Obstetrics and Gynaecological Ultrasound for Beginners
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, and t refer to table.
A
ABCs of Doppler 164t
Abdomen 48
dull aching pain in 225f
Abdominal circumference
measurement of 82f
prerequisites for measuring 82
Abdominal contents, herniation of 40
Abdominal viscera, herniation of 44
Abortion, missed 29f
Abruptio placentae 95
on ultrasonography 96f
Acardiac twin 153, 162
Accessory lobe, anterior 89f
Acidosis 125, 134
Acoustic impedance 4
Acquired uterine abnormalities 188
Acrania 33, 35, 35f, 53, 54f
three-dimensional 54f
Adenocarcinoma 196f
of cervix 186f
Adenomyosis
diagnosis of 201
on 3D ultrasound 203f
ultrasonography features of 190
Adequate placental circulation 123
Adherent placenta 99
Adnexa 32
comprise fallopian tubes 216
evaluation of 216
pathologies in 219
Adnexal mass
benign 217f
malignant 218f
Adnexal structures 225
Alobar holoprosencephaly 33, 37, 38f, 60f
Amniocentesis 159, 160f
carries 160
Amniotic fluid 158
amount of 77
assessment of 114
consisting of fetal urine 111
formation 111
single pocket of 121f
Amniotic fluid assessment 111, 113f, 120f
role of ultrasound in 111
Amniotic fluid index 112, 114, 121
method 118f
predictive values of 115t
ultrasound images for 113f
Amniotic fluid volume 111
in pregnancy, normal 114f
influencing 115
variations in 113
Amniotic membrane 25f
Amorphous acardius acephalus 153f
Anembryonic gestational sac 105f
Anencephaly 33, 35, 36, 36f, 50, 53, 53f, 66f
Aneuploidies 30
Angle of insonation 165f
Angle of progression 145
Anophthalmia 66
Antenatal care, part of 52
Antenatal period 148
Antepartum fetal surveillance 131
Anterior wall malformations 73
Anteverted uterus 178f
Anticipating difficulties 14
empty bladder 14
fibroids 15
obesity 14
Antral follicle
count 206, 240, 241f, 242f
recruitment of 231
Aortic isthmus Doppler, role of 134
Aphakia 66
Aplastic uterus 198
Applebaum classification 236, 238f, 239f
Aqueductal stenosis 59f
Arachnoid cyst 60, 63, 64, 64f, 65
Arterial blood flow 215
Arterial to arterial anastomosis 152
Artifact of full bladder 98f
Ascites 117
Assisted reproductive technology 148, 222
Atresia 70
Atrioventricular septal defect 44
Audible range 3
Automatic volume calculation 244
Avascular thin endometrium 193f
B
Back to basics 3
Banana sign 54
Baseline scan 240
Basilar decidual layer 84
Battledore placenta 89
Beads on string appearance 222
Benign from malignant
lesions, advantages in distinguishing 218
tumors, role of Doppler in distinguishing 218
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 21, 102
Bicorporeal uterus 198, 200, 200f
Bilobed placenta 89, 90f
Biophysical profile 131
Biparietal diameter 79
advantages of 79
measuring 79
Bladder distending abdomen, large 42f
Bladder wall 229
Blake's pouch 63, 63f, 64
Blighted ovum 28
Blood
in pod 226f
vessels 239f
Blood flow
direction of 164
endometrial 236
subendometrial 236
Body stalk anomaly 43f
on ultrasound 42
Brain 48
Brain-sparing effect 127, 168
middle cerebral artery 128f
Breast cancer 106
C
Carcinoma cervix, case of 186f
Cardiac activity 24, 29f, 47
Cardiac anomalies in first trimester scan, major 44
Cardiac structure evaluation anomaly scan, basic 49f
Cavum septum pellucidum 52
Cebocephaly 38
Cellular dysfunction, physiology of 125
Cellular edema 125
Cephalic index 79, 80
Cerebellum 48
Cerebral artery
Doppler, nomogram for middle 127f
middle 168
Cerebroplacental ratio 133
calculation of 133f
Cervical
biopsy 186f
canal, fluid in 237f
ectopic pregnancy, diagnosing 227
elastography 143, 144f
fibroid 185f
growth 186f
incompetence 138
insufficiency 138
malignant neoplasms 186
stenosis 185
Cervical assessment
during labor 145
in preinduction phase 144
preinduction 144
Cervical length 138
and funnelling, apart from 142
assessment prelabor 138
in prelabor and labor, monitoring of 138
measuring 139f
Cervical pregnancy 227
with gestational sac 228f
Cervical stiffness 143
expression of 144f
Cervicitis, chronic 185f
Cervix
and vaginal folds 31
cysts of 184
directions of 146f
enlargement of 185
from internal os to external os, length of 140f
measurements of 184f
mid-sagittal view of 140f
ultrasound evaluation of 184
Cesarean scar
pregnancy 227, 228f
diagnosis of 227
previous 228f
Chest lymphangioma, external 68f
Chocolate cyst 212
Chorioangioma 107
Chorioangiomatosis 106
Choriocarcinoma 105
mimicking interstitial pregnancy 106f
Chorionic villus
sampling 41, 158, 159f
tissue 158
Chorionicity 28
sonographic findings determine 149
Choroid plexus 25f
sign 59
Chromosomal abnormalities 30, 158
Circumvallate placenta 89, 90f
Cisterna magna 48
Cleft lip 50, 65, 65f
midline 38
Cleft palate 65, 65f
midline 38
Clomiphene citrate-stimulated cycle 247f
Cogwheel sign 222
Color Doppler 5
use of 12
Color flow imaging 164
Complex adnexal mass 225f
Conception, retained products of 30f
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation volume ratio 70t
Congenital disorder 35
Congenital heart disease 72
Congenital hydronephrosis 117f
Congenital malformations 51
detecting 47
major 46
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation 69, 162
Congenital uterine abnormalities, diagnosis of 197
Conjoined twins 153
Cord insertion, marginal 89
Cord insertions 89
Corpus callosum, agenesis of 60, 62f
Corpus luteal cyst 209, 209f
Corpus luteum 206, 232, 233f
C-reactive protein 142
Crown-rump length 23, 26, 26f, 34, 77
measurement of 77f
Cyclopia 38
Cyst
benign 206, 208
functional 208
Cystic hygroma 38f, 67, 67f
Cystic masses, common 208
Cystic ovary 223f
Cytogenetic abnormalities 160
D
Dandy-Walker malformation 33, 38, 38f, 60, 62f, 64
Dangling choroid plexus 59f
Deciding stimulation protocol 244
Decidua 85
Decidual layer, single 224
Decidual septal cysts 107
Dermoid cyst 213f
Dextrocardia 44
Diabetes 119
Diaphragmatic hernia 44, 44f, 50, 71, 71f
Dichorionic diamniotic twins 27f, 94, 150f, 151f
Dichorionic gestations 92
Dichorionic twin 93f
pregnancy 28
Discordant twin 153
growth pattern 154f
Dominant follicle 232f
follicular vessel of 234f
in clomiphene citrate-stimulated cycle 248f
Doppler changes, sequence of 127
Doppler effect 5
Doppler findings 215
Doppler indices 126f, 167f
different 165
Doppler ultrasound, types of 5
Double decidual sign 22f
Ductus venosus waveform 169
abnormal 131f
Duodenal atresia 71, 72f
Duplex Doppler 5
probe setting button 12
Dynamics of Doppler 164
Dysmorphic uterus 198
E
Early lethal malformation, advantages of 33
Early pregnancy
failure 28
normal and abnormal 19
sonogram 85f
Ebstein's anomaly 45f
Ebstein's malformation 44
Echoes 9
Echogenic cystic mass 58f
Ectopia cordis 43, 74
Ectopic pregnancy 19, 20f, 222, 223, 223f, 224f, 229
chronic 225f
diagnosis of 222, 223
role
in diagnosing 229
of color Doppler in 229
ruptured 223f
ultrasound evaluation of 222
with yolk sac 224f
Elastography 143
Embryo 23, 26f
reduction 155, 156, 156f, 163f
Encephalocele 33, 37f
anterior 56f
diagnosed 37
on ultrasound, case of 53
Encephalocystocele 55f
Endocervical canal 184
Endometrial canal, continuation of 184
Endometrial cavity 92f, 190f, 194f, 224, 239f
Endometrial changes 235
Endometrial fibroid 200, 202f
Endometrial hyperplasia 193, 195f
Endometrial lesions 200
Endometrial malignancy 193
cases of 202
on 3D ultrasound 203f
Endometrial pathologies, common 192
Endometrial polyp 193, 194f, 201f
Endometrial thickness
measurement of 177, 179f
on day of ovulation 237f
Endometrial-myometrial junction 190
Endometriotic cyst 212
Endometriotic ovarian cyst 212f
Endometritis 192
acute 192
chronic 192, 193f
Endometrium 235, 248f
five-layered 238f
in follicular phase of menstrual cycle 236f
in perimenopausal woman 179f
in transabdominal in adolescent girl, measurement of 180f
layers of 195f
outer edge of 239f
Endomyometrial junction 238f
Epsilon sign 151
in triplet pregnancy 151f
Erythroblastosis 119
Eshre-Esge classification 197
Esophagus, segment of 70
Ethmocephaly 38
Exomphalos 50
Extralobar sequestration 70t
Extrauterine pelvic mass
benign 216
malignant 216
Eye abnormalities, common 66t
Eyeballs 66f
F
Face 48, 65
Facial anomalies 66, 66t
Fallopian tube 224f
functioning of 250
in reproductive woman 183
on ultrasound, diseased 217f
pelvic ultrasound 216
Fan-like image, produces 6f
Female reproductive sonoanatomy, normal 173
Femoral length measured 81
Femur length, measurement of 81f
Fetal abdomen 169
Fetal adaptations to hypoxia 125
Fetal age and size 47
Fetal anatomical survey
opportunity of 52
second trimester 46
Fetal anatomy, basic 47
Fetal anemia 161
Fetal anomaly 50t
scan 46, 48, 50
Fetal arterial Doppler 167
Fetal biometry 76
Fetal biophysical profile 114
Fetal bladder, large 117f
Fetal blood 158
pressure 130
sampling 160
Fetal cardiac performance 129
Fetal chromosomal abnormalities 158
Fetal circulation 124f
Fetal demise 161
Fetal distress, acute 161
Fetal erythropoiesis 161
Fetal fibronectin 142
Fetal heart 162
Fetal hypoxia 123
causes of 124
Fetal infections, diagnosis of 160
Fetal invasive procedures, ultrasound-guided 158
Fetal loss 159
and morbidity, higher risk of 160
Fetal malformations 46
Fetal medicine practice, part of 158
Fetal number 47
Fetal oxygenation, normal 123
Fetal renal malformation 117
Fetal thorax 162
Fetal tissue 104f
Fetal venous Doppler 168
Fetal weight estimated 82
Fetoplacental blood volume 161
Fetoplacental circulations 84
Fetoscopic laser, indications of 162
Fetus
adaptation 125
discordant growth of 154f
immediate delivery of 169
in amniotic cavity 169
oxygen supply to 124
Fibroids
site of 188
ultrasound features of 188
FIGO classification 189
First trimester
anomaly scan, advantage of 33
biometry 76
measurements 76
scan 19, 20, 33, 34
ultrasound anomaly screening 33
Fluid debris level 209
Fluid in endometrial cavity, case of 177f
Fluid-filled distended endometrial canal 108f
Follicle
and formation, rupture of 206
multiple enlarged 252f
on Doppler study 233
Follicle tracking 245, 246f
purpose of 245
Follicular cysts 208
Follicular monitoring 206
Forebrain 26f
Four-dimensional probe 7f
Funneling 141
of cervix 141f
G
Galactose
microparticles mixed 251
solution 251
Gastric tumors 106
Gastrointestinal tract 70
Gastroschisis 33, 41, 50, 74, 75f
Genetic disorders, prenatal diagnosis of 158
Genital tract anomalies, female 198t
Germ cell tumor 206, 213
Gestation sac 22, 32
Gestation, advancing 168
Gestational age 24, 29f
on survival, effect of 135f
Gestational sac 21
denoting 27f
diameter 23f, 30
measurement of 77f
implantation of 229
in fallopian tube 223f, 226f
irregular 29f
measurements 76
Gestational trophoblastic disease 84
Gestational window 47
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone cycle 247
Grannum's classification 86
Growth restriction, Doppler in 123
Gynecologic tumors 106
Gynecological ultrasounds 173
H
Head and cervix direction 145
Head circumference measured 80
Head-perineum distance 145
Head-symphysis distance 145
Heart 49
Helsinki ultrasound trial 51
Hemangioma 67
Hematocrit 161
Hematosalpinx 216, 219
Hemi-uterus 198
Hemorrhagic cyst 209
Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst 209, 210f
Herniated liver 74f
Heterogeneous echogenicity 191f
Heterogeneous thickened endometrium 196f
Heterotopic pregnancy 227
Hindbrain 26f
Holoprosencephaly 59
Hydatidiform mole 100
Hydrocephalus 58
Hydrogen ions 125
Hydronephrotic kidneys 117f
Hydrosalpinx 216, 219
on ultrasound, case of 220f
Hydrothorax 68
Hyperechoic endometrial polyp 194f
Hyperstimulation 211
Hypertelorism 66
Hypertrophied cervix, irregularly 186f
Hypoechoic myometrium 104f
Hypoechoic retroplacental zone
loss of 101f
normal 100f
Hypoplastic heart syndrome
left 44
right 44
Hypotelorism 66, 66f
Hypoxia 134
chronic 127
progressive deterioration in 133t
I
Image formation, basic principle of 4
Images produced 3
In utero treatment 47
In vitro fertilization 236
conception, iatrogenic complication in 252f
cycle 251
Iniencephaly 33, 34f
Intercellular fluid 16
Internal vascularity, evidence of 108f
International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 188
Intertwin membrane 151f
Intralobar sequestration 70t
Intramural fibroid 189f
Intrauterine
fetal blood transfusion, indications of 161
gestation sac 19f, 31
growth restriction 114, 123, 167
hematomas 30
transfusion 160
Invasive fetal procedures 158
IOTA classification 217f
on ultrasound 218f
Ipsilateral round ligament 211
J
Jejunal involvement 72
K
Kidney of fetus, left 117
Kissing ovary 182f
enlarged 252f
L
Labor progression, assessment of 145
Lactic acid 125
Lambda sign 94
Laser photocoagulation 152
Lasmar's score 201
Lemon sign 54
Lesions
benign 216
malignant 216
Leukemia 106
Lignocaine 162
Limbs 48
marked by arrows 26f
Linear probe 6f
Live embryo 228f
Lung cancer 106
Luteinizing hormone surge 231
Lymphangioma 67
Lymphoma 106
M
Machine
different buttons of 11f
getting started 13
knobs and buttons 11
know your 9
parts of 11
Macrocephaly 59
Maneuvering machine 13
measuring
ellipse 14
length 14
Mechanical index 16
Meckel-Gruber syndrome 37, 54, 116
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 33
Medical ultrasound 3
examination 15
range of 3
Mega cisterna magna 63, 64
Megacystis identified on ultrasound 42
Membrane depicting dichorionicity, four-layered thick 94f
Meningocele 55, 55f
Meningomyelocele 55
Menstrual cycle 232f
follicular phase of 234f
normal 177
Menstrual irregularity 206
Menstrual period, last 10
Menstrual status 181
Mesenchymal tissue 52
Microcystic congenital pulmonary airway malformation 69f
Microphthalmia 66
Midtrimester anomaly scan 47, 48, 50t
Midtrimester fetal anomaly 49
Mimic ectopic pregnancy 225
Miscarriage
complete and incomplete 29
missed 28
second trimester 138
Mole-cystic molar tissue, complete 104f
Monochorionic diamniotic twins 93f, 94
Monochorionic monoamniotic
pregnancy 155
twins 28, 94, 94f, 95f
Monochorionic placenta 93, 94f
Monochorionic placentation, complications with 152
Monochorionic twin
gestation 120
pregnancy 28
Morbidly adherent placenta 103t
subtypes of 100f
Morphological ultrasound 242
Mucinous cystadenoma 213
Multiple follicles, peripherally arranged 207f
Multiple gestation 28
in third trimester, role of ultrasound in 155
use of ultrasound in 155
Multiple pregnancy 148
assessment of 27
diagnosis of 148
in first trimester, role of ultrasound in 148
Multiple vascular lacunae within placenta 101f
Myometrial cysts 193f
with hyperechoic margins 191f
Myometrial invasion 203
Myometrial lesions, common 188
Myometrium 84, 85
inner layer of 177
suggestive of adenomyosis 191f
N
Nabothian cysts of cervix 184
Nabothian follicles, enlarged 185f
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 21
Neck 48, 67
region, common abnormalities of 67t
Needle aspiration 162
Neoplasms, benign 185
Neoplastic tissue, malignant 214
Nerve endings 56
Neural tube defects 34, 39, 52
Nonstress test 131
short-term variability in 132f
Nontrophoblastic placental tumors 106
Noteworthy placental pathologies 84
Nuchal translucency 78
measurement of 78f
O
Obstetrician and fetal medicine 50
Obstetrics 17
and gynecology
ultrasound in 48
visualization in 8
Obstructive uropathy 162
Occipital encephalocele 55f
Occult spina bifida 57
Oligoamnios, moderate to severe 71
Oligohydramnios 114, 115f, 117f, 120, 121, 167
assessment of 115
causes for 116, 116b
congenital anomalies with 116, 116b
diagnosis of 114
Omphalocele 33, 40, 40f, 41f, 73, 74f
on ultrasound, identification of 40
Oral ovulogen cycle 245
Ovarian and uterine arteries 215
Ovarian cyst
with clear fluid, functional 208f
with septations, simple 208f
Ovarian diameter, measurement of 243f
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 252, 252f
Ovarian pathologies
evaluation of 206
majority of 206
Ovarian stromal blood flow 243f, 244
measurement of 244
Ovarian torsion 214
Ovarian tumors, malignant 206, 214
Ovarian volume 243f, 244
Ovary 216
and ovarian volume, measurements of 183f
different positions of 182f
Doppler of 244
hyperstimulated 211
enlarged 212f
in natural cycle 231
in relation to iliac vessels 182f
location of 181
pathology of 216
prolapsed 182f
scanning of 206
sonoanatomy of 181
torsion of 214
P
Papillary projections 214
Parametrial invasion 104f
Parametrium 216
Paraovarian cyst 211, 211f
Partial mole 105f
Pathology of ovary, classification of 206
Patient care 15
Peak systolic velocity 234
Pediatric health in intrauterine growth restriction 128
Pelvic
inflammatory disease 219
organs, visualization of 173
tumor 214
Pelvis, transabdominal view of 175f
Perinatal mortality 121f
Peritoneal pseudocyst 219
Phenomena 106
Piezoelectric effect 4
Placenta 84, 86, 86f, 87f, 100f
accreta 99
in twin pregnancy 91
increta 99
low-lying 97
membranacea 89, 90f
normal 85f, 97
and abnormal 84
percreta 99
hypervascularity 102f
previa 97, 99f
sonographic appearance of 84
thickening of 95
ultrasound grading of 86
variants of 88
Placental appearance and location 47
Placental bleeding 124
Placental calcification 88, 88f
Placental cyst 107, 109f
Placental development, stages of 85
Placental edge 97
Placental function, abnormal 124
Placental hemorrhage 95
marginal 96f
Placental lakes 107, 108f
Placental lobes, two 90f
Placental mass, posterior main 89f
Placental metastases 106
Placental size 88
Placental thickening 88
Placental thrombosis 107
Placental thrombus 108f
Placentation in monozygotic twin gestation, type of 92t
Placentation, type of 92
Placentomalacia 88
Polycystic ovary 206, 207f, 211
in young girl 207f
syndrome 215
Polyhydramnios 118, 118f, 121
causes of 119
common causes of 119b
diagnosis of 119
with hydrops fetalis 119f
Polyp 200
Posterior fossa
abnormalities of 60
common abnormalities of 64t
Posterior wall
fibroid extending 190f
intramural calcified fibroid 190f
Postovulatory crenated follicle 233f
Potassium chloride 162
Pouch of Douglas 211, 223f
Power Doppler ultrasound 5
Power Doppler values of corpus luteum 235f
Pre-eclampsia 167
Pregnancy
anembryonic 28
determine 30
failure 30
journey of 19
location of 19
loss rate, complete 156
multifetal 162
reduction, indications of 162
scar 20f
status 181
test, positive 29
Prematurity and growth restriction, cases of 76
Prenatal diagnosis 158
Preovulatory follicle 233f
Preterm labor
predictors of 142
risk of 139
Preterm premature, risk of 162
Probes, types of 6, 8f
Pseudoperitoneal cyst 222f
Pulsatility index 167
Pulse Doppler, use of 12
Pulse wave Doppler 5, 164, 165
Pyosalpinx 216, 219
on ultrasound, case of 220f
R
Rays, arrangement of 8f
Red blood cell
irradiated 161
transfusions 161
Red cell isoimmunization 161
Renal tract 162
Reproductive medicine, ultrasound and 231
Retracting clot appearance 209
Retrochorionic hemorrhage in early pregnancy 31f
Retroplacental fluid collection 96f
Retroplacental hematomas 30
Retroplacental myometrium, thickening of 95
Rhombencephalo synapsis 64
Rokitansky nodule 213
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 135
Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, case of 226f
S
Sacrococcygeal teratoma 58f
classification of 57, 58t
sonoanatomy of 57
Safety 15
cross infection 16
low reasonably achievable 16
mechanical effects 15
thermal effects 15
Saline infusion sonography 250
Sarcoma 106
Scan, timing of 20
Second trimester 79
anomalies, common 52
essential in 151
role of ultrasound in 151
Secretory phase endometrium 238f
Sector scanning probe 6f
Septate uterus 198, 200
on 3D ultrasound 198, 199f
Serious cardiac abnormalities 50
Serous cystadenoma 213
of ovary 214f
Single gene disorders, molecular diagnosis of 160
Skull 26f, 48
Small bowel obstruction 73f
in fetus 72
Sound
measured 3
properties of 3
waves, produces parallel 6f
Spectral Doppler 164, 165
Spina bifida 55, 57f
occulta 55
open 50
Spinal cord 57f
Spine 48
direct visualization of 39
Spontaneous cycle 252
Stimulated cycle, endometrial evaluation in 248
Stomach bubble, causes of absence of 71, 71t
Stomach, causes of absence of 71
Stuck twin 152
Subamniotic hemorrhage 97f
Subchorionic hematoma 30
Subchorionic hemorrhage 95, 96f
Succenturiate placenta 88
Supracervical hematoma 30
Swiss cheese appearance 99
Synechiae 193, 195f
Systolic/diastolic ratio 166
T
Tension hydrocephalus 59
Teratoma 67, 213
Termination of pregnancy 134
Therapeutic amniocentesis 152
Third trimester, diagnosed in 49
Thoracic region 68
Thorax 49
upper 78
Three dimensional ultrasound, role of 200
Time gain compensation 10
Tissue assessment, types of 143
Tracheoesophageal fistula 70
sonography findings of 70t
Transabdominal approach 8
Transabdominal scan 21
prerequisites for 21
Transabdominal sonography 173, 179, 188
Transabdominal technique 162
Transvaginal approach 8
Transvaginal lubricated 173
Transvaginal scan 21
prerequisites for 21
Transvaginal sonography 173, 188
Transvaginal technique 162
Transvaginal ultrasound image 98f, 99
Trophoblastic cells, withdrawal of 158
T-shaped uterus 197
on 3D ultrasound 199f
Tubal ectopic pregnancy
chronic 225f
diagnosis of 223
Tubal inflammation 221
sonographic markers for 221
Tubal patency, ultrasonography for 250
Tuberculosis 221f
Tubo-ovarian
abscess 219, 221f, 222
complex 222
mass 221f
Tumors
benign 206, 213
borderline 206, 214
Twin conception 252f
Twin demonstrating, abdominal circumference of 154f
Twin gestation 119, 120
intrapartum use of ultrasound in 155
sac 22f, 149f
ultrasound in 155f
Twin peak sign 94, 150f
Twin reversed arterial perfusion 153
Twin, ultrasound in appearing 149
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 120, 152
diagnosis of 152
U
Ultrasonography machines, high technology 231
Ultrasound equipment, recent 10f
Ultrasound machine 16
models of 9
Ultrasound transducers transmit 164
Ultrasound wave 4, 9
Ultrasound, role of 44
Umbilical arterial resistance 129
Umbilical artery 167
absent end-diastolic flow in 130f
Doppler reflects 167
Doppler, normal 129f
end diastolic flow in
reduced 128f, 129f
reversed 130f
Umbilical cord 25f, 160, 169
Umbilical vein 160, 161, 169
abnormal 132f
normal 131f
Unruptured follicle, luteinization of 249, 249f
Urethral atresia 117f
Urinary
ascites 117f
bladder 173, 183
Urine pregnancy test positive 224f
Uterine artery 168
Uterine cavity 198, 227f
empty 223f, 224f, 226f
pseudogestational sac in 227f
Uterine contractions 249
Uterine lesions, evaluation of 188
Uterine pathologies, three-dimensional ultrasound in 197
Uterine segment, upper 20f
Uterine serosa-bladder interface 103f
abnormality of 102f
normal 101f
Uterine vessel 85
Uterine-bladder interface 102f
Uteroplacental insufficiency, stages of 169
Uterus 31, 181
and ovaries, dimensions of 179
dimensions of 176f
empty 20f, 225f
normal 198
on three-dimensional ultrasound, normal 199f
positions of 178f
retroverted 178f
size of 174
small 180f
sonoanatomy of normal 174
V
Vaginal bleeding 29, 159
Vaginal spotting 159
Vaginal transducer 173
Vaginal walls, lateral 173
Vanishing twin 150
case of 150f
role of ultrasound in diagnosing 150
Vasa previa 91, 91f
Velamentous cord insertion 91f
Velamentous insertion 89
Vena cava, inferior 168
Vermian agenesis 64
Vermian hypoplasia 60, 63f
Vermis over brainstem, rotation of 64f
Y
Yolk sac 22, 23f, 25f, 43
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