Essential Pathology for Physiotherapy Students Harsh Mohan
INDEX
The letter t after page number in the index below denotes Table and the letter f stands for Figure on that page.
A
AA protein, 36
Aberrant thyroid, 490
ABL-BCR gene, 186, 304
Abscess, 85
amoebic liver, 461
apical, 415
cold, 511
Absolute values, 255
Accumulations, intracellular, 2834
Acetyl choline receptors (AChRs), 538
Achalasia, cardia, 418
Acidophil body, 458
Achondroplasia, 512
Acid phosphatase, 509
Acid-fast staining, 99f, 108f
Acoustic neuroma, 562
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 13743
Kaposi's sarcoma in, 381
oral manifestations in, 410, 411t
pneumonias in, 154
tuberculosis in, 103
Actinomycosis, 1123
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), 283
Acute inflammation, also see under Inflammation, acute, 7894
Adaptations, growth, 1639
Addison's disease, 30, 478
Adenocarcinoma, 2179
colorectal, 4447
oesophagus, 41921
pancreas, 496
periampullary, 496
salivary gland, 4245
stomach, 4338
Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 424
Adenoma, 2112
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence colon, 444
Adhesion molecules, cellular, 9
Adipose tissue, tumours of, 2234
Adrenal gland, diseases of, 47681
Adult T cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL), 201, 3289
African iron overload, 32
Aflatoxin B, 194t, 472
AL protein, 35
Albinism, 31
Albright syndrome, 516
Alcoholic hyaline, 18, 467
Alcoholic liver disease, 289, 4648
Alkaline phosphatase, 508
Alkaptonuria, 31
Alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), 209, 474
Alveolar soft part sarcoma, 227
Alzheimer's disease, 36f, 5489
Ameloblastoma, 4167
American Joint Committee (AJC) staging, 1812
Ames’ test, 1956
Aminotransferase, 454f
Amoebiasis, 1589
Amyloidosis, 3544
AA protein, 36
Aβ-microglobulin in, 36
AL protein, 356
cardiac, 40
chemical nature of, 357
classification of, 38t
diagnosis of, 423
endocrine, 40
haemodialysis-associated, 39
heredofamilial, 3940
immunohistochemistry in, 41
kidneys, 41
liver, 42
localised, 40
metachromasia in, 40
physical nature of, 357
P-component of, 35
pathogenesis of, 378
primary systemic, 39
primary versus secondary, 39t
secondary systemic (reactive), 39
senile, 40
spleen, 412
staining of, 40t
transthyretin in, 36
tumour-forming, 40
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, 548t
Anaemia, 25680
aplastic, 27980
autoimmune, 2712
Cooley's, 277
extravascular versus intravascular, 270t
Fanconi's, 279t
haemolytic, 26979
hypochromic, 25763
immunohaemolytic, 2701
isoimmune, 271
iron deficiency, 25763
Mediterranean, 2769
megaloblastic, 2638
microangiopathic, 272
microcytic hypochromic, 25763
normocytic and normochromic, 256, 262
nutritional, 25768
of chronic disorders, 262
pernicious, 2689
sideroblastic, 2612
Anaphylactic reaction, 1301
Anaplasia, 174
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), 3289
Anasarca, 48
Anencephaly, 232
Aneuploidy, 233
Aneurysmal bone cyst, 517
Aneurysms, 3758
berry, 3778, 5523
Angiitis, 3725
Angina pectoris, 3567
Angiogenesis, 116, 176, 1901
Angioedma, 131
Angiosarcoma, 380
Angiotensin, 4950, 366
Anisocytosis, 278
Anisonucleosis, 174
Anitschkow cells, 339f
Ankyrin, 273
Ann Arbor staging, 322t
Anthracosis, 34f, 398
Anti D, 271
Antibodies, 124, 372
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), 1312, 204
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 49
Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs), 372
Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), 372
Anti-oncogenes, 18790, 188t
versus oncogenes, 190
Antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA), 67
Antigen, 124
tumour, 203
Antigen-antibody complex, 133
Antiplatelet, aspirin, 287
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), 1356
Antioxidants, 16
Antithrombin, 67
Antoni A and B, 562f
Aortitis, syphilitic, 373
APC gene, 188t, 4445
Aphthous ulcers, 410
Aplasia, 231
Apoptosis, 212
versus necrosis, 23t
Appendicitis, 845
APUD cell system, 476
Arachidonic acid metabolites, 889
Ariboflavinosis, 248
Arsenic poisoning, 31
Arnold-Chiari malformations, 542
Arteriolosclerosis, 371
Arteriosclerosis,
Mönckeberg's, 372
Arteritis, 3725
Arthritis,
gouty, 532
in RHD, 342
osteoarthritis, 5289
rheumatoid, 52931
tuberculous, 5312
Arthus reaction, 133
Asbestos disease, 4012
Aschoff nodules (bodies), 33940
Ascites, 53, 4701
Ascorbic acid, 2467
Aspergillosis, 146f, 155
Aspirin therapy, in platelet functions, 287
Asteroid bodies, 113
Asthma, 3945
extrinsic versus intrinsic, 394t
Astrocytoma, 5556
Ataxia telangiectasia, 191
Atheroma, 3524
Atheromatous plaques, 3524
Atherosclerosis, 34755
calcification in, 26, 353, 354f
clinical effects of, 354
coronary, 3556
ATP, cellular, 124
Atresia, 231
Atrial septal defect (ASD), 3356
Atrophy, 1645
brown, 33
denervation, 164, 538
testicular, 164f
Atypical lymphocytes, 300f
Atypical mycobacteria, 99
Auer rods, 308f
Australia antigen, 455
Autoantibodies, thyroid, 484
Autocoids, 88
Autoimmune diseases, 1347
types and examples of, 135t
Autolysis, 19
Autosomal disorders, 235t
Avascular necrosis bone, 5112
Axial flow, 66
Axonal degeneration, 561
B
Bacillary angiomatosis, 378t
Bacterial diseases, 14450, 146t
Bacterial endocarditis, 3437
Bagassosis, 397t
Balance, acid base, 46
Ballooning degeneration, 457f
Bantu's siderosis, 32
Barr body, 232
Barrett's oesophagus, 419
Basal cell carcinoma, 2145
Basement membrane, 117
Basophilia, 299
Basophilic stippling, 266
Basophils, 299
BCG vaccination, 100
BCL gene, 190
BCR-ABL gene, 186, 304
Bedsores, 24
Bence Jones’ proteins, 37f
Benedict's test, 506
Beriberi, 247
Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 287
Berry aneurysms, 3778, 5523
Berylliosis, 397t, 402
β-carotene, 2423
β-catenin, 188t, 18990, 4445
β-fibrillosis, 35
β-amyloid protein, 36
β -microglobulin, 36
Betel nut cancer, 183
Bethesda system, 167
Biliary atresia, 452
Biliary cirrhosis, 463t
Bilirubin, 33, 448
conjugated versus unconjugated, 449
Bilirubin metabolism, 448
Biopsy, surgical, 4, 207
Bird flu, 152
Birefringence, 35, 42f
Biotin, 2489
Bitot's spots, 243f
Blackwater fever, 159
Blast crisis in CML, 305
Blastomas, 170, 184
Blastomycosis, 154t
Bleeding disorders, also see under
Haemorrhagic diatheses, 28491
Bleeding time, 2823
Blindness,
in diabetes, 505
night, 243f
Blood groups, 2912
Blood transfusion, 2913
Blood vessels, diseases of, 37082
tumours and tumour-like lesions of, 37882
Bloom's syndrome, 191
Boeck's sarcoid, 1134
Boil, 85
Bombay blood group, 292
Bone, diseases of, 50828
cysts, 5168
metastatic tumours in, 528
normal structure of, 5089
tumour-like lesions of, 5168
tumours of, 51828
Bone marrow, 251
Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma, 225
Botulism, 150
Brain, abscess, 545
Brain, diseases of, 54060
cerebrovascular diseases of, 5504
developmental anomalies of, 5423
infections of, 5437
normal structure of, 5402
trauma to, 5534
tumours of, 55460
metastatic tumours in, 55960
BRCA genes, 188t, 190
Bread and butter appearance, 341
Breast cancer, 183, 21920
Broders’ grading, 181
Brodie's abscess, 510
Bronchiectasis, 3956
Bronchiolitis, 396
Bronchitis, chronic, 3901
Broncho-(lobular) pneumonia, 3878
versus lobar pneumonia, 388t
Bronchogenic carcinoma, 4038
Bronze diabetes, 32
Brown atrophy, heart, 33
Brown induration, lung, 55
Brown tumour of hyperparathyroidism, 526
Buccal smear, 232f
Buerger's disease, 374
Burkitt's lymphoma, 327
Bursitis, 533
Button-hole appearance, 340
Byssinosis, 397t
C
Cachexia, 205
Cadherins, 9
Caduceus, 2f
Café-au-lait spots, 31, 183, 563
Caissons disease, 72
Calcification, pathologic, 257
dystrophic, 256
dystrophic versus metastatic, 27t
metastatic, 257
Calcinosis cutis, 26
Calcitonin, 492
Calcitriol, 244f
Calcospherites, 26, 559f
Calculus, gum, 415
Callus formation, 120
Cambium layer, 225
Cancer, definition of, 169
carcinogens in, 192–02
classification of, 171t
clinical aspects of, 20310
characteristics of, 1707
diagnosis of, 20710
epidemiology of, 1825
genetic mechanisms of, 18592
grading of, 181
hormones in, 1845
immunology of, 2035
incidence of, 182
metastasis in, 17781
molecular pathogenesis of, 18592
pathogenesis of, 182203
staging of, 1812
versus benign tumours, 171t
Cancrum oris, 410
Candidiasis, 155, 410
Caplan's syndrome, 399
Caput medusae, 471
Carbuncle, 85
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 209
Carcinogenesis, 192202
biologic, 197202
chemical, 1926
genetic theory of, 185
physical, 1967
viral, 197202
Carcinoid syndrome, 206t
Carcinoid tumour, 437
Carcinoma, adrenal cortex, 479
Carcinoma, breast, 183, 21920
Carcinoma, cervix, 1679
cytology of, 168f
Carcinoma, colorectal, 4447
Carcinoma, definition of, 169
Carcinoma, hepatocellular, 4725
Carcinoma in situ, 1678, 184
bronchus, 404f
cervix, 1679
oral cavity, 412
Carcinoma, liver, 4725
Carcinoma, lung, 4038
small cell versus non-small cell, 405
Carcinoma, nasopharyngeal, 200
Carcinoma, odontogenic, 417
Carcinoma, oesophagus, 41921
Carcinoma, oral cavity, 4124
Carcinoma, pancreas, 451
Carcinoma, penis, 183
Carcinoma, prostate, 209t
Carcinoma, salivary gland, 4245
adenoid cystic, 424
mucoepidermoid, 424
Carcinoma, skin, 2136
Carcinoma, stomach, 4337
Carcinoma, thyroid, 48993
Carcinoma, transitional cell, 2167
Carcinoma, urinary bladder, 2167
Cardiac death, sudden, 363
Cardiac failure, 512, 36870
Cardiac oedema, 512
Cardiospasm, 418
Caries, dental, 415
Caries, spine, 105f, 511
Carotenaemia, 34
Carrier state, viral hepatitis, 457
Cartilage-forming tumours, 5224
Caseous necrosis, 20, 21f, 96, 101, 104
Castleman's disease, 313
Cat-scratch disease, 1478
Cavitary lesions of lung, 405t
C-cells, 492
CD markers, 125
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 9
Cell ageing, 190, 191f
Cell cycle, 115f, 188
Cell death, 14, 1922
Cell injury, 1027
enzyme markers of, 14t
etiology of, 101
free-radical, 156
hypoxic, 126
immunologic, 1304
irreversible, 14
ischaemic, 126
morphology of, 1723
pathogenesis of, 116
reperfusion, 156
reversible, 124
Cell-mediated reaction, 125
Cellular adaptations, 1639
Cellular swelling, 17
Cellulitis, 85
Celsus, 78
Cementum, 4145
Central nervous system (CNS), 54060
cerebrovascular accident, 5505
degenerative diseases of, 5489
demyelinating diseases of, 5478
developmental anomalies, 5423
infarction, 5512
infections of, 5437
metabolic diseases of, 549
metastatic tumours of, 55960
normal structure of, 5402
trauma to, 5534
tumours of, 55460
Centrilobular haemorrhagic necrosis, 55, 56f, 449f
Centriole, 8
Cerebral infarction, 19, 20f
Cerebral malaria, 159
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 542
findings in meningitis, 545t
Cerebrovascular diseases, 5504
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 1679, 184
Chagas’ disease, 158t
Chancre, 111
Charcot-Leyden crystals, 395f
Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 298
Cheilosis, 248
Chemical carcinogenesis, 1926
tests for, 1956
Chemical carcinogens, 194t
Chemical mediators of inflammation, 8792
Chemoattractants, 82
Chemokines, 90
Chemotaxis, 82
Chickenpox, 153
Chikungunya, 152
Childhood tumours, 184
Chlamydiae, 146t
Chloasma, 31
Chloroma, 308
Cholestasis, 4501
Choline, 249
Choline esterase, 538
Chondroblastoma, 523
Chondroma, 522
Chondromyxoid fibroma, 5234
Chondrosarcoma, 524
Chordoma, 527
Chorea minor, 342
Choristoma, 170
Choroid plexus papilloma, 557
Christmas disease, 288
Chromaffin tumour, 47980
Chromatin, 67, 297
sex, 232f, 297f
Chromosomes, 232
Chromosomal instability, 183
Chronic inflammation, 957 (also see under Inflammation)
Chronic ischaemic heart disease, 3623
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 501
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), 3246
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 3046
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 3907
bronchial asthma, 3945
bronchiectasis, 3956
chronic bronchitis, 3901
emphysema, 3914
Chronic venous congestion (CVC), 557
liver, 556
lungs, 55
spleen, 567
Chutta cancer, 195
Cicatrisation, 119
CIN, 1678, 184
Circle of Willis, 377f, 5523
Cirrhosis, liver, 46370
alcoholic, 4638
classification of, 463t
portal hypertension in, 4702
post-hepatitic, 46870
post-necrotic, 46870
c-KIT receptor, 187
Clark's levels, 216
Clear cell sarcoma, 227
Clostridial diseases, 14950
Clotting system, 656, 283
Clotting time, 283
Cloudy swelling, 17
CNS tumours, 55460
Coagulation disorders, 28791
Coagulation inhibitors, 667, 2834
Coagulation system, 656, 283
Coagulation tests, 283
Coagulative necrosis, 19
Coal-workers’ pneumoconiosis, 398400
Coarctation of aorta, 335t, 366
Coccidioidomycosis, 154t, 156
Codman's triangle, 520
Cold abscess, 511
Cold agglutinin disease, 271
Colitis,
amoebic, 159
ischaemic, 245
necrotising, 150
Collagen, 1178
Colliquative necrosis, 19
Colloid carcinoma, stomach, 435
Colloid pressure, 46
Colony forming units (CFU), 251
Colony-stimulating factor, 252
Colorectal polyps, 4404
neoplastic versus non-neoplastic, 443t
Coma, diabetic, 503
hepatic, 472
Comedo pattern, 219f
Commensals, 144
Common cold, 152
Complement system, 91
Components, in blood transfusion, 293
Conchoid bodies, 114
Concussion, 554
Condyloma acuminatum, 199
Congenital heart diseases, 3357
Congestion, 557
local venous, 55
passive, 557
systemic venous, 56f
Congestive heart failure (CHF), 55, 36870
Congestive splenomegaly, 56, 57f
Congo red, 35, 42f
Conjugated versus unconjugated bilirubin, 449t
Consolidation, 383
Consumptive coagulopathy, 290, 291f
Contraceptives, oral, 185
Contractures, 119
Cor pulmonale, 71, 36970
Cord factor, 100
Coronary artery disease (CAD), 35563
(also see under IHD),
Coronary syndromes, acute, 356
Corpora amylacea, 166f
Councilman body, 458
Craniopharyngioma, 555t
Craniotabes, 245f
CREST syndrome, 136
Cretinism, 4823
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, (CJD), 547
Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 451t, 452
Cryoprecipitate, 293
Cryptococcosis, 146f, 155
Cryptorchidism, 164
CSF, source and circulation of, 542
Curling's ulcers, 429
Curschmann's spiral, 395f
Cushing's syndrome, 205, 477
Cushing's ulcers, 429
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), 115, 188t
Cyclins, 115, 188t
Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) pathway, 889
Cystic hygroma, 379
Cysticercosis, 1601
Cysts,
bone, 5168
bursal, 533
dental, 4156
dentigerous, 416
dermoid, 2289
echinococcal, 4612
epidermal, 119
hepatic, 4612
implantation, 119
jaw, 4156
odontogenic, 4156
radicular, 416
Cytochemistry, 207, 305
Cytogenetics, 5, 185, 304f, 305, 309
Cytokeratin, 208t
Cytokines, 8990
Cytology, diagnostic, 5, 168f, 207
Cytomegaloviruses, 142f, 151t
Cytometry, flow, 209
Cytoskeleton, 78
Cytotoxic reaction, 1313
D
Dane particle, 454f
Decay accelerating factor, 272
Decompression sickness, 72
Defibrination syndromes, 2901
Degeneration, definition, 17
axonal, 561
fibrinoid, 136
hyaline, 178
hydropic, 17
mucoid, 189
peripheral nervous system, 561
segmental, 561
vacuolar, 17
Wallerian, 561
Zenker's, 536
Degenerative joint disease (DJD), 5289
Dehydration, 53
Dehydrogenases, test for, 359
Delayed hypersensitivity, 1334, 100
Deletions, chromosomal, 234
Demyelinating diseases, 5478
Dendritic cells, 126, 333
Denervation atrophy, 164, 538
Dengue fever, 1512
Dentin, 414
Dependent oedema, 52
DeQuervain's thyroiditis, 483
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 222
Dermatomyositis-polymyositis, 135t, 539
Dermoid cyst, 2289, 411
ovary, 228f
Desmin, 208t
Desmoid tumours, 2201
Desmoplasia, 176
Desmoplastic small cell tumour, 227
Developmental defects, 231
Devil's pinches, 284
Diabetes mellitus, 497507
atherosclerosis in, 349, 503
bronzed, 32
classification of, 497t
clinical features of, 501
complications of, 5015
criteria for diagnosis of, 506t
diagnosis of, 5057
epidemiology of, 497
etiology of, 4978
gestational, 498
metaboloic syndrome and, 497
morphologic features of, 5001
normal insulin metabolism in, 498
pathogenesis of, 498500
risk factors for, 497t
type 1 versus type 2, 501t
Diabetic foot, 24
Diabetic ketoacidosis, 5023
Diabetic microangiopathy, 5034
Diabetic nephropathy, 504
Diabetic neuropathy, 5045, 561
Diabetic retinopathy, 505
Diagnosis of cancer, 20710
Dialysis-associated amyloid, 39
Dialysis-related bone disease, 515
Diapedesis, 57, 81f
Differentiation of neoplastic cells, 174
Diffuse axonal injury, 554
Diphtheria, 148
Disease, definition of, 1
Dissecting aneurysm, 3767
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 2901
Disseminated (multiple) sclerosis, 5478
Divers’ palsy, 72
DNA, 6, 2345, 210
oncogenic viruses, 197202
DÖhle bodies, 297f
Dominant pattern, 235
Donath-Landsteiner antibody, 271
Donovanosis, 146t
Down's syndrome, 233
Downey cells, 300
Dressler's syndrome, 362
Dropsy, 48
Drumstick appendage, 232f,
Dry gangrene, 234
Dubin Johnson syndrome, 31, 451t
Dukes’ staging, 447
Duodenal ulcer, 4302
versus gastric ulcer, 430t
Dupuytren's contracture, 119
Dura mater, 541
Dust diseases, lung, 397403
Dwarfism,
achondroplasia, 512
hypothyroid, 4823
Dysenteries,
amoebic, 158
bacillary, 148
shigella, 148
Dyslipidaemia, 348, 351
Dysplasia, 1679
cervical, 168f
developmental, 231
fibrous, 516
oral cavity, 412
skeletal, 512
Dysraphic anomalies, 231
Dystrophic calcification, 26
versus metastatic, 27t
Dystrophy, muscular, 5367
E
Ecchymoses, 57, 284
Echinococcosis, 158t, 4612
Ectopia, 231
Ectopic hormone production, 205
Eicosanoids, 88
Effusions, pleural, 47, 38990
Elastofibroma, 220
Electron microscopy, 209
Electrophoresis, haemoglobin, 278
Electrophoresis in myeloma, 332f
Elephantiasis, 49
Embden-Meyerhof pathway, 274
Embolism, 6973
air, 72
amniotic fluid, 73
arterial, 70
atheromatous, 73
classification of, 69
fat, 712
paradoxical, 69
pulmonary, 701
retrograde, 69
systemic, 71
thromboembolism, 701
venous, 70
Embolus, 69
Embryoma, 170
Embryonal tumours, 170, 184
Emigration, 81f, 82
Emphysema, 3914
bullous, 392f
classification of, 391t
morphologic features of, 3924
Empyema,
appendix, 85
thoracis, 386
Enamel, 414
Encephalitis, 5457
bacterial, 5456
fungal, 547
HIV, 546
protozoal, 547
viral, 546
Encephalocele, 542
Encephalomyelitis, 548
acute disseminated, 548
perivenous, 548
Encephalopathy, hepatic, 472
Creutzfeldt-Jakob, 547
HIV, 546
ischaemic-hypoxic, 5501
progressive multifocal, 5467
spongiform, 547
Enchondroma, 522
Endocarditis, 3437
atypical verrucous, 343
bacterial, 3437
fungal, 347
infective, 3437
Libman-Sacks, 343
Löeffler's, 299
nonbacterial thrombotic (NBTE), 343
rheumatic, 341
syphilitic, 347
tuberculous, 347
verrucous, 343
viral, 347
Endocrine organs, 476
Endoplasmic reticulum, 8
Endotoxin, 59, 61, 145
Enteric fever, 1457
Eneteritis, necrotising, 150
Enterochromaffin cells, 439
Enterocolitis, necrotising, 150
Eosinophilia, 93, 299
Eosinophilic granuloma, 333
Eosinophils, 93, 299
Ependyma, 541
Ependymoma, 5567
Epidermodysplasia
verruciformis, 199
Epidermoid carcinoma,
cervix, 168
lung, 4067
oesophagus, 41920
oral cavity, 4124
penile, 183
skin, 2134
Epidural haematoma, 553
Epithelioid cells, 96, 1001
Epithelioid sarcoma, 227
Epstein-Barr virus, 200, 299300
Epulis, 411
Erdheim's medial degeneration, 376
ER/PR markers, 208f
Erythema marginatum, 342
Erythema, nodosum leprosum (ENL), 109
Erythroblastosis foetalis, 133, 272
Erythroblasts, 2523
Erythrocytosis, 306
Erythroid series, 2524
Erythrophagocytosis, 147
Erythroplasia, oral cavity, 412
Erythropoiesis, 2526
Erythropoietin, 252
Eumycetoma, 156
Ewing's sarcoma, 5267
Exanthemata, viral, 153
Exfoliative cytology (see also under Cytology), 5, 207
Exostosis, osteocartilaginous, 522
Exotoxin, 59, 61, 145
Extracellular fluid compartment, 456
Extracellular matrix (ECM), 1167
Extravascular versus intravascular haemolysis, 270t
Exudate versus transudate, 48t
Exudation of leucocytes, 812
F
FAB classification, 303
of acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), 316
of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 307
of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 309
Fabry's disease, 236
Fallot's tetralogy, 337
Familial Mediterranean fever, 40
Familial polyposis coli syndrome, 4434
Fanconi's anaemia, 279
Fas receptors, 22f
Fat aspiration, abdominal, 437
Fat embolism, 712
Fat necrosis, 21
Fat-soluble vitamins, 2429
Fat stains, 29
Fatty change, liver, 289, 466
Fatty infiltration, stromal, 30
Fatty liver, 289
Fenton reaction, 15f
Ferric-ferrocyanide reaction, 31
Ferritin, 31, 259
Ferroportin, 258
Ferroptosis, 19
Fever, 86
enteric, 1456
dengue, 151
viral haemorrhagic, 1512
yellow, 151
Fibril protein, 356
Fibrin degradation products (FDPs), 90, 283, 2901
Fibrinogen, 283
Fibrinoid necrosis, 21
Fibrinolysis, 28990
Fibrinolytic defects, 28990
Fibroadenoma, breast, 212
Fibrogenesis, 116, 463
Fibrohistiocytic tumours, 2213
Fibrolamellar carcinoma, liver, 4734
Fibromas, 220
non-ossifying, 5167
oral mucosa, 412
Fibromatosis, 2201, 412
Fibronectin, 117
Fibrosarcoma, 221
Fibrous cortical defect, 5167
Fibrous dysplasia of bone, 516
FIGLU test, 268
Filariasis, 49, 160
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 5, 207
Fish-mouth appearance, 340
Fite-Faraco staining, 108f
Flavonoids, 249
Flow cytometry, 209
Flu, 1523
Fluid compartments, 456
Fluorosis, skeletal, 515
FNAC, 5, 207
Foamy histiocytes, 109, 110f
Focal necrosis, liver, 450
Folate, 248, 2645
Follicular adenoma, thyroid, 4889
Follicular carcinoma, thyroid, 48993
Follicular hyperplasia, lymph node, 3123
Food poisoning, 150
Fracture healing, 1201
Free radicals, 156, 90
Frozen section, 5, 207
Fungal diseases, 1547
Fungal infections, 1547
lungs, 1546
oral cavity, 410
skin, 157
Fungal stains, 145t
Furuncle, 85
G
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), 467, 566
Gamna-Gandy bodies, 26, 57
Ganglion cyst, 533
Ganglioneuroma, 555t
Gangrene, 235
dry versus wet, 25t
gas, 25
Gardner's syndrome, 443
Gastric canal, 426, 4356
Gastric carcinoma, 4337
Gastric ulcer, 4303
benign versus malignant, 435t
versus duodenal ulcer, 430t
Gastritis, 4269
H. pylori, 427, 430, 434
Gastroenteropathy,
haemorrhagic, 25, 63
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), 433
Gastrointestinal tract, 41047
Gaucher's disease, 2378
Genetic diseases, 2318
Gene defects, single, 2346
Genome, human, 4
Germ cell tumours, 22730
brain, 558
Ghon's complex, 1023
Giant cell lesions of bone, 526
Giant cell tumour of bone, 5256
Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath, 533
Giant cells, 94
foreign body, 94f
Langhans’, 94f
tumour, 5256
Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, 46
Gilbert's syndrome, 452
Gingivitis, 415
GIST (Gastrointestinal stromal tumour), 433
Glanzman's disease, 287
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), 208t
Glioblastoma multiforme, 556
Gliomas, 5547
Global, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, 550
Globi, 108f
Glomerular injury, 133
Glomerulonephritis (GN), 133
Glomerulosclerosis, nodular, 504
Glomus tumour (glomangioma), 379
Glossitis, 410
Glucose tolerance test (GTT), 506
Glucose-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) deficiency, 274
Glucosuria, 506
Glycogen stains, 30
Glycogen storage diseases, 236
Glycogenoses, 236
Glycosaminoglycans, 38, 117
Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), 507
Goitre, 4858
Goitrogens, 486
Golgi apparatus, 8
Gomori's methenamine silver, 146f
Goodpasture's syndrome, 133
Gout and pseudogout, 532
Grading of tumours, 181
Graft rejection, 129
Granulation tissue formation, 1156
Granulocytes, 923, 295f
Granuloma, 96, 1001
caseating, 21f, 101
eosinophilic, 333
non-caseating, 101, 113
plasma cell, 332
pyogenicum, 378, 411
reparative, 526
sarcoid, 13
Granulomatous inflammation, 98114
Granulopoiesis, 2945
Graves’ disease, 485
Ground glass nuclei, 490
Growth factors, 187, 188t
Growth disorder, adaptive, 1639
Guillain-Barre syndrome, 562
Gum, fibrous growth, 441
Gumma, syphilitic, 112
H
5-Hydroxy tryptamine (HT), 87
Haemangioblastoma, 558
Haemangioendothelioma, 378t
Haemangioma, 3789
Haemangiopericytoma, 378t
Haematemesis, 427, 430, 437, 471
Haematin, acid, 323
Haematogenous spread of tumours, 1789
Haematological values, 5678
Haematoma, 57, 64
dissecting, 3767
epidural, 553
subdural, 553
Haematopoiesis, 2512
Haematopoietic stem cells, 2512
Haematoxylin bodies of Gross, 343
Haemochromatosis, 32
Haemodialysis-associated amyloid, 39
Haemodynamic disturbances, 4577
Haemoglobin molecule, 254
Haemoglobin disorders, 2748
Haemoglobinopathies, 2748
Haemoglobinuria, 270t
cold, 271
march, 272
paroxysmal nocturnal (PNH), 272
Haemolytic anaemia, see under Anaemias, haemolytic, 26979
Haemolytic disease of newborn (HDN), 2712
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome, 284, 2867
Haemophilia, 288
Haemoprotein-derived pigments, 313
Haemoptysis, causes of, 408t
Haemorrhage, 58
intracerebral, 552
pulmonary, 71
subarachnoid, 5523
Haemorrhagic diatheses (bleeding disorders), 28491
Haemorrhagic disease of newborn (HDN), 2712
Haemorrhagic fevers, viral, 1512
Haemosiderin, 312
Haemosiderosis, 312
Haemostasis, vascular, 281
Haemostatic function, investigations for, 2824
Haemozoin, 323
Hageman factor, 90
Hairy cell leukaemia, 3278
Hamartoma, 170
Hand-Schüller-Christian disease, 333
Hansen's disease, 107
Hapten, 124
Harrison's sulcus, 245
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 4834
Hay fever, 131
Hb Barts’ hydrops foetalis, 277
Hb C disease, 276
Hb H disease, 277
HBsAg, 4545
HDL, 348
Head injury, 553
Healing, 11422
by first intention (primary union), 1178
by regeneration, 1145
by repair, 11522
by second intention (secondary union), 1189
complications of, 119
factors influencing, 119
fracture, 1201
mucosal surfaces, 122
muscle, 122
nervous tissues, 1212
solid epithelial organs,
wound, 11720
Health, definition of, 1
Heart, diseases of, 33570
Heart failure, 36870
Heart failure cells, 55
Heinz body anaemia, 274
Heinz bodies, 274
Helicobacter pylori, 427, 430, 434
Henoch-SchÖnlein purpura, 284
Hepadenoviruses, 2001
Hepar lobatum, 112
Hepatic coma, 472
Hepatic tumours, 4725
Hepatisation, lung, 383, 384
Hepatitis, viral, 45260
A, 453
B, 4535
C, 456
contrasting features of, 453t
D, 4556
E, 456
Hepatoblastoma, 472t
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 4724
Hepatorenal syndrome, 469
Hephaestin, 258
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, 284
Hereditary hyperbilirubinaemia, 452
Herpes simplex virus, 153
Herpes virus, 153, 199200
Herpes zoster, 153
Herring-bone pattern, 221
Hess capillary test, 283
Heterophile antibody, 300
Heterotopia, 231
Heterotopic calcification, 257
Hippocrates, 2
Histamine, 87
Histiocytes, 93, 1267, 298
Histiocytic neoplasms, 2213
Histiocytoma, 2213
benign fibrous, 222
malignant fibrous, 2223
Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis), 333
Histochemistry, 207
Histocompatibility leucocyte antigens (HLA), 1289
Histoplasmosis, 155
HIV, structure of, 1389
HLA system, 1289
Hodgkin cells, 320
Hodgkin's disease, 319323
contrasting features of, 319t
prognosis of, 3223
staging of, 322
versus non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 323t
Homeostasis, 456
Homogentisic acid, 31
Honey-comb lung, 405
Hormones and cancer, 1845
Howell-Jolly bodies, 267t
H. pylori, 427, 430, 434
Human genome project, 4
Human herpes virus (HHV), 2001
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 1389
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA), 1289
Human papilloma virus (HPV), 199
Human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), 201
Hurthle cells, 484, 489
Hutchinson's teeth, 112
Hyaline, alcoholic, 18, 467
Hyaline change, 178
Hyaline membrane, lung, 53
Hybridisation, in situ, 209
Hydatid disease, 158t, 4612
Hydatid sand, 462f
Hydrocephalus, 5423
Hydrolytic enzymes, 14, 19
Hydropic change, 17
Hydrops foetalis, 133, 272, 277
Hydrostatic pressure, 46
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 87
Hygroma, cystic, 379
Hyperadrenalism, 477
Hyperaemia, 55
Hyperaldosteronism, 478
Hyperbilirubinaemia, 33, 44851
conjugated, 4501
hereditary, 452
unconjugated, 450
unconjugated versus conjugated, 449t
Hypercalcaemia, 25
Hypercholesterolaemia, 30, 348, 351, 497
Hyperchromatism, 175
Hypercoagulability, 667, 290
Hyperglycaemia, 497, 506
Hyperlipidaemia, 30, 348, 351, 497
Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma, 503
Hyperparathyroidism, 25
Hyperphosphataemia, 514
Hyperpigmentation, 301
Hyperplasia, 1656
atypical, 167
prostate, nodular, 166f
thyroid, primary, 485
Hypersensitivity reactions, 1304
contrasting features of, 131t
delayed type, 100, 134
immediate type, 1301
Hypersensitivity vasculitis, 374
Hypersplenism, 3145
Hypertension, portal, 4702
Hypertension, pulmonary, 5, 71
Hypertension, systemic, 3648
atherosclerosis in, 349
blood vessels in, 371
classification of, 365t
effects of, 3678
etiology, 3656
heart disease, 367
in dissecting haematoma, 376
kidney in, 366, 367
malignant, 365, 371
pathogenesis of, 3656
renovascular, 366, 367
stroke due to, 367, 552
Hypertensive heart disease, 367
Hypertensive retinopathy, 367
Hypertensive arteriolosclerosis, 371
Hyperthyroidism, 482
Hypertrophic scar, 119
Hypertrophy, 164
cardiac, 164
concentric, 370
eccentric, 370
Hyperuricaemia, 532
Hyperviscosity, 306
Hypervitaminosis A, 243
Hypervitaminosis D, 245
Hypoadrenalism, 4789
Hypoaldosteronism, 479
Hypocalcaemia, 492, 514
Hypochromia, 251, 260
Hypopigmentation, 31
Hypoplasia, 231
Hypoprothrombinaemia, 290
Hypothyroidism, 4823
Hypoxic cell injury, 10, 116
Hypoxic-ischaemic
encephalopathy, 5502
I
Image analysers, 210
Immune complex disease, kidney, 133
Immune complex reaction, 133
Immune system, 12443
cells of, 1247
diseases of, 12843
organs of, 124
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 2856
Immunodeficiency diseases, 138t
Immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired (AIDS), 13843
(also see under AIDS),
Immunohistochemistry, 2079
Immunologic tissue injury, 1304
Immunology of tumours, 2035
Immunopathology, 12443
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 506
Impaired fasting glucose, 506
Implantation cyst, 119
Inborn errors of metabolism, 2368
Infarction, 737
Infarcts, 737
brain, 20, 5502
causes of, 734
heart, 35763
intestine, 25f
kidney, 1920, 756
liver, 767
lung, 75
spleen, 76
types of, 745
Infectious diseases, 14462
Infectious agents, 146t, 151t, 154t, 158t
factors relating to, 145
identification of, 145t
Infectious mononucleosis, 299301
Infestations, parasitic, 15762
Infiltrations, intracellular, 17
stromal, 30
Inflammation, acute, 7894
cardinal signs of, 78
causes of, 78
cellular events, 814
fate of, 86
fever in, 86
haemodynamic changes in, 79
inflammatory cells in, 924
leucocytosis in, 86
mediators of, 8792
morphology of, 845
regulation of, 86
signs of, 78
systemic effects of, 856
vascular events in, 7981
versus chronic, 97t
Inflammation, chronic non specific, 95
granulomatous, 95114
versus acute, 97t
Inflammatory cells, 924, 1247, 2949
Inflammatory myopathies, 539
Influenza viruses, 1523
In situ hybridisation, 209
Insulin metabolism, 498
Insulitis, 500
Integrins, 9
Interferon, 9, 90
Interleukins, 9, 8990
Intermediate filaments, 208
Internal environment, 45
Intestine, cancer of, 4447
polyps of, 4404
Intestine, gangrene of, 245
tuberculosis of, 1067
Intracellular accumulations, 2834
of fat, 2830
of glycogen, 30
of pigments, 304
of proteins, 30
Intracellular fluid compartments, 45
Intracerebral haemorrhage, 562
Intracranial haemorrhage, 5523
Intraepithelial neoplasia, 1678, 184
bronchus, 404f
cervix, 1678, 184
oral cavity, 412
Intravascular versus extravascular haemolysis, 270t
Intrinsic factor (IF), 268
Inversions, chromosomal, 234
Involucrum, 510
Ionising radiation, 1967
Iron cycle, 257f
Iron metabolism, 2578
Iron stain, 32f
Irreversibility of shock, 62
Irreversible cell injury, 14
Ischaemia, 126
brain, 20, 5502
intestines, 25f
myocardial, 35664
pathogenesis of cell injury in, 116
Ischaemic brain damage, 5502
Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 35564
acute MI in, 35762
angina pectoris in, 3567
chronic, 3623
coronary atherosclerosis in, 3556
effects of, 356
etiopathogenesis of, 3556
sudden cardiac death in, 363
Islet cell changes in diabetes, 500
J
Janeway's spots, 346f
Jaundice, 33, 44852
classification of, 450t
conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, 4501
neonatal, 4512
unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, 450
Jaw, lumpy, 112
cysts of, 4156
tumours of, 4167
Joints, disease of, 52835
degenerative disease of, 5289
Juvenile (retention) polyps, 442
Juvenile polyposis syndrome, 444
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 531
K
Kala-azar, 158t
Kallikrein, 90
Kangri cancer, 195, 213
Kaposi's sarcoma, 200, 3801
Karyolysis, 13f
Karyorrhexis, 14
Karyotypic abnormalities, 2324
Keloid, 119
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 136
Keratomalacia, 243
Keratosis, solar, 196
Keratosis, smokers’, 412
Kerley lines, 52
Kernicterus, 33, 272
Ketoacidosis, diabetic, 5023
Ketonuria, 506
Kidney diabetic, 504
infarcts, 1920, 756
Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions, 504
Kinin system, 90
Klinefelter syndrome, 2334
Knocked knee, 245f
Knudson two-hit hypothesis, 189
Koch's bacillus, 99
Koch's phenomenon, 100
Korsakoff psychosis, 248
Krukenberg tumour, 180
Kulchitsky cells, 439
Kupffer cells, 93
Kwashiorkor, 241
L
Laboratory values of clinical significance, 5658
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 14t, 361
Laennec's cirrhosis, 467
Landsteiner, Karl, 291
Langerhans’ cells, 126, 333
Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, 333
Langhans’ giant cells, 21, 94
Lateral aberrant thyroid, 490
LDL, 351, 566
LE cell phenomenon, 136
Leiden factor V, 66, 290
Leiomyoma, 2267
Leiomyosarcoma, 2267
Leishmaniaisis, 158t
Lentigo, 31
Lepra cells, 109
Leprosy, 10710
lepromatous versus tuberculoid, 109t
Ridley-Jopling classification, 109
Leptomeninges, 541
Lesions, definition of, 1
Letterer-Siwe disease, 333
Leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score, 301, 305
Leucocytes, diseases of, 293310
Leucocytoclastic vasculitis, 21, 374
Leucocytosis, 2969
Leucodystrophy, progressive multifocal, 5467
Leucopenia, 280, 2969
Leukaemias, 302, 32332
acute (ALL), 3234
ALL versus AML, 325t
chronic lymphoid (CLL), 3246
classifications of, 3023
FAB classification of, 316t
hairy cell, 3278
WHO classification of, 318t
Leukaemia, myeloid, 30310
acute (AML), 3079
chronic myeloid (CML), 3046
FAB classification of, 307t
versus ALL, 325t
WHO classification of, 303t
Leukaemoid reaction, 3012
versus CML, 302t
Leukoplakia, oral, 412
Leukotrienes, 89
Lewis experiment, 79
Libman-Sack endocarditis, 343
Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 189
Ligandin, 448
Lines of Zahn, 68
Linitis plastica, 176, 435
Lipoblast, 223
Lipofuscin, 33
Lipogranuloma, 29
Lipoma, 223
Lipooxygenase pathway, 89
Lipoproteins, 349t
Liposarcoma, 2234
Lipoxin, 89
Liver, 44875
abscess, pyogenic, 4601
amoebic abscess, 461
carcinoma of, 4724
cirrhosis of, 46370
coagulation disorders of, 289
CVC, 556
fatty change, 289, 466
hydatid cyst of, 4612
metastasis in, 4745
nutmeg, 55
tuberculosis of, 105f
tumours and tumours-like lesions, 472t
Liver cell necrosis, types of, 4489
Lobar pneumonia, 3847
Lung, 383409
abscess, 38990
carcinoma of, 4038
CVC of, 55
fungal infections of, 1546
occupational diseases of, 397403
oedema of, 523
tuberculosis of, 1016
tumours of, 4039
Lupus anticoagulant, 67, 290
Lupus erythematosus, 1356
Lymph nodes, 31129
malignancies of, 31529
normal structure of, 3112
reactive hyperplasia of, 3123
Lymphadenitis, reactive, 3123
Lymphadenopathy, 3113
angioimmunoblastic, 313
HIV-related, 313
massive, 313
Lymphangioma, 379
Lymphatic obstruction, 49
Lymphatic spread of tumours, 1778
Lymphoblast, 296
versus myeloblast, 296t
Lymphocytes, 93, 1246, 298
atypical, 300
differences between T and B, 126t
subpopulations of, 1256
Lymphocytosis, 298
Lymphoedema, 49
Lymphoid hyperplasia, 3123
Lymphoid neoplasms, 31529
classifications of, 3158
HD versus NHL, 323t
Hodgkin's disease (HD), 31923
non-Hodgkin's (NHL), 32329
metastatic, 329
peripheral (mature) B cell malignancies, 3248
peripheral (mature) T cell malignancies, 3289
precursor (immature) B and T cell leukaemia-lymphomas, 3234
Lymphoid series, 2956
Lymphomas, 31529
adult T cell (ATLL), 328
anaplastic large cell (ALCL), 3289
bowel, 437, 440
Burkitt's, 200, 327
classifications of, 316t, 317t, 318t
CNS, primary, 558
contrasting features of, 319t, 323t
cutaneous T cell, 328
diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL), 3267
extranodal marginal zone, 327
follicular, 326
Hodgkin's, 3192
MALT, 327, 437, 440
non-Hodgkin's (NHL), 3239
peripheral (mature) B-cell, 3248
peripheral (mature) T-cell, 3289
precursor (immature) B and T cell, 3234
small lymphocytic (SLL), 3245
Lymphopenia, 298
Lymphopoiesis, 2956
Lyon hypothesis, 232
Lysosomal storage diseases, 236
M
M-band, 332
MacCallum's patch, 341
Macrocytes, 266
Macrophage, alveolar, 55
Madura foot, 156
Maffucci's syndrome, 522
Major histocompatibility complex, 1289
Malaria, 15960
Malformations, congenital, 2312
Malignant melanoma, skin, 2156
Malignant peripheral nerve
sheath tumour (MPNST), 5634
Mallory hyaline, 18, 467
MALT, 124, 327, 437, 440
MALToma, 197, 437, 440
Mantoux test, 100
Marasmus, 241
Marble bone disease, 512
Margination, 66, 79
Marfan's syndrome, 376
Marjolin's ulcer, 184
Mast cells, 93, 127
Matrix, extracellular, 1167
M. avium-intracellulare, 99, 142f
McCune Albright syndrome, 516
MCH, 255, 568
MCHC, 255, 568
MCV, 255, 568
Medial calcific sclerosis, 26, 372
Medial Erdheim's necrosis, 376
Mediators of inflammation, 8792
Medullary, definition of, 176
Medulloblastoma, 5578
Megakaryocyte, 281
Megakaryopoiesis, 281
Megaloblasts, 266
Melanin, 301
Melanocytic tumours, 2123, 2156
Melanoma, 2156
versus nevus, 215t
Melanosis coli, 31
Membrane attack complex (MAC), 91
MEN, 183
Mendelian disorders, 235t
Meningioma, 5589
Meningitis, 5435
CSF in, 545t
Meningocele, 542
Meningomyelocele, 542
Mesenchymal tumours, 21927
Mesothelioma, 402
Metachromasia, 40
Metamyelocyte, 294
Metaphyseal fibrous defect, 5167
Metaplasia, 1667
bronchus, 404f
cervix, 166
columnar, 419
epithelial, 166
oesophagus, 419
osseous, 1667
squamous, 166
Metastasis, 17781
haematogenous, 17880
lymphatic, 1778
mechanisms of, 1801
prognostic markers in,
retrograde, 178, 179
skip, 178
transcoelomic, 180
Metastatic calcification, 267
versus dystrophic calcification, 27t
Microarrays, 210
Microcytes, 260
Microfilaria, 160
Microglia, 541
Microorganisms, identification of, 145
Micro-RNAs in cancer, 191
Microsatellite instability mechanism, 445
Mikulicz syndrome, 422
Mitosis, 115f
Mitotic figures, 175
Mitral stenosis and insufficiency, 3401
Mixed salivary tumour, 4223
malignant, 4245
Molecular genetics, cancer, 18592
Molecular pathology, 5, 210
Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis, 26, 372
Moniliasis, 156
Monoblast, 295
Monoclonal gammopathy,
of undetermined significance (MGUS), 332
Monoclonal hypothesis, 185
Monoclonality of tumours, 185
Monocyte-macrophage series, 93, 1267, 295
Monocytes, 93, 1267, 295, 298
Monocytosis, 298
Mononuclear phagocyte system, 93, 1267, 295
Monosomy, 234
Morphometry, 210
Mucocele, appendix, 85
oral cavity, 411
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 424
Mucoid degeneration, 189
Mucopolysaccharidoses, 237
Mucormycosis, 155
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), 183
Multiple myeloma, 32932
Multiple (isseminated) sclerosis, 5478
Mumps, 153, 421
Muscle, skeletal, diseases of, 5369
Muscular dystrophies, 5367
Mutations, 235, 186
Mutator gene, 190
Myasthenia gravis, 5379
Mycetoma, 156
Mycobacteria, 99, 1078
atypical, 99
Mycobacterium,
avium-intracellulare, 99
Mycobacterium leprae, 107
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 99
Mycosis fungoides, 328
Mycosis, superficial, skin, 157
MYC gene, 188t
Myelin figures, 14
Myeloblast, 294
versus lymphoblast, 296t
Myelocyte, 294
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 30910
Myelofibrosis,
Chronic idiopathic, 303t
Myeloid neoplasms, 30310
acute myeloid leukamia, 3079
chronic myeloid leukaemia, 3046
essential thrombocytosis, 3067
myelodysplastic syndromes, 30910
myeloproliferative diseases, 3037
polycythaemia vera, 3067
Myeloid series, 2945
Myelolipoma, 480
Myeloma, multiple, 3293
localised, 332
Myeloproliferative disorders, 3037
Myocardial infarction, acute, 35762
serum cardiac markers in, 3612
transmural versus subendocardial, 358t
Myocarditis, rheumatic, 341
Myopathies, 5369
Myxoedema, 483
N
Naevi, naevocellular, 212
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, anaplastic, 200
Natural killer (NK) cells, 1256
Necrosis, 19
avascular, bone, 5112
bridging, 458
caseous, 20
centrilobular, haemorrhagic, 56
coagulative, 19
colliquative, 19
fat, 21
fibrinoid, 21
fulminant, liver, 45960
liquefactive, 1920
liver cell, 4489
massive, liver, 460
piecemeal, 458
submassive, 460
types of, 1921
versus apoptosis, 23
Necrotising enterocolitis, 150
Negri bodies, 153
Neonatal hepatitis, 452
Neoplasia, (also see under Tumours), 169210
benign versus malignant, 172t
characteristics of, 1707
classification of, 171t
diagnosis of, 20710
epidemiology of, 1825
etiology of, 1825
molecular basis of, 18592
pathogenesis of, 185202
Neoplastic cells, 1746
Neovascularisation, 116, 176
Nephritic syndrome, 51
versus nephrotic syndrome, 50t
Nephritic versus nephrotic oedema, 51t
Nephropathy,
diabetic, 504
lupus, 135
myeloma, 331
Nephrosclerosis, 367, 371
Nephrotic syndrome, 50
versus nephritic syndrome, 50t
Nerve sheath tumours, 5624
Nervous system, 54064
central, 54060
healing of, 1212
peripheral, 5604
Neurilemmoma, 5623
versus neurofibroma, 564t
Neuroblastoma, 4801
Neuroendocrine system, 476
Neurofibroma, 183, 5634
plexiform, 5634
versus schwannoma, 564t
Neurofibromatosis, 183, 5634
Neurofibrosarcoma, 5634
Neuroglia, 541
Neuroma, acoustic, 562
traumatic, 561
Neuromuscular diseases, 5369
Neuropathy, peripheral, 5612
Neurosyphilis, 112, 5456
Neutropenia, 297
Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) score, 301, 305
Neutrophilia, 297
Neutrophils, 923, 2967
toxic granules in, 297f
vacuoles in, 297f
Niacin, 248
Niemann-Pick disease, 2378
Nitrosamines, 194t
NK cells, 1256
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 463t
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) (see details under lymphoma), 3239
Nonossifying fibroma, 5167
Nontuberculous mycobacteria, 99
Normal values, 5658
in clinical chemistry, 5667
in haematology, 5678
other body fluids, 567
weights and measurements of organs, 565
Normoblasts, 2523
Notochord, 527
Nucleocytoplasmic (N:C) ratio, 174
Nutmeg liver, 55
Nutritional diseases, 23949
O
Oat cell carcinoma, lung, 406
Obesity, 23940
Occupational lung diseases (also see under Pneumoconiosis), 397403
Ochronosis, 31
Odontogenic tumours, 4167
Oedema, 4753
angioneurotic, 131
cardiac, 512
dependent, 52
hepatic, 4701
nephrotic versus nephritic, 51t
nutritional, 53
pathogenesis of, 489
pulmonary, 52
renal, 501
Oesophagitis, 4189
Barrett's, 419
reflux (peptic), 4189
Oesophagus,
cancer of, 41921
diseases of, 41721
Oestrogen, 1845
Oestrogen receptors, 208
Oligodendrocytes, 541
Oligodendroglioma, 556
Ollier's disease, 522
Omega-fatty acids, 349
Oncofoetal antigens, 209t
Oncogenes, 1867, 188t
Oncogenesis, (also see under Carcinogenesis), 182202
versus anti-oncogenes, 190t
Oncogenic viruses, 197202
DNA, 199201
RNA, 2012
Oncomirs in cancer, 191
Oncotic pressure, 46
Opportunistic infections, 142f, 144
Opsonins, 82
Oral soft tissues, diseases of, 4104
cancer of, 4124
leucoplakia of, 412
Orchitis, 421
Osler's nodes, 347
Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, 284
Osmotic pressure, 46
Ossification, 509
Osteitis deformans, 515
Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 5134
Osteoarthritis, 5289
Osteoblastic tumours, 51822
Osteoblastoma, 51920
Osteochondroma, 522
Osteoclastoma, 5256
Osteodystrophy, renal, 5145
Osteogenesis imperfecta, 512
Osteoid osteoma, 519
Osteoma, 519
Osteomalacia, 245
Osteomyelitis, 50911
Osteonecrosis, 5112
Osteopetrosis, 512
Osteophytes, 529
Osteoporosis, 513
Osteosarcoma, 5202
central, 5201
central versus surface, 522t
surface, 5212
Oxygen-derived radicals, 156, 90
Oxyphil cells, 489
P
Paan, in oral cancer, 183, 412
P-component, 367
Paget's disease of bone, 515
Pancarditis, rheumatic, 33942
Pancreas, diseases of, 493507
carcinoma of, 4967
endocrine, 494, 497507
exocrine, 4947
fat necrosis of, 21
pseudocyst of, 496f
Pancreatitis, 4945
Pancytopenia, 280t
Pannus formation, 530
Papanicolaou, George, 4f
Papanicolaou's (Pap) smear, 167
Papilloma, 211
choroid plexus, 557
oral cavity, 412
squamous, 211
urinary bladder, 211
Papilloma viruses, 199200
Papovaviruses, 199200
Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS), 206t
Paraproteinaemias, 32932
Parasitic diseases, 15762
Parasitism, 144
Parkinsonism, 549
Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH), 271
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), 272
Partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK), 283, 568
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 3367
Pathology, history of, 15
subdivisions of, 45
Paul-Bunnel test, 300
Pavementing, 66, 79
Pelger-Huet anomaly, 297f
Pellagra, 248
Penile carcinoma, 183, 213
Peptic ulcer, 42933
acute (stress), 42930
benign versus malignant, 435t
chronic duodenal versus gastric, 430t
duodenal, 431
gastric, 431
Pericarditis, rheumatic, 3412
Periodontal disease, 415
Peripheral neuropathy, 5612
Perl's iron stain, 32f
Permeability, vascular, 812
Pernicious anaemia, 2689
Pertussis, 147
Petechiae, 57, 286
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 4412
Peyronie's disease, 119
Phagocytosis, 824
Phagolysosome, 83f
Phase reactant proteins, 36
Pheochromocytoma, 47980
Philadelphia chromosome, 186, 187, 234, 304f
Phlebotomy, 306
Phosphatidylserine, 22
Physaliphorous cells, 527
Physical carcinogenesis, 1967
Pickwickian syndrome, 240
Pigmented villonodular synovitis, 5334
Pigments, 304
endogenous, 303
exogenous, 33
malarial, 323
wear and tear, 334
Pinocytosis, 93
Plaques, atheromatous, 3524
bacterial, 415
Plasma cell granuloma, 332
Plasma cells, disorders of, 32932
Plasmacytoma, localised, 332
Plasmacytosis, reactive, 331
Plasmin, 90
Platelets, 2804
disorders of, 2857
Pleomorphic adenoma, salivary gland, 4223
Pleomorphism, 174
Pleuritis (pleurisy), 105, 38990
PNET, 5267
Pneumoconiosis, 397403
asbestos disease, 4012
berylliosis, 402
Caplan syndrome in, 399
classification of, 397t
coal-workers’, 398400
silicosis, 4001
Pneumonias, 3838
bacterial, 3848
broncho (lobular), 3878
caseous, 105
fungal, 1546
HIV-related, 142, 154
lobar, 3847
lobar versus bronchopneumonia, 388t
lobular, 3878
Pneumocystis jirovecii, 154
POEMS syndrome, 332
Poikilocytosis, 278f
Polio, 153
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), 373
Polyarthritis, migratory, 342
Polyclonal gammopathy, 332f
Polycythaemia vera, 306
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 5, 210
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), 923, 2967
Polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 539
Polyol mechanism in diabetes, 502
Polyoma virus, 199
Polyploidy, 233
Polyps, colorectal, 4414
gastric, 433
Peutz-Jeghers, 4412
Pompe's disease, 237
Porphyria, 33
Portal hypertension, 4702
Post-myocardial infarction syndrome, 362
Pott's disease, spine, 511
Poxviruses, 153
PPD test, 100
Precocious puberty, 516
Predisposing factors, tumours, 1825
Pregnancy tumour, 378
Premalignant lesions, 184
Pressure gradients, 46
Primary complex, 1013
Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), 5267
Prinzmetal's angina, 357
Prion proteins, 36, 547
Procallus, 120
Proerythroblast, 252
Progestrogen receptors, 208
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML), 546
Progressive systemic sclerosis, 136
Proinsulin, 498
Promyelocyte, 294
Pronormoblast, 252
Prostacyclin, 88
Prostaglandins, 88
Prostate, carcinoma of, 185
nodular hyperplasia of, 166f
specific antigen (PSA), 209t
Protease inhibitor, 391
Protease-antiprotease hypothesis, 3912
Protein C and S, 67, 290
Protein, serum, 567t
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), 241
Proteinuria, 51t, 504
Proteoglycans, 38, 117
Prothrombin time, 283
Prothrombotic factors, 67t, 290
Prussian blue reaction, 32f
Psammoma bodies, 26, 559f
Pseudomyxoma peritonei, 180
Pulmonary embolism, 701
Pulmonary oedema, 522
Pulmonary tuberculosis
(see under Tuberculosis), 1016
Purpuras, 57, 284
Henoch-SchÖnlein, 284
idiopathic thrombocytopenic (ITP), 2856
in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, 284
thrombotic thrombocytopenic (TTP), 2867
vascular, 2845
Pus, 85
Putrefaction, 23, 24
Pyelonephritis, diabetic, 504
Pyknosis, 14
Pyogenic granuloma, 378, 411
Pyridoxine, 248
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency, 274
Q
Quinacrine banding, 293
R
Rabies, 153
Rachitic rosary, 245
Radiation, 196
carcinogenesis, 1967
Radicals, free, 156, 90
Ranula, 411
RAS gene, 188t
Ray fungus, 113
Raynaud's disease and phenomenon, 374
RB gene, 1889
REAL classification, 3178
Recessive inheritance, 235
Red blood cells, 2545
Red line response, 79
Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell, 31920
Regeneration, 1145
Regenerative medicine, 123
Reid index, 391
Reidel's struma, 483
Rejection reactions, 129
Renal osteodystrophy, 5145
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, 49, 366
Repair, tissue, 1157
Reperfusion injury, 156, 360
Residual bodies, 33
Reticulocyte, 2534
Retinol, 2423
Retinopathy, diabetic, 505
hypertensive, 367
Retroviruses, 150, 2012
Reversible cell injury, 124
morphology of, 179
Reye's syndrome, 28, 452
Rhabdomyoma, 2245
Rhabdomyosarcoma, 225
Rhesus system, 292
Rheumatic fever, 33743
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), 34743
Rheumatoid arthritis, 135, 52931
Rheumatoid factor, 530
Rheumatoid nodules, 531
Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, 399
Rheumatoid spondylitis, 531
Rhinosporidiosis, 1567
Riboflavin, 248
Ribosomes, 8
Rickets, 2445
Ridley-Jopling classification, 109
RNA oncogenic viruses, 2012
Rodent ulcer, 214
Romanowsky stains, 3
Rotor's syndrome, 452
Rouleaux formation, 306
Round cell tumour, 227
Russell bodies, 18, 331
S
Salivary glands, diseases of, 4215
tumours of, 4225
Sarcoidosis, 1134
Sarcoma, botryoides, 225
Sarcoma, definition of, 169
Sarcoma, granulocytic, 308
SARS, 152
Scar, hypertrophic, 119
Schaumann bodies, 114
Schiller's test, 168
Schilling test, 2678
Schistocytosis, 272
Schwannoma, 5623
versus neurofibroma, 564
Scirrhous tumours, 176
Scleroderma, 136
Scurvy, 2467
Seminoma, testis, 176
Septicaemia, 25t, 59, 61
Sequestrum, 510
Serotonin, 87
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 152
Sex chromatin, 232f, 297f
Sex chromosomes, 232
Sezary syndrome, 328
Shift-to-left, 297
Shift-to-right, 297
Shigellosis, 148
Shingles, 153
Shock, 5863
anaphylactic, 59
brain in,
cardiogenic, 59, 601
classification of, 59t
hypovolaemic, 59, 60
morphologic features in, 623
septic, 61
Shunts, heart, 335t
Sialadenitis, 4212
Sicca syndrome, 136
Sickle syndrome, 2746
Sideroblasts, 262
Siderofibrotic nodule, 57
Siderosis, 312
Signet ring carcinoma, 435
Silicosis, 4001
Simple cyst, bone, 517
Single gene defect, 235t
Sinus histiocytosis, 313
with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), 313
Sjögren's syndrome, 1367
Skeletal muscles, diseases of, 5369
tumours of, 2246
Slow transforming viruses, 201
Small cell carcinoma lung, 406
versus non-small cell carcinoma, 405t
Small cell tumour, desmoplastic, 227
Smoking, 183, 403
Sodium and water,
retention of, 4950
Soft tissue tumours, 21927
Solar keratosis, 196, 213
Solitary cyst, bone, 517
Sorbitol mechanism, 502
Spectrin, 273
Spherocytosis, 274
Spina bifida, 231, 542
Spinal cord defects, 231, 542
Spleen, diseases of, 3135
CVC of, 56
Splenomegaly, 314
Spondylitis, ankylosing, 531
Spongiform encephalopathy, 547
Spread of tumours, 17781
Squamocolumnar junction, 168f
Squamous cell carcinoma, 2134
cervix, 183, 213
lung, 406
oesophagus, 41920
oral cavity, 4124
penis, 183
skin, 2134
vulva,
Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), 1678
Squamous metaplasia, 166
Staging of tumours, 1812
Staphylococcal infections, 1489
Starling's hypothesis, 370
Starvation, 2401
Stasis, vascular, 66
Steatohepatitis, 289, 466
Stem cells, 4
haematopoietic, 2512
Stenosis, valvular, 335, 340f
Stitch abscess, 117
Stomach, diseases of, 42539
cancer of, 4338
inflammatory conditions of, 4269
rupture of,
tumours of, 4338
ulcers of, 42933
Stomatitis, 410
Storage diseases, 2368
neuronal, 549
Storiform pattern, 221
Streptococcal infections, 14950
heart in, 338
kidneys in, 133
Stroke syndrome, 550
Stromal fatty infiltration, 30
Sty, 1488
Subarachnoid haemorrhage, 3778, 5523
Sudden cardiac death, 363
Sulfur granules, 113
Suppuration, 85, 86
Suture tracks, 117
Swine flu, 153
Symbiosis, 144
Synovial sarcoma, 5345
Synovioma, benign, 5334
Synovitis, villonodular, 5334
Syphilis, 1102
aortitis, 373
Syringobulbia, 542
Syringomyelia, 542
Syringomyelocele, 542
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 1356
heart in, 343
kidney in, 137t
Systemic sclerosis, 136
T
Tabes dorsalis, 112, 546
Tabes mesenterica, 106
Target cell, 278f
Tartar, gum, 415
Tart cell, 136
Tattooing, 34
Teeth, diseases of, 4147
Telomerase, 1901
Telomere, 1901
Tenascin, 117
Tenosynovitis, nodular, 5334
Teratogens, 232
Teratomas, 22730
Tetanus, 149
Tetralogy of Fallot, 337
Thalassaemias, 2769
alpha, 2778
anaemia in, 276
beta, 2779
classification of, 276
definition of, 276
Thalidomide malformations, 232
Thiamine, 2478
Thrombophilia, 667, 290
Thrombasthenia, 287
Thrombin time, 283
Thromboangiitis obliterans, 374
Thrombocythaemia, 3067
Thrombocytopenias, 2857
drug-induced, 285
heparin-induced, 285
immune, 2856
thrombotic, 2867
Thrombocytosis, 287
essential, 3067
Thromboembolism, 701, 290
pulmonary, 701
Thrombogenesis, 647
Thrombolytic therapy, 360
Thrombopoiesis, 2801
Thrombosis, 649
coronary artery, 351, 354
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic, purpura (TTP), 2867
Thromboxane, 88
Thrombus, 68f
arterial versus venous, 68t
coronary artery, 351, 354
Thrush, oral, 156, 410
Thymidylate synthetase, 265
Thyroid cancer, 48993
anaplastic, 493
contrasting features of, 490t
follicular, 4912
medullary, 4923
papillary, 4901
Thyroid gland, diseases of, 48193
functional disorders of, 4823
goitre, 4858
inflammation of, 4834
tumours of, 48893
Thyroiditis, 4835
Hashimoto's, 4834
Thyrotoxicosis, 482, 485
Tinea, 157
Tissue tension, 46, 49
Tocoferol, 2456
Tongue, lesions of, 4101
Tophi, 533f
TORCH complex, 161
Toxic granules, 297f
Toxoplasmosis, 162
TP53 gene, 189
Transaminases, 454f
Transcellular fluid, 46
Transcobalamin, 264
Transcoelomic spread, 180
Transferrin, 257f
Transfusion, blood, 2913
complications of, 2923
Transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), 550
Transitional cell carcinoma, 2167
Translocations, 234, 304
Transplant rejection, 129
Transthyretin, 36
Transudate versus exudate, 48t
Treponema, 110
Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), 359
Triple response, 79
Trisomy, 2334
Troponins, cardiac, 3612
Tubercle, 96, 100
evolution of, 96f, 101f
hard and soft, 101
Tubercle bacillus, 99
Tuberculin test, 100
Tuberculoma, brain, 545
Tuberculosis, 98107
brain, 545
caseous necrosis in, 20, 97f, 102f, 104
causative organism in, 99
cavitary, 104
clinical features of, 1056
dystrophic calcification in, 26f
fibrocaseous, 104
HIV-associated, 103
hypersensitivity and immunity in, 100
incidence of, 989
intestinal, 1067
lymph node, 102f
meninges, 5445
miliary, 105
open, 104
primary, 1013
primary versus secondary, 102
pulmonary, 1016
secondary, 1036
Tuberculous meningitis, 5445
Tumour markers, serum, 209t
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), 9, 60, 90
Tumours (also see under Neoplasia), 169230
benign versus malignant, 172
characteristics of, 1707
classification of, 171
common specific tumours, 21030
diagnosis of, 20710
epidemiology of, 1824
etiology of, 1825
grading of, 1812
gross features of, 1734
invasion of, 17781
metastasis in, 17781
microscopic features of, 1746
pathogenesis of, 182203
spread of, 17781
staging of, 1812
Turbulence, 66
Turner's syndrome, 234
Typhoid fever, 1457
Typhoid ulcers, 147f
U
Ulcer, 85
amoebic, 158
aphthous, 410
peptic, 42933
rodent, 214
Ultraviolet light, 196
Unicameral, bone cyst, 517
Union, wounds, 1179
primary, 117
secondary, 1189
Uric acid, blood, 532
Urinary bladder, cancer of, 2167
Urinary tract infection (UTI), 146
Urothelial carcinoma, 2167
Uveal melanoma, 215
V
Varicella-zoster infection, 153
Varices, 471
Varicella, 153
Vascular purpuras, 2845
Vascular permeability, 79
alterations of, 7981
Vascular tumours, 37882
Vasculitis, 3725
Vasoactive amines, 878
Vasopressin, 366
VDRL, 111
Vegetations, distinguishing features of, 345
Venous congestion, 557
Ventricular hypertrophy, 165, 368f
Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 335
Verocay bodies, 562
Verrucae, viral, 199
Verrucous carcinoma, 2134
Vessels, diseases of, 37082
aneurysms of, 3758
tumour of, 37882
Villonodular tenosynovitis, 5334
Viral infections, 151t
Viral hepatitis, (see details under Hepatitis, viral), 45260
Viral oncogenesis, 197202
DNA, 198201
RNA, 2012
Virchow cells, 109
Virchow's node, 178
Virchow's sign, 436
Virchow, Rudolf, 3
Virilism, adrenal, 478
Viruses and human cancer, 202
Viruses, in infections, 1503
in tumours, 197202
Vitamins, disorders of, 242t
A, 2423
B-complex, 2478
biotin, 2489
C, 2467
choline, 249
D, 2435
E, 2456
fat-soluble, 2426
flavonoids, 249
K, 246
water-soluble, 2469
Vitiligo, 31
von Gierke's disease, 237
von Recklinghausen's disease, 183, 563
von Willebrand's disease, 2889
W
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia, 329
Wallerian degeneration, 561
Warthin's tumour, 423
Warts, viral, 199
Water, total body, 45
deficiency of (dehydration), 53
excess of (overhydration), 534
Watershed (border zone) infarcts, brain, 551
Wax-D, 100
Wear and tear pigment, 33
Weights and measurements, normal organs, 565
Wernicke-Korsakoff psychosis, 247
White blood cells, diseases of, 293310
White lesions, oral cavity, 412
WHO classification,
Hodgkin's disease, 319
myeloid neoplasms, 303t
myelodysplastic syndrome, 30910
leukaemia-lymphomas, 318t
Whooping cough, 147
Widal test, 147
Working formulation for clinical usage, 317t
Wound, 1179
complications of, 119
contraction of, 1167
factors influencing healing of, 119
healing of skin, 1179
strength, 1167
Woven bone, structure of, 508
callus, 120
Wuchereria bancrofti, 160
X
X-linked disorders, 235
Xanthelasma, 30
Xanthomas, 30
Xeroderma pigmentosum, 191
Xerophthalmia, 243
Xerostomia, 136
Y
Yellow atrophy, acute, 460
Yellow fever, 151
Y-linked diseases, 235
Z
Zahn, lines of, 68f
Zarda, 412
Ziehl-Neelsen staining, 99, 108
Zonal necrosis, liver, 449
Zoster virus infection, 153
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