A
Abdominal distension 202
Abdominal tenderness 207
Abscess drainage 201
Acute renal failure, precipitation of 82
Adrenal insufficiency 239
Adverse drug reaction 111
amount of 78
composition of 72
concurrently, bottle of 76
fluid evaluation 238
in blood 73
in critical illnesses 74
in health, functions of 73
influences coagulation 73
infusion 110
loss of 71
replacement, value of 74
stabilises 72
synthesis 71
types of 71
Alkalaemia, severe 205
Alkalosis 211
Alveolar oedema 270
Amino acids 275
Amiodarone 284
Amphetamines 194
Analgesia 253
Angiotensinogen 22
Anticipated operative time 156
concentrations 14f
formation of 11f
in pregnant patients, role of 15
in trauma, role of 16
in water balance, role of 10
on vascular system, effects of 17
physiological effects of 16
release of 15
syndrome of inappropriate 143
synthesis of 11f
Antipyretic therapy 245
Arrhythmias 195
Autonomic nervous system 9
B
Bacteria and toxins, source of 196
Bainbridge reflex 8f
Betaine 227
Bicarbonate 204
and blood substitutes 275
component therapy 175
cross-matching, interference with 82
in suction bottles 212
rheology 242
sugar level, random 209
urea nitrogen 195
Bloodstream 22
Body spaces, resuscitation of 143
Body weight loss 209
Bowel exposure 174
Bowel obstruction 154
Bowel wall oedema 150
Bradycardia 120
Brain
natriuretic peptide 27
in water balance, B-type 27
in water balance, role of 28f
oedema 233
regulation 235
swelling 213
water 221
content 213
Brainstem herniation 239
Bronchospasm 120
Bucket analogy, hole in 155
C
Caloric expenditure 161
Capillary filtration coefficient 215
Capillary hydrostatic pressure 234
Capillary refill pressure 279
Capillary tissue fluid dynamics 140
Caprylic acid 72
Carbohydrate 144
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 205
Cardiac function 143
Cardiac output 183
Cardiogenic shock, patient with 187
Cardiopulmonary and renal function 156
Cardiopulmonary bypass 75
Cardiopulmonary system, effects on 249
Cardiovascular function 153
Cardiovascular instability 171
Cardiovascular stabilisation 237
Cardiovascular stable 201
Catabolism, patients with increased 74
Cell volume, packed 209
Central pontine myelinolysis 226
Cerebral dehydration 225
Cerebral irritability, increased 196
Cerebral ischaemia 239
Cerebral pathology 213
Cerebral perfusion pressure 237
Cerebral salt wasting 240
Cerebral vasospasm, effects of 230
Cerebrospinal fluid 226
Circulatory disturbance 90
Circulatory dysfunction 276
Clear-fluid losses 126
Clostridium welchii 195
Cocaine 194
Cold extremities 151
accepted statements of 130
advantages of 64
and crystalloid in body compartments, distribution of 54f
artificial 176
characteristics of 126
constitute 218
disadvantages of 64
electrolyte content 69
general characteristics of 66
in brain, effects of 218
in fluid resuscitation 98
in perioperative period, current consensus on 128
indications of 70
molecular
weight 66
natural 77
pharmacology of 66
plasma
half-life 69
substitute, functions of 70
substitute, types of 69
volume expansion 67
theories favouring 135
use of 259
volume replacement by 222
Colloidal active molecules 219
Colloidal osmotic pressure 73
Colon 203
Compounds, transport of 73
Congestive cardiac failure 119
Crush injury 184
Crystalline solids in water, solutions of 53
accepted statements of 130
administration 131
decreases osmotic pressure 241
characteristic of 53
controversy 274
over 135
disadvantages of 64
favouring therapy 186
in brain, effects of 218
in perioperative period, current consensus on 128
intravenous fluids 65
mechanism of action of 55
pharmacology of 53
plasma substitutes 137
types of 55
use of 259
volume replacement by 222
D
Deficit patients, chronic 173
children
with moderate 173
with severe 173
degree of 208
mild 170
moderate 171
severity of 171
sign of 177
type of 169
Desmopressin acetate 231
Dexamethasone treatment 224
Dexmedetomidine 284
Dextran-induced anaphylactoid reactions, severe 81
administration, lower 134
advantages 58
and water for bolstering 201
avoid 164
avoid 242
contraindications 57
disadvantages 58
indications 57
management during surgery 164
pharmacological basis 56
precautions 59
properties 56
safe rate of administration 56
solutions, administering 163
Dihydroergotamine 235
Dilated pupil, unilateral 243
Dilutional hyponatraemia 134
Diminished sensorium 151
Diphtheria 195
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 63
Diuretic therapy and hypotension, avoid 258
Dopaminergic renal vasodilatation 29
Drying agent, avoid 199
Dysarthria 226
E
Electrocardiogram 210
Electrolyte 213
abnormalities 231
after estimation, replace 201
disturbances 181
correction of 210
solution, balanced 125
Elevated metabolic activity 194
Emesis 207
Endogenous pyrogen 191
Endothelial cell layer 140
Endothelial glycocalyx layer 140
Endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1 122
Endothelial surface layer 140
Endotoxaemia 112
Epidural analgesia decreases 256
Esomeprazole 284
Examiner's thumb 171
Exhausted adrenal cortex 196
Extensive cellulites 201
Extensor posturing 243
Extracellular compartment 40
Extracellular electrolytes, concentrations of 23
Extracorporeal circulation 92
F
Fasting guidelines 144
Fat 157
Fentanyl 284
caused by brain lesions 193
clinical significance of 194
facts about 190
postoperative 194
reaction 192
two-thirds of 194
Filling space, priority of 146
Filtration fraction, decrease 22
Fluid 245
and electrolyte loss 196
and volume management, current controversies of 131
boluses 71
calculation of 283
drop rate calculation of 283
during aneurysmal surgery 229
gelatins, modified 70
in infant and children 165
in intestinal obstruction 202
in neurointensive care units 231
in postoperative care units 231
in solid food 4
infusion of 212
ingested 4
intraoperative 180
load 132f
movement, basics of 215
overload, higher chances of 165
perioperative management of 221
preferred, types of 178
required, smaller total volume of 165
requirement of 177
resuscitative 274
retention 154
selection of 201
shear stress 131
shifts, internal 154
with diabetes insipidus 230
within bowel lumen, sequestration of 203
Fluid deficit
assessment of 162
correction of 162
non-iatrogenic sources of 156
on physical examination, signs of 156
restoration, total 173
Fluid management
basic concepts in 237
decision pathway, perioperative 156
during surgery 164
goals of 210
in neurosurgery 221
in postoperative period 177
in pregnant patients 256
with pre-eclampsia 259
in severe pre-eclampsia 258f
in surgery 153
intermediate surgery 154
intraoperative 229
major surgery 154
minor surgery 153
of neurosurgical patients, intraoperative 222
of paediatric surgical patients 157
issues affecting 144
Fluid requirement
assessment of daily 147
calculating 161
infants and older children maintenance 163
intraoperative 177
Fluid therapy
goals of intraoperative 174
in eclampsia 246
in fever 190
in infants and children 157
perioperative 157
in trauma resuscitation 181
in traumatic brain injury 234
management of perioperative 166
perioperative 147
Furosemide 244
G
Gastric drainage 207
Gastric losses, chronic 153
Gastrointestinal loss 177
Gastrointestinal pathology 146
Gastrointestinal surgery 142
Gastrointestinal system 146
Gastrointestinal tract 205
administration, indications of 90
solutions 86
advantages of 89
clinical pharmacology 88
disadvantages 90
excretion 89
metabolism 89
pharmacokinetics 88
properties 88
undesirable side effects 92
Gelifundol 88
Glucocorticoids 23
Glutamine 227
Glycerol 220
Goal directed therapy 181
Gut 195
H
H+ ion, loss of 205
contraindication 95
excretion 93
metabolism 93
mode of administration 93
pharmacological basis 93
properties 93
side effects 94
Haemodilution therapy 117
Haemodynamic stabilisation 98
Haemodynamic support 238
Haemodynamically unstable, treatment of 181
Haemorrhage 183
Head injury 122
Heat stroke 194
Heparin 284
Hepatic artery bringing blood 196
Hepatic reserve, narrowed 196
Herring body 12
Hydralazine injection 251
Hydrated, epidural analgesia 256
Hydrochloric acid, loss of 205
advantages of 113
adverse reactions 120
balanced 125
concentration 99
contraindications 119
disadvantages 106
doses of 120
effects of 110
evaluation of 113
first-generation 113
generations 127
indications 119
metabolism of 106
molecular weight 100
on coagulation, effect of 109f
pharmacology of 99
plateau effect of 118f
saline 125
second-generation 114
solutions 110
special precautions 112
third-generation 117
warning and precautions 119
Hyperchloraemic acidosis 124
Hyperkalaemia 176
Hypernatraemic extracellular fluid 227
Hyperoncotic renal injury 276
Hyperoncotic solution 115
Hyperosmolar therapy 242
Hyperosmolarity, acute 220
Hyperthermia, malignant 194
Hypertonicity 19
Hyperuricaemia 252
Hypervolaemia 229
Hypoalbuminaemia, patients with 74
Hypocalcaemia 176
Hypo-oncotic solution 115
Hypoperfusion, severe 178
Hypothalamic neurosecretory neurones 10
Hypotonic fluids 208
Hypotonic solutions 55
Hypovolaemic patients 128
Hypoxic ischaemic 251
I
Idiosyncratic drug reactions 194
Ileum 203
Immune system disorders 111
Impaired renal function 60
Infant, preterm 162
Infant's cardiopulmonary status 170
Infection 191
Inflammation 191
Influenza-like symptoms, mild 120
Infusion of albumin, indications for 74
Inositol 227
Inotropic drugs 181
Insulin 284
Intensive insulin therapy 232
Interstitial compliance 218
Interstitial pressure falls 216
Interstitial space
causes of over expansion of 50
constriction of 265
disadvantages of over expansion of 50
negative pressure in 49
Interstitium 219
Intracellular dehydration 144
Intracellular gaps 217
Intracellular tonicity 228
Intracranial injury 234
Intracranial mass lesions 213
Intravascular persistence 98
Intravascular plasma volume 158
Intravascular pressure 218
Invoke delirium 199
Ischaemic stroke, acute 58
Iso-oncotic solution 115
Isotonic colloid solution 239
Isotonic electrolyte solution 124
Isotonic intravenous solutions 259
Isotonic solutions 55
L
Labour 256
Lactate production, metabolic aspects of 236
Lactate-pyruvate ratio 236
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients 144
Laparotomy 5
Lasix (furosemide) 284
Leukocyte pyrogen 191
Levosimendan 284
Liberal fluid resuscitation 131
Liver 195
cirrhosis of 60
disease 73
effects on 251
enzymes, raised 248
failure 154
acute 75
surgery 142
transplantation, after 79
Lomodex 79
Low glomerular filtration rate 159
Low osmolality outside cell 227f
Low plasma sodium, chronic 228
Low pressure
atrial baroreceptors 7
atrial stretch receptors 8f
stretch receptors 7
stimulation of 7
Lung 195
Lymphatic system disorders 111
M
Maternal dehydration 16
Medication, severe 178
Meningococcus 195
Mental status 188
Metabolic water 4
Metabolically generated water 272
Midazolam 284
Milrinone 284
Mineralocorticoids 23
Minimally invasive methods 279
Mitochondria 236
Monodisperse 67
Motility, decreased 142
Mucous membrane 209
Multiple traumas complicate 234
Muscarinic receptor, acetylcholine for 200f
Myocardial depressant drugs, avoid direct 200
Myocardial efficiency, decreased 195
Myocardial irritability 195
N
N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan 72
Nausea 81
Neonatal
cardiac output 161
hypoglycaemia 254
intensive care unit 167
maintenance fluid requirement 162
myocardium 161
Neurohypophysis 12
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 194
Neurosurgery 143
Neurosurgical patients, management of 213
Neurosurgical procedures 57
Newer developments 232
Nitroglycerine 284
Non-cardiac pulmonary oedema 120
Non-haemorrhagic hypovolaemia 186
Non-ketotic hyperglycaemia 17
Non-osmotic stimulus 15
Non-protein nitrogen 195
advantages 60
contraindications 60
disadvantages 60
indications 59
pharmacological basis 59
precautions 60
properties 59
Normovolaemia 229
O
Oligaemic shock 91
Operation, type of 156
Oral carbohydrates 144
Oral feed, start 179
Orchidopexy 166
Organ dysfunction, postoperative 154
Osmolar therapy 225
Osmoles 38
Osmo-sodium receptors in water balance, role of 5
Osmotic activity, basic concepts of 38
Osmotic diuresis 146
Osmotic forces, equalisation of 43
Osmotic molecules 55
Osmotic reflection coefficient 215
Otoneurological disorders, precautions in patients with 117
Oxytocin drip 254
P
Pancreas 203
Pantoprazole 284
Parsimonious fluid therapy 272
Pentastarch 126
Perfluorocarbons 184
Peripheral perfusion 208
Peripheral pulse, poor 151
Peripheral tissue 221
Permeability pulmonary oedema 271
Pharmacodynamics 117
Pharmacokinetics 118
Phenylephrine 284
Pituitary hormones, posterior 10
Placental changes 253
bilirubin, effects on 111
derivative, naturally occurring 69
exchange 91
factors 206
normal 72
osmotic pressure, normal 268
substitute 137
tonicity 39
comparative 98
decreased 195
expansion 77
homeostatic responses to maintain 264
loss of 208
substitutes 91
Plasmagel 88
Plasmion 88
Polydisperse 67
Positive end-expiratory pressure, effects of 267f
Positive pressure ventilation, effects of 267f
Postrenal oliguria 178
Pre-anaesthetics consideration 207
Preload-central venous pressure, measure of 188
Prerenal oliguria 178
Pressure stretch receptors 7
Preterm labour, women at risk for 16
Pro-inflammatory cytokines 122
Prophylactic crystalloid solution 147
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 255
Pulmonary function 143
Pyrexia 207
R
Randomized controlled trials 145
Red blood cells, packed 176
Refractory vomiting 205
Regional anaesthesia, prehydration before 255
Regional analgesia, precautions before initiation of 255
Rehydration 172
Renal artery hypotension 21
Renal blood flow, low 159
Renal causes 177
Renal effects 84
Renal filtration 31f
Renal insufficiency 123
Renal oliguria 178
Renal physiology 159
Renal sympathetic nerves 21
Renal system, effects on 252
Renal units, basic 160f
Renal water handling 31
Respiratory acid-base disorder 206
Respiratory arrest 81
Respiratory muscles 195
Respiratory rate, increased 195
Respiratory system, effects on 252
Respiratory variation in systolic 279
Restricted fluid resuscitation 132
Reticuloendothelial system 106
Rhabdomyolysis, severe 178
Rheomacrodex 127
S
Saliva 203
Semisynthetic colloid 69
Sensible water losses 4
Sensorium changes 171
Septic shock 74
Serotonin syndrome 194
Serum
amylase, increase of 111
biomarker levels 238
electrolytes 179
oncotic level 78
osmolality 239
tonicity 226
Sex hormones 23
Sick newborn 176
accounts 6
acetate 63
and water
metabolism 37
retention 266
balance 213
concentration 39
content 225
in antidiuretic hormone release, role of 36f
in controlling water balance, role of 264
in extracellular fluid 6
in hyponatraemia, correction of 228
nitroprusside 284
solutions
containing 141
without 141
Starch 97
Steril 120
Stomach 203
Streptococcus 195
Subcutaneous tissue disorder 111
Succinylated gelatin 96
Systemic abnormalities, existing 170
Systemic inflammation, effects on 122
Systolic blood pressure 279
T
Tachypnoea 171
Thromboembolic complications 143
Thromboprophylactic effect 80
Thyroxin 275
Tonsillectomy 166
childhood 43
compartmental distribution of 43
content 263
distribution of 1
elderly
females 43
males 43
newborn infant 43
young adult
females 43
males 43
Transcapillary refill 204
Transcellular water 48
Transfusion, complications of 189
Traumatic shock 187
Traumatised brain 239
U
Urinary calcium excretion 252
Urinary excretion of water 30f
Urinary loss, greater 165
Urosurgery 122
Urticarial, generalised 81
V
Vaginal delivery, labour for 256
Vasopressor drugs 181
Ventricular arrhythmias 204
Vicious cycle 218
Volume loading, benefits of 212
W
Water 196
and electrolyte
causes of deprivation of 203
disturbances 202
arginine vasopressin in 10
in body, control of 5
normal 1
role of thirst in 17
content of food 272
control in body 52
diffusion of 42
for injections 72
free permeability of 42f
consumption of 3
intoxication 58
movement, principles of 213
Wheezing 81
Whole blood and plasma 137
Wound surfaces, exposed 150