Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging Echocardiography & Interventions (ACCI-EI) A Textbook of Cardiology
Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging Echocardiography & Interventions (ACCI-EI) A Textbook of Cardiology
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Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions (ACCI-EI): A Textbook of Cardiology
First Edition: 2019
9789352706969
Printed at
Cardiological Society of India (CSI),
Our parents, our teachers,
All the members of CSI,
Our colleagues, patients, students and our families.
- AB Gopalamurugan
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- Chief of Department Percutaneous Valves and
- Endovascular Interventions
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Abhinav Jain
- Consultant
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Adrian Chong
- Department of Cardiology
- Princess Alexandra Hospital
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
- Ahmed K Pasha
- Senior Associate Consultant
- Division of Hospital Medicine
- Mayo Clinic Health System Mankato
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Mayo Clinic School of Medicine and Science
- Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Ahmed Y Salama
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Aiman M Smer
- Cardiovascular Department
- Creighton University School of Medicine
- Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Aishwarya Gulati
- Dr Gulati Imaging Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Ajay Garg
- Department of Neuroimaging and
- Interventional Neuroradiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Ajay Kumar Sinha
- Consultant Intervention Cardiologist
- Suraksha Cardiac Care
- Paras-HMRI Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Ajit Thachil
- Consultant Cardiac Electrophysiologist
- Lisie Hospital
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- AK Bali
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- AK Pancholia
- Head, Clinical Cardiology
- Arihant Hospital and Research Center
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Amit Garg
- Consultant
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
- Anil Dhall
- Director, Cardiovascular Sciences
- Venkateshwar Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Anil Pareek
- President
- Medical Affairs and Clinical Research
- IPCA Laboratories Ltd.
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Anirban Mukherjee
- Consultant
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- AMRI Hospitals
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Aniruddha De
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology
- Apollo Gleneagles Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Anjaneyulu V Anne
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Focus Cardiac Clinic
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Anjlee M Mehta
- Division of Cardiology
- University of Texas Health Science Center
- San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Ankeet Dedhia
- Department of Cardiology
- Holy Family Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ankit Singh
- Department of Cardiology
- VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ankush Sachdeva
- Associate Consultant Cardiology
- Fortis Escort Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Aparna Jaswal
- Additional Director Cardiology
- Department of Cardiac Pacing and
- Electrophysiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Apoorv Mittal
- Chief Interventional Cardiologist Cosmos Hospital, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Arif Mirza
- Senior Consultant Radiologist
- Dr Gulati Imaging Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Arjun Ravishankar
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Arnab Banerjee
- NH- Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS)
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Arti Shah
- Cardiovascular and Heart Rhythm Consultants
- New York, USA
- Arun Chutani
- Cardiovascular and Heart Rhythm Consultants
- New York, USA
- Arun Sharma
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and
- Endovascular interventions
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Ashish Nabar
- Jupiter Hospital
- Thane, Maharashtra, India
- Ashley Pender
- Department of Cardiology
- Stony Brook Heart Institute, New York, USA
- Ashok K Omar
- Director, Non-Invasive Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Ashwani Sood
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
- and Research (PGIMER)
- Chandigarh, India
- Atul Karande
- Consultant, Echocardiography
- CHL Hospitals
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Avani Jain
- Intensive Care Unit
- Choithram Hospital and Research Center
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Avik Karak
- Medical College Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Bhagwant R Mittal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
- and Research (PGIMER)
- Chandigarh, India
- Bharat Bansal
- Attending Consultant Non-Invasive Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Bharat Kantharia
- Cardiovascular and Heart Rhythm Consultants
- New York, USA
- Bhargava Mohan
- Principal Consultant
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Bhargava Prachal
- Consultant
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Binoy John
- Director and Head
- Department of Cardiology and
- Interventional Cardiology
- Credence Hospital
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Bishav Mohan
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- BP Singh
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- IGIMS, Patna, Bihar
- Brian Pinto
- Chief Cardiologist
- Holy Family Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Chandramukhi Modi
- Consultant Cardiologist, CARE Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Chandramukhi Sunehra
- Department of Cardiac Imaging
- CARE Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Chandrashekhara SH
- Associate Professor
- Department of Radiodiagnosis
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Chandril Chugh
- Head
- Department of Interventional Neurology
- MAX Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket and Gurugram
- Chetan D Patel
- Professor
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Christopher SG Murray
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Harlem Hospital Center, Columbia University
- New York, USA
- CK Ponde
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC
- Mahim Hinduja Healthcare Surgical Kar
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- CN Manjunath
- Director
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- C Venkata S Ram
- Director, Apollo Institute for Blood Pressure Management
- World Hypertension League/South Asia Office
- Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Texas Blood Pressure Institute, Dallas
- Nephrology Associates, University of Texas
- Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Debabrata Roy
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist and
- Academic Coordinator
- NH- Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS)
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Debika Chatterjee
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Devinder Mahal
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Dheeraj Arora
- Principal Consultant Cardiac Anesthesiology
- Medanta Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- E Prabhu
- Senior Consultant and Head
- Institute of Nuclear Imaging and Molecular Medicine
- Chief Coordinator
- Institute of Advanced Research in Health Sciences
- Academic Officer, Madras Medial College, Chennai
- Tamil Nadu Government Multi Superspecialty Hospital
- Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- George Koshy
- Professor of Cardiology
- Government Medical College
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- GN Mahapatra
- Senior Consultant and Head
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SPECT-CT & PET-CT
- Seven Hills Hospital
- Director West Coast Medical Center, MHADA
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Goutam Vaggar
- King Edward VII
- Memorial Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- GS Sainani
- Emeritus Director
- Department of Medicine
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Center
- Emeritus Professor of Medicine
- Grant Medical College and JJ Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Gulshan Rai
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Gurpreet S Gulati
- Professor Department of Cardiovascular Radiology
- and Endovascular Interventions Cardiothoracic Center All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India
- Gurpreet Singh Wander
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- G Vijayaraghavan
- Dean, Postgraduate Medical Studies
- Vice Chairman and Director
- Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Hala El Marsafawy
- Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology
- Director Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory
- Children Hospital, Mansoura University
- President Working Group of Egyptian Pediatric
- Cardiologists, League from Egyptian Society of Cardiology
- Former Director Children Hospital, Mansoura University
- Former Dean Faculty of Nursing, Mansoura University
- Member SCAI, AEPC
- Hanan Fadala
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Hanumanth K Reddy
- Adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine
- St Louis University Medical School
- St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Harmeet Singh
- Head, Critical Care
- Department of Emergency and Urgent Care
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Harshit Gupta
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Harsh Mahajan
- Padma Shri Awardee
- Chief Radiologist
- Mahajan Imaging
- New Delhi, India
- Harsh Wardhan
- Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Primus Superspecialty Hospital
- Formerly, Professor Consultant and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- RML Hospital and PGIMER
- New Delhi, India
- Himashu Agarwal
- Consultant Interventional Neurology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- HK Chopra
- National President, IAE- 2017
- National President, CSI -2015
- Chairman, World Wellness Foundation
- Country Head, American Heart Association
- Sr Consultant Cardiologist, Moolchand Medcity
- Chairman, Physician Governing Body, CME, COP Moolchand Medcity New Delhi, India
- Hosam Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- IB Vijayalakshmi
- Professor of Pediatric Cardiology
- Superspecialty Hospital-PMSSY
- Bengaluru Medical College and
- Research Institute
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- I Sathyamurthy
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Apollo Main Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Jabir A
- Department of Cardiology
- Lisie Heart Institute
- Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Jamshed J Dalal
- Director-Cardiac Sciences
- Kokilaben Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Jayakeerthi Yoganarasimha
- Senior Consultant Electrophysiologist
- Vrinchi Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Jimmy George
- Department of Cardiology
- Lisie Heart Institute
- Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Johann Christopher
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Director of Cardiac Imaging
- CARE Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Jo Joseph
- Department of Cardiology
- Lisie Heart Institute
- Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
- JPS Sawhney
- Chairperson, Department of Cardiology Dharma Vira Heart Center Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Karan Chopra
- Consultant, Interventional Cardiology
- Venkateshwar Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Karishma Walia
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Kartik Ganga
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and
- Endovascular Interventions
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Kaustubh Mahamine
- Associate Consultant
- PD Hinduja Hospital and MRC
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Kewal Kanabar
- Department of Cardiology
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
- Chandigarh, India
- Kewal Krishan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
- Max Heart and Vascular Institute
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Khemendra Kumar
- Consultant
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
- KK Aggarwal
- Padma Shri Awardee
- President Heart Care Foundation of India
- Immediate National Past President, Indian Medical Association
- KK Kapur
- Chief, Non-Invasive Cardiac Lab
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- KM Krishnamoorthy
- Professor of Cardiology
- Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute
- Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- KN Srinivasan
- Consultant and Interventional Cardiologist
- Apollo Main Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- K Rajeswari
- Billroth Hsopitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Kumar Hrishikesh
- Associate Consultants Cardiology
- Asian Institute of Medical Science
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Kushagra Mahansaria
- Associate Consultant
- Department of Cardiac Sciences
- Bhagwan Mahavir MEDICA Superspecialty Hospital
- Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
- Kushal Madan
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Consultant
- Dharma Vira Heart Center
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- K Venugopal
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences
- Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Liza Thomas
- Department of Cardiology
- Westmead Hospital
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Madhu Mary Minz
- Senior Consultant Cardiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Manish Bansal
- Associate Director Cardiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Manish Gaba
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Masood Ahmad
- Medical Director, Echocardiography Lab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Mathew Iype
- Additional Professor of Cardiology
- Government Medical College
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Meera Venkatesh
- Director, NAPC, IAEA, Vienna
- Ex-Head, Radiopharm Division
- BARC, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Mitu Minocha
- Senior Consultant Non-Invasive Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Mohamed Faher Almahmoud
- Division of Cardiology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Mohammed Nazir
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Mona Bhatia
- Director and Head
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi
- Convener, Cardiac Imaging, Cardiological Society of India
- Chair, International Regional Committee, India Chapter
- Society of Cardiovascular CT, USA
- Mridul Mahanta
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Mrinal Kanti Das
- Consultant and Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- BM Birla Heart Research Center and CMRI
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- M Srihari Babu
- Professor and Head of Medicine
- GSL Medical College
- Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Mumun Sinha
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology
- and Endovascular Interventions
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Mythri Shankar
- Lead Consultant - Nuclear Medicine
- Aster CMI Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Nagaraja Moorthy
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Nagendra Chouhan
- Associate Director
- Interventional Cardiology, Heart Institute
- Medanta– The Medcity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Naman Shastri
- Chief Consultant Cardiac Anesthesiologist
- SAL Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Naveen Garg
- In-Charge, Non-Invasive Cardiology
- BK Hospital
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Navin C Nanda
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- Department of Internal Medicine
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Neeraj A Desai
- Department of Cardiology
- Holy Family Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- N Chidambaram
- Professor of Medicine and Cardiologist
- Advisor to VC (Medical Affairs)
- Former Dean, Faculty of Medicine
- Annamalai University
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Nidhi Goyal
- Senior Consultant Radiologist
- Dr Gulati Imaging Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Nikhil Raut
- Consultant Cardiologist
- HJ Doshi Hindu Sabha Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Nikunj Kotecha
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Niraj Pandey
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and
- Endovascular interventions
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Nisarg Patel
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Nitin Aggarwal
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Center
- Sri Balaji Action Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Nitin Burkule
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Jupiter Hospital
- Thane, Maharashtra, India
- NN Khanna
- Chairman, Asia Pacific Vascular Society
- Past Chairman, National Interventional Council, CSI
- President Elect, Indian College of Cardiology
- President, International Society of Endovascular Specialist
- (ISEVS - Indian Chapter)
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiology
- Senior Consultant Vascular Interventions
- Coordinator, Cardiology, Cathlab and Vascular Services
- Advisor, Apollo Group of Hospitals
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital New Delhi, India
- N Ramamoorthy
- Ex-Associate Director
- BARC/DAE, Mumbai
- Ex-Director, NAPC
- IAEA, Vienna, Austria
- Oladimeji Oluwaseye
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- OP Yadava
- CEO and Chief Cardiac Surgeon
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Parveen Gulati
- Director
- Dr Gulati Imaging Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Pawan K Sharma
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Division of Cardiology
- Adjunct Assistant Professor of Radiology
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- PB Jayagopal
- Director and Interventional Cardiologist
- Lakshmi Hospital, Palakkad, Kerala, India
- PK Mangla
- Sr Consultant Pulmonologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- P Krishnam Raju
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Department of Cardiology
- CARE Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Poonam Malhotra
- Professor, Cardiac Anesthesia, CTC
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Pranav A Oza
- Department of Cardiology
- PD Hinduja Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Prashant Bharadwaj
- Consultant
- Venkateshwar Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Prashant Wankhade
- Department of Cardiology Dharma Vira Heart Center Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Prateek Bajaj
- Associate Consultants Cardiology
- Asian Institute of Medical Science
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Prateek Sharma
- Department of Cardiology
- Stony Brook Heart Institute, New York, USA
- Preeti Gupta
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Priya Jagia
- Professor
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology and
- Endovascular Iinterventions
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- PS Soni
- Professor and Head
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- GGSMC & H, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Punjab
- Ex-GM & Head, Medical Cyclotron Facility, BRIT/BARC, Mumbai
- Puneet Sethi
- Senior Consultant Radiologist
- Mahajan Imaging
- New Delhi, India
- R Alagesan
- Retired Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Madras Medical College, Chennai
- Past President, IAE
- Raghav Bansal
- Associate Consultant, Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Raghuveer Kura
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
- St Louis University Medical School
- St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Rahul Kumar
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Rahul Mehrotra
- Associate Director and Head
- Non-Invasive Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Rahul Nijhara
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
- Rajan J Manjuran
- Emeritus Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Medical College
- Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Rajat Subhra Ghose
- Head, Echocardiography Unit
- Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Rajeev Gupta
- Preventive Cardiology
- Internal Medicine
- Eternal Heart Care Center and Research Institute
- Mount Sinai New York Affiliate
- Jawahar Circle, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Rajiv Gupta
- Head, CTVS
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rajesh Janardhanan
- Professor of Medicine and Medical Imaging Medical Director, Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging
- Director of Echocardiography Banner - University Medical Center Sarver Heart Center Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Rajesh Meena
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Rajesh Sainani
- Honorary Consultant Gastroenterologist
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Rajiv Ananthakrishna
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Raj Kumar
- Consultant Non-Invasive Cardiology Max Superspecialty Hospital Saket, New Delhi, India
- Rajneesh Malhotra
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
- Max Heart and Vascular Institute
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Rakesh Bachloo
- Associate Consultant, Non-Invasive Cardiology
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Rakesh Gupta
- Director and Chief Cardiologist
- JROP Healthcare
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ravi Komatireddy
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
- University of California
- San Diego, California, USA
- Ravi Masand
- Radiologist
- CHL Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Ravina Sharma
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Ravi Prakash
- Consultant, Interventional Cardiology
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Ravi R Kasliwal
- Chairman, Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
- Medanta– The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Ravi S Math
- Associate Professor of Cardiology
- Department of Cardiology
- Sri Jayadeva Institute of
- Cardiovascular Sciences and Research
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Ravi Vishnu Prasad
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- IGIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
- Raziye E Akdogan
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama
- Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Reena Anand
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery
- Max Heart and Vascular Institute
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Rekha Mishra
- Consultant Cardiologist
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- R Hotchandani
- Director and Head
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Tansplant Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Richa Kothari
- Cardiothoracic Imaging Unit
- Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Naryana Hrudayalaya Health City
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Richa Trivedi
- NMR Research Center
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- R Keshava
- Fortis Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Rohin Vinayak
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rohit Tandon
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rony Mathew
- Head of Department-Cardiology
- Lisie Heart Institute
- Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Kerala, India
- Roopali Khanna
- Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Roshini Malaney
- Department of Cardiology
- Stony Brook Heart Institute, New York, USA
- R Singhal
- Chief Cardiac Electrophysiologist and
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Heart and General Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- RVA Ananth
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Jeyalakshmi Heart Center
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sakhalesh Patil
- Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Sakshi Sachdeva
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sameer Shrivastava
- Director and Head
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology
- Fortis Escort Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Sandeep Bansal
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Head of Department-CTVS
- AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology
- and Endovascular Intervention
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon
- Batra Hospital and Medical Research Center
- New Delhi, India
- Santanu Guha
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Medical College, Kolkata
- Past President, National CSI
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Satish Govind
- Fortis Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Satish K Parashar
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist and
- Director, Non-Invasive Cardiac Laboratory
- Metro Hospital and Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Satyavan Sharma
- Professor and Head of Cardiology and
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Satyendra Tewari
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Saumitra Ray
- Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Saurabh Mehrotra
- Department of Cardiology
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
- Chandigarh, India
- Sayeed Raheem
- Batra Hospital and Medical Research Center
- New Delhi, India
- SC Manchanda
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Dharma Vira Heart Center
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- SG Prasad
- Department of Telemedicine
- CARE Hospitals
- Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Shafiq Ahmed Zargar
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Shailendra Bhadoriya
- Consultant, Non-Invasive Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Shashank Jain
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
- Showkat Hussain Bhat
- Attending Consultant
- Non-Invasive Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Shraddha Ranjan
- Department of Cardiology
- Medanta– The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Simmi Manocha
- Associate Director Cardiology
- Senior Consultant, Chief-Non-invasive Cardiology
- Asian Institute of Medical Sciences
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Simran Kaur
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Nephrology
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Simran Sawhney
- Department of Medicine
- St Stephen's Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- SKD Bhardwaj
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
- SKM Sarjun Basha
- Cardiologist, Peacock Hospital
- Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu, India
- Smadar Kort
- Department of Cardiology
- Stony Brook Heart Institute, New York, USA
- SN Pathak
- Consultant Intervention Cardiologist
- Metro Hospital and Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Somnath Mukhopadhyay
- Medical College Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sonia A El-Saiedi
- Professor of Pediatric Cardiology
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Soumitra Kumar
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Fortis Hospital, Rabindranath Tagore International Institute
- of Cardiac Sciences, and Sri Aurobindo Seva Kendra
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- S Ramakrishnan
- Professor, Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Srikant Sharma
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Shashwat Mishra
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- S Shanmugasundaram
- Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
- The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
- Cardiologist, Billroth Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- S Singhal
- Director Cardiac Imaging and
- Senior Consultant Radiologist
- Eternal Heart Care Center
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- S Sivasankaran
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute
- for Medical Sciences and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- SS Iyengar
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Manipal Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- S Santhosh
- Consultant Nuclear Medicine Physician
- Institute of Nuclear Imaging and Molecular Medicine
- Tamil Nadu Government Multi Superspecialty Hospital
- Omandurar Government Estate
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Subash Khushu
- Head, Division of Radiological Imaging
- and Biomedical Engineering
- NMR Research Center
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sudhir Wahi
- Department of Cardiology
- Princess Alexandra Hospital
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane, Australia
- Sulthan R Salih
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Medical College
- Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Suman Singhal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis
- Eternal Heart Care Center and Research Institute
- Mount Sinai New York Affiliate
- Jawahar Circle, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Suman Singhal
- Director Cardiac Imaging Senior Consultant Radiologist
- Eternal Heart Care Center
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Sundeep Mishra
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Sunil Aggarwal
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sunil Mangla
- Sr Consultant Physician
- New Delhi, India
- Suparna Rao
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Surabhi Awasthi
- Head, Critical Care
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Surendra Chutani
- Cardiovascular and Heart Rhythm Consultants
- New York, USA
- S Venkatesh
- Fortis Hospitals
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Tamanna Nahar
- Section of Cardiology
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Harlem Hospital Center/Columbia University
- New York, USA
- Tapan Sinha
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Kothari Medical Center
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Tariq Matin
- Consultant Intervention Neuroradiology
- Narayana Superspecialty Hospital
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Tarun Mittal
- Senior Consultant Cardiothoracic Radiologist
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital, London
- Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer
- Imperial College London, UK
- Thirupathi K Reddy
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Stanford University
- Stanford, California, USA
- Tinu T Lukose
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education
- and Research (PGIMER)
- Chandigarh, India
- Tiny Nair
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- PRS Hospital
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Tony Stanton
- Department of Cardiology
- Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs
- Queensland, Australia
- U Ilayaraja
- Cardiologist, Billroth Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Uma Ravishankar
- Senior Consultant and Head
- Departent of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
- Indraprastah Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Upendra Kaul
- Padmashiri and Dr BC Roy Awardee
- Chairman and Dean Academics
- and Research, Batra Heart Center
- and Batra Hospital and Medical Research Center
- New Delhi, India
- V Amuthan
- Past President, Indian Academy of Echocardiography
- Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
- The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University,
- Director of 4D Echocardiography Lab, Jeyalakshmi Heart Center
- Madurai
- Interventional Cardiologist, Vadamalayan Hospital
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- V Anand
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Vanita Arora
- Director and Head
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Lab and Arrhythmia Services
- Senior Consultant Cardiac Electrophysiologist
- and Interventional Cardiologist
- Max Healthcare Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Varun Deokate
- King Edward VII
- Memorial Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Vidyut Jain
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Choithram Hospital and Research Center
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Vijay Katekhaye
- Dev Clinic
- Omkar Nagar
- Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
- Vikas Singh
- Consultant Intervention Cardiologist
- Daksh Heart Care and 4A Heart Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Vimal Raj
- Cardiothoracic Imaging Unit
- Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Naryana Hrudayalaya Health City
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Vinay Sharma
- Senior Consultant
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute New Delhi, India
- Vineeta Ojha
- Department of Cardiovascular Radiology
- and Endovascular Intervention
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Viveka Kumar
- Director, Cath Lab
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist and Electrophysiologist
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vivek Kumar
- Consultant
- Interventional Cardiology and Electrophysiology
- Max Healthcare Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Vivek Lanka
- Department of Neuroimaging and
- Interventional Neuroradiology
- NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Vivek Tandon
- Principal Consultant Cardiologist
- Max Smart Superspecialty Hospital
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- Wael A Attia
- Assistant Professor of Pediatric Cardiology
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Wulan Anggrahini
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Yatin Mehta
- President ISCCM
- Chairman, Medanta Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology
- Medanta–The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
We are honored and have a great pleasure to write the foreword for the state-of-the-art Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography and Interventions (ACCI-EI): A Textbook of Cardiology being released on the occasion of the inaugural function of 70th Annual Conference of CSI at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The textbook on ACCI-EI was long due considering the wealth of data, new strategies which are diagnostically, prognostically and therapeutically imaging based in the clinical practice. It is one of the most needed, comprehensive, illustrative, well-structured book, published with enormous information about advances in cardiovascular imaging, Echocardiography and interventions for better CVD management with morbidity and mortality benefits.
The book is an excellent and outstanding educational initiative by the joint efforts of three Editors-in-Chief, 6 Principal Editors, 15 International Editors, 37 National Editors and over 278 contributing authors. This book comprises 35 sections, 142 chapters, including Basics, Hypertension, Heart Failure, STEMI, CAD, Advances in Echocardiography: Clinical Implications, Emergency Imaging in Chest Pain, Valvular Hear Disease, RHD, Atrial fibrillation, VT Storm, DCMP, HOCM, RCM, Pericardial Effusion, Constrictive Pericarditis, Infective Endocarditis, Pulmonary embolism and DVT, Pulmonary Hypertension, Aortic Disease, Carotid Artery Disease, Vertebral Artery Disease, Peripheral Arterial and Venous Disease, Syncope, Stroke, CHD, Echo in ECMO, Shock, Epidemiological, Nutritional Imaging, Cardiac SOL, Intraoperative Echocardiography in OT, Surgery and Imaging, Echo-oncology, Ethical and Legal Issues, Future Directions. Each chapter addresses a separate and distinct issue of clinical relevance. The chapters are well outlined, organized, well written and referenced. The writing style of every chapter is vivid, concise and practical. There are excellent graphics, tables and figures that present the relevant information. The printing and binding is of excellent quality. This book will represent a milestone for Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography and Interventions management strategies in the world.
We congratulate the Editors-in-Chief HK Chopra, Navin C Nanda, Jagat Narula, Principal Editors, International, National Editors and the Contributors, for accomplishing this prodigious achievement of great clinical relevance in Cardiology practice today.
M Khalilullah
Director and Senior Consultant Cardiologist
The Heart Centre
New Delhi, India
Past President, National CSI
C Venkata S Ram
Director, Apollo Institute for Blood Pressure Management
World Hypertension League/South Asia Office
Apollo Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Texas Blood Pressure Institute, Dallas
Nephrology Associates, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
Santanu Guha
Professor and Head
Department of Cardiology
Medical College
Past President, National CSI
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Naresh Trehan
Chairman and Managing Director
Medanta—The Medicity
Gurugram, Haryana, India
Amal K Banerjee
Past President, National CSI
Past President, API
Past President, SAARC CS
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Shirish (MS) Hiremath
Director, Cath Lab, Ruby Hall
Pune, Maharashtra, India
Immediate President CSI
GS Sainani
Emeritus Director, Department of Medicine
Jaslok Hospital and Research Center
Emeritus Professor of Medicine
Grant Medical College JJ Hospital
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Past President, CSI
Ashok Seth
Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri Awardee
Chairman, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
Past President, National CSI
Vice President, APSC
New Delhi, India
KC Goswami
Professor of Cardiology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
New Delhi, India
President Elect CSI-2018
Chairman Scientific Committee CSICON-2018
SC Manchanda
Senior Consultant Cardiology
Dharma Vira Heart Center
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
New Delhi, India
PK Deb
Formerly Chief Cardiologist
ESI PG Institute of Medical Sciences
Past President, National CSI
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
K Sarat Chandra
Interventional Cardiologist
Indo-US Super Specialty Hospital Hyderabad, Telangana, India
President, National CSI
Preface
Echocardiography represents the most widely used and the most cost effective modality in the non-invasive armamentarium of the physician for the assessment of a suspected or known cardiac disorder. The disorder could be primary or secondary to other systemic disease entities or could result as a side effect of therapies and interventions used to manage some of these conditions. The technique has found application not only in the adult, but also in the pediatric patient and the fetus. It also serves as a valuable adjunct in many cardiac and peripheral vascular interventions performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and the operating room. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional (more aptly, four-dimensional) modalities together with conventional pulsed, continuous and color Doppler serve to assess all the four cardiac valves for structural abnormalities, all the four cardiac chambers for global and regional function and any intra-cavitary or external mass lesions, the pericardium for any disorders and the proximal great vessels for any pathologies. In addition, all types of congenital cardiac abnormalities including shunt lesions and other more complicated lesions are well evaluated by these techniques. In patients with poor transthoracic acoustic windows, contrast echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography have come to the rescue of physician and technologist echocardiographers and represent important supplementary techniques. Echocardiography as a modality has still not reached a plateau despite being in vogue for more than half a century and newer refinements in technique with superior quality images and other recent advances such as speckle tracking echocardiography for evaluation of both systolic and diastolic ventricular function, velocity vector imaging, particle velocitimetry, fusion imaging with other non-invasive techniques and artificial intelligence algorithms for cardiac function evaluation are being clinically introduced at a rapid rate. It is therefore important to have a book which will provide a concise state-of-the-art review of echocardiography as it is currently used in the assessment of various cardiac disease entities and more importantly, cover advances which have been recently introduced in the field. This in essence is the aim of this book which covers not only echocardiography, but also other imaging modalities and interventions.
It gives us immense pleasure and a great deal of satisfaction to present to you the enormous contribution by a galaxy of eminent authors of international repute and experts in the field of cardiology, echocardiography, imaging neurology, critical care, pulmonology, in this state of art Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions: A Textbook of Cardiology, despite their extremely busy schedule.
Overall, the book consists of 142 chapters grouped in 35 sections. A majority of chapters deals with echocardiography. These include advances in the usefulness of both two- and three-dimensional echocardiography in the evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy, mass, diastolic dysfunction, and both left ventricular and left atrial strain.in patients with systemic hypertension. As would be expected, state-of-the-art assessment and recent advances in echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of both systolic and diastolic heart failure, echocardiographic navigation in myocardial infarction with detection of mechanical complications, use of intravascular ultrasound, myocardial perfusion imaging, myocardial viability detection, chest pain evaluation in the Emergency Room, speckle tracking echocardiography, echocardiography in critical care and shock states, management and outcome evaluation, and color flow imaging of coronary arteries are also well covered. The role of echocardiography in the assessment of different types of cardiomyopathy, such as dilated, restrictive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac dyssynchrony, pericardial effusion, oncology, cardiac tamponade and pericardial constriction find good coverage in the book. All types of valvular heart disease encompassing both stenotic and regurgitant lesions, infective endocarditis, prosthetic valve dysfunction, intra-operative echocardiography, heart transplantation, non-cardiac surgery, cardiac structural .interventions such as mitralclip placement, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, rheumatic heart disease, balloon mitral valvuloplasty, incremental value of three/four dimensional echocardiography, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, echo based management of patients with atrial fibrillation, including radiofrequency ablation, left atrial appendage closure, syncope work up, ventricular tachycardia storm evaluation are given extensive coverage in the book. The value of echocardiography and ultrasound in patients with aortic syndromes, vertebral artery disease and carotid artery disease with special reference to newer refinements are well described. Last but not least, advances in echocardiographic assessment of all types of congenital heart disease, including neonatal heart failure are fully discussed.
We have made every possible effort to maintain the quality and standard of Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions. We are sure this book will serve as an important reference guide for postgraduate students, fellows, internists, cardiologists, neurologist, critical care, pulmonologist, pediatricians, pedaitric surgeons, cardiovascular surgeons, imaging experts and nutritionists, etc.
Bringing up Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions was a phenomenal task and requires well-structured team efforts with immense dedication, devotion and coordination.
We express our gratitude to all the eminent cardiologists including M Khalilullah, Naresh Trehan, GS Sainani, SC Manchanda, C Venkata S Ram, Amal Kumar Banerejee, Ashok Seth, PK Deb, Santanu Guha, MS Hiremath, K Sarat Chandra, KC Goswami for writing the foreword for this book.
We also express our thanks to each and every member of CSI, manuscript contributors, industry and our Principal Editors SK Parashar, G Vijayaraghavan, R Alagesan, GS Wander, Viveka Kumar, P Krishnam Raju and all the editors for their constant support.
We dedicate this state-of-the-art book to Cardiological Society of India, our teachers, all the members of CSI, our parents, our colleagues, patients, students and our family for being supportive and encouraging throughout in bringing out this Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions.
We also express our thanks to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India, for publishing this book so well. We also thank Mr Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra (Associate Director—Content Strategy), Nikita Chauhan (Senior Development Editor) and Samina Khan (Executive Assistant to Director, Publishing), for their help, guidance and timely active intervention in composing, designing and editing of the book.
Our sincere thanks to Soban Singh, who worked really hard to keep the record of every minor and finer communication.
Albert Einstein once said
“Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is not to stop questioning”.
Navin C Nanda, HK Chopra, Jagat Narula
Preface
The evolution of medicine is going to depend on advances in phenomics and genomics, and artificial intelligence that will allow making the most sense of each and their interaction. Whereas genomics aims at the collective characterization of genes that direct the production of proteins, phenomics is concerned with the measurement of physical and biochemical traits belonging to a given organism as they change in response to genetic and environmental influences. Imaging strategies conveniently identify the physical characteristics, differentiate abnormal traits and will play a role from the bedside to most sophisticated assessment of the evolution of pathology.
Echocardiography represents the most widely used and the most cost effective modality in the non-invasive armamentarium of the physician for the assessment of a suspected or known cardiac disorder. It is expected that ultrasound would be used ubiquitously at the bedside (dubbed “insonation”) and be incorporated as the fifth component of the physical examination beyond inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation. Seeing pathology through imaging would improve interest in physical examination, and should permit appropriate downstream testing and intelligent decision making. Miniaturization of the ultrasound platforms for handheld devices has allowed its renaming to proverbial “stethoscope” which literally means looking into the chest (stethos = chest, Gr.). Besides a convenient diagnostic acuity, ultrasound serves as a valuable accompaniment during cardiac and peripheral vascular interventional procedures performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and the operating room. The 3-dimensional and more aptly, 4-dimensional ensemble with conventional pulsed, continuous and color Doppler serve to assess almost all structural and functional cardiac abnormalities and the proximal great vessel pathology. Echocardiography is the most valued, trusted and used tool in the critical care units. The contrast echocardiography provides enhanced imaging and transesophageal echocardiography provides information from as close as we can get to the heart. Intravascular and intracavitary imaging provide a unique characterization of vascular pathology and assistance in intracardiac manipulation which are less amenable to the use of other more traditionally used laser-based imaging modalities. Echocardiography is constantly being exploited with novel algorithms such as speckle tracking, velocity vector imaging, particle velocitimetry.
Coronary computed tomography imaging has become the fastest growing cardiovascular specialty. A large number of investigations in a short period of time and multiple randomized studies have firmly established it as the primary modality in the assessment of symptomatic and asymptomatic stable coronary disease. It is being proposed as the most cost-effective strategy for the evaluation of patients with no known coronary disease regardless of symptomatic status. Not only does the CT angiography describe the extent of luminal compromise it also allows precise identification of high-risk plaques and calculates fractional flow reserve, and thereby provides a complete anatomic and physiologic characterization of the coronary lesion. A complete assessment of peripheral arteries, entire aorta, including arch and root, and the measurements of valve ring and left ventricular outflow tract also renders it to be an ideal preoperative diagnostic and preparatory strategy for the rampantly increasing transcutaneous aortic valve replacement procedures. Magnetic resonance imaging, on the other hand, provides an ultimate anatomic characterization tool for myocardial alterations, cavity dimensions, structural valvular and congenital anomalies, and large vessel abnormalities. Gadolinium-based enhancements allow definition of interstitial and replacement fibrosis, and the state of myocardial perfusion.
It is therefore important to have a compendium which will provide a concise state-of-the-art review of cardiovascular imaging modalities as currently used in the assessment of various cardiac disease entities and more importantly, cover recent advances pertinent to the field.
It gives us immense pleasure to present to you the enormous efforts of eminent authors and experts from the domain of cardiovascular imaging, neurology, critical care, pulmonology, in this state-of-art Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions: A Textbook of Cardiology. The book comprises 142 chapters grouped in 35 sections and exhaustively discusses the role of various imaging modalities in the context of specific diseases, and comparative roles for each modality. Although various modalities claim to offer one-stop-shop value we have tried to discern as to where we could obtain the maximum benefit. We are sure this book will serve as an important reference guide for fellows and residents, internists, cardiologists, neurologist, pulmonologist, pediatricians, pedaitric surgeons, cardiovascular surgeons, imaging experts, critical care physicians, and nutritionists alike. We also express our sincere gratitude to all the eminent cardiologists who have contributed to this gigantic effort. Our gratitude is also due to Soban Singh, who worked really hard to keep the record of communications.
We dedicate this state-of-the-art book to the Cardiological Society of India and its members, our patients and students who have been our best teachers, and to our family for being supportive and encouraging through the preparation of the text for Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions.
We sincerely believe that imaging would become a second nature to the physicians. Medical students will learn anatomy and physiology by carrying handheld ultrasound devices in pockets quite as the stethoscopes and with learning to discern organ system abnormalities during their clinical rotations concurrent with their learning of pathology. The later years in the medical school will allow them to use insonation as the examination strategy for the differential diagnosis of a given clinical presentation. Similarly, it is expected that then we will be able to do away with the age-old practice of cadaveric dissection by CT and MR imaging. A medical student would be an imager at graduation from medical school and we insist that to be a good doctor we would need to be a good imager.
Jagat Narula, HK Chopra, Navin C Nanda
International Editors
National Editors
The Scientific Committee of Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging, Echocardiography & Interventions: A Textbook of Cardiology Express their gratitude and thanks to the following Academic Partners
Platinum Academic Partners
USV Private Limited
Emcure Pharmaceutical Limited
IPCA Laboratories Limited
Gold Academic Partners
Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
Sanofi India Limited
Merck Limited
Three Dots Lifesciences
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Eris Lifesciences Private Limited
Torrent Pharma
Nutrabuff Nutraceuticals
Bronze Academic Partners
JB Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Limited
Supporter:
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Glenmark Pharmaceutical Limited
For rendering unrestricted education grant which made this book possible in its current enhanced form as “Global Education Initiative”.