Essential Orthopaedics J Maheshwari, Vikram A Mhaskar
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, t refer to table and fc reffer to flow chart
A
Abduction injuries 161, 161f
Abductor lever arm 130
Acetabular reconstruction procedures 223, 223f
Achondroplasia 316, 316f
Acromioclavicular injury, grades of 89t
Acute arthritis, causes of 176
Adult respiratory distress syndrome 43
Alandronate 309
Albers-Schonberg disease 317
Albright's syndrome 249, 320
Amputations 119, 174, 328
closed 329
guillotine 328
indications for 328
level of 329
nomenclature of 329
types 328
Amyloidosis 174
Anaemia 290
Androgens 309
Ankle
ligaments of 159, 159f
sprain 164
stiffness of 163
X-ray of 162f
Ankylosis 176, 183
fibrous 287
types of 183f
Annulus fibrosus 252, 266
Anorexia 313
Anterior dislocation of shoulder
pathoanatomy of 90f
types of 90f
AO method 29
of fracture treatment 29
principles of 29f
Apert syndrome 320
Apophysis 9
Arthralgia 286
Arthritis 175, 286
alkaptonuric 294
haemophilic 294
mono 286
poly 286
rheumatic 177
rheumatoid 286
types of 286
Arthrodesis 78, 83, 216
ankle 163
of joints, position of 84t
triple 216f
types of 83f
Arthrography 152
Arthrogryposis multiplex 320
congenita 211, 212, 213, 218
Arthrolysis 144
Arthropathy, neuropathic 294
Arthroplasties 78, 84
types of 84f
Arthroscopic surgery 152, 334, 335, 335t
limitations of 336
Arthroscopy 152, 334
Articulation 266
Artificial knee joint, parts of 340f
Ascorbic acid 315
Ash brace 191
Ataxia 229
Athetosis 229
Atlanto-axial fracture-dislocation 272
Atlanto-axial injuries 272f
Autonomous bladder 279
Autosomal recessive 310t
Avascular necrosis 50, 115, 131, 138, 166, 318
Aviator's fracture 3
Axonotmesis 63
B
Bamboo-spine appearance 293
Bankart's lesion 90
Bankart's operation 91
Barely visible scars 334
Barlow's test 220, 220f
Barton's fracture 3, 114f
Baseball finger 118
Batchelor's cast 222
Batson's plexus 186
Bence-Jones proteins 245
Bennett's fracture 117, 117f
Bilateral total hip replacement 339f
Biopsy, synovial 289
Bladder
care of 279
rupture of 128
Blood 173, 176, 288
examination 184
Blount's disease 320, 325
Bohler-Braun splint 26, 26f
Bone 307
anatomy of 8
banks 85
benign tumours of 236f
biopsy 309, 312
blood supply of 9
cells 9
chip, avulsion of 6f
constitution of 307, 307fc
cyst 249f
aneurysmal 249
simple 248
deformities 311
forearm 109
formation, heterotrophic 340
grafts, types of 85fc
haemangioma of 236
inorganic constituents of 307
matrix, loss of 308
metastasis in 246
morphogenic protein 85
organic constituents of 307
pains 312, 313
scan 170, 247f, 343
scaphoid 115f
sequestra 172f
structural composition of 9
subcutaneous 155
tumours
benign 235
common 244t
metastasis 235
nomenclature and classification of 236t
primary malignant 235
uncommon benign tumour of 236
Bony ankylosis 287
Book test 68, 68f
Boston brace 282
Bow legs 325
Bowel, care of 279
Braces, common 25t
Bracing, functional 18, 33, 33f
Breech malposition 219
Bristow's operation 91
Brodie's abscess 175, 175f
Brown's tumour 313
Bursa, radial 208
Bursites, common 301t
Bursitis 301
infective 301
irritative 301
C
Caffey's disease 319
Calcaneum 164
X-ray of 203f
Calcar femorale 129
Calcitonin 309
Calcium supplementation 309
Callot's cast 322
Callus 11
Calve's disease 318
Cancellous bone 11
chips 175
Capitulum 107
Card test 67
Caries sicca 202
Carpal tunnel syndrome 303, 322
causes of 304t
Cast, scaphoid 115
CDH, pathology of 220f
Central fracture-dislocation 131f
Cerebral palsy
causes of 229
pattern of 229
severity of 229
treatment 230
Cervical spine injuries
common 272
treatment of 271
Charcot's
arthropathy 325
joint 178, 294
Chemonucleosis 257
Chemotherapy 241
Chest-arm bandage 94
Child's bone, parts of 8f
Chondroid 239
Chondromalacia patella 326
Chondrosarcoma 246
Chopart fracture-dislocation 3
Chronaxie 70
Chronic osteomyelitis, treatment of 173
Chymopapain 257
Claudication 322
Clavicle fracture, displacement of 88f
Claw hand 64, 64f
Clergyman's knee 301
Closed reduction, technique of 130, 156
Club feet, primary and secondary 213t
Club hand, radial 225
Clubfoot 210
calcaneal angles in 213f
idiopathic 211
management of 214f
Clutton's joints 178
Cobalt-chromium alloy 339
Cobb's angle 281
Cod-fish appearance 309
Codman's triangle 240
Cold abscess 187
Collar, cervical 272
Collateral ligament
lateral 148
medial 148
Colles’ cast 113f
Colles’ fracture 3, 112, 112f
displacement in 112f
technique of reduction of 113f
Compartment syndrome 47, 158
Eaton and Green cycle for 47f
Complex regional pain syndrome 51-52
Compound palmar ganglion 302
Compression, inter-fragmentary 29
Conduction velocity 71
Conservative methods 141, 285, 294, 311
Continuous suction irrigation system 174, 174f
Convex 281
Cord 276
anterior 277
central 277
concussion 276
lesion 277
posterior 277
spinal shock 276
Cortico-cancellous junction 9, 9f
Corticotomy 34
Costo-transversectomy 194
Coxa plana 318
Coxa vara 323, 323f
congenital 225
infantile 323
Cramer-wire splint 25, 25f
Cramps, abdominal 313
Craniotabes 310
Cruciate ligament
anterior 148
posterior 149
Crush injury 120
Crutchfield tongs traction 271f
CT scan 173, 190, 190f, 255f, 261, 270, 277, 342
CTEV shoes 216, 216f
Cubitus valgus 104
Cylinder cast 147
Cyst
popliteal 326
subchondral 295
D
Day-care surgery 334
De Quervain's tenosynovitis 303f
De Quervain's tenovaginitis 303
Decompression, anterolateral 194
Deep palmar abscess 208
Deep palmar spaces 207f
Deep venous thrombosis 339, 341
Deformities 37, 56, 64, 75, 76t, 102, 104, 112, 177, 179, 227, 311
causes of 76f
correction of 34f, 78, 82
dinner fork 112f
methods of correction of 214
prevention of 289
Degenerative disorders 262
Denis brown splint 216f
Densitometry 309
Diaphragms, rupture of 128
Diaphysial aclasis 317
Diaphysis 8
Diastematomyelia 225
Dilwyn Evan's operation 215f
Dilwyn-Evan's procedure 215
Disability in leprosy, pathogenesis of 180fc
Disc 252
prolapse 257
pathology of 253f
space calcification 294
Discectomy, percutaneous 257
Discharging sinus 172
Dislocation
congenital 219
posterior 91
Dislocations 54, 89, 116, 130, 131, 152
pathoanatomy of 55f
Distal third of shaft of femur, fracture of 142f
Dorsal spine, X-ray of 309f
Dorsolateral wedge 216f
Dorso-lumbar lesion 277
Dorso-lumbar spine injury 274fc
Drain 330
Drawer test
anterior 149
posterior 149
Drugs 296
antibacterial 82
anti-tubercular 184
cytotoxic 82
Dugas’ test 90
Dupuytren's contracture 302, 302t
Dwarfism 316
causes of 316
Dwyer's osteotomy 215f
Dynamic hip screw 136, 139
Dysostosis 320
Dysplasia
fibrous 249
metaphyseal 320
Dystrophy, muscular 232, 233fc
E
Easy fractures causes of 317
Egawas’ test 67
Egg-shell crackling 237
Elbow, X-ray of 52f
Electromyography 69, 70f, 256, 261
Enchondroma 248
Ender's nails 139
Engelmann's disease 319
Epicondyle, medial 105
Epicondylitis
lateral 302
medial 302
Epiphyseal growth, selective retardation of 78
Epiphyseal injuries, Salter and Harris classification of 58f
Epiphyseal plates, widening of 311
Epiphyses 8
delayed appearance of 311
Equinus 211
Erlenmeyer flask 320
Esmarch bandage 329
Estrogens 309
Ewing's sarcoma 173, 243
Exacerbation 174
Excision 84
Exercise
neck muscle 298
therapy 81
Exostoses, multiple 317, 317f
Extensor apparatus, disruption of 152
Extensor hallucis longus 229
Extensor lag 147
Extensor tendons 120
Extensor weakness 148
Extradural pus 192
F
Facet joints, direction of 266f
Fairbank's triangle 323f
Fasciotomy 48
Fat embolism syndrome 43
Fatigue 166
Felon 206
Femoral artery, injury to 143
Femoral head, avascular necrosis of 51f
Femur 145
chondrosarcoma of 246f
condylar fractures of 146f
fracture neck of 132f, 134t
neck of 132
osteosarcoma of lower end of 240f
X-ray of 240f, 243f
Fenestration 256
Fibrillation 295
Fibromyalgia 305
Fibrositis 304
Fibula, Ewing's sarcoma of 243f
Figure-of-8 bandage 88f
Fine needle aspiration cytology 240
Finger strapping 118
Finkelstein's test 303
Fixator 34
Flat foot 326
acquired 327
causes of 326
congenital 326
infantile 327
Fle'che test 292
Flexion distraction injury 268, 270t
Flexion rotation injury 267, 267f, 270t
Flexor tendons 119, 208f
Fluid aspiration, synovial 184
Fluorosis 314
dental 314
radiological features of 314f
skeletal 314
Foot 212
arches of 326f
deformities, types of 211f
drop 63, 179
joint of 210, 210f
ligaments of 210f
X-ray of 166f
Forearm
bone fractures, plan of treatment of 110fc
X-ray of 111f
Fractures 1, 40, 55, 88, 92, 97, 103, 104, 132, 138, 145, 155, 164, 339
acetabular 125
atlas 272
bumper 3
burst 3, 267, 272
calcaneum 165f
types of 164f
chance 3, 268f
classification of 1
clay Shoveller's 273
closed 156
comminuted 148
common 36t
complication of 42, 43t
compression 165, 269f
disease 29
dislocation 272f
displaced 118, 135
displacement in 2f
extra-articular 164
healing of 10, 57
immobilisation of 16
impacted 134, 135
intercondylar 146
inter-trochanteric 134t, 138f
intra-articular 165
isolated 124
Jefferson's 272
line 162
management of 278
march 166
neck of
femur, displacement in 132f
talus, mechanism of injury of 166f
of leg, technique of reduction of 156f
of tibial shaft, X-ray of 11f
open 156
pathological 59, 171, 174, 245, 313
patterns of 2
pelvic 123
reduction of 15
scaphoid 115
shaft of
femur, displacement in 141f
humerus, displacement in 93f
site of 57
splintage of 13f
spontaneous 312
stellate 147
supracondylar 146
treatment, philosophy of 14
types of 57
undisplaced 118, 147, 164, 165
unimpacted 135
wedge compression 272
Fragilitas ossium 316
Freiberg's disease 318
Frog hand 208
Froment's sign 68, 68f
Frozen’ shoulder 304
Fungal infections 178
Fusion, inter-transverse 285
G
Gaenslen's test 291
Gait 69, 221
Galeazzi fracture-dislocation 3, 108, 111, 111f
Galeazzi sign 221f, 221
Gallow's traction 143f
Ganglion 303
Garden's classification 133, 133f
Garre's osteomyelitis lies 175
GCT, treatment of 239t
Genu recurvatum 325
Genu valgum, causes of 325t
Giant cell tumour 237
Girdlestone arthroplasty 198, 199f
Gleno-humeral joint 88
Glycoproteins 307
Golfer's elbow 302
Gonococcal arthritis 178
Granulation tissue 192
Granuloma, eosinophilic 317
Greenstick fracture 59f, 109
Ground-glass appearance 309
Gypsum salt 17
H
Haematoma 330
Haemophilia 177
Hair-pin arrangement 168
Hallux rigidus 327
Hallux valgus 327
Halo-pelvic traction 272f
Hamilton ruler test 91
Hammer toe 327
Hammock-sling 126
Hand
bones, enchondromas of 248f
deformities in 179
sensory innervation of 61f
tendon injuries of 119
X-ray of 248f
Hand-Schuller Christian disease 317
Hanging cast 94
Harrington rod fixation 274f
Harrison's sulcus 311
Hartshill rectangle fixation 274f
Haversion canal 8
Head of femur
avascular necrosis of 319f
blood supply of 129f
Head, femoral 131
Heat therapy 80
Heel pain 304
Hemiarthroplasty 84, 136, 338
Hemilaminectomy 257
Hemi-replacement arthroplasty 136f
Herbert's screw 115
High protein diet 309
Hill-Sach's lesion 90
Hindfoot 210
Hinge joints 155
Hip 130, 194, 296
abductor mechanism of 129, 130f
congenital dislocation of 54, 178, 219, 224f
coxa vara of 323f
deformities 196t
dislocatable 219
dislocated 219
dislocations of 130
dysplastic 219
observation 323
replacement, type of 338f
spica 142, 142f
X-ray of 131f, 134f, 138f
Histiocytosis X 317
Homan's sign 44
Hong Kong operation 194
Hormone 82
induced joint laxity 219
Housemaid's knee 301
Humerus 97
greater tuberosity of 92
shafts of 93
surgical neck of 92
Hunter's disease 319
Hurler's disease 319
Hydrotherapy 81
Hydroxyapatite 9
crystals 307
Hyperextension injury 268f
Hyperparathyroidism 312
Hypotonia, muscular 311
I
Ice therapy 80
Idiopathic scoliosis, radiological features of 282f
Iliac wing fracture 125
Ilizarov's fixation 33f
Ilizarov's technique 33, 34f, 79
principles of 216
Immobilisation of hand, position of 121f
Infected bone, excision of 174
Infection 47, 143, 330
Infective arthritis, early 323
Inflammation, synovial 295
Injuries
adduction 160, 160f
ankle 159, 162f
biomechanics of 266
causes of 69
dashboard 130
epiphyseal 58, 58t
extension 268, 270t
types of 69
unstable 272, 274
vascular 339
Intercondylar notch, widening of 294
Interlock nailing 32, 32f
Internal fixation of spine, methods of 274f
Intertrochanteric fracture, internal fixation of 139f
Intervertebral disc, displacement of 273
Ischiopubic rami fracture 124
J
Jaipur foot 28
Jame's position 121
Jefferson's fracture 3
Jess fixation 216
Joints 178, 198
acromioclavicular 87, 89
aspiration 176
better assessment of 334
damage, repair of 289
debridement 297
deformities of 330
elbow 105
facet 266
flail 229
functions, preservation of 289
injury to 5, 46
involvement 183
metacarpophalangeal 118
mobilising 81
replacement 297
socket 155
sternoclavicular 87, 89
stiffness of 51, 174
tuberculosis of 202
Jones’ fracture 3, 166, 166f
Juxta-articular rarefaction 288f
K
Kanavel's sign 209, 209f
Keller's operation 327
Kienbock's disease 318
Kirschner wire 18
Kite's philosophy 214
Knee 152, 199, 296, 324
arthrodesis of 83f
arthroscopic examination of 152f
arthroscopic surgery 334f, 336f
deformities of 324, 325f
extensor apparatus of 145, 145f
injuries, mechanism of 145, 146f
instability 150
internal derrangement of 152
ligament 145, 148, 149t
stiffness 144, 148, 341
tuberculosis of 201f
X-ray of 83f, 148f, 153f, 201f, 248f, 317f, 341f
Knock knee 324
Kohler's disease 318
Kyphosis 283
angular 283
compensatory 283
Gibbus 283
knuckle 283
postural 283
round 283
Scheurmann's disease 283
Kyphotic deformities 188
Kyphus 187
L
Lachmann test 149
Lamina dura 313
Laminectomy 257
Laminotomy 256
Large central disc prolapse 255f
Lasegue test 255
Latex fixation test 289
Lauge-Hansen classification 160, 162
of ankle injuries 160t
Leg
bone of 155
X-ray of 170f
Leprosy 179
Ligament
complex, posterior 266
deltoid 159, 210
interosseous 210
sprain, degrees of 5f
Ligamentoraxis 114
Ligaments
calcification of 292f
injury to 5
Ligamentum flavum 266
Limb
muscles, motor innervation of 61
sensory innervation of 62
shortening of 56
upper 225
Litterer-Siwe disease 317
Looser's zone 312
Low back pain 258
approach to 263
causes of 258, 258t, 261
investigations 261
treatment 261
Low backache 254
Low velocity injury 2
Lower limb 225
Lower motor neurone 232
Lumbar spine, X-ray of 284f, 292f
Lumbar spondylosis 298
Lumbar vertebrae, tonguing of 319
Lunate dislocations 116
Luxatio erecta 90
M
Madelung's deformity 225
Madura foot 178
Maffucci syndrome 248
Malformations, congenital 224
Malgaigne's fracture 3
Malignant tumours, primary 239
Malleolus fracture
lateral 163
medial 163
Malleolus, posterior 163
Mallet finger 3, 118
Malunion 49, 139, 144
Mantoux test 184
Manus valgus 225
Marble bones 317
Marfan's syndrome 320, 325
Marie Strumpell disease 290
Maxpage operation 103
Mayo's operation 327
McMurray's osteotomy 83, 136f
Mechanism of injury 36, 37t, 62, 130
Median nerve, major motor branches of 66t
Megaprosthesis 241
Melon seed bodies 201
Melorrheostosis 319
Membrana reuniens 231
Meningocele 231
Meningomyelocele 231
Meniscal injuries 150
Meniscus calcification 293
Meniscus tear, types of 151f
Meralgia paraesthetica 305
Mermaid splints 311
Metabolic bone diseases 307, 308f
mixed 308
osteomalacic 308
osteopenic 308
osteosclerotic 308
Metacarpal index 309
Metaphysis 8, 168
cupping of 311
splaying of 311
types of 168f
Metatarsal bones, fracture of 166
Metatarsal shafts, fracture of 166
Meyer's procedure 137, 137f
Middle volar space infection 206
Mid-palmar space 208
Milwaukee brace 282, 283f
Minerva jacket 272, 272f
Minimally invasive technique 334
Mitchell's osteotomy 327
Mobility, abnormal 38
Modified Gustilo and Anderson classification 21t
Monteggia fracture dislocation 108, 110
Morquio's disease 319
Morrant-Baker's cyst 326
Moth-eaten appearance 246
Motor march 62
Motor weakness 179
Movement, loss of 56
scan 173, 256f, 261, 277
Mucoproteins 307
Muscle 54, 329
atrophy 179
curv 71
disorders of 232
pedicle bone graft 137
strengthening 81
wasting of 64
Musculo-skeletal structures 182
Musculo-skeletal system 183
Musculo-skeletal tuberculosis 182t
Myalgia 298
Mycetoma 178
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 182
Myelocele 231
Myelography 190
Myeloma, multiple 243, 245f
Myodesis 329
Myoplasty 329
Myositis ossificans 52, 52f, 320
N
Nail
intramedullary 18
patella syndrome 320
Nausea 313
Neck
of femur, fracture of 132, 135fc
reconstruction 137
X-ray of 322f
Nerve
accessory 68
axillary 68
conduction studies 71
curve 71
grafting 73
injuries 46t, 74, 94
muscle wasting in 64t
Seddon's classification of 63t
median 66
palsies 339
radial 65
repair 72
technique of 72f
sciatic 69
structure of 61f
suture 72
Neural arch, posterior 265
Neural injury, pathology of 276f
Neurapraxia 63
Neuritis 181
Neurofibromatosis 317
Neurolysis 73
Neuroma 330
types of 62f
Neuromuscular junction 232
Neurotmesis 63
Night cries 195
Night-stick 3
Ninhydrin print test 64
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 82
Nucleus pulposus 252, 266
Nutrient artery 9
O
O’Donoghue triad 149
OA
of hip, secondary 295
primary 295
Occupational therapy 81, 289
Ocronosis 294
Oedema, inflammatory 192
Olecranon 105
Ollier's disease 248, 319
Onion-peel appearance 243
Open-book injury, treatment of 126f
Open fractures infection of bone, management of 21
Opponens weakness 179
Orthopaedic disorders 82
Orthopaedic practice, orthoses in 332
Orthopaedic trauma 1
Orthopaedic treatment 231, 289, 310, 311, 314
Orthoses 332
common 333f
dynamic 332
nomenclature of 332
static 332
uses of 332
Ortolani's test 221
Osgood-Shlatter's disease 318
Osseo-fascial compartment 47f
Osteitis deformans 317
Osteoarthritis 138, 139, 148, 150, 163, 165, 166, 178, 289, 295, 296
knee, surgical treatment of 297f
Osteoarthrosis 295
Osteoblastoma 236
Osteoblasts 9
Osteochondral fragment 55f, 153
intra-articular 153f
Osteochondritis 317
crushing type 318
osteochondritis dissecans 318
traction osteochondritis 318
Osteochondroma 247
Osteoclasis 50
Osteoclastic resorption 308
Osteoclastoma 237
Osteoclasts 9
Osteocytic osteolysis 308
Osteogenesis imperfecta 316
Osteoid 240
osteoma 235
Osteoma 235
Osteomalacia 310, 312
Osteomyelitis 47, 168, 171, 173, 203
of tibia 170f
sequestra in 169f
Osteon 8
Osteopathia striata 319
Osteoperiosteal flaps 158
Osteopetrosis marble-bone disease 317
Osteopoikilosis 319
Osteoporosis 308, 309f
causes of 308
Osteosarcoma 239, 241t, 242fc
Osteosclerosis 314
Osteotomy 50, 78, 83, 136, 297, 318
causes of 318
Chiari's 223
common 83t
containment 318
Dwyer's 215
Pemberton's 223
Salter's 223
varus-derotation 223
P
Paget's disease 317
Pain 37, 56, 297
radiating 298
relief of 82
sciatic 254
Painful arc syndrome 304, 305f
Palmar aponeurosis, contracture of 302
Panner's disease 318
Pannus 183, 287
Paraesthesia 298
Paralysis, incomplete 278
Paraparesis 276
Paraplegia 191
Parathyroid hormone 308, 312
Paravertebral abscesses, types of 189f
Pars interarticularis 285
Patellofemoral pain syndrome 326
Partial joint replacement 338, 341
Patella 147, 152, 153
fractures, types of 147f
skyline view of 147f
Patellectomy 148
Pathological fractures, causes of 4t
Pauwel's classification 132, 133f
Pauwel's osteotomy 137f
Pelvic compression test 125
Pelvic injuries, classification of 124t
Pelvic ring 123, 123f
disruption injuries 127fc
Pelvis 314
injury 124f
stability of 123
triradiate 312
X-ray of 38, 221f, 249f, 292f, 312f, 323f
Pen test 66, 67f
Periarthritis shoulder 304
Periosteal reaction 169
Peripheral nerve injury, management of 73fc
Peripheral neuropathies
cause 234
treatment 234
types 233
Peripheral polyneuropathies, common causes of 234t
PET scan 343
Perthes’ disease 318, 323
of hip 318f
Peyronie's disease 302
Phalanges 118, 167
Phantom sensation 330
Phemister grafting 158, 158f
Pigeon-chest 311
Pilon fracture 3, 161
Pin and plaster method 23f
Pin fixator 19f
Plantar fasciitis 304
Plantar ligaments 211
Plaster cast 17t
disastrous complication of 17f
Plaster of Paris 17
Pointing index 64
Policeman tip 64
Poliomyelitis 170, 226
bulbar 227
bulbo-spinal 227
clinical features 226
pathogenesis 226
principles of treatment 228
stages of 226f
Polyarthritis, symmetrical 287
Polyaxial ball 155
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia 249
Ponsetti's philosophy 214
Postero-lateral disc prolapse 253f
Postero-medial soft-tissue release 214
Post-polio paralysis 227t
Pott's disease 185
Pott's paraplegia 194
grades of 192
types of 192
Pressure, axial 38
Pronation-external rotation injuries 161, 161f
Prostheses
body powered 331
common 331f
Prosthesis 331
cosmetic 331
functional 331
parts of 331
Prosthetic, uses of 331
Protrusio-acetabuli 312
Protrusion 253
Proximal volar space infection 207
Pseudarthrosis 137
Pseudocoxalgia 318
Pseudofractures 312
Pseudogout 293
Psoas 190
Psoriatic arthropathy 289, 294
Pubic rami 312f
Pump-handle test 292
Putti-Platt operation 91
Pyogenic arthritis 171
Q
Quadriceps-plasty 144
Quadriparesis 276
Quadriplegia 276
R
Rachitic rosary 311
Radial nerve, major motor branches of 65t
Radiotherapy 82
Radioulnar articulation 108
Radioulnar synostosis 225
Radius
head of 106
neck of 107
normal distal articular surface of 112f
osteomyelitis of 171f
Reconstructive surgery 73, 290
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 51
Rehabilitation 279, 289
Reisser's sign 281
Reisser's turn-buckle cast 282
Renal colics 313
Reticulum cell sarcoma 246
Retrolisthesis 283, 284
Reverse shoulder replacement 341
Rheumatic arthritis 170
Rheumatoid arthritis 286, 286t, 287, 289, 290t
deformities in 288, 288f
diagnosis 287
extra-articular manifestations of 288, 288t
joints 287
stages of 287
Rib, cervical 322, 322f
Rickets 310
radiological features of 311f
types of 310
Ring disruption injuries 125
Ring fixator 19f
Rolando fracture 3, 117f
Root cut-off sign 255
Root transection 277
Rose-Waaler test 289
Rotation 160
RSD 51-52
S
Sacral sparing 277
Sacro-iliac compression 291
Sacro-iliac joint affections 291f
Salter and Harris classification 58, 58t
Salt-pepper appearance 313
Sarcoma, synovial 246
Scaphoid, fracture of 115f
Scapula 87, 89
winging of 63, 68, 69f
Scheurmann's disease 283, 318
Sciatic nerve, injury to 143
Scoliosis 280
compensatory 280
congenital 280, 280f
diagnosis 281
idiopathic 280, 280f
infantile 280
non-structural 280
paralytic 281
pathology of 281f
postural 280
principles of treatment 282
progressive 280
resolving 280
sciatic 280
structural 280
treatment of 283f
Scottish dog sign 285f
Scurvy 170, 315
Seddon's classification 63
Septic arthritis 170
in infancy 178
of hip, sequelae of 178f
Sequestra, types of 172t
Sequestrectomy 173
Seronegative spond-arthritis 259
Serum alkaline phosphatase 240
Sever's disease 318
Sharpe's fibres 8
Shenton's line 130, 222, 222f
Shock, hypovolaemic 42
Short bones, tuberculosis of 203
Short femur, congenital 225
Shoulder arthroscopy 336
Shoulder dislocation
arthroscopic repair of 92f
technique of reduction of 91
Shoulder
anatomy of 87f
anterior dislocation of 91f
dislocations of 90
girdle 87
joint 88
X-ray of 91f
Singh's index 309
Sinus tract malignancy 174
Skeletal traction 27f
Skeletal trauma 46t
Skin 27
flap 329
necrosis 330
ischaemic 81
traction 27f
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis 323
Smith's fracture 3, 114
Soap-bubble appearance 238
Soft dressing 330
Soft tissue
infection 173
release 78
swelling 162
Solitary bone lesion 237t
Soutters’ release 229
Spider fingers 320
Spina bifida 230, 231
types of 231f
Spina ventosa 203
Spinal cord
infarction of 192
injury, medical management of 271
lesions 322
Spinal injuries 277
centres 279
classification 267
mode of injury 266
stable and unstable 266
types of 270t
Spine 314
anatomy of 265f
care of 190
cervical 277
examination of 269
injury, cervical 273fc
involvement, cervical 292
lesions, cervical 322
MRI of 190f
X-ray of 274f, 280f
Splint 25
common 25t
Denis-brown 216
Von Rosen's 222
Spondylitis, ankylosing 283, 290-292, 292f, 293t
Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia 320
Spondylolisthesis 225, 262, 283, 284f, 285
categories 284
degenerative 284
dysplastic 284
isthmic 284
lytic 284
pathological 284
principles of treatment 285
traumatic 284
Spondylolysis 224, 262, 285
Spondylosis, cervical 297
Sprain 5
Spread of tumour, evaluation of 240
Sprengel's shoulder 224
Spring ligament 210
Stable injury 266, 274
Staphylococcus aureus 168, 175, 205
Starch test 64
Starting pain 195
Steindler's release 229
Sternomastoid tumour 321
Stiff spine 291
Stiffness 165, 177, 296, 297
Straddle fracture 124
Straight leg raising test 255, 291, 260, 299
Strength-duration curve 70, 71f
Stress
avoidance of 297
test 6
X-rays 149
Stretch test 47
Stryker frame 279
Student's elbow 301
Stump, revision of 328
Subluxation, posterior 162
Subungual infection, apical 206, 206f
Sudeck's dystrophy 51
Sun-ray appearance 240
Supination-external rotation injuries 161, 161f
Suppurative tenosynovitis 208
Surgical neck of humerus, methods of fixation of 92f
Sweat test 64
Swelling 37
Syndesmophytes 293
Syndrome
Brown-Sequard 277
hemi-section 277
Klippel-Feil 224
Synovitis 323
Syphilis 178
Syringomyelocele 231
Systemic lupus erythematosus 289
T
Tailor's ankle 301
Talipes equinovarus, congenital 210
Talus 159, 165
Tarsal bones, injury of 166
TB hip 195f, 200fc
radiological features of 197f
stages of 196f
TB knee 202fc
TB osteomyelitis 183
TB spine 188f, 191, 191t, 193
Teeth eruption, delayed 311
Telescopy 56
Tendon
rupture, common sites of 6t
synovial lining of 301t
transfer 86
Tennis elbow 302
Tenosynovitis 206, 301
infective 301
irritative 301
Tension-band principle 30
Tension-band wiring 148
Terminal pulp-space infection 206, 206f
Testing flexor tendons of finger, methods of 119f
Tetanus prophylaxis 22
Thenar space 208
Thomas splint 26f
Thoracic and lumbar spine injuries, treatment of 274
Thoracic lesion 277
Thoracic nerve 68
Thoracic spine involvement 292
Tibia and fibula, shafts of 155
Tibia, congenital pseudarthrosis of 225
Tibial plateau fractures 150
Tibial shaft fractures 157f
Tibiofibular syndesmosis 159, 162, 163
Tinel's sign 69
Tomogram 270
Torticollis 321, 321f
causes of 321
congenital 321
infantile 321
Total elbow replacement 341
Total hip replacement 339
Total joint replacement 339
Total knee replacement 340, 340f
Total shoulder replacement 341
Tower shaped head 320
Trabeculae, medial longitudinal 129f
Trabecular stream, medial longitudinal 129
Traction 26, 100, 126, 139, 143
types of 26
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 256
Transient synovitis 323
Transmitted movements, absence of 38
Trauma, fallacious history of 183
Traumatic dislocation 56
Trendelenburg's test 221
Trethowan's sign 324, 324f
Trophic ulcers 179
Tuber calcanei 164
Tubercular arthritis 177
Tubercular osteomyelitis 173
Tubercular pus, direction of tracking of 187f
Tuberculosis 182, 186, 199
Tuber-joint angle 164, 164f
Tumour excision, types of 86f
Tumour syndrome 190
Tumour, excision of 86
Turn-O-plasty 238
Typical long bone, blood supply of 9f
U
Ulnar bursa 208
Ulnar nerve 67, 68f
major motor branches of 67t
Ulnar neuritis 322
Ultrasound 343
Umbilical cord sepsis 176
Unicondylar replacement 341
V
Valgus 211
Varus 211
Vascular injury, management of 45fc
Vertebrae
blood supply of 185f
collapse of 186
rotation of 282
squaring of 292
Vertebral column, development of 230f
Vertebral tuberculosis, types of 186f
Vertical compression injuries 161, 161f, 267, 268f, 270t
Vertical talus, congenital 225, 327f
Vessels
epiphyseal 9
metaphyseal 9
Violent muscle contraction 268
Viscera, injury to 46
Vitamin C 82
Vitamin D 82, 309, 310
Volkmann's canals 8
Volkmann's ischaemia 101, 109
Volkmann's ischaemic contracture 102
Volkmann's sign 102
von Recklinghausen's disease 317
W
Weaver's bottom 301
Web space infection 207
Wedge tarsectomy 216, 216f
Wedging cast 77, 156f
Weight reduction 297
Whiplash injury 3, 269
Wolff's law 9
Wounds, penetrating 176
Wrist drop 63
Wrist, X-ray of 112f, 115f, 311f
Z
Z-plasty 215
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