Renal Biopsy Interpretation Anila Korula
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure
A
Abscesses 48
Acid fast stains 160
Acyclovir 157
Adenovirus nephropathy 207, 209
Albuminuria 83
Allograft arteriopathy, chronic 201f
Allograft injury, chronic 200
Allograft renal biopsies 188
Alport's syndrome 2, 4, 129, 130f, 131f, 151, 213
autosomal
dominant 131
recessive 131
types of 129
American College of Rheumatology Criteria 63
Amyloidogenic precursor protein 103
Amyloidosis 4, 82, 103, 116, 136
nodular 87
primary 103, 105, 106, 106f
secondary 82
reactive 107
Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum 142
Antibody-mediated rejection, acute 188, 191f, 192f
Antigenemia, viral 30, 48
Antiglomerular basement membrane disease 4, 60, 100
Anti-human leukocyte antigen 213
Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies 89
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 76, 176, 182
primary 79, 182
secondary 182
Anti-retroviral therapy 127
Anti-rheumatic drugs 30
Anti-thyroid microsomal and thyroglobulin 80
Antitubular basement membrane
antibodies 165
disease 159
Antiviral medication 208
Apolipoprotein 104, 146
Arterial concentric intimal fibrosis 175f
Arterial fibrinoid necrosis 175f
Arteries
arcuate 9
interlobular 171
Arteriolar hyalinosis 9, 203
Arteriolar lesions 204
Arteriole 171
Arteriolonephrosclerosis, benign 173f
Arteriolopathy, acute 203
Arteriolosclerosis 85f
hypertensive 204
Arterionephrosclerosis 172
Arteriopathy, transplant 196
Arteritis
isolated intimal 200
necrotizing 77f
Arthritis
rheumatoid 4, 30, 48, 61, 77, 80, 81
severe 78
Autoimmune chronic inflammatory multisystem disease 61
Autoimmune diseases 30, 48
Autoimmune thyroid disease 30
Autoimmune tubulointerstitial diseases 161
Autosomal dominant syndrome 135
Azathioprine 208
B
B cell lymphoma 117, 119
Bacterial infections 182, 210
Balkan nephropathy 159
Banded collagen fibrils 134, 136f, 137
Basement membranes, thickening of 8
Basket weave 131
Beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection 32
Biliary cirrhosis, primary 80
Blood pressure
diastolic 176
optimal 176
Blood vessels, extraglomerular 174
Bone marrow 176
transplantation 48
Borderline rejection 197
Bowman's capsule 5, 6, 16, 22, 44, 105
Bowman's space 5, 44, 78
C
Calcineurin inhibitor toxicity 202
Calcium salts, tubular luminal concretions of 167
Capillary endothelial cells 8
Capillary lumina 22
occlusion of 12
Capillary microaneurysm 84f
Capillary wall
normal thickness of 6f
rupture of 65
Capsular fibrosis 78, 80
Capsular synechiae 8, 17f, 42
Cells
interstitial 154
mediated rejection 186
Cellular rejection
acute 197f, 198f
severe 215
Central nervous system 90
Ceramide trihexoside 142
Cerebral hemorrhage 78
Cholesterol clefts 9
Chromatin, margination of 206f
Churg-Strauss disease 4, 89, 95
Churg-Strauss syndrome 45
Cock's combs 105
Collagen
nephropathies 128, 128, 134
vascular diseases 61
Colon 30
Congophilia 105
Corticomedullary junction 171
Crohn's disease 80, 114
Cryoglobulinemia 48
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors 157
Cyclosporine 176, 202, 208
Cystine crystals 166f
Cystinosis 159, 165
Cytomegalovirus 207
nephropathy 208
tubulopathy 209f
Cytopathic tubular epithelial cell injury 204
Cytotoxic therapy 102
D
Dense deposit disease 46, 49, 50f, 51f, 54, 210
De novo glomerular diseases 212
De novo glomerulonephritis 186
De novo membranous nephropathy 213
Dengue 182
Denys-Drash syndrome 150
Dermatomyositis 77
Diabetes mellitus 176
Diabetic glomerulosclerosis, advanced 86
Diabetic nephropathy
development of 83
glomerular classification of 85
Dialysis 102
Diarrhea, prodromal 176
Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs 82
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 182, 184
Distal interphalangeal joints 136
Dose steroids 102
D-penicillamine 30
Drug toxicity 186
Dysproteinemias 48, 165
E
Edema 9
Elastic lamina 171
Electron dense granules, focal 131f
Electron microscopy 8, 22, 23, 26, 29, 34, 36, 42, 44, 48, 50, 51, 56, 59, 66, 7173, 79, 95, 207
Endocapillary cell 20
proliferation 36
Endocapillary hypercellularity 37, 39f, 73
segmental 19, 36
Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, diffuse predominantly 32
Endocarditis, infective 48, 60
Endothelial cell nucleus 6f
Endothelial necrosis 74
Endothelial nuclei 5
Endothelialitis, lymphocytic 199f
Endothelium 6
End-stage renal
disease 149
failure 126, 136, 140
Enterococcus faecalis 161
Eosinophils 9
Epithelial cells 172
Epstein-Barr virus 213
Erythrocytes 132
Escherichia coli 161, 176
Esophageal dysfunction 78
Extracapillary cells, hyperplasia of 8
Extraglomerular compartment 36, 66, 196
Extraglomerular mesangial lacis cells 172
F
Fabry's disease 4, 142, 151
diagnosis of 144
end-stage renal 144
Familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency 145
Fanconi's syndrome 81, 165
Farber's disease 147
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis 45
Fibrillary glomerulopathies 106, 114, 115f, 136, 210
Fibrils, extracellular deposition of 103
Fibrin thrombi 189
Fibrinogen 104
Fibrinoid
glomerular tuft necrosis 92f
necrosis 73, 191f
Fibrosis 9
Finger print 71
Finnish type congenital nephrotic syndrome 148
Foam cells 9
Focal segmental
glomerulonephritis 36
glomerulosclerosis 16, 20f, 150
necrotizing glomerulonephritis 91f
proliferative lupus nephritis 65f, 66f
sclerosis 17f, 19f
Foot deformities 136
Frasier syndrome 151
Fucosidosis 147
Fungal infections 48, 210
G
Ganglia, autonomic 142
Gangliosidosis 147
Garland pattern 34
Gaucher syndrome 144
Genetic
autosomal mutations 23
defects 152
polymorphisms 176
Giant cell
arteritis 90, 96
reaction 164
Global mesangial sclerosis 130f
Globotriaosylceramide 142
Glomerular amyloidosis 105f
Glomerular basement membrane 5, 7f, 22, 44, 128
Glomerular capillary
endothelial cells 142
fibrin thrombi 192f
fibrinoid necrosis 192
lobule, ultrastructure of 6
lumen 180f, 183
staining of 84
wall 33f
deposits 70f
Glomerular compartments 202
Glomerular diseases 10, 158
Glomerular filtration rate 89
Glomerular immune complex disease, post-infectious forms of 32
Glomerular infarct 178f
Glomerular lesion 80, 81, 172
concurrent 126
Glomerular mesangial deposits 104
Glomerular mesangiolysis 74
Glomerular retraction, ischemic 78
Glomerular tufts
enlargement of 56
ischemic atrophy of 23
Glomeruli 8, 36
Glomerulitis 189
transplant 190f
Glomerulonephritis 4, 57, 114, 127
chronic 4
crescentic 3, 32, 44, 81
cryoglobulinemic 4, 72, 114, 118
diffuse endocapillary proliferative 3
endocapillary proliferative 32
familial membranoproliferative 54
focal necrotizing 81
IgA dominant postinfectious 40
immune complex 127
membranoproliferative 3, 32, 34, 45, 46, 48f, 49, 51, 72, 135, 140, 210
membranous 45
necrotizing 92f
post-infectious 34, 45, 57, 60
primary 10, 44
proliferative 32, 60
rapidly progressive 3
recurrent 210
membranoproliferative 196, 211f
sclerosing 94f
segmental proliferative 60
subtype of 32
Glomerulopathy 204
collagenofibrotic 116, 134, 134f, 136f, 137
collapsing 20, 125f, 151
fibronectin 139, 139f
membranous 82
non-immune derived fibrillary 116
transplant 48, 195, 195f, 202
Glomerulosclerosis 20, 79, 165
diabetic 85f, 106
focal 3, 82, 151, 210, 213
ischemic 173f
nodular 84f
secondary focal segmental 22
segmental 3, 82, 151, 210, 213
Glomerulus, normal structure of 5
Glycogen storage disease 166
Glycolicaciduria 163
Glycoproteinoses 147
Glycosphingolipid, neutral 142
Glyoxylate 163
Gold salts 30
Gonadoblastoma 151
Goodpasture's syndrome 4, 44
Gout 159
Graft dysfunction, causes of 186
Granular
immune deposits, focal 73
perilobular capillary wall deposits 47f
podocyte inclusions 142
subendothelial deposits 140f
Granulomas 9
interstitial 94f
Granulomatosis, eosinophilic 95
Graves’ disease 114
H
Heavy chain
deposition disease 4
gene rearrangement 215
Hematoxylin bodies 69f
Hematuria 4, 60
benign familial 129, 132
degrees of 139
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 3, 176, 183, 184, 210, 212
Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation 106
Hemorrhage
interstitial 189
pulmonary 100
Hemorrhagic fever, viral 182
Henoch-Schonlein purpura 4, 45, 98, 98f
Hepatic enzyme, deficiency of 163
Hepatitis 80
B 30, 48, 127
viral infection 30, 213
C 48, 80, 127
viral infection 213
Hereditary osteo-onychodysplasia 136
Heredofamilial glomerulopathies 128
Human immunodeficiency virus 30
Hurler syndrome 144
Hyaline
droplet 8
thrombi 68f
Hyalinosis, diabetic arteriolar 204
Hyperacute rejection 189
Hypercalcemia 159
Hypercellularity, moderate mesangial 14
Hypergammaglobulinemia 80
Hyperosmolar solutions 203
Hyperoxaluria 159, 163
Hyperplasia 9, 23, 79
Hypertension 133
malignant 175f
primary pulmonary 78
pulmonary 78
renovascular 78
Hypertrophy
glomerular 12, 23
medial 78
microvillous 13f
Hyperuricemia 166
Hypocomplementemia 50
Hypokalemia 159
Hypoxanthinine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 166
I
I cell disease 144, 147
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy 30
Immnofluorescence 72
Immune complex 45, 97
Immunofluorescence 26, 29, 32, 36, 42, 47, 50, 51, 56, 59, 60, 6264, 66, 70, 73, 74, 77, 78, 84, 105, 172
Immunoglobulin 215
Immunotactoid glomerulopathy 114, 116, 117, 118f
In situ subepithelial immune complex formation 213
Indinavir 157
Inflammatory cell 157
infiltrates 9
Interlobular artery, fibrinoid necrosis of 93f
Internal elastic lamina 171
reduplication of 9
International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society Classification, modified 61
International Study of Kidney Disease in Childhood Criteria 12
Interstitial fibrosis 37, 74, 165, 200, 202
diffuse 40f
immunohistochemical 196
Interstitial foam cells 130f
Interstitial nephritis
acute 3, 82, 87
chronic 4, 82, 87
cryptococcal granulomatous 160f
granulomatous 4, 160
Intimal fibrosis 9
Intratubular oxalate crystals 164f
Intrinsic podocyte genetic mutational injury, sites of 152f
Ischemic nephropathy, chronic 174
Ischemic tubular injury, acute 156
J
Joint contractures 136
Jones methenamine stains 22, 35, 117
Juxtaglomerular apparatus 79, 172
K
Karyorrhexis 20, 74
Kawasaki disease 90
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 80
Kidneys 104
after transplantation 144
Kimmelstiel-Wilson's lesions 83
Klebsiella infection 161
L
Lambda conjugated antisera 8
Lamellated myelin 142, 144f
Lamina densa, lamellation of 131f
Leukemias 166
Leukocyte 20
infiltration 8, 73
Light chain deposition disease 4, 87, 106
Lipid storage diseases 2, 4, 142
Lipoprotein glomerulopathy 4, 146, 146f
Liquid chromatography 55
Loops of Henle 155f
Luminal thrombosis 9
Lung 30
disease, interstitial 78
Lupus nephritis 30, 45, 6163, 65, 67, 69, 71f, 72, 73, 75f, 118
minimal mesangial 63f
necrotizing 66
diffuse 69
Lupus vasculopathy 74, 75f
Lymphatic leukemia, chronic 117
Lymphocytes 9, 20
Lymphocytic
endothelialitis, acute 199f
leukemia, chronic 30
Lymphomas 166
Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate 162f
Lymphoproliferative disorder 117
post-transplant 186, 213
Lysosomal storage diseases 142, 147
M
Macrophages, foamy 20
Macula densa 172
Malaria 30
Mass spectroscopy 55
Masson trichrome stain 8, 9
Matrix, condensation of 17f
Membrane cofactor protein 55
Mesangial cell 6, 142
interposition 180f
nuclei 6f
proliferation 42
Mesangial cellularity 38f
Mesangial collagen fibrils 135f
Mesangial expansion 86
Mesangial hypercellularity 13f
grades of 14
score 37
Mesangial interposition 80
Mesangial lambda deposits 106f
Mesangial matrix 6f
expansion 12, 42, 56
Mesangium, normal cellularity of 36
Metabolic disorders 160, 163
Metabolic enzymes 151
Metal toxicity 165
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus 40
Microalbuminuria 83
Microangiopathy
acute thrombotic 3
chronic thrombotic 48, 174
thrombotic 4, 74, 75f, 174, 176, 194, 203
Minimal change
disease 3, 10, 11f, 12, 15, 82
nephropathy 11, 82, 151
Mitochondria 151
Mitochondriopathies 166
Mitomycin drug toxicity 176
Mixed connective tissue disease 4, 48, 61, 78
Monoclonal gammopathy 48, 163
Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease 4, 103, 140, 210
Monocytes 20
intraluminal 125
Mucolipidosis 144, 147
Mucopolysaccharidosis 144, 147
Multiorgan failure, severity of 182
Multiple myeloma 163, 165
Multisystem autoimmune disease 78
Mural fibrinoid necrosis 9
Myeloproliferative disorders 166
Myocarditis 78
N
Nail-patella syndrome 135, 136, 151
Natural killer cell 213
Necrosis, cortical parenchymal 193f
Nephrin gene 148
Nephritic syndrome 3
Nephritis 45, 48, 98, 98f
interstitial 158
Nephropathy
analgesic 82
diabetic 4, 83, 210, 212
HIV-associated 2, 4, 124
hypercalcemic 167, 168f
hypertensive 87
membranous 3, 10, 25, 28f, 29f, 82, 210, 212
primary membranous 25, 25f, 28f, 30, 73
radiation-induced 48
secondary membranous 30
Nephrosclerosis
benign 4, 172
malignant 4
hypertensive 79, 174
Nephrosialidosis 147
Nephrotic syndrome 3, 42, 60, 148
complications of 148
congenital 2, 4, 148, 149f, 213
minimal change 150
primary 10
Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis 157
Nephrotoxicity, drug-induced 82
Neutrophilic infiltrates 56, 65
Neutrophils 9, 20, 89
Niemann-Pick disease 147
Non-diabetic glomerular lesions 87
Non-infectious vasculitis, categories of 90
Non-inflammatory necrotizing vasculopathy 74
Non-muscle myosin heavy chain protein 150
Non-proliferative glomerulonephritis 10
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
agents 30
drugs 30, 82, 157
Normal glomerulus
electron micrograph of 7f
light micrograph of 6f
Nuclear ribonuclear protein 77
O
Obesity 176
Onion-skin thickening 174
Osmotic nephrosis 203
Oxalosis
acquired 164
primary 2
secondary 164
systemic 163
Oxford classification 37
P
Pain, abdominal 98
Pancreas 181
Papillary necrosis 82
Paraproteinemia 4, 103, 117
Parasitic infections 48
Parenchyma, cortical 171
Parenchymal infarction 171
Parietal epithelial cells 8
Penicillamine 82
Pericarditis 78
Periglomerular granuloma 92f
Periodic acid-Schiff 84
reagent 6
Peritubular capillaries 189, 198f, 208
Perivascular granuloma 93f
Phospholipase C epsilon 150
Pierson syndrome 149, 150
Plasma cell 9
Plasma membrane 151
Plasmapheresis 102
Podocytes 18f, 144f, 153
foamy vacuolization of 143f
granular inclusions in 143f
hypertrophy 23
injury
causes of 152
distinct pathways of 152f
proliferated 125
Podocytopathies 2, 4, 11, 148, 151
classification of 151
diagnosis of 152
Polyangiitis 95
granulomatous 4, 45, 89, 90
microscopic 4, 45, 95
Polyarteritis nodosa 90
Polyarthralgia 98
Polydipsia 165
Polymyositis 77, 80
Polyomavirus nephropathy 204, 207f, 208
morphological stages of 205
Polyomavirus tubulopathy 205f
Polyuria 165
Pre-eclampsia 183
Preglomerular arterioles, fibrinoid necrosis of 178f
Pregnancy-induced complications 182
Proliferative glomerulonephritis
atypical 57
diffuse 32, 33f, 36, 45f, 71
mesangial 14
focal 3, 60, 79, 81
mesangial 3, 32, 36, 77, 81, 98f
non-IgA mesangial 42, 42f
Proliferative lupus nephritis
diffuse 35, 68f, 160f
global 69
segmental 69
mesangial 62, 64, 64f
Prostate 30
Proteinuria 4, 60, 133
Proteinuric diseases 151
Proteus mirabilis 161
Pseudomonas 161
R
Raynaud phenomenon 78
Renal amyloidosis 104f, 107f
Renal arteries
large 82
segmental 171
stenosis 174
Renal biopsies 1, 3, 6, 8, 34
Renal cortex 154
Renal disease 3, 98
dysproteinemias-associated 103
systemic 4
Renal dysfunction 4
Renal failure 129, 133, 139
acute 3
postpartum 176
chronic 4
mild 181
severity of 102
Renal function
deterioration 83
mild impairment of 96
Renal medulla 155f
Renal papillary necrosis 87
Renal syndromes, pulmonary 101
Renal transplantation 140, 144, 164
Renal tubular acidosis, proximal 81, 165
Renal vasculature, normal structure of 171
Renal vasculitis 81, 96
Rituximab 194
S
Sarcoidosis 30
Schistocytes 175f
Schistosomiasis 30, 48
Scleroderma 4, 78
renal crisis 79
Sclerosis 8, 9
diffuse mesangial 150f, 151
focal 10
glomerular 74
hypertensive segmental 23
mesangial 42, 46
nodular 86
renal crisis, systemic 176
secondary mesangial 80
segmental 10, 37, 39f, 211f
systemic 61, 77, 78
Scoliosis 136
Shigella dysenteriae, shiga toxin of 176
Sjogren's syndrome 4, 30, 48, 61, 77, 80, 159, 161
Smooth muscle 142
Solid tumors 30
South West Pediatric Nephrology Study 14
Sphingolipidoses 147
Staphylococcal infections 40
Staphylococcus aureus 40
infection 32
Starry sky pattern 34
Stem cell transplantation 176
Steroid resistant genetic forms 152
Stomach 30
Subendothelial deposits, diffuse massive 69
Subendothelial floccular fibrin tactoids 74
Subendothelial region, electrolucent expansion of 179f
Sulfadiazine 157
Swollen endothelial cells 125
Syphilis 30
Systemic glomerular diseases 60, 61
Systemic lupus erythematosus 4, 30, 60, 61, 73, 77, 80
Systemic renal diseases, secondary 45
Systemic sclerosis, diffuse cutaneous 78
T
T cell 213
Tacrolimus 202
Takayasu arteritis 90
Thin basement membrane disease 4, 129, 132
Thrombocytopenia 114, 182
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 176, 181, 184
Thyroid 181
Toxemia, pre-eclamptic 183
Toxic injury 165
Toxicity, interstitial 204
Transplant rejection, chronic 79
Transplant renal diseases 4
Transthyretin 104
Triglyceridemia 176
True inflammatory vasculitis 76
Tubular atrophy 37, 40f, 74, 80, 165, 200, 202
proximal 165
Tubular dilatation, microcystic 126f
Tubular injury
acute 156, 186
ischemic acute 157
Tubular necrosis, acute 3, 156, 156f, 179f
Tubules 8
Tubulitis 197f, 198f
Tubulointerstitial diseases 154
Tubulointerstitial lesions 80, 81, 86
Tubulointerstitial nephritis 157
acute 157, 158, 158f
chronic 158, 159, 159f, 174
sclerosing 2
Tubulointerstitial nephropathy 161
sclerosing 161f
Tubulopathy 202
Tumor lysis syndrome 166
U
Urate nephropathy 166, 167, 167f
V
Vascular diseases 4, 158
Vascular endothelium 142
Vascular lesions 73, 86, 87, 172
Vascular rejection
acute 199f, 201f
chronic 201f
Vascular renal diseases 171
Vasculitis 4, 60, 89, 90, 160
acute necrotizing 76f
large vessel 90
rheumatoid 81
small vessel 90, 102
Vessel vasculitis, medium-sized 90
Vitamin D resistant rickets 165
von Willebrand factor, dysfunction of 181
W
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia 103
Wegener's granulomatosis 4, 45, 89, 90, 160
Wilson's disease 159
Wire loops 67, 68f
X
Xerostomia 80
Z
Zebra bodies 142
ZMPSTE24 gene 151
×
Chapter Notes

Save Clear