Essentials of Medical Pharmacology KD Tripathi
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
A
Abacavir, 862–63, 870
ABC (ATP-binding cassettee) transporters, 18
Abciximab, 679, 680
Abortion: drugs for, 205–06, 344, 345
Absorbants, 732
Absorption of drugs, 20–23, 988
Acamprosate, 421
Acarbose, 300–01, 302
Acebutolol, 162, 163
Aceclofenac, 221
Acenocoumarol, 668, 669
Acetaminophen. See Paracetamol
Acetazolamide, 169, 170, 633–34, 637
Acetic acid, 949,
Acetomenaphthone, 661, 972
Acetylation, 31, 574, 817
Acetylcholine (ACh), 103, 104, 110–13, 114–15, 133
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 107, 111, 121
Acetylsalicylic acid. See Aspirin
Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), 703
Acitretin, 951
Aclarubicin, 916, 927
Acne vulgaris: drugs for, 952–56, 959
Acriflavine, 961
Acromegaly, 259, 260, 261
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), 255, 266
Actinomycin D, 926, 934
Action potential (AP) 387, 521, 522
effect of digitalis on, 557
fast channel; slow channel, 522
in heart, 521, 522
in nerve, 387
Activation of drugs, 28
Active transport of drugs, 18–19, 37
Acute coronary syndsromes (ACS), 590, 602, 666, 680, 686
Acute left ventricular failure, 506, 564, 565, 628
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), 770, 772, 896
Acyclovir, 813, 850–52
Adalimumab, 230, 737, 943
Adapalene, 953–54
Addiction: to drugs, 98–99
Addison's disease, 309, 314
Adefovir dipivoxil, 855
Adenosine, 581, 582, 583
Adenylyl cyclase: cAMP pathway, 55, 56, 144–45, 641
Adrenaline (Adr), 56, 97, 136, 138, 141–45, 150, 389
Adrenomedullin, 544, 555
Adrenergic
blockers, 153–165, also See Alfa adrenergic blockers, Beta adrenergic blockers
drugs, 141–52
neurone blockers, 153, 154, 614
receptors, 137–39, 140
transmission, 136–40
Adrenochrome monosemicarbazone, 662
Adriamycin. See Doxorubicin
Adverse drug effects, 92–101
causality assessment, 93
Adverse drug event (ADE), 92
Adverse drug reaction (ADR), 92
Aeromatic chest rub, 240
Affinity, 50, 51
Agonist, 49, 50, 51
AIDS: drugs for. See Antiretrovirus drugs
Akathisia, 471
Albendazole, 907, 908–09, 911, 913, 914
Alcohol
drinking: motivation for, 420
drinking: safe guidelines, 419
ethyl, 415–21
methyl, 422–23
Alcoholic beverages, 415
Alcoholism, 420–21
Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, 421–22
Aldosterone, 307–08, 312, 314, 621, 636
antagonist, 563, 567–68, 607, 616, 634–35, also See Spironolactone
Aldosterone induced protein (AIP), 308, 634, 636
Alendronate, 369, 370, 371
Alfa adrenergic blockers, 153–57, 610, 611, 614
Alfacalcidol, 368
Alfa glucosidase inhibitors, 280, 294, 300–01
Alfa reductase inhibitors, 326–27, 932
Aliskiren, 530, 538, 608
Alkaloids, 3
Alkylating agents, 916, 918–20
Allergy (hypersensitivity) to drugs, 96–97, 182–83
Allopurinol, 233–35, 902, 936
Allylestrenol, 343
Aloe vera gel, 947
Alogliptin, 298
Alopecia: drugs for, 327, 613
Alprazolam, 431, 494
Alprostadil, 207, 329
Alteplase (rt-PA), 674, 675
Altretamine, 916, 919
Alum, 947
Aluminium hydroxide, 703
Alvimopan, 513
Alzheimer's disease: drugs for, 119, 518–20
Amantadine, 459–60, 853
Ambrisentan, 328, 546, 547
Ambroxol, 238
Amethocaine. See Tetracaine
Amifostine, 936
Amikacin (Am), 795, 776, 799, 820, also See Aminoglycoside antibiotics
Amiloride, 635, 637, 644
Amineptine, 491
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, 793–800
common properties, 793
mechanism of action, 793–94
shared toxicities, 794
Aminopenicillins, 772–73
Aminophylline, 247, also See Theophylline
5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). See Mesalazine
Amiodarone, 573, 577–78, 583
Amisulpiride, 470
Amitriptyline, 486, 487, also See Tricyclic antidepressants
Amlodipine, 595, 596, 608, 617, 620
Amodiaquine (AQ), 880–81, 890, 891
Amoebiasis: treatment of, 899–900
Amoxapine, 486, 491, 492
Amoxicillin, 706, 772, 773, 774, 813
Amphetamine, 147, 148, 151, 465
Amphotericin B (AMB), 839–41, 845, 902–03
liposomal, 839, 903
Ampicillin, 772, 773, 811, 813
Amrinone. See Inamrinone
Amylnitrite, 544
Anabolic steroids, 325
Anaemia: drugs for, 645–658
Anaesthesia: general, 399
complications of, 396
local vs general, 386
mechanism of, 399–400
pharmacokinetics of: inhalational, 402–03
stages of, 400
techniques of: inhalational, 403–04
techniques of: local, 394–97
Anakinra, 230, 943
Analeptics, 515
Analgesic: definition, 497
combinations, 226
nonopioid, 209–26
opioid, 497–507
Analgesic nephropathy, 212
Anandamide, 199, 479
Anaphylactic reaction, 96, 97
Anaphylactic shock: treatment of, 97, 150, 182, 315
Anastrozole, 339, 340
Androgens, 320–325
transdermal, 323
Androsterone, 321
Angina pectoris, 163, 584, 589, 591, 597–98
Angiogenesis inhibitors, 930, 931
Angiotensin-II (Ang II), 524–29
antagonists, See Angiotensin receptor blockers
converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, 530–35, 564, 603, 607–08, 615, 616
receptor blockers (ARBs), 535–38, 564, 603, 608, 615, 616
Anidulafungin, 842
Anorectic drugs, 149
Antacid, 702–705
combinations, 703
in peptic ulcer, 704
Antagonism, 66–70
among antimicrobials, 749
competitive, 68–69
non competitive, 68–69
non equilibrium, 69
Antagonist: competitive, 49, 50, 51, 68, 69, 153, 157, 430, 435, 511, 535, 697
non competitive, 68, 69
Anterior pituitary hormones, 255, 257–66
Anthelmintic drugs, 906–14
Anthraquinone purgatives, 724–25
Anti H. pylori drugs, 705–06
Antiamoebic drugs, 893–900
Antiandrogens, 325–26
Antianginal drugs, 584–600
Antianxiety drugs, 413, 493–96
Anti-aquaretic, 639
Antiarrhythmic drugs, 570–583
choice of, 582, 583
Antibiotic: definition, 739
sources of, 741
Anticancer: drugs, 915–36
antibiotics, 916, 926–27
general principles in use of, 933–35
general toxicity, 916–18
Anticholinergic drugs, 124–35, 413–14, 460, 711
Anticholinesterases, 116–23, 380
in Alzheimer's disease, 518–19
poisoning, 122
Anticoagulants, 661, 663–673
Anticonvulsants. See Antiepileptic drugs
Antidepressants, 481–92
atypical, 490–91
Antidiarrhoeal drugs, 730–37
Anti-D immune globulin, 944
Antidiuretics, 639–44
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 255, 623, 639–44
Antiemetics, 192, 710–19, 935
Antiepileptic drugs, 438–51
Antiestrogens, 336, 337
Antifibrinolytic drugs, 676
Antifungal drugs, 838–48
Antihaemophilic factor, 662
Antihistaminics
H1 blockers, 175, 178–84
H2 blockers, 175, 185, 414, 696–99
H3 antagonists, 175, 184
second generation, 181–82
Antihypertensive drugs, 604–20
combinations of, 615
in pregnancy, 617, 618
Antileprotic drugs, 831–37
Antimalarial drugs, 873–92
causal prophylactics, 874–75
clinical curatives, 876–78
for chloroquine resistant falciparum malaria, 877, 890
gametocidal, 878–79
radical curative, 878
suppressive prophylactics, 875–76
Antimanic drugs, 474–78
Antimetabolites, 843, 916, 921–24
Antimicrobial agent (AMA): definition, 739
choice of, 745–49
combinations, 749–50
failure of, 753–54
in liver disease, 746
in pregnancy, 746
in renal failure, 746
mechanisms of action, 741
prophylactic use of, 750–53
resistance to, 742–44
Antimotility drugs, 733–34
Antineoplastic. See Anticancer
Antioxidant vitamins, 971
Antiparkinsonian drugs, 452–61
Antiplatelet drugs, 590, 676–81
Antiprogestin, 206, 345–46, 348
Antipsychotic drugs, 463–74
Antipyretic-analgesics, 209–26
Anti-retrovirus (ARV) drugs, 860–72
Anti-seborrheics, 949–50
Antiseptics, 957–61
definition, 957
mechanism of action of, 958
potency of, 958
properties of ideal, 957
therapeutic index of, 958
Antisera, 978, 984–86
diphtheria antitoxin (ADS), 985
gas gangrene antitoxin (AGS), 986
rabies (ARS), 985
snake venom polyvalent, 986
tetanus antitoxin (ATS), 985
Antithrombotic. See Antiplatelet drugs
Antithymocyte globulin (ATG), 944
Antithyroid drugs, 274, 275–76
Antitubercular drugs, 815–30
Antitussives, 239–40
Antiviral drugs,
antiretrovirus, 860–70
non retroviral, 849–59
Anxiety, 463, 493
drugs for 164, 463, 493–96
Apixaban, 663, 671
Apomorphine, 709
Apraclonidine, 151, 168, 170
Aprepitant, 555, 718
Arbekacin, 800
Ardeparin, 666
Arecoline, 116
Argatroban, 667
Aripiprazole, 469, 470, 478
Armodafinil, 517
Aromatase inhibitors, 339–40, 932
Arsenic trioxide, 928
Arteether, 878, 887
Artemether, 877, 878, 887
Artemether-lumefantrine, 889, 890
Artemisinin derivatives, 886, 888
Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), 889–92
Arterolane, 877, 887, 888
Arterolane-piperaquine, 890, 891–92
Artesunate, 887, 888, 890, also See Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)
Artesunate-amodiaquine, 890, 891
Artesunate-mefloquine, 890, 891
Artesunate-pyronaridine, 892
Artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (AS/SP), 891
Ascariasis: drugs for, 907, 908, 909, 910, 911
Ascorbic acid, 972, 975, 977
Aspirin, 199, 209, 212–16, 226, 590, 603, 677, 680
Astemizole, 181, 572, 802
Asthma
bronchial, 131, 151, 208, 241–53
cardiac, 506, also See Acute left ventricular failure
Astringents, 663, 947
Atazanavir (ATV), 865, 870, 871
Atenolol, 162, 163
Atomoxetine, 152, 516
Atorvastatin, 685, 686 also See Statins
Atosiban, 359
Atovaquone, 873, 875, 888, 889
Atracurium, 377, 378, 380
Atrial fibrillation (AF), 561, 571, 572, 583, 672
Atrial flutter (Afl), 561, 571, 583
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 59, 544, 551–53, 624
Atropine, 122–23, 124–27, 130, 131, 132, 414, 582
Atropine methonitrate, 128
Attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD), 151, 492, 516
Atypical antidepressants, 490–92
Atypical antipsychotics, 464, 465, 468–70, 471, 472, 473, 478
Autacoids: definition, 173
Autonomic influences on heart, 523
Autoreceptors, 112, 125, 137, 177, 187, 484
A-V block, 151, 560, 572, 581–82
AVP (Arginine-vasopressin), 639–42 also See Antidiuretic hormone
Azathioprine, 228, 736, 922, 942
Azelastine, 182
Azithromycin, 732, 789, 801, 803, 804, 813
Azelaic acid, 952, 954
AZT (Azidothymidine). See Zidovudine, 781
Aztreonam, 781
B
Bacampicillin, 773
Bacitracin, 809
Baclofen, 384, 385
Bactericidal AMAs, 741, 748, 749
Bacteriological sensitivity testing, 747–48
Bacteriostatic AMAs, 741, 746, 749
BAL. See Dimercaprol
Balofloxacin, 765
Balsalazide, 736
Bambuterol, 243
BAN (British approved name), 4
Banned drugs, 1022–30
Barbiturates, 426–27, 443
Barbiturate poisoning, 427
Basiliximab, 943, 945
Beclomethasone dipropionate, 250, 251, 314
Bedaquiline, 822–23, 816
Belladonna poisoning, 122, 132
Benazepril, 530, 533
Bendamustine, 916, 919
Benidipine, 596
Benign hypertrophy of prostate (BHP): drugs for, 155, 156, 157, 326
Benserazide, 456–57
Bentonite, 947
Benzalkonium chloride, 960
Benzathine penicillin, 769, 770, 813
Benzhexol. See Trihexyphenidyl
Benzocaine, 393
Benzodiazepines (BZDs), 404, 410–11, 425, 427–32, 433–35, 445, 493–95
antagonist, 435
Benzoic acid, 848
Benzothiadiazines. See Thiazides
Benzoyl peroxide, 953, 959
Benzyl benzoate, 962, 963
Beta adrenergic blockers, 157–65, 166–68, 195, 278–79, 495, 566–67, 577, 591, 598, 609–10, 616
ocular, 166–68, 170
Beta-lactam antibiotics, 766–83
Beta-lactamase, 743, 766, 768
inhibitors, 774–75
Betahistine, 178, 183
Betamethasone, 313, 314, 316 also See Corticosteroids
benzoate, 954
valarate, 954
Betaxolol, 162, 167, 168 also See Beta blockers: ocular
Bethanechol, 115
Bevacizumab, 930, 931
Bezafibrate, 687–88 also See Fibric acid derivatives
Bhang, 479
Bicalutamide, 326
Bicuculline, 384, 429, 430
Biguanide, 298–99
Bile acid sequestrants (Resins), 686, 687
Bioavailability, 22, 23
Biological membrane, 15, 16
Biotin, 972, 975, 976
Biotransformation, 28–33
Biperiden, 124, 460
Bipolar disorder, 463, 473, 474
drugs for, 442, 444, 445, 469, 474–78
Bird flu (avian-influenza): drugs for, 853–54
Bisacodyl, 723, 724
Bishydroxycoumarin, 667, 669
Bismuth
colloidal, 705
subsalicylate, 733
Bisoprolol, 161, 163, 164, 566
Bisphosphonates, 369–372
Bivalirudin, 667, 672, 673
Bleaching powder, 959
Bleomycin, 918, 927
Blood-brain barrier, 19, 24–25, 74, 79
Boric acid, 947, 958, 961
Bortezomib, 931
Bosentan, 546–47
Botulinum toxin, 110–11, 133
Bradykinin, 549–51
antagonists, 551
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 551, 552
Bran, 722
Breast feeding and drugs, 35–36, 1020–23
Brimonidine, 151, 168, 169
Brinzolamide, 169, 634
Broad spectrum antibiotics, 741, 784–92
Bromhexine, 238
Bromocriptine, 191, 261, 301, 457
Bronchial asthma: drugs for, 128, 241–51
drug therapy, 131, 151, 241–53
Bronchodilators, 128, 146, 242–48
Budesonide, 250, 251
Buerger's disease. See Peripheral vascular disease
Bufotenin, 479
Bumetanide, 563, 627
Bupivacaine, 389, 390, 392–93, 396
Buprenorphine, 506, 511, 512
Bupropion, 134, 483, 486, 490–91
Buspirone, 187, 495, 496
Busulfan, 918, 919, 934
Butamben, 393
Butenafine, 848
Butorphanol, 506, 508, 510
Butyrocholinesterase (BuChE). See Pseudocholinesterase
C
Cabergoline, 261, 262
Caffeine, 193, 244, 245, 517
Calamine, 947, 952, 961
Calciferol, 366, 367, 972 also See vit D
Calcineurin inhibitors (T-cell inhibitors), 937–41
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), 544, 555
Calcipotriol, 368, 951
Calcitonin, 267, 361, 364, 365–66
Calcitriol, 361, 366–68, 972
Calcium, 360–62
carbonate, 361, 362, 703
channel blockers, (CCBs), 195, 359, 381, 579–81, 591–97, 608–09, 615, 616, 618
channels, 591–92
citrate, 361
daily allowance, 362
edetate (calcium EDTA), 945
gluconate, 361
lactate, 362
Camphor, 948
Canagliflozin, 294, 301
Cancer chemotherapy. See Anticancer drugs
Candesartan, 536
Candidiasis: drugs for, 841
Cannabinoid receptors, 479
Cannabinoids, 479
Cannabis, 479, 719
Canthridin, 948
Capecitabine, 916, 923
Capreomycin (Cm), 820, 821
Capsicum, 948
Capsules, 8
Captopril, 530–32
Captopril test, 535
Carbachol, 111, 115
Carbamazepine, 440, 442, 478, 644
Carbapenems, 782–83
Carbaryl, 123
Carbenicillin, 773, 774
Carbetocin, 357
Carbidopa, 456–57
Carbimazole, 275, 276, 278
Carbocisteine, 239
Carbolic acid. See Phenol
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 169, 447, 633–34, 637
topical, 169
Carbonyl iron, 648, 649
Carboplatin, 918, 920
Carboprost (-methyl PGFα), 206
Carcinogenicity, 90, 101, 918
Carcinoid syndrome, 189
Cardiac arrhythmias, 570–72, 583
drugs for, 572–83
Cardiac electrophysiology, 521–23, 570–71
Cardiac glycosides, 556–61, 564–65, also See Digitalis/Digoxin
Carisoprodol, 383
Carrier transport, 17–19
Carvedilol, 164, 165, 566
Cascara sagrada, 724
Case-control study, 87
Caspofungin, 841, 842, 845
Catecholamines (CAs), 136–38, also See individual drugs
Cathartics, 721 also See Laxatives
Caudal anaesthesia, 397
Caustics, 949
CCNU. See Lomustine
Cefaclor, 777, 781
Cefadroxil, 753, 776
Cefazolin, 776, 781
Cefdinir, 776, 779
Cefepime, 776, 779
Cefixime, 776, 778, 813
Cefoperazone, 762, 776, 778, 781
Cefotaxime, 776, 777
Cefpirome, 776, 779
Cefpodoxime proxetil, 776, 778
Cefprozil, 776, 777
Ceftamet pivoxil, 776, 779
Ceftaroline fosamil, 776, 779, 780
Ceftazidime, 776, 778
Ceftibuten, 776, 779
Ceftizoxime, 776, 778
Ceftobiprole medocaril, 776, 780
Ceftriaxone, 762, 776, 778, 780, 781, 813
Cefuroxime, 776, 777, 780, 813
Cefuroxime axetil, 776, 777
Celecoxib, 210, 216, 221, 222, also See COX-2 inhibitors
Celiprolol, 161, 163
Cell cycle, 933, 935
nonspecific drugs, 933
specific drugs, 934
Centchroman, 352
Cephalexin, 776, 811, 814
Cephalosporins, 775–781, 812
Cerebral malaria, 878, 883, also See Malaria, severe and complicated
Cerebroactive drugs. See Cognition enhancers
Cervical priming (ripening), 206, 345
Cetirizine, 179, 182
Cetrimide, 960
Cetrorelix, 265
Cetuximab, 930
Chancroid: drugs for, 759, 789, 803, 813
Charas, 479
Charcoal activated, 95, 224, 427
Cheese reaction, 155, 157, 482, 610
Chelating agents, 964–67
Chemotherapy, See Antimicrobial agents
definition, 739
failure of, 753–54
history of, 739–40
of cancer, 915, 933–936
Chenodeoxycholic acid (chenodiol), 719
Chickenpox: drug for, 851
Child dose calculation, 73, 74
Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis, 764, 788, 803, 804, 813
Chlophedianol, 240
Chloral hydrate, 424, 435
Chlorambucil, 918, 919, 933, 945
Chloramphenicol, 762, 781, 790–92
palmitate, 791
succinate, 791
Chlordiazepoxide, 421, 427, 494
Chlorhexidine, 959–60
Chlorinated lime, 959
Chlorine, 959
Chlormezanone, 383
Chloroguanide. See Proguanil
Chlorophores, 959
Chloroprocaine, 387, 388
Chloroquine (CQ), 875, 876, 877, 879–80, 897, 900
Chloroxylenol, 958
Chlorpheniramine, 179, 180, 240
Chlorpromazine (CPZ), 159, 462, 463, 467
Chlorpropamide, 644
Chlorthalidone, 605, 606, 607, 630, 631
Chlorzoxazone, 383
Cholecalciferol, 365, 367, 972 also See Vit D
Cholera: drugs for, 731, 788
vaccine, 980
Cholestyramine, 685, 686
Choline esters, 114–15
Cholinergic
crisis/weakness, 121
drugs, 114–23
transmission, 110–13
Cholinesterase reactivators, 123
Cholinesterases, 111, 115, 117, 118
Cholinoceptors, 112–13
Cholinomimetic alkaloids, 115, 116
Choriogonadotropin (rhCG), 263
Chorionic gonadotropin (human, HCG), 263, 337
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 129, 131, 151, 161, 241, 243, 245, 247, 248, 250
Ciclesonide, 250, 251
Ciclopirox olamine, 848
Cidofovir, 852
Cilnidipine, 592, 596
Cilostazol, 601–02
Cimetidine, 175, 184, 696–98, also See H2 antagonists
Cimetropium Br., 124, 128
Cinacalcet, 364, 365
Cinchonism, 882, 883
Cinitapride, 711, 716
Cinnamates, 952
Cinnarizine, 183, 184, 712
Ciprofloxacin, 731, 748, 759, 760–63, 811, 813, 821, 829
Circus movement reentry, 571
Cisapride, 189, 715, also See Prokinetic drugs
Cisatracurium, 378, 380
Cisplatin, 717, 918, 920, 934
Citalopram, 486, 489
Citicoline, 520
Citrovorum factor (folinic acid) rescue, 657, 921, 935
Clarithromycin, 705, 706, 801, 803–04, 829, 834, 836
Clavulanic acid, 774, 811
Clearance of drug (CL), 38, 39, 40, 78
Clemastine, 179
Clidinium, 128
Clindamycin, 805, 806, 876, 877, 886
Clinical pharmacology, 2, 84–87, 90, 91
Clinical trial, 77, 84–86, 90, 91
phase ‘0’ studies, 90
Clioquinol. See Quiniodochlor
Clobazam, 445, 449
Clobetasol butyrate, 955
Clobetasol propionate, 214, 955
Clofazimine (Clo), 827, 832–33, 836, 837
Clomiphene citrate, 336, 337
Clomipramine, 486, 487, 492 also See Tricyclic antidepressants
Clonazepam, 445, 449, 450, 494–95
Clonidine, 611, 612, 620
Clopamide, 630
Clopidogrel, 678, 680
Clorgyline, 189, 482
Clotrimazole, 813, 841, 843
Clove oil, 948
Cloxacillin, 771, 773, 812
Clozapine, 186, 190, 467, 468
CNS stimulants, 515–17
Coagulants, 659–62
Coaltar, 950, 951
Cobicistat, 866
Cobra bite, 122, 986
Cocaine, 141, 390–92
Codeine, 239, 502, 506, 733
Codergocrine. See Dihydroergotoxine
Coffee, 244
Cognition-enhancers, 517–20
Cohort study, 86, 87
Colchicine, 231, 232
Colesevelam, 301, 683, 685, 686
Colestipol, 685, 686
Colistin, 809
Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS), 705, 706
Common cold, 149, 183, 977
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 446
COMT (Catechol-O-methyl transferase), 138, 140, 455
inhibitors 459, 461
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 314
Congestive heart failure (CHF), 79, 561–63
drugs for, 151, 164, 534, 537, 563–68
effect on drug kinetics, 79
treatment of, 561–68
Conjugation reactions, 31
Conscious sedation, 412
Constipation: treatment of, 721–27
Constitutive activation (of receptor), 50
Contraceptives, 346–53
emergency (postcoital), 345, 346, 348
for females, 346–52
for males, 352–53
hormonal, 346–52
implants, 349
injectable, 348–49
once a month (oral), 345–46
Controlled ovarian stimulation, 263
Controlled release tablet/capsule, 43
Convulsants, 515
Copper, 652
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
antiplatelet drugs in, 680–81
fibrinolytic drugs in, 674–75
hypolipidaemic drugs in, 690–93
risk factors, 691
Coronary chemoreflex, 186, 187, 188
Coronary steal, 597, 599, 613
Corticosteroids, 121, 183, 230, 232, 249–51, 253, 306–19, 718, 736, 828, 932, 942–43, 950, 954–56
Corticotropin. See ACTH
Cortisol. See Hydrocortisone
Cotransmission, 108, 109
Cotrimoxazole, 757–59, 762, 811, 812, 814
Cough: drugs for, 237–41
specific treatment approaches, 238
Counter-irritants, 947–49
COX-1/COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) isoenzymes, 89, 198–99, 202
COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors, 199, 202, 210–11, 221–23
Cresol, 958
Cretinism, 273, 274, 278
Crohn's disease:drugs for, 734–737, also See Inflammatory bowel disease
Cromoglycate sod (Cromolyn sod), 249
Cross resistance, 744, 756, 775, 786, 793, 798
Cross tolerance, 80, 427, 588
Crotamiton, 963
Cryptorchidism, 263
Cryptosporidiosis: nitazoxanide in, 898, 901
Cumulation, 80
Curare, 374, also See Tubocurarine
Cutaneous larva migrans, 907, 909, 911
Cyanide poisoning, 590
Cyanocobalamin, 652–55, 972, also See Vit. B12
Cyclandelate, 601
CyclicAMP (cAMP), 55, 56, 112, 138, 139, 144, 145, 175, 245, 363, 453, 509, 641, 727
Cyclic GMP (cGMP), 327, 541, 542, 543, 545, 586, 587
as second messenger, 55–57
Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, 199, 209–11, also See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Cyclopentolate, 130, 131
Cyclophosphamide, 916, 918, 919, 935, 942
Cycloserine (Cs), 821, 822, 826
Cyclosporine, 937–40, 944, 945
Cyproheptadine, 178, 179, 180, 189
Cyproterone acetate, 326
Cytarabine, 923, 924
Cytochrome P 450 (CYP) isoenzymes, 29–30, 33
Cytotoxic drugs, 916–28, 942–43
D
Dabigatran etexilate, 671–72
Dacarbazine (DTIC), 919, 920, 934, 935
Daclatasvir, 849, 858–59
Daclizumab, 943, 945
Dactinomycin. See Actinomycin D
Dalfopristin/Quinupristin, 808
Dalteparin, 666
DAM (Diacetyl monoxime), 123
Danaparoid, 666
Danazol, 344–45
Dantrolene, 382, 385, 406
Dapagliflozin, 294, 301, 303
Dapoxetine, 489, 492
Dapsone (DDS), 831–32, 835, 836, 884
Daptomycin, 808
Darbepoetin, 658
Darifenacin, 129
Darunavir (DRV), 861, 866
Dasatinib, 917, 929
Daunorubicin (Rubidomycin), 926
DDS. See Dapsone
DDT. See Dicophane
Decamethonium (C-10), 374, 375
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 603, 666, 669, 670, 671, 672, 675, 681
Deferasirox, 967
Deferiprone, 967
Deflazacort, 313, 314
Dehydroemetine, 897, 900
Delavirdine (DLV), 861, 864
Demeclocycline, 786, 787
Demelanizing agents, 951, 952
Dementia, 517
drugs for, 517–520
Demulcents, 946
Denosumab, 371–72
Dependence (drug), 98, 99
Depot preparations, 13, 22, 43
Deprenyl. See Selegiline
Depression (of function), 45
mental, 463, 481, 491
Dequalinium chloride, 960
Dermatophytosis: drugs for, 841, 842, 843, 844, 846, 847–48
Dermojet, 13
Desamino oxytocin, 356–57
Desensitization, 62, 81
Desferrioxamine, 652, 966, 967
Desflurane, 407, 408
Desloratadine, 182
Desmopressin, 643, 644, 662
Desogestrel, 341, 343, 346, 347
Desvenlafaxine, 481, 489
Deutetrabenazine, 472
Dexamethasone, 313, 314, 718, also See Corticosteroids
sod. phosphate, 311, 314, 955
trimethyl acetate, 955
Dexamphetamine, 148, 516
Dexchlorpheniramine, 179
Dexfenfluramine, 149
Dexmedetomidine, 412
Dexrabeprazole, 701
Dexrazoxane, 936
Dextromethorphan, 239, 240
Dextropropoxyphene, 504
DFP. See Dyflos
DHE (Dihydroergotamine), 190, 191, 193
Diabetes: drugs for,
insipidus, 631, 637, 639, 643
mellitus, 261, 280–81, 285–304
Diabetic hyperosmolar (nonketotic) coma, 291
Diabetic ketoacidosis (Diabetic coma), 290–91
Diabetic nephropathy, 535, 537
Diacetylmorphine (Heroin), 503
Diarrhoea: management of, 727–37
antimicrobials in, 730–32
probiotics in, 732
oral rehydration in, 728–29
zinc in, 729–30
Diastase, 719
Diazepam, 383–84, 410, 427–30, 431, 445, 449, 494, also See Benzodiazepines
Diazinon (TIK-20), 116, (See organophosphates)
Diazoxide, 305, 598
Dibucaine, 393, 394
Diclofenac sod., 220,. 221
Dicloxacillin. See Cloxacillin
Dicobalt edetate, 591
Dicophane (DDT), 962, 963
Dicumarol. See Bishydroxycoumarin
Dicyclomine, 129, 711
Didanosine, 862, 870
Dienestrol, 333
Dietary fibre, 722
Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC), 907, 910–11
Diethylstilbestrol (Stilbestrol), 330, 331
Diffusion: of drugs, 16–17
Diffusion hypoxia, 403, 405
Digestants, 719, 720
Digitalis, 556–61, also See Digoxin
toxicity, 560
Digoxin, 556–561, 564–65, also See Cardiac glycoside,
antibody, 560
Dihydralazine. See Hydralazine
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), 887, 888, 890, also See Dihydroatemisinin-piperaquine
Dihydroatemisinin-piperaquine, 890, 891
Dihydroergotamine (DHE), 190, 191, 193
Dihydroergotoxine, 191, 519
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFRase) inhibitors, 737, 757, 758, 883–84, 921–22
Dihydropyridines (DHPs), 592, 593, 595–96, 597, 598, 608, 609
Dihydrotachysterol, 368
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327
Diiodohydroxyquin, 899, 901 also See 8-Hydroxyquinolines
Diloxanide furoate, 897–98, 900
Diltiazem, 580, 592, 593, 594–95, 596, 597, 598
Dilutional hyponatremia, 631
Dimenhydrinate, 179, 180, 183, 711
Dimercaprol (BAL), 964–65
Dimercaptosuccinic acid (Succimer), 964, 965
Dimethicone, 704, 719, 947
Dinoprost (PGF2α), 206
Dinoprostone (PGE2), 206
Dioctyl sulfo succinate (DOSS). See Docusates
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, 295, 297–98, 303, 304
Diphenhydramine, 179, 180, 183, 184, 711
Diphenoxylate, 733
Diphenylhydantoin. See Phenytoin
Dipivefrine, 168–69
Dipyridamole, 599, 677–78, 681
Direct factor Xa inhibitor, 670–71, 672
Direct renin inhibitor (DRI), 538, 608
Direct thrombin inhibitors, 666–67, 671–72
Disinfectants, 957–61
Disopyramide, 572, 574–75
Dissociative anaesthesia, 411
Disulfiram, 421–22
Diuretic therapy: complications of, 631–32
Diuretics, 563–64, 605–07, 625–38
Divalproex, 445, 477
DMCM, 429, 430
DMPA (Depot Medroxy progesterone acetate), 349
DMPP (Dimethyl phenyl piperazinium), 111, 113
Dobutamine, 147, 151, 568
DOCA (Desoxycorticosterone acetate), 313, 314, also See Mineralocorticoid
Docetaxel, 925
Docusates, 723, 726
Dofetilide, 579, 583
Dog (animal) bite: treatment of, 981–82
Dolutegravir, 861, 867
Domperidone, 414, 714, 715, also See Prokinetic drugs
Donepezil, 119, 122, 518–19
Donovanosis. See Granuloma inguinale
Dopamine (DA), 136, 146, 452, 453, 568
hypothesis of schizophrenia, 465
receptor subtypes, 453, 465
transporter (DAT), 48, 108
Doripenem, 782
Dorzolamide, 169, 634
Dosage forms of drugs, 7–9
Dose: of drug, 40–42, 71–72, 449
for child, 73
for elderly, 74
loading, 41
maintenance, 41
Dose-response relationship, 63–66
DOTS (Directly observed treatment short course), 824, 826
Dothiepin, 486, 487, also See Tricyclic antidepressants
Doxacurium, 378, 379
Doxapram, 515
Doxazosin, 156, 157
Doxepin, 486, 487, also See Tricyclic antidepressants
Doxophylline, 247
Doxorubicin, 918, 926, 934
Doxycycline, 784, 786, 787, 812, 813, 875, 877, 886, also See Tetracyclines
Doxyfluridine, 916, 923
Doxylamine, 711, 712
Dronabinol, 719
Dronedarone, 578–79, 583
Drops, 8
Drotaverine, 129–30
Drug
absorption, 20–23, 988
abuse, 99
action, 53, 56
activation, 28, 29
addiction, 98–99
adverse effects, 92–101
allergy, 96–97
banned, 1024–32
combinations (fixed dose), 72
combined effect of, 66–70
compendia, 5–6
definition, 2
dependence, 98, 99
development, 87–91
diffusion, 16–17
distribution, 23–27, 989
dosage, 40–42, 71–74
dosage forms of, 7–9
effect, 53, 56
efficacy, 63–65
essential (essential medicines), 6
excretion, 35–38, 989
factors modifying action of, 73–81
formularies, 5
habituation, 99
induced diseases, 101
interactions, 21, 26, 32–34, 37–38, 66–69, 749–50, 987–93
nature of, 2–3
nomenclature, 4–5
non-prescription, 7
orphan, 7
over-the-counter (OTC), 7, 209, 217
penetration into brain, 24–25
potency, 63–64
prescription, 7
resistance, 81, 742–44
routes of administration, 9–14
selectivity, 65
specificity, 66
storage in body, 27
targets of action, 46–48
therapeutic efficacy, 65
withdrawal reactions, 98, 99
Duloxetine, 490, 492, 496
Dutasteride, 327, 932
Dydrogesterone, 343
Dyflos, 119, also See Organophosphates
Dynorphins, 508, 513
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 336, 343–44
Dysmenorrhoea, 211, 217, 218, 336, 344
E
Ebastine, 182, 572
Echinocandins, 839, 841
Echothiophate, 119
Econazole, 843
Ecstasy, 479
Ectoparasiticides, 961–63
Edema: drugs for, 563, 565, 628, 630, 634
Edrophonium, 119, 121
EDTA (sod. edetate/Calcium disodium), 965
EDRF (Endothelium dependent relaxing factor), 114, 176, 540 also See Nitric oxide
Efavirenz (EFV), 863, 864, 867, 869, 870, 872
EGF receptor inhibitors, 930
Eicosanoids, 197–207
Elimination rate constant (K), 39
Elixirs, 8
Emergency (postcoital) contraception, 345, 348
Emesis, 95, 709–12, 513, 851
drugs for, 709–12, 718–19
Emetine HCl, 897
Emetics, 192, 414, 710–19
Emollients, 946
Emtricitabine (FTC), 861, 863, 869, 870, 871, 872
Enalapril, 530, 532, 553, 608, 620 also See Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Endogenous (major) depression: treatment, 491
Endometriosis, 264, 344
Endorphins, 513
Endothelins, 544–47
Endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF), 114, 540, also See Nitric oxide (NO)
Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), 546–48
Enfuvirtide, 867
Enkephalins, 513, 733
Enoxaparin, 666
Entacapone, 459,461
Entecavir, 854–55
Enteric fever. See Typhoid fever
Enteric nervous system (ENS), 104, 186, 554, 695, 696, 709, 714
Enterobiasis (pinworm): drugs for, 908
Enterohepatic cycling (of drugs), 31, 35, 36
Enuresis (bed wetting): drugs for, 131, 492
Enzyme
induction, 33, 34, 46, 427
inhibition, 47, 482
stimulation, 46
Epalrestat, 303
Ephedrine, 27, 67, 81, 147, 243
Epidural anaesthesia, 393, 396, 397
Epilepsies, 438
experimental models of, 439
treatment, 448
Epinephrine. See Adrenaline
Epirubicin, 927
Eplerenone, 567, 635
Epoetin. See Erythropoietin
Epoprostenol (PGI2), 207, 546, 547
Eprosartan, 537
Epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA), 676
Eptifibatide, 679, 680
Erectile dysfunction: drugs for, 327–29
Erenumab, 195, 555
Ergometrine (Ergonovine), 190, 191, 357–58
Ergot alkaloids, 155, 190–91, 192, 193, 357
Ergotamine, 155, 190, 191, 193
Ergotoxine, 155, 190
Erlotinib, 930
Ertapenem, 782–83
Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), 833, 837
Erythrityl tetranitrate, 589
Erythromycin, 801–03, 805, 813, 954
estolate, 746, 802
ethylsuccinate, 802
stearate, 802
Erythropoietin (EPO), 657–58
Escharotics, 949
Escitalopram, 486, 489
Eserine. See Physostigmine
Eslicarbazepine, 439, 443
Esmolol,n 163, 164, 561, 577, 581, 619
Esomeprazole, 89, 701, 706, also See Proton pump inhibitors
Esophagitis. See Gastroesophageal reflux
Essential medicines (drugs), 6, 654, 984
Estradiol, 330, 331, 333, also See Estrogens
Estradiol-TTS (transdermal), 333
Estramustine, 925
Estriol, 331, 333
Estrogens, 330–36, 343, 346–48, 351, also See Oral contraceptives
conjugated, 333, 334, 335
Estrone, 331
Eszopiclone, 433, 434
Etanercept, 230, 943, 951
Ethacridine, 358
Ethambutol (E), 816, 819–20, 825, 826, 829
Ethamsylate, 662
Ethanol. See Ethyl alcohol
Ether, 399, 400, 405–06, 416
Ethical considerations in drug trials, 84, 85, 90
Ethinyl estradiol, 333, 347, 348, 350, also See Oral contraceptives
Ethinyl estranol. See Lynestrenol
Ethionamide (Eto), 816, 821, 826, 833
Ethosuximide, 443, 449
Ethyl alcohol, 415–22, also See Alcohol ethyl
Ethylbiscoumacetate, 668
Ethylene glycol poisoning, 423
Ethylmorphine, 239, 503
Etidronate, 371
Etizolam, 433
Etodolac, 221
Etophylline, 247
Etoposide, 925, 927
Etoricoxib, 222–23, also See COX-2 inhibitors
Etravirine, 861, 864
Eucalyptus oil, 948, 949
Eutectic lidocaine/prilocaine, 392, 394
Everolimus, 932, 941
Evidence based medicine, 83–87
Excretion: of drugs, 35–38
Exemestane, 339, 340
Exenatide, 293, 297, 303
Exocytosis, 19, 20, 106, 137
Expectorants, 238, 240
Expiry date of pharmaceuticals, 83
Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, 807, 816, 827
Ezetimibe, 685, 689–90
F
Facilitated diffusion, 18
Factors modifying drug action, 73–81
False transmitter, 141, 612
Famciclovir, 813, 852
Famotidine, 184, 414, 697, 698, also See H2 antagonists
Faropenem, 782
Febrile convulsions, 449, 450
Febuxostat, 235
Felodipine, 595, 596
Fenamate, 218
Fenofibrate, 685, 688, 693, also See Fibric acid derivatives
Fenfluramine, 149
Fentanyl, 409, 411–12, 503–04, 506
transdermal, 504, 506
Feracrylum, 947
Ferric
ammonium citrate, 648, 649
carboxymaltose, 650–51
glycerophosphate, 649
hydroxypolymaltose, 648, 649
Ferritin curtain, 647
Ferrous
aminoate, 649
fumarate, 648
gluconate, 648
succinate, 648, 649
sucrose, 650
sulfate, 648
Fexofenadine, 179, 181
Fibric acid derivatives (Fibrates), 685, 687–88, 693
Fibrin, 662
Fibrinogen, 662
Fibrinolytic drugs, 673–76
Filariasis: drugs for, 907, 909, 910, 911, 912
Filgrastim, 936
Filtration: of drugs, 17, 36
Finasteride, 326–27
First dose effect, 155, 610
First pass metabolism, 11, 12, 22, 34–35
Fixed dose combinations (FDCs), 72
Flavoxate, 129, 131
Flecainide, 572, 576
Fluconazole, 841, 844–45
Flucytosine (5-FC), 843, 845
Fludarabine, 916, 922–23
Fludrocortisone, 312, 313, 314
Flumazenil, 428, 429, 435
Flunarizine, 195, 592
Flunisolide, 251
Fluocinolone acetonide, 314, 955
Fluocortolone, 314, 955
Fluoroquinolones (FQs), 759, 760–65, 811, 813, 821
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), 657, 923, 934
Fluoxetine, 486, 488, 491
Flupenthixol, 468
Fluphenazine, 467
decanoate, 467, 474
Flurazepam, 430–31
Flurbiprofen, 217, 218
Flutamide, 326, 932
Fluticasone propionate, 251
Fluvoxamine, 486, 488, 496
Folic acid, 652, 655–57
antagonists. See Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
Folinic acid (THFA, leucovorin), 657, 921, 972
Follitropin α/β (rFSH), 263
Fomepizole, 423
Fondaparinux, 664, 666, 672, 673,
Formalin (Formaldehyde), 960–61
Formoterol, 148, 243, 251
Formularies, 5
Fosamprenavir, 861, 866
Fosaprepitant, 555, 718
Foscarnet, 852–53
Fosinopril, 532, 533
Fosphenytoin, 441, 450–51
Framycetin, 800
Free radicals, 971
Frovatriptan, 194
Frusemide. See Furosemide
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone), 255, 256, 262
Fulvestrant, 337
Furazolidone, 901
Furosemide, 563–64, 606, 620, 626–27, 628, 631–32, 637, also See High ceiling diuretics
Fusidic acid (Fusidate sod.), 809
Fusion inhibitor, 867
G
GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor, 384, 429–30, 440
drugs affecting, 430, 440
GABAB receptor, 384
GABA-transporter (GAT), 48, 107, 440, 448,
Gabapentin, 446, 449, 496,
Galantamine, 119, 122, 519
Gallium nitrate, 372
Gall stone dissolving drugs, 719
Gamma benzene hexachloride (BHC, Lindane), 962
Ganciclovir, 852
Ganglionic,
blocking agents, 134–35
stimulants, 133–34
Ganirelix, 265
Ganja, 479
Gastric acid secretion: regulation of, 695–96
Gastric hurrying agent, 713
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 699, 702, 707–08
drugs for, 702. 707–08
Gefitinib, 929–30
Gelatin foam, 662
Gels, 9
Gemcitabine, 916, 924
Gemeprost, 206
Gemfibrozil, 687, 688, 991, also See Fibric acid derivatives
Gemifloxacin, 764–65
General anaesthetics (GA), 399–413
properties of ideal, 404
Genetics: and drug action, 75–77
Gentamicin, 753, 795, 796, 797–98, 812, also See Aminoglycoside antibiotics
Gentian violet, 961
Gepirone, 189, 493
Germicide, 957
Gestodene, 341
Giardiasis: drugs for, 895, 898, 900–01
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgolide), 520
Glaucoma: drugs for, 165–70
Glibenclamide, 295, 546, 598, also See Sulfonylureas
Gliclazide, 295
Glimepiride, 295
Glipizide, 295
Glucagon, 303–04
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, 292–93, 297
Glucocorticoids, 121, 230, 232, 249–51, 307, 308–19, 718, 736, 828, 932, 942–43, 950, 954–56, also See Corticosteroids
antagonist, 319
Glycopyrronium Br., 248
Glycosides, 3
Glucuronide conjugation, 31
Glutaraldehyde, 961
Glyburide. See Glibenclamide
Glycerol (Glycerine), 170, 638, 946
Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), 543, 565, 585–89, 590, 619, also See Nitrates
Glycopeptide antibiotics, 806–07
Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists, 679–80, 681, 682
Glycopyrrolate, 128, 414
Glycylcycline antibiotic, 784, 789–90
Glycyrrhiza, 946
GnRH agonists, 264–65, 325, 326, 336, 932–33
GnRH antagonists, 265
Goiter, 273–74, 277, 476, 578
Goitrin, 275
Goitrogens, 274
Gold,
Gonadotropins (Gns), 262–63
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH, Gonadorelin), 256, 263
Gonorrhoea: drugs for, 751, 762, 770, 772, 773, 774, 777, 778, 781, 789, 803, 813
Good clinical practice (GCP), 84
Goserelin, 264
Gossypol, 353
Gout: drugs for, 230–35, 315,
acute, 231–32
chronic, 232–35
G6-PD deficiency: and drugs 76, 885
G-proteins, 54, 55, 56
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), 54–58
Granisetron, 717
Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis), 788, 803, 804, 813
Grave's disease, 266, 267, 274, 276, 277, 278
Gray baby syndrome, 74, 791
Griseofulvin, 838, 842
Growth hormone (GH), 258–59
Guaiaphenesin, 238, 240
Guanethidine, 141, 614
Gum acacia, 946
Gum tragacanth, 946
H
HAART (Highly active antiretroviral therapy), 868
H1 antagonists, 175, 178–184
H2 antagonists (blockers), 175, 184, 414, 696–99
H3 antagonists, 175, 184
Habituation, 99
Haematinics, 645–57
Haemostatics: local, 662
Haemophilia, 643, 662
Halcinonide, 955
Half life (t½), 39, 40
Hallucinogens, 478–80
Halofantrine, 888
Haloperidol, 467, 471, 472, 473
Halothane, 405, 406–07
Hamycin, 740
Harmine, 479
Heart block. 572, 582–83, See A-V block
Heavy metal antagonists (Chelating agents), 964–67
Hemicholinium (HC3), 110, 111
Heparin, 663–67, 672
antagonist, 666
low molecular weight, 665, 672
Hepatic coma: drugs for, 725, 731, 799
Hepatitis B virus (HBV): drugs for, 854–56, 862
Hepatitis C virus: drugs for, 856–59
Hereditary angioneurotic edema, 324, 345
Heroin, 503, 504
Herpes simplex: drugs for, 813, 849–52
genital, 813, 850
Herpes zoster: drugs for, 851, 852
Hexachlorophene, 958
Hexamethonium, 111, 113
Hexamine., 810, See Methenamine
High-ceiling diuretics, 563–64, 606, 620, 626–28, 631–32, 637
Histamine, 174–78
receptors, 174, 175, 176
releasers, 178
Hit and run drugs, 42
HIV infection: drugs for (Antiretrovirus drugs), 860–67
prophylaxis of, 871–72
treatment guidelines, 867–71
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins), 683–86, 690, 691, 692
Hofmann elimination, 32, 380
Homatropine, 130
Hook worm: drugs for, 907, 908, 909, 910
Hormone: definition, 255
sites and mechanisms of action, 256
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 334–36
Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), 981
Human insulin, 281, 286–87
Human teratogenic drugs, 100
Hydatid disease: drugs for, 907, 908, 909
Hydralazine, 565, 566, 612–13, 618, 619
Hydrochlorothiazide, 605, 606, 607, 617, 629, 630, 631, 644, also See Thiazide diuretics
Hydrocortisone, 97, 255, 279, 306, 307, 311, 312, 313, also See Corticosteroids
acetate, 311, 313
butyrate, 954, 955
Hydrogen peroxide, 959
Hydrolysis: of drugs, 31
Hydroquinone, 952
Hydroxocobalamin, 591, 652–53, 972, also See Vit B12
Hydroxychloroquine, 229
Hydroxyethyl theophylline, 247
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, 341, 343
8-Hydroxyquinolines, 894, 898–99, 900
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 185–89
receptor subtypes, 186, 187
5-HT antagonists, 189–90
Hydroxyurea, 927, 934
Hydroxyzine, 179, 495
Hyoscine, 125, 127, 130, 132, 414, 711
butyl bromide, 128
Hypercalcaemia, 365–66, 370, 372
Hyperglycaemics, 303–04, 305
Hyperkinetic children. See Attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder
Hyperparathyroidism, 364
Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions, 96–98, 182–83, 315–16
to penicillin, 742, 769–70
Hypertension: drugs for, 156, 157, 163, 165, 533, 537, 604–14
treatment of, 614–20
Hypertensive emergencies/urgencies, 618–20
Hyperthyroidism, 270, 274–79, also See Thyrotoxicosis
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, 165, 597
Hypervitaminosis A, 969–70
Hypervitaminosis D, 367
Hypnotics, 429–36
Hypoglycaemia, 152, 288, 296, 304
Hypolipidaemic drugs, 682–93
Hypoparathyroidism, 364, 368
Hypothalamic hormones/factors, 256
Hypothyroidism, 270, 273
I
Ibandronate, 371
Ibuprofen, 216, 217, 225
Ibutilide, 579
Icatibant, 551
Idarubicin, 916, 926
Idiosyncrasy, 92, 96, 214, 500, 883
Idoxuridine, 849, 850
Ifosphamide, 935
Ilaprazole, 701
IL-1 antagonist, 230, 943
Imatinib, 929
Imidapril, 530, 533
Imidazole antifungals, 838, 843–44, 950
Imipenem, 782
Imipramine, 482–83, 485, 486, 487, also See Tricyclic antidepressants
Immune globulins (IGs), 944, 978, 984–85
anti-D, 944
hepatitis B, 985
normal human, 984–85
rabies (HRIG), 985
tetanus, 985
Immunization schedule for infants and children, 984
Immunosuppressant drugs, 937–45
in inflammatory bowel disease, 736–37
in organ transplantation, 944–45
in rheumatoid arthritis, 228
Impeded androgens, 344–45
Implants: drug releasing, 13, 44
Inamrinone, 568
Indacaterol, 243
Indapamide, 607, 630
Indinavir (IDV), 865, 866, 870
Indomethacin, 219–20, 225, 644
Infantile spasms, 438, 450
Infertility: drugs for, 263, 264, 265, 300, 336–37
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): drugs for, 734–37
Infliximab, 230, 737, 943
Influenza virus : drugs for, 853–54, 982
INH. See Isoniazid
Inhaled asthma medication, 252
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), 243, 250–51, 252, 253
Inhaled insulin, 292
Inhalation of drugs, 13, 403–04
Inhalations, 9
Inhibin, 262, 321
Inhibition of drug metabolism, 32–33
Injections, 9
Inodilator, 568
Insomnia: drugs for, 424, 427–34, 435, 436
Insulin, 281–92
analogues, 285, 287–88
aspart, 287
assay, 281
basal-bolus regimen, 289, 290
biphasic aspart, 292
degludec, 288
delivery devices, 292
detemir, 285, 288
glargine, 285, 287
glulisine, 285, 287
human, 286
inhaled, 292
lispro, 285, 287
preparations, 285–88
reactions to, 288
receptor, 284
resistance, 292
split-mixed regimen, 289
Insulin like growth factors (IGFs), 259
Integrase inhibitor, 861, 866–67
Interaction: among drugs, 987–93, also See Drug interactions
before administration, 993
clinically important, 990–92
pharmacodynamic, 989, 992–93
pharmacokinetic, 988–89
Interferon α, 856–57
Intolerance, 95
Intraarterial injection, 10
Intradermal (i.d.) injection, 14
Intramuscular injection (i.m.), 13, 14
absorption from, 22
Intravenous anaesthetics, 408–12
Intravenous injection (i.v.), 14
Intravenous regional anaesthesia, 397
Intrinsic activity, 50, 68
Inverse agonists, 49, 50, 51, 429, 430
Iodide. sod./pot., 238, 277
Iodine, 274, 276–77, 279, 959
radioactive (131I), 277–78
Iodochlorohydroxyquin. 899, See Quiniodochlor
Iodophores, 959
Iodoquinol., 899, See Diiodohydroxyquin
Ion channels: as target of drug action, 46, 47–48, 55, 58
Ion trapping, 17, 213
IP3 (Inositol trisphosphate), 55, 57, 58, 112, 113
Ipecacuanha (Ipecac), 710, 894, 897
Ipratropium bromide, 128, 131, 248, 253
Irbesartan, 536, 537
Irinotecan, 925–26
Iron, 645–52
absorption, 646–47
choline citrate, 649
calcium complex, 649
dextran, 650
dietary sources, 646
hydroxy polymaltose, 648, 649
isomaltoside-1000, 651
poisoning, 652
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 128, 131, 716, 724
Irritants, 947
Irritation, 45
Ischaemic preconditioning, 550, 598
Isoflurane, 407, 408
Isoniazid (INH; H), 816–18, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 974
Isoprenaline (ISO), 138, 139, 143, 145, 151
Isopropamide, 128
Isopropanol, 960
Isosorbide, 638
Isosorbide dinitrate, 543, 566, 589
Isosorbide mononitrate, 543, 587, 589
Isotretinoin, 954
Isoxsuprine, 149, 359,
Ispaghula, 722
Itopride, 715–16
Itraconazole (ITR), 841, 845–46
Ivabradine, 568, 581, 600
Ivermectin, 907, 911–12, 963
J
JAK-STAT kinase binding receptors, 59–60, 258, 657
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, 770
K
Kala-azar. See Leishmaniasis, 901–04
Kallidin, 549–51
Kanamycin (Kmc), 795, 796, 798, 799, 820, 826
Keratolytics, 949–50
Ketamine, 409, 411, 479
Ketanserin, 186, 187, 188, 190
Ketoconazole (KTZ), 30, 844, 950
Ketoprofen, 218
Ketorolac, 219
Ketotifen, 249
Kidney disease and drugs, 78–79, 746
Kinetics of drug elimination, 38–42
Kinins: plasma, 549–51
receptors, 550
Kinin antagonists, 551
L
Labetalol, 162, 165, 610, 618, 619, 620
Labour: induction/augmentation, 206, 346, 356
Labour: suppression, 358–59
Lacidipine, 596
Lacosamide, 447–48, 449
Lactitol, 725
Lactulose, 725
Lafutidine, 697, 699
Lamivudine, 854, 862, 869, 870, 872
Lamotrigine, 445–46, 449, 478
Lanreotide, 260
Lansoprazole, 701, 706, also See Proton pump inhibitors
Lapatinib, 917, 930
Laropiprant, 689
L-Asparaginase, 928, 934
Latanoprost, 169, 203, 206
Laxatives, 721–27
L-Dopa., 452, See Levodopa,
Lead poisoning, 965, 966
Ledipasvir, 849, 859
Leflunomide, 229
Leishmaniasis: drugs for, 841, 901–05
dermal, 905
Lepra reaction, 833, 837
Leprosy: drugs for, 831–37
alternative regimens, 836
multidrug therapy (MDT), 835–36
Leptospirosis: drugs for, 770, 789, 803
Lercanidipine, 596
Lesinurad, 233
Letrozole, 339–40
Leucovorin, 657, 972, See Folinic acid
Leukotrienes (LTs), 197, 198, 203–04, 205
antagonists, 205, 248–49, 253
Leuprolide, 265
Levamisole, 907, 910
Levarterenol. 145, See Noradrenaline
Levetiracetam, 447, 449
Levobunolol, 168
Levobupivacaine, 393
Levocetirizine, 179, 182,
Levodopa, 452–56, 460, 461
Levofloxacin, 764, 813, 821, 826, 829
Levosimendan, 568
Levosulpiride, 468, 716
Levonorgestrel, 341, 343, 346, 348, 349
LH (Luteinizing hormone), 255, 262, 263, also See Gonadotropins
Lidocaine, 35, 387, 390, 392, 394, 396, 397, 575–76, 583, also See Local anaesthetics
Ligand, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 429, 508, 964
Lignocaine. 392, See Lidocaine
Linagliptin, 298
Lincomycin, 806
Lincosamide antibiotics, 805–06
Lindane, 962–63
Linezolid, 807–08
Liothyronine, 272, See Triiodothyronine
Lipoprotein lipase activators, 687–88, also See Fibric acid derivatives
Liposomal amphotericin B, 839–40, 903
Liposomes, 44, 840, 902
Liquid paraffin, 723, 726, 946
Liquorice, 946
Liraglutide, 293, 297
Lisinopril, 530, 532, 534, also See Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Lithium, 462, 474–77
alternatives to, 477–78
Liver disease and drugs, 78, 746
Loading dose: of drug, 41
Local anaesthetics (LAs), 386–97
with adrenaline, 389–90, 392, 395
Lomefloxacin, 764
Lomustine (CCNU), 919
Loperamide, 733–34
Lopinavir (LPV), 865, 866, 872
Loratadine, 179, 181–82
Lorazepam, 410–11, 428, 431, 445, 449, 450, 494
Losartan, 528, 535–36, 537, also See Angiotensin antagonists (ARBs)
Lotions, 8
Lovastatin, 684, 685, also See Statins
Loxapine, 467, 468
Lozenges, 8
Lubiprostone, 724
Lugol's solution, 277
Lumefantrine, 877, 889–90, also See Artemether-lumefantrine
Lutropin (rLH), 263
Lymphogranuloma venereum, 788, 804, 813
Lypressin, 643, 644
Lynestrenol, 341, 343
Lysergic acid amide, 478
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 478
M
MAC (Mycobacterium avium complex): drugs for, 751, 829–30
Macitentan, 546, 547
Macrolide antibiotics, 801–05
Mafenide, 757
Magaldrate, 703
Magnesium
hydroxide, 703, 725
stearate, 946
sulfate, 359, 725
trisilicate, 703
Maintenance dose of drug, 41
Malaria
drugs for, 873–92
prophylaxis of, 874–76, 882, 886
radical cure of, 878
treatment of severe and complicated, 877–78, 883, 889–92
treatment of uncomplicated, 876, 877, 880, 883
Malathion, 116, also See Organophosphates
Male contraceptive, 352–53
Malignant hyperthermia, 382, 406
Malignant neuroleptic syndrome, 471–72
Mania, 463, 473, 474, 477, 478
Manic depressive illness (MDI). See Bipolar disorder
Mannitol, 170, 637–38
Maraviroc, 867
Marijuana, 479, 480
Masking of infection, 745
Mast cell stabilizers, 249
Maturation factors, 652–57
MDMA. 479, See Ecstasy
MDR 1 (Multidrug resistance 1) gene, 19, 935
Mebendazole, 906–08
Mecamylamine, 135
Mecasermin, 259
Mechanism of drug action, 45–60
Mechlorethamine (Mustine HCl), 918
Meclozine (Meclizine), 179, 712
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), 341, 343, 348, 349
Mefloquine, 673, 875, 876, 877, 878–881–82, 890, also See Artesunate-mefloquine
Megaloblastic anaemia, 652, 653, 654, 656
Megestrol acetate, 341
Meglitinide analogue, 295, 296–97, 304
Melanizing agents, 950–51
Melatonin, 188, 436
Meloxicam, 221
Melphalan, 919
Memantine, 519
Menadione, 661, 662, 972
sodium bisulfite, 661
Méniére's disease, 178, 183, 184
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). See Hormone replacement therapy
Menotropins, 262, 263, 337
Menthol, 948
Mepacrine, 882
Meperidine. See Pethidine
Mephenamic acid, 218
Mephenesin, 383
Mephentermine, 148, 150
Mercaptopurine (6-MP), 76, 228, 922, 934, 942
Meropenem, 782
Mesalazine (5-ASA, Mesalamine), 735, 736
enema, 736
Mescaline, 479
Mesna, 919, 935
Mesterolone, 321, 323, 325
Mestranol, 333
Metaanalysis, 86
Metabolism., 28–35, 989, See Biotransformation
Metabolism: presystemic (first pass), 34
Metformin, 280, 295, 298–99, 302, 304, also See Biguanides
Methacholine, 111, 112, 115
Methadone, 504, 506
Methamphetamine, 147, 148, 149, 516
Methandienone, 325
Methanol., 422–23, See Alcohol methyl
Methenamine, 810
Methicillin, 771, 806
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 768, 771
drugs for, 765, 780, 806, 807, 808
Methimazole, 275, 276
Methocarbamol, 383
Methohexitone, 409
Methotrexate (Mtx), 228, 657, 737, 921, 934, 942
Methoxamine, 148
Methoxsalen, 951
Methyl alcohol, 422–23
Methyl cellulose, 722–32
Methyl cobalamin, 653, 654, 972
Methyldopa, 612, 618
Methylergometrine, 357–58
Methyl naltrexone, 512
Methylphenidate, 151, 516
Methyl polysiloxane, 704, 719, See Dimethicone
Methyl prednisolone, 313, 316, 736
Methyl salicylate, 948
Methyltestosterone, 321, 324
Methylxanthines, 243–47, 517
Methysergide, 190, 195
Metoclopramide, 414, 707, 708, 713–15
Metolazone, 630
Metoprolol, 158, 161, 162, 163, 164, 195, 566, 567, 591
Metronidazole, 705, 706, 753, 772, 894–96, 899, 900, 901
Metyrapone, 319
Mexiletine, 576, 582
Mezlocillin, 774
Mianserin, 486, 490
Micafungin, 842
Miconazole, 843–44
Microsomal enzymes, 32
induction, 33–34
Microtubule damaging agents, 924–25
Midazolam, 411, 431, 451
Mifepristone, 206, 319, 345–46, 348
Miglitol, 301
Migraine: drugs for, 164, 192–95, 215, 447, 492, 555
Milk-alkali syndrome, 703
Milk ejection reflex, 355
Milk: excretion of drugs in, 35–36
Milk of magnesia, 703, 723, 725
Milrinone, 568
Miltefosine, 903–04
Mineralocorticoid, 307, 308, 317
Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), 399, 405
Minimal brain dysfunction. See Attention deficit disorder
Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), 747
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 747
Minocycline, 784, 786, 787, 834, 836
Minoxidil, 613
Miotic, 119–20, 126, 166, 167, 170
Mirtazapine, 486, 490
Misoprostol, 206, 212, 345, 346, 358, 702,
Mitomycin C, 927
Mitoxantrone, 927
Mivacurium, 378, 380, 382
Mizolastine, 182
Moclobemide, 47, 482
Modafinil, 152, 516
Molgramostim, 936
Mometasone, 955
Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 25, 137, 138, 174, 185, 482
nonselective inhibitors (MAOI), 141, 189, 456
selective MAO-A inhibitor, 141, 189, 482
selective MAO-B inhibitor, 141, 189, 458–59, 482
Monobactams, 781
Monobenzone, 952
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 195, 229, 251, 371, 555, 672, 928, 931, 943, 944
Montelukast, 205, 248–49, 252, 253
Mood stabiliser, 463, 474, See Bipolar disorder: drugs for
Morning sickness, 129, 183, 474, 711, 712, 975
Morphine, 413, 497, 498–502, 505, 506, 507
dependence, 501
epidural/intrathecal, 505
poisoning, 501
Mosapride, 708, 715, also See Prokinetic drugs
Motion sickness, 132, 183, 711, 712
Mountain sickness, 633–34
Moxifloxacin, 762, 764, 821, 827, 829
MPTP, 452
MRP (Multidrug resistance associated protein), 19
m-TOR inhibitors, 932, 941
Mucokinetics. 238, See Expectorants
Mucolytics, 238–39
Mupirocin, 809
Muromonab CD3, 944
Muscarine, 115, 116
Muscarinic
actions, 114–15
receptor, 112–13, 133
Muscle relaxants, 373–85
centrally acting, 382–85
Mushroom poisoning, 115
Mustard seeds, 948
Mutagenicity of drugs, 90, 101
Mustine. 918, See Mechlorethamine
Myasthenia gravis, 120–22, 316, 942
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, 829–30
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), 942, 944, 945
Mydriatics, 130, 131, 148, 151
Myocardial infarction (MI): drugs for, 164, 222, 505, 534, 537, 602–03, 672, 674–75, 680–81
Myxoedema, 273, also See Hypothyroidism
Myxoedema coma, 273
N
Nabilone, 479
Nabumetone, 220,
N-acetyl cysteine, 224, 238
Nadifloxacin, 954
Nadroparin, 666
Nafarelin, 264
Nalbuphine, 506, 508, 510–11
Nalidixic acid, 76, 759, 812
Nalmefene, 512
Nalorphine, 508, 509
Naloxone, 501, 508, 511–12
Naltrexone, 421, 512
Nandrolone, 325
Naphazoline, 149
Naproxen, 192, 217, 225, 231
Naratriptan, 194
Narcoanalysis, 409
Narcolepsy, 152, 436, 516
Narcotine. 239, See Noscapine
Nasal decongestants, 149, 150
Nasal route of administration, 13, 264, 366, 643
Nateglinide, 295, 297
Natural progesterone, 341, 342, 343
Nature of drugs, 2–3
Nebivolol, 163, 164, 566, 567, 610
Needlestick injury: prophylaxis after, 871–72
Nefopam, 224
Nelfinavir (NFV), 865, 866, 870
Neomycin, 799, 800
Neostigmine, 119, 120, 122, 375, 380
Neprilysin inhibitor, 553, 569
Nerve block anaesthesia, 392, 395
Nesiritide, 553, 569
Netilmicin, 795, 799
Neuroadaptation, 98
Neurocysticercosis: drugs for, 316, 907, 909, 913–14
Neurohumoral transmission, 104–09
Neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonists, 555, 718
Neuroleptic drugs, 463, 464, also See Antipsychotic drugs
Neuromuscular blocking agents, 374–82
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 108, 544, 548
Neuroses, 463
New formula WHO-ORS, 729
Nevirapine (NVP), 863–64, 869, 872
Niacin (Nicotinic acid, vit B3), 972, 973–74
Nicardipine, 592, 596, 618–19
Niclosamide, 907, 912
Nicorandil, 598–99
Nicotinamide. See Niacin, 972, 973–74
Nicotine, 133–34
chewing gum, 134
transdermal, 133
Nicotinic acid (vit B3), 685, 688–89, 692, 693, 972, See Niacin
Nicotinic actions, 114–15
Nicotinic receptor, 53, 111, 113, 120, 121
Nicotinyl xanthinate, 601
Nicoumalone. 668, 669, See Acenocoumarol
Nifedipine, 359, 580, 592, 594, 595, 596, 618, 620
Nilotinib, 929
Nilutamide, 326
Nimesulide, 220, 225
Nimodipine, 596
Nitazoxanide, 898, 901, 907
Nitrates, 543, 565, 585–90
Nitrate dependence/tolerance, 427, 466, 543, 588
Nitrazepam, 431
Nitrendipine, 593, 595
Nitric oxide (NO), 114, 176, 540–44, 586, 587, also See EDRF
Nitric oxide donors, 543–44
Nitrofurantoin, 810, 811, 812
Nitrofurazone, 961
Nitrogen mustards, 918, 919
Nitroglycerine, 588, See Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)
Nitroprusside sod., 544, 566, 613–14, 619
Nitrous oxide (N2O), 403, 405
Nocebo, 78
Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), 513, 514
Nomegestrol acetate, 341
Nonadrenergic-noncholinergic (NANC) transmission, 108, 327, 543, 714
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, 432–35
Noncompetitive antagonism, 68, 69, 70
Noncompetitive enzyme inhibition, 47
Nonmicrosomal enzymes, 32
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 829, 863–64
Nonprescription drugs, 7, 209
Nonreceptor mediated action, 63
Nonsedating antihistamines, 182, 183, See Antihistamines: second generation
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 192, 209–26
and PG synthesis inhibition, 210–12
choice of, 225–26
in gout, 230
interactions with, 215, 217
shared toxicities, 211, 212
topical, 224–25
Nootropic drug, 519
Noradrenaline (NA), 106, 107, 108, 136, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145
actions, 141–44
as transmitter, 106, 136, 140
preparations and use, 145
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA), 490
Norepinephrine, See Noradrenaline
Norepinephrine transporter (NET), 19, 48, 107, 108, 137, 140, 147, 483
Norethisterone, See Norethindrone
Norethindrone, 341, 343, 349
enanthate (NEE), 349
Norfloxacin, 731, 762, 763, 811, 814
Norgestimate, 341, 347
Norgestrel, 34
Noscapine, 239, 240, 497
Nortriptyline, 486, 487, 492
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), 829, 861–63, 869, 871, 872
Nystatin, 841
O
OATP (organic anion transporting polypeptide), 19, 24, 35, 36, 37, 232
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), 492, 494, 495, 496
OCT (organic cation transporter), 19, 35, 37, 137
Octreotide, 260, 644, 733
Ofloxacin, 762, 763–64, 811, 821, 833–34, 836
Oil of wintergreen. 948, See Methyl salicylate
Ointments, 9
Olanzapine, 467, 469, 470, 471, 478
Olive oil, 946
Olmesartan, 535, 536
Olsalazine, 736
Omalizumab, 251–52
Omeprazole, 414, 700–01, 706, also See Proton pump inhibitors
Ondansetron, 186, 190, 414, 714, 716–17, 932
On-off effect, 456, 457, 458
Opioid
agonist-antagonists, 506, 509–11
analgesics, 497–506
antagonists (pure), 511–13
antidiarrhoeals, 732
antitussives, 239
peptides, 513–14
receptors, 507–09
Opium, 497
Oral
absorption, of drugs, 21
anticoagulants, 667–72
antidiabetic drugs, 293–303
contraceptives (OCs), 346–48
direct thrombin inhibitor, 671–72
iron preparations, 647–49
rehydration salt/solution (ORS), 728–29
route of administration, 10
Organ transplantation: immunosuppressants in, 944–45
Organophosphates, 116, 119, 122, 123
poisoning, 123
Ormeloxifene, 352
Ornidazole, 897, 899
Orphan drugs, 7
Orphan receptors, 52
Orphenadrine, 460
Oseltamivir, 853
Osmotic diuretics, 637–38
Osmotic (saline) purgatives, 724, 725
Osteoarthritis,
analgesic-antiinflammatory drugs in, 215, 217, 218, 221, 224, 225
corticosteroids in, 315
Osteomalacia, 367, 368, 369, 441
Osteoporosis
anabolic steroids in, 325
bisphosphonates in, 325, 370
calcitonin in, 366
calcium in, 352
hormone replacement therapy in, 335
raloxifene in, 338–39
vit D in, 368
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, 7
Oxaliplatin, 920–21
Oxazepam, 494
Oxazolidinone antimicrobial, 807–08
Oxcarbazepine, 442, 449
Oxethazaine, 394
Oxiconazole, 844
Oxidation (of drugs), 29–30
Oximes, 123
Oxotremorine, 111, 112
Oxpentifylline, 601, See Pentoxiphylline
Oxybenzone, 952
Oxybutynin, 129, 131
Oxymetazoline, 149
Oxymetholone, 325
Oxyphenbutazone, 220
Oxyphenonium, 128, 702
Oxytetracycline, 784, 786, 787
Oxytocics, 354–58
Oxytocin, 354–57
antagonist, 359
Oxytocin challenge test, 356
P
PABA (Para-amino benzoic acid), 952
Paclitaxel, 918, 924–25
PAF antagonists, 208
Paget's disease, 366, 370, 371
Palonosetron, 717–18
2-PAM, 123, See Pralidoxime
Pamidronate, 369, 370, 371
Pancreatin, 719
Pancuronium, 378, 379
Pantoprazole, 414, 701, 706, also See Proton pump inhibitors
Pantothenic acid, 975
Papain, 719
Papaverine, 157, 329, 497
Para-amino salicylic acid (PAS), 822
Paracetamol, 223–24
poisoning, 223
Paraffin: soft/hard, 946
liquid, 723, 726
Paraldehyde, 424
Parasympathomimetic drugs, 114, See Cholinergic drugs
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 360, 363–64
Parecoxib, 221, 223, 225
Parenteral routes, 13–14
Parkinsonism, 452, 471
drugs for, 124, 452–61
Parnaparin, 666
Paromomycin, 800, 899, 900, 903, 904, 905
Paroxetine, 486, 489
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), 561, 571, 580, 581, 583
Partial agonist, 49, 50, 51, 68
Pastes, 9
Patient controlled analgesia (PCA), 505
Pazufloxacin, 765
Pediculosis: drugs for, 962, 963
Pefloxacin, 762, 763
Peginterferon, 856, 857
Pegloticase, 235
Pegvisomant, 260
Pellet implantation, 13
Pemetrexed, 921–22
Penfluridol, 468
Penicillamine, 966
Penicillinase, 768
Penicillins, 766–75
acid resistant, 771
benzathine, 769, 770
benzyl (G), 766–70
extended spectrum, 772–74
penicillinase resistant, 771
phenoxymethyl (V), 771
procaine, 769, 770
semisynthetic, 771–74
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 589
Pentavalent vaccine, 984
Pentazocine, 506, 508, 511
Pentobarbitone, 426
Pentoxiphylline, 601
Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ), 439, 515
Pepsin, 719
Peptic ulcer: drugs for, 206, 695–706
treatment of, 699, 701–02, 706, 707
Peramivir, 849, 854
Perchlorate sod/pot., 276
Perinatal HIV prophylaxis, 872
Perindopril, 532–33
Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors, 456–57, 461
Peripheral vascular diseases (PVDs): drugs for, 601–02
Permethrin, 962
Pernicious anaemia, 654, 656
Pethidine, 413, 482, 503, 506
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), 19, 21, 25, 35, 37, 574, 935
Pharmaceutics, 2
Pharmacodynamics, 1, 45–70
Pharmacogenetics, 75–77
Pharmacogenomics, 75–76
Pharmacokinetics, 1–2, 15–44
Pharmacology: definition, 1
Pharmacopoeias, 5
Pharmacotherapeutics, 2
Pharmacovigilance, 93–94
Pharmacy: definition, 2
Phase ‘0’ studies, 90
Phenacetin, 223
Phenazopyridine, 810
Phencyclidine, 479
Pheniramine, 179, 180
Phenobarbitone, 426, 427, 443, 449, also See Barbiturates
Phenol, 949, 958
Phenolphthalein, 35, 726
Phenoxybenzamine, 154–55, 156, 611
Phentolamine, 139, 155, 156, 157, 329, 611, 619
Phenylbutazone, 209, 220, 233, 487
Phenylephrine, 131, 140, 141, 148, 151
Pheochromocytoma, 155, 156–57, 164, 165, 577, 619
Pholcodine, 239, 503
Phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE-3) inhibitors, 568, 601
Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, 327–28, 588
Phospholipase C-IP3-DAG pathway, 55, 57–58, 112, 114, 546, 640, 695
Photochemotherapy (PUVA), 951
Photosensitivity, 98
Phylloquinone, 659, 660–62, 972, See Vit. K
Physical dependence, 98, see Drug dependence
Physostigmine, 119, 120, 122
Phytonadione (vit K), 660–61, 972
Picrotoxin, 430, 515
Pills, 8
Pilocarpine, 115, 120, 168, 170
Pimozide, 467, 468
Pindolol, 161, 162, 591
Pioglitazone, 295, 300, 304
Pipecuronium, 378, 379
Piperacillin, 774
Piperaquine, 890, 891–92, also See Arterolane-piperaquine
Piperazine, 907, 910
PIPE therapy, 157, 329
Piracetam, 519
Pirenzepine, 112, 127, 129, 702
Piribedil, 520
Piroxicam, 218, 221, 231
Pitavastatin, 685, 691
pKa, 16, 17
Placebo, 77
Placental hormones, 255
Placental transfer of drugs, 25
Plague: drugs for, 751, 788, 798, 980
Plasma concentration monitoring, 42
Plasma half life (t½), 39–40
Plasma kinins, 173, 549–51
Plasma protein binding of drugs, 25–26
Plateau principle, 40–41
Platelet activating factor (PAF), 207
antagonists, 208
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: drugs for, 751, 758, 759, 806, 886
Podophyllum resin, 949
Poisoning, 94–95
Polyene antibiotics, 839–41
Polymyxin B, 809
Polypeptide antibiotics, 809
Polyvinyl polymer, 947
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), 178
Posaconazole, 847
Post antibiotic effect (PAE), 748
Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)
of HIV, 871–72
of rabies, 981–82
Postmarketing surveillance, 88, 91, 93
Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH), 206, 356, 357
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 489, 492, 493
Postural hypotension, 150
Potassium
channel openers, 598–99
chloride, 291, 631
iodide, 238, 277, 959
permanganate, 501, 958, 959
sparing diuretics, 607, 624, 634–37
Potentiation, 67
Povidone iodine, 901, 959
Powders, 7
Pralidoxime (2-PAM), 123
Pramipexole, 457–58
Pramlintide, 293
Prasugrel, 678–79, 680, 681
Pravastatin, 685, 686, 691, also See Statins
Praziquantel, 907, 912–13
Prazosin, 155, 157, 610–11
Preanaesthetic medication, 129, 130, 184, 413–14
Preclinical studies, 89
Prednicarbate, 955
Prednisolone, 230, 232, 250, 313, 736, 914, 932, also See Corticosteroids
Preeclampsia
lowering of blood pressure in, 165, 617, 620
prevention of, 215
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of HIV, 871
Pre-exposure prophylaxis of rabies, 982
Pregabalin, 446, 492
Pregnancy: and drugs, 75, 100, 101, 226, 1017–19
category of drugs, 101
medical termination of, 206, 345
Premature ejaculation, 489, 492
Premature labour, 152, 358–59, 597
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (tension), 344, 489
Prenoxdiazine, 240
Prescription drugs, 7
Presystemic (first pass) metabolism, 34
Prilocaine, 392, 394
Primaquine, 76, 875, 876, 877, 878, 885–86
Primidone, 443
Prinzmetal's angina, 584, See Variant angina
Probenecid, 38, 39, 232–33, 632, 769, 773, 813
Probiotics in diarrhoea, 732
Procainamide, 574, 582, 583
Procaine, 387, 390, 392, 769
Procarbazine, 920, 934
Prochlorperazine, 184, 712
Procyclidine, 460
Prodrug, 28, 29
Progesterone, 340–41
natural, 341
Progestins, 340–44, 346, 347, 348, also See Oral contraceptives
Proguanil (Chloroguanide), 875, 883, 889
Prokinetic drugs, 709, 713–19
Prolactin, 260–61
Prolonging drug action, 42–44
Promethazine, 179, 180, 183, 184, 413, 460, 711
theoclate, 711
Propafenone, 572, 576, 582, 583
Propantheline, 128, 702
Proparacaine, 393, 394
Prophylactic use of antimicrobials, 750–53
Prophylaxis of HIV, 871–72
Propionic acid derivatives, 216–18, 225
Propofol, 409–10, 430
Propoxur, 123
Propranolol, 158–61, also See Beta adrenergic blocker
in akathisia, 471
in angina pectoris, 163, 591
in anxiety, 164, 495
in cardiac arrhythmias, 163, 577
in essential tremor, 164
in hypertension, 163, 609–10
in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, 165
in migraine, 164, 195
in myocardial infarction, 164, 602
in pheochromocytoma, 164, 577
in thyrotoxicosis, 164, 278–79, 577
pharmacology of, 158–61, 162, 163–65
Propyl thiouracil, 275, 276
Propylene glycol, 946, 949
Propyphenazone, 220
Prorenin, 525–26
(Pro) renin receptor (PRR), 525–26
Prostacyclin (PGI), 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 546
Prostaglandins (PGs), 169, 173, 197–203, 204–07
analogues, 169, 205, 206, 346, 702, 724
synthesis inhibitors, 199, 210–12, also See Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Prostanoid receptors, 204–05
Protamine sulfate, 666
Protease inhibitors (PIs), 864–66, 869, 870, 872
Proteasome inhibitor, 931
Protectives, 946
Prothionamide, 821
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), 414, 699–702, 705–706, 707–08
Prucalopride, 724
Prulifloxacin, 762, 765
Pseudocholinesterase (BuChE), 111, 115,
deficiency/atypical, 76, 376, 379
Pseudoephedrine, 149, 151
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, 732, 745, 788, 805, 806, 896
Psilocybin, 478
Psoralen, 950, 951
Psoriasis: drugs for, 950–51
Psychological dependence, 98, 99, See Addiction: to drugs
Psychopharmacological agents (Psychotropic drugs), 462–96
Psychoses, 462, 463, 472–74
Psychostimulants, 516–17
Psychotogens, 478–80, See Hallucinogens
Psychotomimetics, 478–80, See Hallucinogens
Psyllium, 722
Pulmonary arterial hypertension: drugs for, 328, 543, 546, 547
Purgatives, 721–27
abuse, 726–27
bulk forming, 722–23, 726
mechanism of action, 721–22
osmotic/saline, 724–25, 726
stimulant, 723–24, 726
Purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEV), 981
Purified vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV), 981
Purine antagonists, 922–23
PUVA (Psoralen-Ultraviolet A), 951
Pyrantel pamoate, 907, 909
Pyrazinamide (Z), 816, 819, 825, 826
Pyrazolone derivatives, 220, 233
Pyridostigmine, 119, 120
Pyridoxine (vit B6), 456, 652, 712, 818, 826, 972, 974–75
Pyrimethamine, 876, 884
Pyrimethamine-sulfonamide combination, 876, 877, 884–45, 890, 891
Pyrimidine antagonists, 923–24
Pyritinol (Pyrithioxine), 519
Pyronaridine, 889, 892
Q
Quaternary ammonium antiseptics, 960
Quetiapine, 467, 469, 471, 473, 474, 478
Quinapril, 533
Quinidine, 561, 572, 573–74
Quinine, 382, 876, 877, 878, 881–82, 888
Quiniodochlor, 898, 899, 900, 901
Quinolones, 759–65
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, 808
R
Rabeprazole, 701, 702, 706, also See Proton pump inhibitors
Racecadotril, 733
Raloxifene, 338–39
Raltegravir, 866–67, 869, 871
Ramelteon, 436
Ramipril, 530, 532, 533, 534, also See Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Ramosetron, 718
Randomization, 84
Ranitidine, 174, 184, 414, 698, also See H2 antagonists
Ranolazine, 600
Rasagiline, 459, 461
Rational use of medicines, 81–83
Rauwolfia alkaloid, 614, See Reserpine
Raynaud's phenomenon, 157, 207, 601, also See Peripheral vascular disease
Reboxetine, 487
Receptors, 46, 48–62
desensitization, 62
functions of, 62
G-protein coupled (GPCRs), 54–58
ion channel, 53, 58
nature of, 51–52
occupation theory, 49–50
presynaptic (prejunctional), 125, 137
regulating gene expression, 60, 61
regulation, 60, 62
silent, 53
spare, 50, 69
subtypes, 52
transducer mechanisms, 53–60
transmembrane enzyme-linked, 58–59
transmembrane JAK-STAT binding, 59–60
tyrosine kinases (RTKs), 58, 59, 284, 929
two-state model, 50–51
Rectal administration, 12
Redistribution, 24, 426, 430
Red man syndrome, 806
Reduction, 30–31
Reflux esophagitis, 707, See Gastroesophageal reflux
Refractory asthma, 253, See Status asthmaticus
Rehydration, 728–30
Remifentanil, 412, 504
Renal excretion of drugs, 36–38, 43
Renin: Angiotensin system (RAS), 524–30
drugs inhibiting, 530
Repaglinide, 295, 296–97, 302
Renzapride, 187
Reserpine, 141, 189, 462, 604, 614
Resistance: to AMAs, 742–44
prevention of, 744
Resorcinol, 949–50
Respiratory stimulants (Analeptics), 515
Restless legs syndrome, 458
Reteplase, 674
Retinoic acid, 953, 970
Retinoid receptors, 970
Retroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), 864–66, See Protease inhibitors
Reversal reaction: in leprosy, 833
Reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs), 482, 491
Reviparin, 666
Reye's syndrome, 214, 226
Rheumatic fever, 215, 225, 315, 751, 770
Rheumatoid arthritis, 215, 227, 315, 942
corticosteroids in, 230, 315
disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in, 227–30
immunosuppressants in, 228, 942
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory durgs in, 215, 217, 218, 219, 221, 225
Ribavirin, 856, 859
Riboflavin (vit B2), 972, 973,
Rickets, 368, 369
Rickettsial infections, 788
Rideal-Walker coefficient, 958
Rifabutin, 822, 829, 830
Rifaximin, 731
Rifampin (Rifampicin, R), 818–19, 824, 825, 826, 827, 829, 833, 836
Rifapentine, 816, 822
Rilpivirine, 864
Rimantadine, 853
Risedronate, 369, 371
Risk-benefit ratio, 65–66
Risperidone, 190, 467, 468–69, 470, 471, 473, 478
Ritodrine, 149, 358–59
Ritonavir (RTV), 865, 866, 870, 871
Rituximab, 230, 931–32
Rivaroxaban, 670–71, 672
Rivastigmine, 119, 122, 518, 519
Rizatriptan, 194
Rocuronium, 378, 380, 381
Rofecoxib, 221, 222
Roflumilast, 245
Ropinirole, 457–58, 461
Ropivacaine, 392, 393, 396, 397
Rosuvastatin, 685, 686, 691, also See Statins
Round worm (Ascariasis): drugs for, 910, 911
Routes of administration, 9–14
Roxatidine, 184, 698, also See H2 antagonists
Roxithromycin, 805
Rubefacients, 421, 948
Rubidomycin, 926, 928, See Daunorubicin
Rupatadine, 179, 182
Rutin, 661, 662
Ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium channel, 382, 406, 558
S
SABE (Subacute bacterial endocarditis), 746, 772, 773, 798
Sacubitril, 553, 569
Salbutamol, 141, 242–43, 253
Salicylates, 212–16, also See Aspirin
Salicylazosulfapyridine, 734, See Sulfasalazine
Salicylic acid, 848, 949, 950
Saline purgatives, 725, See Osmotic purgatives
Salmeterol, 243
Saquinavir (SQV), 865, 866, 870
Saroglitazar, 688
Satranidazole, 897
Saxagliptin, 298
Scabies: drugs for, 911, 961, 962, 963
Schizophrenia, 462, 465, 472
drugs for, 463–74, also See Antipsychotic drugs
treatment of, 472–73
Sclerosing agents, 663
Scopolamine, 125, See Hyoscine
Secnidazole, 896–97, 900, 901
Secondary effects, 94
Second gas effect, 403, 405
Sedative, 424
Selective estrogen receptor down regulators (SERDs), 337, 932
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), 337–39, 932
Selective 5-HT1D/1B agonists, 187, 193–94, 195
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 487–89, 491, 492
Selegiline, 458–59
Selenium sulfide, 949
Senna, 724, 726
Sequential trial, 86
Serotonergic receptors, 185–87
Serotonin, 185–89, See 5-Hydroxytryptamine
Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), 483, 484, 486, 489–90, 491
Serotonin transporter (SERT), 48, 49, 108, 185, 483, 484
Sertraline, 486, 489, 491
Sevoflurane, 405, 408
Sexually transmitted diseases: treatment of, 813, 814
Shelf-life (of drugs), 83
Shift work disorder (SWD), 516
Shock: drugs for, 97, 146, 150
septic: corticosteroids in, 317
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH), 569, 644, 924
Sialistic implants, 13
Sibutramine, 149
Side effects, 94
Sildenafil, 327–28, 547, 588
Silver nitrate, 949, 961
Silver sulfadiazine, 757, 961
Simeprevir, 849, 858
Simethicone, 947, See Dimethicone
Simvastatin, 684, 685, 686, 691, also See Statins
Single enantiomer drugs, 88, 89
Sirolimus, 938, 939, 941
Sisomicin, 795, 799
Sitagliptin, 295, 297–98, also See Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors
Skeletal muscle relaxants, 373–85
SLC (solute carrier), transporter, 18, 48
Sleep, 424–25
Slow acting antirheumatoid drugs (SAARDs), 227
Smoking cessation: aid to, 133–34, 490, 492
SMON (subacute myelo-optic neuropathy), 894, 898
SNP (single neucleotide polymorphism), 77
Sodium
alginate, 708
bicarbonate, 291, 427, 703
citrate, 238, 703, 729
cromoglycate, 249,
edetate (EDTA), 965
hypochlorite solution, 959
nitrite, 591
nitroprusside, 544, 566, 613–14, 619
phosphate, 725
picosulfate, 724, 726
pot. tartrate, 725
stibogluconate (SSG), 902, 903, 905
sulfate, 725
tetradecyl sulfate, 663
thiosulfate, 7, 590, 591
valproate (Valproic acid), 195, 440, 444–45, 449, 450, 477–78
Sofosbuvir, 849, 858
Solifenacin, 129
Somatomedins, 259
Somatostatin, 259–60, 305, 733
Somatropin, 259
Sorafenib, 917, 937
Sotalol, 161, 162, 579, 582, 583
Sources of drugs, 3–4
Sparfloxacin, 764, 833
Spectinomycin, 808
Spermaceti 946
SPF (sun protection factor), 952
Spinal anaesthesia, 395–96
Spirits, 415, 420, 947
Spiramycin, 805
Spironolactone, 563, 567–68, 607, 634–35, 637
SRS-A. 199, See Leucotrienes
Stanozolol, 325
Starch, 947
Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), 683–86, 691, 692
Status asthmaticus, 250, 253
Status epilepticus, 443, 449, 450–51
Stavudine, 862, 870
Stimulation, 45
Stokes-Adams syndrome, 151
Streptokinase (Stk), 674
Streptomycin (S), 795, 796, 798, 816, 820, 825, 828
Streptozocin, 305
Stroke (cerebrovascular disease), 672, 673, 675, 681
Strongyloidosis: drugs for, 907, 908, 909, 911
Strontium ranelate, 372
Strychnine, 515
Styptics, 662
Subcutaneous injection (s.c.), 13, 22
absorption from, 22
Sublingual administration, 12
Substance P (SP), 544, 554–55, 718
antagonists, 555, 718
Succimer, 965, 966
Succinyl choline (SCh), 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 406, 409
Sucralfate, 704–05, 947
Sugamadex, 381
Sulbactam 774, 775, 778
Sulfacetamide sod., 757
Sulfadoxine, 756, 884, 890, 891
Sulfamethoxazole, 756, also See Cortrimoxazole
Sulfamethopyrazine 756, 884
Sulfanilamide, 755
Sulfasalazine, 228, 734–35, 757
Sulfinpyrazone, 233
Sulfonamides, 755–57, 876, also See Cotrimoxazole
Sulfonamide-pyrimethamine (S/P), 877, 884–85, 890, 891
Sulfone syndrome, 832
Sulfonylureas (SUs), 294, 295, 296, 297, 301, 302, 304,
Sulfur, 950, 963
Sultamicillin tosylate, 775
Sumatriptan, 187, 193–94, 195
Sunitinib, 931
Sunscreens, 952
Superactive GnRH agonists, 264–65, 325, 326, 344, 932
Superinfection (Suprainfection), 744–45, 788, 791
Supersensitivity, 96
Suppositories, 8
Surface anaesthesia, 394
Surface area (body) and drug dose, 73
Surgical site infection (SSI): prophylaxis of, 752–53
Suvorexant, 436
Suxamethonium, 373, See Succinylcholine,
Sympathetic nervous system, 103, 104, 105
Sympathomimetics, 141–52, 242–43, 568, 582
directly acting, 141
indirectly acting, 141
Synergism, 66
among antimicrobials, 749
Syphilis: drugs for, 751, 770, 781, 789, 803, 813,
T
Tablets, 7
Tachyphylaxis, 80–81
Tacrine, 119, 518
Tacrolimus, 940–41, 945
Tadalafil, 328, 547
Tafenoquine, 886
Takadiastase, 719
Talc, 946
Tamoxifen citrate, 337–38, 339, 932
Tamsulosin, 156, 157
Tannic acid/Tannins, 947
Tape worm: drugs for, 907, 912, 913
Tapentadol, 502, 505
Tardive dyskinesia, 472, 473
Targeted drug delivery, 43–44
Targeted anticancer drugs, 928–32
Target level strategy, 41–42, 71
Taxanes, 924–25, 930
Tazarotene, 951, 954
Tazobactam, 775, 778
Tea, 244
Tedizolid, 808
Teicoplanin, 807
Telbivudine, 849, 855–56
Telithromycin, 805
Telmisartan, 536–37, 608. also See Angiotensin receptor blockers
Temazepam, 431
Temozolomide, 920
Temsirolimus, 932, 941
Tenaligliptin, 294, 298
Tenecteplase, 674, 675
Tenofovir, 855, 863, 867, 869, 870, 871, 872
Tenoxicam, 219
Teratogenecity, 99–101
Terazosin, 155–56, 157, 611
Terbinafine, 840, 841, 847
Terbutaline, 243, 253, 359
Terfenadine, 181
Teriparatide, 365
Terizidone, 822, 826
Terlipressin, 643, 644
Testosterone, 320–25
undecanoate, 321, 323, 325
Tetanus: drugs for, 385, 445, 770, 789, 803
antitoxin, 985
immune globulin, 985
toxoid, 983
Tetany, 362, 363
Tetracaine, 393, 394
Tetracyclines, 784–90, 812, 876, 886, 899, 900, 954
Δ9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9 THC), 479, 719
Tetramisole, 910
Tetrodotoxin, 105, 522
Thalidomide, 100, 837, 936,
Theobromine, 244
Theophylline, 244, 245, 246, 247, 353, also See Methyl xanthines
ethanolate of piperazine, 247
ethylene diamine. (Aminophylline), 247
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), 42
Therapeutic index, 65, 66, 958
Therapeutic window, 65, 485
Thiabendazole, 906
Thioamides, 275–76, See Antithyroid drugs
Thiamine (vit B1), 72, 971, 972
Thiazide diuretics, 563, 606–07, 615, 616, 617, 624, 628–32, 637, 644
Thiazolidinediones, 295, 300, also See Pioglitazone
Thiocolchicoside, 384
Thiocyanate sod./pot, 276
6-Thioguanine (6-TG), 918, 922
Thiopentone sod., 24, 408–09, 427
Thioridazine, 465, 466, 467
Thio-TEPA, 919
Threadworm, 907, 908, 909, 911, See Strongyloidosis
Threatened abortion, 152, 344, 358, 359
Thrombin, 662
Thrombolytics, 673–76, See Fibrinolytic drugs
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), 198, 199–202, See Prostaglandins
Thymol, 948, 949
Thyroid disease: effect on drugs, 79
Thyroid hormones, 267–74
Thyroid inhibitors, 274–79
Thyroid storm: treatment of, 164, 276, 277, 278–79, 317
Thyrotoxicosis, 274, 276, also See Hyperthyroidism
drugs for, 164, 274–79
Thyrotropin, 54, 255, 265–66, See TSH
Thyroxine (T4), 267–74
Tiagabine, 448, 449
Tianeptine, 491
TIAs (Transient ischaemic attacks), 215, 614, 673, 677, 681
Tibolone, 335
Ticagrelor, 677, 679, 680
Ticarcillin, 771, 773
Ticlopidine, 678
Tigecycline, 784, 789–90
TIK-20, 116, See Diazinon
Tiludronate, 369
Timolol, 162, 167–68, 170
Tinea infection (dermatophytosis): drugs for, 842, 843, 844, 845, 848
Tinidazole, 705, 706, 813, 896, 899, 900, 901
Tiotropium bromide, 128, 131, 248
Tirofiban, 680
Tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA, Alteplase), 674, 675
Titanium dioxide, 952
Tizanidine, 384, 385
TNFα inhibitors, 229–30, 737, 943, 951
Tobacco (quitting), 133–34, 490, 492
amblyopia, 655
Tobramycin, 795, 798–99
Tocolytics, 358–59, also See Uterine relaxants
Tofacitinib, 229
Tolbutamide, 293, 295
Tolcapone, 141, 459
Tolerance, 80
Tolnaftate, 847–48
Tolterodine, 129
Tolu balsam, 238, 240
Tolvaptan, 569, 644
Topical application of drugs, 10, 22
Topical NSAIDs, 224
Topical steroids, 954–56
adverse effects, 956
Topiramate, 195, 447, 449
Topoisomerase-1 inhibitors, 925–26
Topotecan, 925–26
Toremifene, 337, 338
Torasemide, 627–28
Torsades de pointes, 181, 572, 574, 577, 578, 579, 582
Toxic effects, 94
Toxicity tests, 89
Toxicology: definition, 2
Toxins, 95
Toxoids, 979, 983
diphtheria, 983, 984
tetanus (TT), 983, 984
TPMT-deficiency, 76, 922
Trachoma: drugs for, 757, 789, 804
Tramadol, 504–05, 506
Trandolapril, 533
Tranexamic acid, 676
Tranquilizer, 463
Transdermal androgen, 323
Transdermal contraceptive, 349
Transdermal fentanyl, 503, 506
Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS), 12, 43
Transduction: drug resistance by, 743
Transporters, 18–19, 48
Tranylcypromine, 141, 482
Traveller's diarrhoea, 730, 731, 733, 734
Trazodone, 486, 490
Trench mouth, 770, See Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Tretinoin, 928, 953, 970
Triamcinolone, 312, 313–14
acetonide, 232, 311, 319, 955
Triamterene, 635, 636, 637
Triazolam, 431
Triazole antifungals, 838, 844–47
Trichloroacetic acid, 949
Trichomoniasis: drugs for 895, 896, 897, 901
Tricyclic antidepressants, 185, 195, 482–87, 491–92
Trifluoperazine, 465, 466, 467
Trifluperidol, 467
Triflupromazine, 467
Trifluridine, 850
Trigeminal neuralgia, 440, 442
Trihexyphenidyl, 460
Triiodothyronine (T3), 267, 268, 269–73
Trimetazidine, 599–600
Trimethaphan camforsulfonate, 134, 135
Trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole, 757–59, See Cotrimoxazole
Trimipramine, 486, 487, also See Tricyclic antidepressants
Trioxsalen, 950
Tripotassium dicitratobismuthate, 705, See Colloidal bismuth subcitrate
Triprolidine, 179, 180, also See H1 antagonists
Triptorelin, 265
Tropical eosinophilia: drug for, 911
Tropicamide, 130, 131
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone), 265–66, 267, 268, 269, 270
Tuberculosis, 815, 823–29
biology of infection, 823
chemoprophylaxis of, 828
corticosteroids in, 828
extensive drug resistant (XDR), 816, 824, 827
in AIDS patients, 828–29
in breast feeding women, 827
in pregnancy, 827
latent, 828
multidrug resistant (MDR), 824, 825–26
short course chemotherapy (SCC), 824–25
treatment of, 823–29
Tubocurarine (d-TC), 111, 113, 374, 375, 376, 378, 379
Tubular reabsorption/secretion of drugs, 36–38
Turpentine oil, 948, 949
Typhoid fever: drugs for, 759, 762, 778, 792, 804
Tyramine, 137, 141, 482
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 929
U
Ulcerative colitis: drugs for, 734–37. See Inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcer protectives, 704–05
Ulipristal, 346, 348
Unstable angina (UA), 584–85, 590, 591, 602, 666, 667, 672, 680
Urea, 949
Ureido penicillins, 774
Uric acid synthesis inhibitors, 233–35
Uricosuric drugs, 232–33
Urinary antiseptics, 809–10
Urinary pH and excretion of drugs, 37
Urinary tract infection: drugs for, 759, 761–62, 772, 797, 810–12
prophylaxis, 812, 814
urinary pH and use of AMAs in, 812
Urofollitropin, 262
Urokinase, 674
Urotensin II, 544, 548
Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodiol), 719–20
USAN (United States adopted name), 4
Uterine
inertia, 356
relaxants, 358–59
stimulants, 354–58
V
Vaccines, 978–84
bacterial, 979–81
BCG, 980
cholera:inactivated, 980
cholera: oral, 980
double antigen (DT-DA), 983
haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), 980
hepatitis A, 982
hepatitis B, 982
influenza virus, 982
killed (inactivated), 978, 979
live attenuated, 978, 979
measles: live attenuated, 982–83
meningococcal A & C, 980
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), 983
mumps: live attenuated, 982
pentavalent, 979, 984
plague, 980
polio: inactivated (IPV, Salk), 981
polio: oral (OPV, Sabin), 981
rabies: purified chick embryo cell vaccine (PCEV), 981
rabies: human diploid cell (HDCV), 981
rabies: purified vero cell (PVRV), 981
rubella, 983
TAB (Typhoid-Paratyphoid A, B), 979
triple antigen (DPT), 983–84
typhoid-Ty2a (oral), 980
typhoid: Vi polysaccharide, 979
varicella (live attenuated), 983
viral, 981–83
whooping cough (pertussis), 980
Valacyclovir, 813, 851
Valbenazine, 472
Valethamate, 129
Valganciclovir, 852
Valproic acid (Sodium valproate), 195, 440, 444–45, 449, 450, 477–78
VAMP regimen, 935
Valsartan, 536, 537, 538, 553, 569
Vancomycin, 767, 806–07
Vardenafil, 328
Varenicline, 134
Variant angina, 163, 584, 585, 589, 591, 597
Vasaka, 238, 240
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 544, 553–54
Vasoactive peptides, 544–55
Vasodilators, 565–66, 612–14
Vasomotor reversal, 143, 153–54
Vasopressin, 639–42, See AVP
receptors, 639–40
Vecuronium, 378, 379–80
Velpatasvir, 849, 859
Venereal diseases: treatment of, 813, 814, See Sexually transmitted diseases
Venlafaxine, 486, 489, 496
Verapamil, 561, 579–80, 581, 582, 583, 593, 594, 596, 597, 608
Vertigo: drugs for, 183, 184
Vesamicol, 110, 111
Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT-2), 19, 48, 137, 140, 147, 185, 484, 614
Vesicular transport, 19–20
VIAGRA. See Sildenafil
Vigabatrin, 448, 450
Vildagliptin, 295, 297, 298
Vinblastine, 924, 934
Vinca alkaloids, 924, 935
Vincristine, 924, 934
Vinorelbine, 924, 934
Visual cycle: vit A in, 969
Vitamins, 968–77
definition, 968
fat soluble, 968–71, 972
vit A, 968–70, 972
vit B complex, 971, 972, 973–77
vit B12, 652–65, 972
vit C, 972, 975, 977
vit D, 366–69, 972
vit E, 970–71, 972
vit K, 660–62, 972
water soluble, 968, 971, 972, 973–77
Vitiligo: drugs for, 942, 950
Voglibose, 301
Volatile oils, 3, 948
Volume of distribution (V), 23–24, 26, 38, 39, 41, 42, 79, 989
von Willebrand's factor (vWF), 642, 643, 662, 676
Voriconazole, 841, 845, 846–47
VRE (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus), 806, 807, 808
VRSA (Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus), 806, 807
W
Warfarin sod., 667, 668, also See Oral anticoagulants
Whip worm (Trichuris): drugs for, 907, 909, 911
Whitefield's ointment, 848
Whooping cough, 751, 792, 803, 980
Wilson's disease: drug for, 965, 966
Wines, 415, 420
Withdrawal reaction/syndrome, 98, 99, 421, 501
Wool fat, 9, 946
WPW (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), 571, 574, 576, 583
X
Xanthinol nicotinate, 601
Xenobiotics, 3, 16, 18, 19, 28
Xipamide, 630
Xylometazoline, 141, 149
Y
Yaba, 479
Yohimbine, 156
Yuzpe method, 348
Z
Zafirlukast, 205, 248–49, 252, 253
Zaleplon, 430, 433, 434
Zanamivir, 853, 854
Zidovudine (AZT), 861–62, 867, 869, 870, 871
Zileuton, 199, 249
Zinc
in diarrhoea, 729
oxide, 947, 961
pyrithione, 949–50
stearate, 946
sulfate, 730, 961
Ziprasidone, 467, 469–70, 572
Zoledronate, 369, 370, 371
Zollinger-EIlison syndrome, 702
Zolmitriptan, 194
Zolpidem, 433, 434
Zonisamide, 447, 449
Zopiclone, 432–33
Zotepine, 470
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