetic phenomena may be important mechanisms underlying programing, and that nutritional interventions may need to begin before conception. These new discoveries at the intersection of the biological, behavioral, and social sciences can now explain not only how healthy development happens, but where it may go awry and what we can do about it.
A broad new paradigm is emerging which can potentially address longstanding differences in health across populations. This “life course” approach to conceptualizing healthcare needs and services may be able to better discern the challenges and help improve the health and well-being of all women, children, youth and families in a transgenerational manner. Our efforts must be coordinated both across life stages and across the lifespan. However, we must be clear – the life course approach is not a one-size-fits-all model, but instead a perspective that should be incorporated into future research, programs, policies and partnerships to optimize health outcomes and reduce disparities across populations. If successful, we may be able to uncover early factors that influence infant mortality, including birth defects and preterm birth, leading to reduction in inequities in birth outcomes, and improved reproductive potential. We thus endeavor to improve the health of future generations by introducing a longitudinal, integrated, and ecological approach to implementing maternal and child health programs.
Rahul Gupta MD MPH MBA FACP
Chief Medical and Health Officer
Senior Vice-President
March of Dimes
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Georgetown University School of Medicine
Washington DC, USA
Preface
Every year approximately 140 million babies are born alive on this planet, a large proportion of whom die of preventable causes, including perinatal asphyxial injury, prematurity, infection, and severe birth defects. Maternal risk factors for infant morbidity are pre-existing maternal disease, disorders in pregnancy, and diseases of the placenta, cord and membranes. Recognition and optimum management of these predispositions will lead to better infant outcomes.
In this age of information, it is possible to search vast amounts of literature and data, giving us new perspectives on our experiences and the variation in disease burden in our own communities. Understanding disparities within and between populations may illuminate fundamental genetic disposition or healthcare delivery differences based on socioeconomic determinants of disease.
The impact of the environment and rapid shifts in climate are just beginning to be explored. Effects on our gametes, the early embryo, pregnancy, fetus, developing nervous system, and our entire life cycle are subjects of much-needed exploration. The effects of endocrine disruptive compounds and “forever chemicals” need to be studied with a sense of urgency. The same is true of the myriad new drugs on the market, many seeking to attenuate the way we feel and perhaps altering the way we are, by their effects on the adult central nervous system.
Mental health in general and infant mental health in particular are barely in the infancy of understanding. Sociological determinants of disease, especially adverse childhood experiences, have important consequences for an individual's lifetime, and may negatively impact the next generation. Both genetic code and zip code (i.e. place/circumstances at birth) are critically important to health and well-being; inequities of wealth in any society invariably lead to inequities in health. Addressing disparities in perinatal healthcare delivery will optimize maternal and neonatal outcomes.
It is estimated that the lifetime impairment rate of cognitive processes in our central nervous system is 47%. Thus, even a “perfect” newborn has a 1 in 2 lifetime risk of transient or long-term central nervous system dysfunction. Approaches to enhance neurocognition have critical windows of opportunity in early infant neurodevelopment and throughout childhood and adolescence. Conversely, exposure to the wrong agent at the wrong time can have devastating consequences. Early identification of at-risk infants and intervention programs aimed at enhancing function are essential to reducing long-term societal costs. A commitment to understanding differences in practice variations, both local and global, is fundamental to implementing pathways for minimizing risk of injury, else preventable morbidities often have consequences for a lifetime. Healthcare providers must carefully consider both big data and individual circumstance in order to deliver the most precise care. The instant availability of big data to providers no matter in what part of the world they practice, while fraught with inherent dangers if ill-understood or misapplied, generally holds great promise for the future of clinical practice.
Balaji Govindaswami
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mala Arora, editor of World Clinics: Obstetrics & Gynecology, for the inspiration, and Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers for convincing us that there is a global need to provide transdisciplinary approaches to newborn care.
This book is truly the product of the ultimate devotion and fierce determination of Robin Daughters Wu, Research Associate extraordinaire with our Newborn division of medicine at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, who has toiled effortlessly and ungrudgingly through a decade of collaboration among authors in different departments, institutions, states, and nations. It is her singular focus and catholic intent that brings this publication to its fruition.
Thank you to the many distinguished authors and faculty who have been incredibly patient and shared their knowledge and gifts with us selflessly, generously, and with private time taken from family and friends. To this group, our gratitude is eternal.
We would like to thank the Santa Clara Valley Medical Center obstetric residents and Stanford pediatric house staff for their questions, for their inquisitive participation, hard work, and feedback, which keep us vigilant. In addition, we thank our students – Sherwin Abdoli, Esther Belogolovsky, Kylie Burdsall, Tatiana Caine, Ashton Easterday, Bella Anderson Enni, Claudia Flores, Erica Flores, Ixtaso Garay, Keshav Goel, Ben Kifle, Melissa Ling, Pooja Rathi Shah, Maricela Vallejo, and so many others for their diligence, conscientious skepticism, and thoughtful work which has supported clinical investigation and made innovative learning fun.
The editorial support team has been ad hoc, extensive, and indispensable at every varied part of this journey. Their contributions to the final product cannot be under-emphasized. That said, any shortcomings, unwitting errors or failure on the part of being true to our stated mission, are mine, and mine alone.
This book would not have been possible without the support of Stacey D Stewart (President and CEO) and the March of Dimes Foundation, Arlington County, Virginia; Jolene Smith (CEO) and FIRST 5 Santa Clara County, San Jose, California; Santa Clara Valley Health and Hospital System, Santa Clara County, California; E Christopher Wilder (President and Executive Director) and the Valley Medical Center (VMC) Foundation, San Jose, California; Jeff Smith, MD, JD, County Executive Officer for the County of Santa Clara, California; Marshall Pediatrics, Huntington, West Virginia; Marshall University Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia; Hoops Family Children's Hospital at Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, West Virginia; and Kristi Arrowood (Director of Development) and the Mountain Health Network Foundations, Huntington, West Virginia. Net proceeds will be administered through the VMC Foundation in San Jose for the ultimate benefit of disadvantaged women and children in need, anywhere, and with a sense of urgency to those with preventable morbidity and mortality.
The leadership of Dr Rajul Jain and her team at Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers brought much needed momentum to us, in our eleventh hour. We are very grateful.
Finally, we would like to thank our patients, families, their advocates and caregivers, whose feedback over the years has been an invaluable gift helping to shape future, more civil approaches in healthcare. They remind us that health must be viewed through the eyes of the consumer, as we seek to do unto others as they would prefer to have done unto them, with the overall intent of enhancing “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.”