Clinical Problems in Gastroenterology Her Hsin Tsai
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, and t refer to table
A
Abdomen
acute 55, 58, 71
non-gaseous 10
obstructed 67
Abdominis muscle 336
Abscess 347
amebic 349
anorectal 201
appendix 73
crypt 110f
formation 87
ischiorectal 202f
mesocolic 87
perianal 194
pyogenic 348
Acalculous cholecystitis 76
Acarbose 285
Achalasia 295, 298f, 307
early 307f
late 307f
Acid glycoprotein, serum 147
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 160
Adalimumab 150
Addison's disease 118, 260, 268
Adenocarcinoma 6f
esophageal 295
intraepithelial mucous 194
mucinous 198
Adenoma 48
adrenal 247
duodenal 5f
high-risk 253
tubulovillous 250f
Adenomyomatosis 8, 52
Adenylcyclase, colonic 118
Adequate lateral pressure 231f
Adhesions 90
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, intravenous injection of 261
Aerophagia 274
Afferent loop obstruction syndrome 281, 283
Alanine aminotransferase 375, 376, 382
Albumin 358, 383
Alcohol 326, 385, 389
assessment of 377
consumption 267, 375
dehydrogenase 386f
excess 397
metabolism 386f
Alpha chain disease 121, 172
Alpha-fetoprotein
abnormal 380
serum 345
Amebiasis, chronic 163
Ameboma 163
Amenorrhea 269
Ammonia generation 404
Ampicillin 105
Ampulla of Vater 234
Amylase 80
serum 64
Amyloidosis
intestinal 172
primary 172
Anal fissures, acute 197
Anal mucosa, normal 194
Anchovy sauce 337
Anemia 115, 172, 205, 212, 286, 366
hemolytic 320
pernicious 375
Angiodysplasia 192, 208, 211f, 235
Angiodysplastic lesions 235
Angiogram 371f
Angiography 211, 221f, 222f
Angioplasty, coronary 219
Anorectal problems 191
Anorexia 256, 267, 313
nervosa 269
Antacids 189, 301
therapy 291
Antibiotics 76, 150
broad-spectrum 74
Antibody, antinuclear 379
Anticholinergics 189
Antidiarrheal drugs 134, 166
Anti-helicobacter therapy 31
Antineutrophil antibodies, serum 239
Antireflux surgery 302
Antral gastritis 37
Aortic aneurysm 69
abdominal 69, 341, 342f
large abdominal 224f
ruptured abdominal 94
Aortoenteric fistulae 223
Aphthoid 106
ulcers 113
Appendicectomy 73
Appendicitis 59
acute 70, 73
diagnosis of 75
management of 75
Appetite
complex neurohormonal control of 266f
physiology of 265
stimulates 266
Argon plasma coagulation 235, 236f
Arrhythmias, cardiac 403
Arteries, inferior mesenteric 52
Arthritis 112
rheumatoid 238
Ascariasis 164
Ascaris lumbricoides 166
Ascites 208, 335f, 356, 359, 371
development of 360
grading of 361t
malignant 336
pancreatic 174
Ascitic fluid 174, 336, 360f
Aspartate aminotransferase 375, 376
Aspergillus flavus 343
Aspirin 214
Autoimmune disease 327, 328
Autoimmune pancreatitis, computed tomography of 174f
Azathioprine 78, 134, 153, 307
B
Bacillus cereus 162
Back pain 94
Bacteria flora, colonic 127
Bacterial disease 327
Bacterial fermentation 274
Bacterial overgrowth 125
Bacterial peritonitis, spontaneous 361
Balloon tamponade 229
Balsalazide 134
Bariatric surgery 90, 279, 281, 282
four main types of 280f
Barium
enema 111, 192
meal 312f
Barrett's esophagus 289, 303, 304f, 313, 314f
Barrett's mucosa 295
Barrett's visible dysplasia 304f
Basal cell carcinomas 194
B-cell lymphoma 47
Behçet's disease 112, 238
Behçet's syndrome 238
Belching 32, 274, 277
Bicarbonate concentration 124
Bile acid
deconjugation of 125
diarrhea 180
Bile duct dilation, intrahepatic 61
Bile salt
diarrhea 118, 284
handling, abnormal 25
malabsorption 104
Biliary atresia 332
Biliary colic, attacks of 75
Biliary duct stones 9f
Biliary gastritis 6f
Biliary reflux following previous gastric surgery 258
gastritis 41
Biliary tract disease 77
Biliary tree 327
congenital malformations of 332
dilation 174f
Biliopancreatic diversion 272, 280, 280f
Biliopancreatic loop 283
Bilirubin 358, 383
conjugated 326
metabolism 320f
inherited disorders of 321, 326
Biological therapy 122, 150
Biopsy 197
esophageal 299f
multiple 43
rectal 104, 109
Bismuth subsalicylate 166
Blatchford score 205, 207, 207t
Bleeding 191, 209, 234, 239
acute 366
colonic 235
hemorrhoids 196f
life-threatening 227
peptic ulcer 213
rectal 115, 199
Blind loop 125
Bloating 23f, 26, 32, 276, 277
Blood
electrolytes 269
peripheral 169
pressure 206
labile 79
systolic 207
spotting 191
testing, occult 106
transfusion, history of 378
urea 207
vessels 108f
Body mass index 376, 377f, 378
Boerhaave's syndrome 81, 219
Bone
densitometry 170
disease, metabolic 147
growth, normal 380
Bowel
cancer 240
disease 129
ischemic loop of 58
loop
ischemic 71
large 92
obstruction, large 66f, 94f
wall, infarction of 68f
Bowen's disease 194
Brachytherapy, single-dose 317
Bradycardia 269
Bradykinin 179
Brain tumors 247
Breath, shortness of 55
Bristol stool chart 182, 183f
Bronze diabetes 173
Budd-Chiari syndrome 328
Budesonide 159
Bulimia 270
C
Calcified vascular atheroma 18
Calcium 380
channel blockers 189
serum 19
Campylobacter 103, 161
enteritis 108
infection 160
jejuni 102, 162
Cancer 132, 141
classic apple-core appearance of 298f
colonic 114f
colorectal 1, 3, 91, 131, 132, 142t, 240, 242f
esophageal 311, 313f, 314f
higher risk of 243
ovarian 3
pancreatic 330, 331, 331f
renal 20f
cell 20f
second synchronous 252
sigmoid 250f
stomach 44f
Candida septicemia 305
Capsule endoscopy 209, 211
Caput medusae 336
Carbohydrate 402, 404
absorption 285
fermentation of 275
handling 276
meal 285
Carbon dioxide 275
Carboplatin, administration of 317
Carcinoembryonic antigen 252
Carcinoid 254
syndrome 117, 179, 342
tumors 254
Carcinoma 43f, 90, 106
cecal 90
colonic 86, 113
epidermoid 198
gallbladder 330
hepatocellular 343, 345, 345f, 367, 367f
invasive 250f
large bowel 89, 91
medullary 180
pancreas 330
renal cell 340f
small intestine 233
stomach 41
Cardiac failure, congestive 328
Cardinal signs 59
Caroli's disease 329
Caroli's syndrome 332, 333
Catecholamines 179
Celecoxib 214
Celiac antibodies 24
Celiac disease 3, 104, 120, 120f, 168, 168f, 212
diagnosis of 169
Central nervous system 121
Central venous pressure 79
Cerebrovascular accident 188
Chagas disease 188, 307
Charcot's triad 61, 327
Chemoembolization
transarterial 368
transcatheter arterial 346
Chemoradiotherapy, therapeutic 316
Chemotherapy 198, 331
adjuvant 45
neoadjuvant 44, 251
Child-Pugh score 357t
Chlorpromazine 264
Cholangiocarcinoma 327, 329
risk of 329
Cholangitis 51, 77, 327, 393
ascending 77
primary biliary 328, 393
suppurative 77
Cholecystectomy 51
laparoscopic 51
Cholecystitis 51, 74
acute 60, 61f, 75, 77
gangrenous 77f
Choledochal cysts 329, 332
Cholera 117, 178
management of 179
Chymotrypsin, 124
Ciprofloxacin 171
Cirrhosis 147, 356
complications of 356
hepatic 226
plus ascites 364
presence of 383
Cirrhotic liver 357
Clostridium difficile 105, 162
colitis 162, 163f
infection 150, 160
toxin 105
Clostridium perfringens 162
Coagulation disorders 239
Coccygodynia 201
Colectomy, types of 140
Colic, esophageal 290
Colitis 148, 157
chronic low-grade 135
collagenous 22, 103, 157
cystica profunda 199
eosinophilic 159f
ischemic 157
lymphocytic 157
microscopic 157
ulcerative 2f, 3, 87, 106, 107f111f, 113f, 127, 128f, 129, 130f, 253
worse 133
Colon
cancer 213f, 240, 252
sporadic 248f
staging of 251
eosinophilic infiltration of 16f
Colonic disease 105, 146, 153
Colonic transit study 187f
Colonoscopy 142f, 210, 237f
virtual 111
Colorectal cancer, risk of 141
Columnar cells, mucin-producing 11f
Common bile duct 52, 175f, 323f
injury 323f
stones 323f
tumor obstructing lower end of 12f
Computed tomography 114f, 250f, 262f, 268f, 324
aortic angiogram 69f
colography 111f
scanning 12f, 341f
abdominal 43
Condylomata
acuminata 194
lata 194, 198
Connective tissue disorders 85
Constipation 25, 98, 182, 185, 188, 188t, 189t
causes of 188
predominant irritable bowel syndrome 185
Corpus gastritis 37
Corticosteroids 78, 133, 149
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 265
Cotrimoxazole 171
Courvoisier's law 61
Coxiella burnetii 327
Cramps, abdominal 285
C-reactive protein 2, 59, 104
Creatinine 384
Cricopharyngeal spasm 309
Crigler-Najjar syndrome 321
Crohn's disease 1, 2, 2f, 14, 14f, 20, 25, 74, 87, 90, 104, 110f, 111f, 112, 113f, 118, 122, 127, 128f, 142144, 145f, 148, 151f, 153, 157, 177, 192, 194, 197, 202, 203f, 204, 233, 235, 238, 342, 404
classic hallmarks of 146f
colonic 150
diagnosis of 15f
management of 149
natural history of 148f
perianal 156
prevalence of 143
specific complications of 154
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome 255
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome 227
Cryptosporidium 103, 161
Cullen's sign 57, 62
Curling's ulcers 35, 219
Cyanosis 299
Cystic fundic polyps 48
Cysts 163, 164
hepatic 347
Cytochromes 98
Cytomegalovirus 305, 327, 353, 379
biopsies 292f
inclusion body 306f
serology 379
D
Degos disease 239
Deoxyribonucleic acid 386
Dermatitis herpetiformis 169
Dermatomyositis 238
Desmoid tumors 247
Diabetes 173, 378, 388
mellitus 188
Diarrhea 3, 17, 25, 26, 102, 104, 105, 109, 112, 112f, 117, 127, 173, 179, 276, 281, 284
bloody 157
chronic 106
infective 103, 108, 160
inflammatory infective 103
large volume 117
nocturnal 104
non-bloody 259
non-inflammatory infective 103
predominance of 24
secretory 178, 179
watery 117, 118, 159, 180
Diclofenac 214
Dietary therapy 152
Dieulafoy's lesion 220, 221f, 222f
Digoxin 105
Directly acting oral anticoagulants 208
Distension, abdominal 65, 276, 335f
Diuretics 78
Diverticular disease 18, 63
Diverticulitis 18, 63, 85, 87, 88
Diverticulosis 235
Diverticulum, esophageal 310, 310f
Domperidone 302
Dopaminergic antagonists 264
Drug 258, 326
efficacy 135
history 378
therapy 149, 229, 306, 308
Dubin-Johnson syndrome 326, 384
Dumping syndrome 284
frequency of 281
Duodenal
biopsies, endoscopic 171
disease 3
Jejunal flexure 95
obstruction 258, 331f
perforation 83
ulcer
acutely bleeding 215
management of 29
multiple 5
perforated 84
posterior 3
Duodenitis 7, 31
Duodenum 10
Dupuytren's contracture 386
Dysentery, amebic 163
Dyspepsia,
functional 32, 33
non-ulcer 32
Dysphagia 283, 292, 293, 308, 309, 312, 313, 400, 403
esophageal 293
oropharyngeal 293
Dysplasia 132, 141
high-grade 141, 304f
Dyspnea 299
E
Eating disorders 265
Echinococcus granulosus 347
Ectopic pregnancy 70
rupture of 69, 70
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 239
Electrolytes 80
Emergency laparotomy 71
Empyema 71, 75, 338
Encephalopathy 356, 359, 364, 371
grades of 365t
hepatic 229
Endocrine disease 118
Endocrinological disorders 188
Endometriosis 20
Endometriotic cyst, spontaneous rupture of 70
Endomysial antibodies 120
Endoscopic therapy 216, 217, 229
Entamoeba coli 103
Entamoeba histolytica 161, 163, 349
Enteritis, eosinophilic 16f
Enterobiasis 165
Enterobius vermicularis 165, 165f, 195, 201, 201f
Enteroenteric anastomosis 281
Enteroscopy 211
Enzyme 376
concentration 124
hepatic 259
Eosinophil infiltrates 299f
Eosinophilic enterocolitis, diagnosis of 16f
Epilepsy 98
Episiotomy 193
Epithelioid cells 117f
Epithelium 120
Epstein-Barr
serology 379
virus 327, 379, 393
Erythema nodosum 147, 162
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 2, 104
Erythromycin 105, 167
Escherichia coli 103, 327, 349
Esophageal
cancer
advanced 317
large 315f
treatment of 318
candidiasis, extensive 305
disease, antigen-mediated 306
eosinophilia, causes of 306
mucosa, transformed 295
perforation, prognosis of 82
sphincter, lower 288, 289, 301, 307f, 308
stricture, balloon dilation of 305f
ulcer, benign 296f
Esophagectomy 316
Esophagitis 300
eosinophilic 298, 299f, 305
infective 305
Esophagogastric junction cancers 317
Esophagus 288
ulcerated peptic stricture of 296f
Ethanol 386
Extrahepatic ducts 332
F
Fat
intolerance 32
malabsorption 173
Fatigue 284
Fatty acids, short-chain 274, 404
Fatty diarrhea 118
Fatty liver 385, 387f
disease 406
non-alcoholic 361, 376, 378, 380, 388
Fecal blood loss 252
Fecal calprotectin 2f, 104
level of 24
Fecal incontinence 193, 200
Fecal peritonitis 88
Fecal transplant 162
Fever 327
Fibromuscular ring 297
Fibrosis 174f, 356f, 387f
tissue 195
Fissure, anal 188, 197
Fistula 154, 194
anorectal 202
formation 87
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis’ syndrome 70
Flexible sigmoidoscopy 105
Flucloxacillin 326
Fludeoxyglucose 314
Fluid and electrolyte replacement 179
Food poisoning 161, 257
causes of 162t
Forceps delivery 193
Fragile superficial capillaries 238f
Fundic gland polyps 49f
Fungal infection 198
G
Gallbladder 8, 52, 71, 324, 331f, 338
adenomyomatosis of 8
cancer 330
disease 7
distension 339
fossa 65f
palpable 61
ultrasound scan of 61f
wall 61
Gallstone 7, 9, 50, 52, 56, 61, 75, 76, 147, 281, 282, 282f, 324
development 283
disease 282
management of 325f
formation of 51, 282
medical management of 52
related disease 78, 80
Gamma glutamyl transferase 376, 380, 381
Ganglioneuroblastoma 178
Gas production, causes of 23
Gastointestinal bleeding 213
Gastrectomy
partial 286
vertical sleeve 272
Gastric
acid 286
adenocarcinoma 43f
antral vascular ectasia 36, 36f
band 272
laparoscopic adjustable 280f
placement 279
bypass 280
cancer 38, 41, 44f, 45, 267
early 45
large 42f
management of 43
treatment of 45
carcinoma 258
dilatation, risk of 270
disease 3
distension, acute 281
emptying study 260
erosions 219
inhibitory polypeptide 285
lymphoma 45, 46f48f, 223, 223f
malignancies 45
metaplasia 31, 32
mucosa, eosinophilic infiltration of 39
mucosal inflammation 36
neoplasm 83
operations 279
numbers of 279
outlet obstruction 261
parietal cells 30f
pathology 261
perforation 83
polyps 48
scanning 260
ulcer
benign 35
margin, histology of 28f
perforated 83
risk of 36
varices 231, 232f
volvulus 18f, 311, 312f
Gastrin 30f, 33
acetylcholine 30f
producing tumor 5
secreting pancreatic tumor 117
Gastrinoma 6
duodenal 6
Gastritis 36, 36f, 37t, 38, 39, 262
acute 37
alcoholic 257, 258
atrophic 40
chronic 37
eosinophilic 40
granulomatous 39, 40
helicobacter-associated 40
hypertrophic 39
infectious 39
lymphocytic 40
severe 38f
viral 257
Gastroenteritis
eosinophilic 158
viral 168
Gastroenterology 258
Gastroesophageal
junction 279, 288, 316
reflux disease 300, 306
tumor 298f
varices 227
Gastrointestinal
abdominal pain, upper 4
bleeding 205, 359, 366
severe 205
upper 192
disorders, upper 288
disturbance 55
endoscopy, upper 209
infection 256
motility 265
stromal tumor 50, 50f, 222, 222f
tissue 158
tract 264, 365
function of 399
primary function of 183
spontaneous perforation of 80
Gastroparesis, diabetic 258, 260f
Gastropathy, portal hypertensive 233
Gastropexy, vertical band 280
Gastroplasty, vertical banded 280f
Genetic syndromes 242
Ghrelin 265
Giant cell granulomas 117f
Giardia 102, 103
lamblia 121, 161, 166
infestation 163
Giardiasis 163, 170
Gilbert's syndrome 321, 384
Globus hystericus 292
Glomerulus 62
Glottis 81
Glucose
isotope of 45
tolerance tests 173
Glyceryl trinitrate 197, 229
Glycocholate breath test 126
Glycoprotein 252
Granulomas 111f
Granulomata, non-caseating 106, 146, 146f
Granulomatous disease 381
Grey Turner's sign 57
Gynecomastia 335f, 357f
H
Hartmann's pouch 339
Hartmann's procedure 93
Head
injury 188
tumor, pancreatic 12f
Headaches 284
Heart disease, ischemic 36, 229
Heartburn 33, 288
Helicobacter pylori 4, 26, 28, 30, 37, 38, 38f, 219, 281
diseases, putative pathogenesis of 29f
eradication 29
infection 27, 31, 37, 47, 48f, 213, 214
Heller's procedure 308
Hemangiomas 346
Hematemesis 209
Hematochezia 205
Hematoma 69f
perianal 195
Hemochromatosis 173, 343
hereditary 380, 396
Hemoglobin 207
Hemolysis 320
Hemorrhage 208
acute 213f
recent 206, 206t
spontaneous 108f
Hemorrhoids 195, 196f
thrombosed 188
Henoch-Schonlein purpura 239
Hepatic
cyst, simple 337, 348f
fibrosis, congenital 332, 333
mass, irregular 344
venous flow, assessment of 339
Hepatitis
A 353
virus 392
acute 258
alcoholic 368, 386
alcoholic 358, 369f
autoimmune 321, 328, 376, 379, 394
B 343, 353, 354, 379
core antibody 390
surface antigen 390
virus 344, 376, 379, 389, 390t, 391
C 353, 379
virus 344, 379, 391, 392
chronic 147
D virus 391
infection 391
E virus 392
evidence of 259
viral 357, 378, 389, 392, 397
Hepatocellular carcinoma
development of 358
primary 343, 344f
Hepatoma 343, 344
Hepatorenal syndrome 359, 361, 363
development of 363f
diagnosis of 364t
types of 364t
Hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome 246
Hernia 90
hiatus 17f, 219, 288, 311
internal 281, 282
para-esophageal 311
umbilical 91f
Herpes simplex virus 305
High jugular venous pressure 336
Hinchey classification 63
Hirschsprung's disease 188, 189, 336
Histamine 179
H2 antagonists 301
receptor 30f, 264
Hormonal signals, peripheral 265
Hormone
adrenocorticotropic 313
metabolic 273
production of 265
Howell-Jolly bodies 120
Human immunodeficiency virus infection 305
Human papillomavirus, types of 197
Hydatid cysts 347
Hydrogen production 274
Hyperbilirubinemia 319, 384
conjugated 320, 321
unconjugated 320
Hypercalcemia 19, 188, 258, 261
Hypercholesterolemia 378, 388
Hyperemesis gravidarum 258, 384
Hyperglycemia 266
Hyperlipidemia syndromes 19
Hyperparathyroidism 188
Hyperplasia
crypt 120
lymphoid 73
Hypertension 98, 378, 386, 388
management of 388
portal 225f, 226
Hyperthyroidism 261
Hypoalbuminemia 361
Hypochlorhydria 117
Hypokalemia 188
Hypolactasia 164, 167, 170
Hyponatremia 361
Hypophosphatemia 403
Hypotension, postural 260
Hypothalamus 266
Hypothyroidism 188
Hypovolemia 359
signs of 359
Hypoxemia, severe 78
I
Ibuprofen 214
Ileal disease, terminal 153
Ileitis 148
Ileocecal valve 107f
Ileocolitis 148
Iliac fossa 336, 341
Immune disease, history of 394
Indomethacin 214
Infarction 68
intestinal 67
Infectious disease 324
Infective diarrhea
causes of 160
consequences of 160
Infertility 70
Infiltrative lymphoma cells, proliferation of 47f
Inflammation
chronic 106
severe 163f
sigmoid 16f
Inflammatory bowel disease 1, 56, 87, 103, 136f, 192, 213, 235, 244
Infliximab 150
Interleukin 160
Intestinal
bacterial overgrowth, small 125, 177
cancers, range of 270
disease 12, 120, 126
infarction 17
ischemia 96
obstruction 65, 88, 89, 96, 262
diagnosis of 65, 92
peptide, vasoactive 178, 179
Intestine
contractions of 12
small 164, 178
vasculitis of 238
Intra-abdominal pathology 64, 96
Intraductal
epithelial neoplasms, malignant 11f
papillary mucinous neoplasm 330
Intrahepatic ducts, dilated 12f, 13f
Intrathoracic pressure 256
Iron
deficiency 286
replacement therapy, simple 286
Irritable bowel syndrome 1, 2f, 3, 21, 24, 104, 184, 192, 276, 335, 335f
postinfective 23
Ischemia 67
intestinal 53
mesenteric 17, 52
J
Jaundice 208, 319, 319f, 326, 327, 332, 359, 378
degree of 7
radiological investigation of 324t
Jugular venous pressure 362
K
Kasai portoenterostomy procedure 332
Kelly-Patterson syndrome 310
Kernicterus 321
Ketoprofen 214
Kidney 340
injury 359
L
Labyrinthitis 258
Lactulose syrup 126
Lamina propria
colonic 146f
edematous 254
mononuclear cells 169
Lansoprazole 105
Lanugo hair 269
Lanz incision 75f
Laparotomy, second-look 86
Large bowel obstruction, management of 93
Leptospira icterohemorrhagica 327
Leukemia 197
Leukocytes 133
Leukoplakia 198
Leukotriene receptor antagonist 159
Lichen planus 198
Linitis plastica 41, 42f, 401
infiltrative gastric cancer of 262f
Lipoma, esophageal 297f
Liver
abscesses 338f
causes of 349
biochemistry, abnormal 375, 382
biopsy 345, 382
cirrhotic 356f
disease 227, 228, 358, 375, 384
alcohol-related 385, 386, 387f
autoimmune 379, 393
chronic 324, 335f, 351, 356, 357, 357f, 377
history of 352
inherited 396
severity of 358
signs of 208
stage of 358
enzyme 375
failure 351, 361
acute 351, 351f, 352f, 355
acute-on-chronic 369
chronic 353
encompasses 351
function test 324, 376, 377f, 382
abnormal 7, 147, 375
metastases 44f, 316f
resection 345
screen, noninvasive 376, 378
synthetic function 362
transplantation 333, 355, 373
tumors 343
Local disease, management of 316
Lymph nodes
abdominal 341
enlarged 223f
Lymphangiectasia, intestinal 121
Lymphocytes 120
intraepithelial 168
Lymphoid tissue, mucosa-associated 47, 48f
Lymphoma 90, 253
intestinal 121, 169, 171, 172
mediterranean 172
primary 172
Lynch's syndromes 247, 248
M
Macroamylasemia 62
Maddrey's discriminant function 369
Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography 323f, 324
enteroclysis 121, 155f
enterography 3
imaging 13f, 14f, 113f, 203f
Malabsorption
causes of 121
severe 172
Malignant disease
exclusion of 267
occult 19
Mallory's hyaline 387f
Mallory-Weiss tear 209, 219, 220f
Mallory-Weiss type 220
Malnutrition, risk of 399
Mass
abdominal 334
appendix 73
central abdominal 341
lower abdominal 58
pancreatic 341
renal 340
suprapubic 341
Mast cell stabilizer 159
McBurney's point 59
Mebendazole 348
Meckel's diverticulitis 74
Meckel's diverticulum 209, 210
Melanomas 194, 198
Melanosis coli 115f
Meloxicam 214
Memory T-lymphocytes, migration of 135
Ménétrier's disease 39
Menetrier's hypertrophic gastritis 262
Meniere's disease 258
Menopause 393
Mesalazine 150
Mesenteric artery syndrome 52, 263
Metabolic disease 19
exclusion of 268
Metabolic disorders 188
Metabolic syndrome 375, 388
Metaplasia 132, 303
intestinal 38
Metastatic disease, management of 317
Metformin 105
Metoclopramide 209
Metronidazole 150
Micronutrient 405
deficiencies 286
Mirizzi's syndrome 7, 339
Mononucleosis, infectious 393
Monospot test 393
Motor neuron disease 293, 310
Motor neuropathy 98
Mucocele 75, 338
Mucosa
colonic 137f
rectal 103, 106
Murphy's sign 60
Muscle
antibody, smooth 394
hyperplasia, smooth 254
involvement 172
Muscular tear 82
Myasthenia gravis 293
Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare 39
bovis 167
tuberculosis 167
Myocardial infarction, acute 81
Myotomy, per-oral endoscopic 308
N
N-acetyl cysteine 354
Naproxen 214
Nasogastric tubes 405
National Institute of Clinical Excellence 21, 152
Nausea 32, 65, 256, 257, 259
causes of 257, 258
neurophysiology of 256
painless 257
N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-amino-benzoic acid 124
Necrosis
develops, pancreatic 78
pancreatic 79
Neoplasms, pancreatic 341
Neoplastic disease 20
Nephrotoxic drugs 364
Nervous system, sympathetic 363
Neural tissues 178
Neurokinin 256
Neurological disease 293
Neurological disorders 188
Neuromuscular disease, primary 293
Neuropathy, diabetic autonomic 188
Neutrophil 103
infiltration 369f
Neutrophilia 67
Nitrogen 274
source 403
Nodules, regenerative 356f
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
agents 56, 213
drugs 4, 189
Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, causes of 219
Nosocomial infection 162
Nutritional status, assessment of 399
O
Oat cell carcinoma 178
Obesity 270, 279, 357, 375, 397
surgery
endoscopic appearance of 284f
gastrointestinal complications of 279
Obstruction, relief of 329
Octaplas 228
Octreotide 51, 286
scan 34f
Odynophagia 288, 291, 305
Ogilvie's syndrome 66, 92
Olsalazine 134
Opiate analgesia 76
Opioids 189
Oral mesalazine 136
Oral metronidazole 162
Oral ulcer 112, 145f
Osteomalacia 147
Osteopenia 147
Osteoporosis 147
Ovarian cyst, torsion of 70
Oxygen therapy 79
P
Paddy fields 164
Paget's disease 194, 195, 198, 380
Pain 192, 327
abdominal 2, 14, 19, 20, 22, 55, 58, 65, 73, 98, 172, 173, 257, 281
agonizing 67
anal 192
biliary colic 7
cardiac 290
chest 55, 81
chronic abdominal 1, 21
epigastric 32, 72
esophageal 288
functional 1
management of 331
organic 1
periodic 27
rectal 201
recurrent abdominal 21
upper abdominal 72
Palmar erythema 335f, 357f, 378
Pancolitis 133
Pancreas 6, 178
atrophic 175f
computed tomography of 123f
intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of 11f
magnetic resonance imaging of 124f
Pancreatic cancer, magnetic resonance imaging scan of 331f
Pancreatic disease 10, 122, 124
benign 124
malignant 124
Pancreatic duct 175f, 234
dilated 13f, 175f
Pancreatic function tests 123
Pancreatic imaging 123
Pancreatic insufficiency 104
Pancreatic lesion 10
endoscopic ultrasound of 332f
Pancreatic malignancy 329
Pancreatitis 51
acute 56, 61, 62, 62f, 77, 80
alcohol-related 78
autoimmune 173
azathioprine-induced 11f
chronic 13f, 123f, 124f, 174f, 177
severe 78
Pangastritis 37
Para-aminobenzoic acid 124
Paracentesis, large volume 362
Parasites 163
Parasitic disease 327
Parathyroid 6
Parenteral nutrition 405
Parietal cell 30
function 30f
Parkinson's disease 188
Parotid gland 386
Peg solution 263
Pelvic
abscess 87, 192
computed tomography scan 43
esophageal stricture 304
floor dysfunction 187
pain 20, 70, 192
peritonitis, acute 71
ulcer 35, 74
disease 37, 208, 214
Peptide secreting tumors 178
management of 179
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram 12f, 329
Perianal disease 148, 156, 156f, 203f
Pericholangitis 147
Peritoneal
cavity 85
irritation, signs of 76
Peritonitis 65
feculent 87
lower abdominal 85
purulent 87
Petersen's hernia 90
Peutz-Jeghers polyps 254
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 233
Pharyngeal pouch 294f, 309
Phosphatase, alkaline 376, 380, 382
Phosphate 380, 403
Phrenic dyssynergia 23, 276f
Pigment lesions 234
Pinworm 165
Piperacillin 229
Piroxicam 214
Plasma
cortisol 261
potassium 261
viscosity 2
Plexus hematoma, external 197
Plummer-Vinson syndrome 310
Pneumatic balloon, large 309f
Pneumatosis 117f, 237f
coli 237
computed tomography of 237f
management of 237
cystoides intestinalis 116f
intestinalis 68f
Pneumomediastinum 82f
Pneumoperitoneum 64f, 65f
Polya gastrectomy 125
Polyarteritis 96
nodosa 238
Polycystic liver disease 332
Polycythemia rubra vera 328
Polyethylene glycol 15, 186
Polymyositis 293
Polyp 244
adenomatous 242
benign 90
classic adenomatous 243f
colonic 254
colorectal 240
dysplastic 245f
hamartomatous 254
hyperplastic 244, 254
juvenile 254
metaplastic 254
numbers of 244
Polypeptide, pancreatic 265
Polypoidal
esophageal tumor 297f
lesions, management of 52
Polyposis
coli, adenomatous 246
familial adenomatous 48, 246
syndromes 48, 49f
Porphyria 19, 98
intermittent 56, 98
Portal hypertension 208, 356
clinical features of 227
development of 357
etiology of 225
pathogenesis of 225
presinusoidal 225
sinusoidal 226
Portal pressure, normal 225
Portal vein thrombosis 225
diagnosis of 226
Portal venous gas 67
Positron-emission tomography scan 45
Potassium 403
serum 285
Prader-Willi syndrome 265
Preeclampsia 385
Pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of 384
Prochlorperazine 264
Procidentia 199
Proctalgia 201
fugax 192
Proctitis 139
ulcerative 192
Prolactinoma 6
Prophylactic antiemetics 259
Prostaglandin inhibitors 133
Protein energy malnutrition 370
Prothrombin 259
time 352
Proton 30
pump 30
inhibitors 30, 282, 289, 302
Pruritus 195
ani 195, 200
Pseudoachalasia 308
barium swallow of 298f
phenomenon of 297
Pseudocyst 174
large pancreatic 342f
Pseudomembranous colitis 87, 105, 160
Pseudo-obstruction 92
Psychology 22
Psychosis 98
Puborectalis straightens 184f
Pus cells 103
Pyloric stenosis 258
Pyoderma gangrenosum 131f
Pyrexia 61
presence of 337
R
Radiation proctitis 116f, 238, 238f
Rapid dehydration, causes of 56
Reactive oxygen species 386
Rectal mucosa, normal 106
Red blood cells 320
Refeeding syndrome, risk of 401
Reflux
disease, endoscopy of 290f
esophagitis 300
gastritis, alkaline 39
Reiter's syndrome 162
Renal artery, lower border of 96
Renal disease 356
intrinsic 364
Renal dysfunction 384
Renal impairment 359, 374
Retinal pigment epithelium, congenital hypertrophy of 246
Retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic 324, 325f, 395f
Reye's syndrome 259
Rheumatoid disease 173
Ribavirin 392
Rockall score 206f, 206t
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses 8
Roundworm 164
Roux-en-Y
gastric bypass 272, 280, 280f
reconstructions 286
type operations 281
S
Saliva, outpouring of 35
Salmonella 103, 161, 162
infection 160
osteomyelitis 161
septicemia 161
typhi 349
Salpingitis, acute 70
Sarcoidosis 40
Schatzki ring 297, 311
Schistosome 164
Schistosomiasis 164
haematobium 164
japonicum 164, 166
mansoni 164
Sclerosing cholangitis, primary 129, 132f, 245, 395, 395f
Sclerosis, multiple 188
Sclerosus et atrophicus 198
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 26
Sepsis, signs of 359
Serious organic diseases 21
Sertoli cell tumors 255
Sexual abuse 192
Sexually transmitted disease 194, 197
Shigella 103, 161
dysentery 167
Shock, absence of 364
Sickle cell anemia 320
Sigmoidoscopy, rigid 105
Sjögrens’ syndrome 173, 289
Skin disease, chronic ulcerating 130
Small bowel 90, 121
bacterial overgrowth 284
infarction 68f
obstruction 58, 66f, 89f, 154f
causes of 89, 90
management of 92
perforation 84, 85t
Snail track ulcers 106
Sodium
cromoglycate 159
hydroxide, pellet of 105
retention 361
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome 189, 190f, 198, 199f
Spasm, esophageal 292f, 308
Spider naevi 208, 357f, 378
Spinal cord lesion 188
Spleen, palpable 339
Splenic atrophy 169
Splenic flexure 158
Sporadic colon cancer, pathogenesis of 247
Squamous carcinoma in situ 194
Squamous cell
cancer 312
esophageal cancer 317
Staphylococcus aureus 162
Steatorrhea 103, 120, 118, 122, 125, 173
necessitates 122
Steatosis 147, 369f
Stenosis, stomal 283
Stercoral perforation 86
Steroid 153
budesonide 150
Stomach, fundus of 221f
Streptococcus faecalis 349
Streptococcus milleri 349
Stroke 188
Strongyloides 121
stercoralis 166
Strongyloidiasis 164, 170
Sulfasalazine 133, 150
Swallowing 288
Swelling
abdominal 334
generalized 334
parotid 208
Sydney classification 36
Syphilis 197, 198
Systemic lupus erythematosus 238
T
Tachycardia 98
Tapeworm 347
Tazobactam 229
T-cell lymphoma 169
Telangiectasia
hemorrhagic 234
hereditary hemorrhagic 234
Telangiectatic lesions 115
Tenesmus 193
Thalassemia 320
Theophylline 105
Thiazide diuretics 105
Thiersch procedure 199
Thiopurine S-methyltransferase 134
Thoracic cavity 82
Thumbprinting, classical sign of 96
Thyroid 178
capillary carcinoma of 247
Thyrotoxicosis 118, 258
Tissue transglutaminase 120
Toxic albendazole 348
Toxic alkaloids 227
Toxic gluten 169
Toxic megacolon 138
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 362, 370, 371, 371f
complications of 372f
contraindications of 372f
Traveler's diarrhea 161
causes of 161t
Trichophagia 262
Trichotillomania 262
Trichuris 165
trichiuria 166
Triosorbon 152
Tropheryma whippelii 171
Tropical sprue 170
Trypanosoma cruzi 308
Tubeless function tests 124
Tuberculosis 197
gastrointestinal 122, 167
intestinal 167
Tumors
anal 198
benign 295
duodenal 233f
esophageal 316f
hepatic 346
metastatic 347
necrosis factor 122, 135
neuroendocrine 34f
obstructing 188
ovarian 255
pancreatic 10, 13f
renal 341f
testicular 255
Turcot syndrome 247
Turner's sign 62
Two-stage ileoanal pouch operation 141f
U
Ulcer 56
colonic 235
deep
excavated 210f
fissuring 15f, 110f
disease 32f
duodenal 4, 38, 213
duodenal 5f, 26, 215f
endoscopic appearance of 215t
genital 112, 238
pre-pyloric 4f
serpiginous 145f
solitary 235
stomal 281
Ultrasound 324
endoscopic 44, 175f, 224f, 308
scanning 376
Umbilicus 336
Uremia 258
Urinary retention, acute 58
Uveitis 112
V
Vagus nerve releasing acetylcholine 30f
Variceal bleeding 229, 366, 371, 372
management of 227, 366
Varicella zoster 353
Varices 231
portosystemic 227
Vascular bowel disease 56
Vascular occlusion, mesenteric 96
Vedolizumab 135, 150
Veins
hepatic 371f
periumbilical 336
Veno-occlusive disease 227
Venous thrombosis 68, 112
Verner-Morrison's syndrome 117
Vibrio cholerae 162, 178
Vibrio parahaemolyticus 162
Villous adenoma 250f
Villous atrophy 120, 168
Vipoma 117
Viral disease 327
Viral hepatitis infection, chronic 375
Vitamin
B12
deficiency 125
malabsorption 125
D 380
K 383
Volvulus 15
organoaxial 312f
sigmoid 17f
Vomiting 65, 98, 256, 257, 259, 283
causes of 257, 258
drug therapy of 264
epidemics of 259
neurophysiology of 256
psychogenic 263
self-induced 270
severe 258
von Willebrand's disease 240
W
Warts
anal 197
genital 198
Watermelon stomach 36f
Weil's disease 327
Whipple's disease 121, 171
Whipple's procedure 331
Whipworm 165
White blood count 59
Wilkie's syndrome 263, 263f
Wilson's disease 259, 321, 396
Y
Yersinia
enteritis 162
enterocolitica 167
infection 74
Z
Zieve's syndrome 324, 326
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 31, 33, 34f, 49, 117
diagnosis of 5, 34
management of 34
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Chapter Notes

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