Year Book of Cardiology – 2019 Heart Failure Vijay K Chopra
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUV
Page numbers followed f refer to figure.
A
Adrenomedullin 67
secretion of 66
Advanced echocardiographic techniques 16
Albuminuria 82
Aldosterone antagonist therapy 61
American College of Cardiology 22
Foundation 57
American Heart Association 22, 57
Amino acid, branched-chain 83
Amyloid fibrils 3
Amyloidosis 2
systemic 3
treatment of 3, 4
Anemia 25
Angiotensin
converting enzyme 71
inhibitor 22, 24, 72, 67
neprilysin inhibition 75
receptor
blockers 22, 24, 67, 71, 72
neprilysin inhibitor 22, 24, 62, 72
Antiapoptotic therapy 4
Antifibrotic therapies 37
Arrhythmia 51, 90
life-threatening 98, 99
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 94, 96
Arterial lactate, level of 114
Artery disease
coronary 61, 63
peripheral 88
Artificial intelligence, application of 29
Atherosclerosis, multi-ethnic study of 53
Atrial fibrillation
catheter ablation for 90, 91
persistent 91
trial 91
Atrioventricular block 51, 90
high-grade 89, 90
Atrioventricular optimization trial 93
B
Beta-blockers 22, 34
Bio-adrenomedullin 66
Biomarkers 36
Biopsy, endomyocardial 3, 48
Blood pressure 22, 86, 97
Body
fat distribution 49
mass index 100, 101
surface area 101
weight, total 103
Brain natriuretic peptide 45
C
Canagliflozin, comparative effectiveness of 87
Cardiac arrest, aborted 60, 61
Cardiac biomarker 2, 36, 42
utility of 42
Cardiac failure 15
progression of 14
Cardiac fibroblast 1, 2
Cardiac function 6, 10
Cardiac magnetic resonance 48, 51
Cardiac regeneration 7
endogenous 6
Cardiac resynchronization therapy 77, 92, 94, 97
atrioventricular optimization for 93
Cardiac sarcoidosis 51
outcome of 89
Cardiomyocyte 4
regeneration 7
Cardiomyopathy
dilated idiopathic 96
nonischemic 96
Cardiopulmonary bypass machine 114
Cardiotoxic chemotherapy 57
initiation of 58f
Cardiovascular biomarkers 39, 45
essential role of 38
Cardiovascular death 40, 80, 82
Cardiovascular disease 8, 13, 33, 42
acute 36
atherosclerotic 80, 81
Cardiovascular outcomes 79
trials, meta-analysis of 81
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 12
Catheter ablation 91
Cell
death 5
degeneration 5
therapy 6
Central venous pressure 107
Chest pain, acute 42
Cholesterol
high 97
levels 86
Chronic diseases 73
Complex contraction pattern 17
Continuous flow 107
left ventricular assist device 105, 106
Coronary disease 63
Coronary syndrome, acute 36, 42
Cyclic guanosine 3′5′ monophosphate 39
Cytokines 8
role of 7
D
DANISH trial 97
Dapagliflozin 79
Destination therapy 107
Device-registered arrhythmic events 77
Diabetes mellitus 49, 81, 82, 85, 87
treatment of 87
Discoidin domain receptor 2 1
Diuretics 59
Dopamine 59
Dyskalemia 32, 33
E
Echocardiography 16, 50
Edema 51
Ejection fraction 48, 49, 59
low 90
reduced 24–26, 34, 75, 77
Electrocardiogram, interpretation of 94, 95
Electrocardiography 48
Electrophysiology 89
Elevated jugular venous pressure 67
Empagliflozin, cardiac benefits of 83
Enalapril 39
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 41, 43
European Society of Cardiology Heart Failure Long-Term Registry 68, 69
Extracellular volume 48, 49
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 114
use of 115
F
Fat, subcutaneous 50
Fatal bleeding 64
Fatty acid 11
Fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 84
Ferric carboxymaltose 26
Fluid
extracellular 42
retention 41
Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography 52
Frank-Starling
compensation 55
law 54f
Free fatty acid 83
G
Global longitudinal strain 53
Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists 81
effects of 81
Graft dysfunction
primary 102–104, 106, 109
severe primary 105, 107
Growth differentiation factor-15 43, 44
Guideline-directed therapy 22, 72
H
Heart
disease 5
ischemic 5, 114
nonischemic 96
failure 2, 6, 8–15, 18, 20–23, 25–28, 31–34, 37–41, 45, 47, 48, 48f, 49, 50, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 73, 75, 77, 92
acute 29, 30, 36, 40, 56, 59, 68, 70
ambulatory 108, 109
chronic 40, 43, 63, 71
clinic 18, 20
decompensated 30, 32, 37, 39, 40, 57, 60, 62, 69
end-stage 107, 112
fat distribution in two types of 50
genesis of 10
guidelines 19
incident 46f
management of 24, 42, 60, 63
medical therapy, target doses of 22
metabolic switch in 14
nonischemic 25, 26
postinfarction 4
prevention of 4
randomized evaluation of 59
risk 45
Society of America 22
stages 58f
sudden death in 60
treatment of 4
types of 49
with preserved ejection fraction 33, 48, 50, 59, 60
with reduced ejection fraction 21, 24, 47, 48, 50, 53f, 62, 71, 74
worsening of 64, 91
function 7
mass 100–102
donor predicted 102
rate 34
repair and function 1
transplantation 100, 101, 103–107, 112
Hemoglobin, glycated 86
Hepatic fat reduction 84
High-dose loop diuretics 69
Himachal Pradesh Heart Failure Registry 25
His bundle pacing 92
Hospital-acquired hyponatremia, incidence of 29
Hydroxyl and nitric oxide 15
Hyperkalemia 33, 62, 63
Hypertension, pulmonary 16
Hypokalemia 33, 70
Hyponatremia 30, 70
mild 30
severe 30
Hypotension 63
symptomatic 62
I
Immune system cells 13
Immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis 3
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator 77, 90, 91, 97
Inflammation 48
Influenza
infection 65
vaccination 65, 66
virus 66
Insulin secretion 13
Intensive care unit 103
International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation 101, 103–105
International Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Center Collaborative Study 96
Interventricular electrical delay, effects of 93
Intracardiac cardioverter defibrillator 89
Intravenous cardiovascular agents, long-term safety of 68
Iron
deficiency 9, 25, 26, 52
intravenous 52
J
J point elevation 95
K
Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire 74
Kaplan-Meier estimates 71
Ketone bodies 11, 83
Kidney
disease 42
chronic 42, 76, 86
diabetic 82
function, normal 42
Korean acute heart failure registry 34, 35
L
Lactate dehydrogenase 111
Left atrial reservoir strain 53
Left bundle branch block 61, 92
Left ventricular
assist device 100, 106, 108, 110, 112, 115
therapy 108
assist implantation 111
dysfunction 91
ejection fraction 28, 54, 58, 64, 77, 90, 92, 93, 97, 99
electrograms 93
end-diastolic volume 54
function 89
hypertrophy 50, 53, 95
malignant 53
Leukocyte 48
Lipoprotein, low-density 86
Lymphocytes 97
M
Machine learning methods 28
Macroalbuminuria 76, 82
Magnetic resonance 51f
spectroscopy 52
Major adverse cardiovascular events 79, 81, 85
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 44
Mechanical circulatory support 106, 109, 113, 114
Metabolic flexibility 11
Metolazone, adjuvant 69
Microalbuminuria 76
Mid-range ejection fraction 33
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist 23–25
Mitochondria 10
Mitochondrial
ATP-binding cassette 14
dysfunction 15
membrane transporters 14
Muscle bundles, anomalous 49f
Mutant transthyretin 3
Myocardial fibrosis 54
Myocardial infarction 12, 13, 37, 45, 64, 80, 86
acute 8, 37, 43, 86
risk of 82
Myocardial inflammation 48
Myocardial inflammatory diseases 89
Myocardial injury 45
biomarkers of 45
Myocardial stress, biomarkers of 39
Myocarditis 51, 51f
Myocardium 49f
Myofibroblast cells 1
N
Natriuretic peptides 37
New York Heart Association 21, 90–92, 97
Classification 27
Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction 42
O
Optimal medical management 108, 109, 111
P
Paradigm study 40
Peak global left atrial longitudinal strain 53f
Peak oxygen consumption 74
Percutaneous coronary intervention 57
Pericardial fat 50
Pneumococcal infections 66
Positron emission tomography computed tomography 48
Postheart transplant 104
Post-infarction left ventricular remodelling 12
Potassium 70
Premature ventricular contractions 95
R
Radial shortening 17
Randomization 83
Reactive oxygen species 14
Real-World Meta-Analysis of 4 Observational Databases 87
Renal dysfunction 76
Renal function, worsening of 59, 60, 62, 70
Renal sodium retention 41
Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system 76
inhibitors 32
Right bundle branch block 92
Right ventricular
assist device 113
dysfunction 112
electrograms 93
function 16
mechanical pattern 16
support, temporary 111
Rivaroxaban 63, 64
Routine atrioventricular optimization 93
S
Sacubitril 39, 71, 76, 77
effects of 73
valsartan combination, development of 63
Sarcoidosis 52f
Sarcoplasmic reticulum 12
Seattle proportional risk model 97
Shock
postcardiotomy 113–115
refractory postcardiotomy cardiogenic 114
Sinus rhythm 63
Skeletal muscle bioenergetics 52
Sodium 41, 70
glucose cotransporter-2 12, 79, 87
inhibitor 81, 86
ST elevation myocardial infarction 37
management of 57
Stable atherothrombotic disease 45, 46
Steady-state free precession 49f
Stress
hemodynamic 45
imaging 54
Stroke 64, 86, 110
risk of 110
Sudden cardiac
arrest 98
death 60, 61, 77, 89, 90
Swedish Heart Failure Registry 28
T
T2-weighted short-tau inversion recovery 51f
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 98, 99
Thiazide diuretics 30
use of 30
Tissues, anatomy of 2
Transthyretin
abnormal 3
amyloidosis 3
diagnosis of 2
treatment of 2
wild-type 3
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 17
Trivandrum Heart Failure Registry 21, 22
Tumorigenicity
soluble suppression of 36, 38, 40
suppression of 36, 44
T-wave inversion, anterior 94
U
United Network for Organ Sharing Registry 100
Urinary sodium 40
V
Valsartan 39, 71, 76, 77
effects of 73
Vascular disease, atherosclerotic 86
Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 113
Venopulmonary arterial extracorporeal life support 113
outcomes of 111
Ventricular arrhythmias 77, 90, 98, 99
Ventricular ejection fraction 90
Ventricular tachycardia 77, 90
catheter ablation of 96
Visceral fat 50
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YEAR BOOK OF CARDIOLOGY – 2019 Heart Failure
YEAR BOOK OF CARDIOLOGY – 2019 Heart Failure
Chief Editor Vijay K Chopra DM FACC FESC FHFA Senior Director Clinical Cardiology Heart Failure and Research Max Super Speciality Hospital Saket, New Delhi, India Forewords Stefan D Anker Inder S Anand
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Year Book of Cardiology – 2019 Heart Failure / Vijay K Chopra
First Edition: 2019
9789352708949
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CONTRIBUTORS
Chief Editor
Contributing Authors
FOREWORD
Over the last decade, I am keenly interested in the progress, in the attention and care for heart failure patients in India. This process was accompanied by a great advancement in academic exchange and communication in and on heart failure. The process was lead by the Heart Failure Association of India in a most laudable way. As President of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC and later as its Past-President, I repeatedly had the chance to first-hand experience of their work at many conferences. Heart failure—particularly chronic heart failure—is a great place of progress of cardiovascular medicine in the same time span with new drugs and devices coming to the forefront of clinical medicine in reality. The book on heart failure we have now in our hands is attempting to give an executive summary of these developments by highlighting important papers and giving commentary that helps the reader for context. This format will aid the cardiologist of today, always keen to learn more, but also short on time. I wish the HFAI's new Year Book of Cardiology – 2019 Heart Failure all the success of the world. I am sure that the interested reader will get the knowledge needed to refine his/her care for the growing number of heart failure patients that need it.
FOREWORD
It is extremely heartening to notice the remarkable progress, Indian Cardiology community has made in embracing the importance of the management of heart failure, during the last decade. This is reflected in the large number of meetings dedicated to heart failure, attendance at these meetings and the rapidity at which heart failure clinics are growing in the country. At the last meeting of the Heart Failure Association of India (HFAI), held in New Delhi in February 2019, the leadership of the HFAI decided that to further the interest of heart failure in the country, efforts be made to circulate to its members, in a digestible form, some of the most important recent publication on heart failure at regular intervals.
The publication of the first Year book of Heart Failure 2017 containing important publication in the field during the last year is a landmark achievement. Dr Chopra and all the other authors are to be congratulated for gathering so much information in one volume. The book has several chapters edited by some of India's leading and distinguished investigators and clinicians. They have done a remarkable job in collecting the most outstanding publications with the highest impact on a number of diverse topics including basic science research, heart failure registries, advances in management of treatment of chronic and acute decompensated heart failure. All readers, and particularly the busy clinician will find the format of providing the abstract of the publications followed by a brief commentary extremely helpful.
The book will be extremely useful to the cardiovascular specialist and internist caring for the growing number of these patients. It will be equally helpful to the scientists and the trainees. The readers will eagerly await the next year's Yearbook.
PREFACE
Heart failure has witnessed some remarkable new developments over the past few years. The literature is vast, and it becomes difficult to keep up with all that has been happening, be it basic research, diagnostics, available therapeutics or techniques under development. This small handbook by the Heart Failure Association of India is an attempt to give a snapshot of the most important developments in this field. The book is divided into 9 Sections, each containing a brief summary of the best articles in that field followed by comments from an expert. The period covered is from April’18 to March’19. I do hope you find it useful. Your comments and suggestions will be very welcome to make this yearly publication better in future.
I would like to sincerely thank all the contributors of this handbook for their diligence in finding the best articles and giving their valuable insights.