Year Book of Dermatology – 2019 Fungal Infections Jayakar Thomas, Parimalam Kumar
INDEX
The letter P after entry denotes Plate.
A
Acacia sinuata 66
Acalypha indica 66
Acanthosis nigricans P 6
Acetaminophen 55
Acetocopalic acid 43
Acetylsalicylic acid 55
Acremonium species 15
Ageratina pichinchensis lacquer 72
Allylamine derivatives 46
Alpha bisabolol 77
Alpha trans-bergamotol 77
Amides 67
Amino acid 109
Amorolfine 21, 74, 75, 76
Amphotericin B 18, 4547, 66
Analgesic drugs 54
Anidulafungin 61
Anti-biofilm effects 63
Antibiotic production 67
Anticandidal
activity 54
agent 64
Antidermatophytic activity 66
Antifungal
action 48
activity 1, 28, 43, 54, 59, 60, 64, 66, 68, 69, 76, 81
agent 35, 48, 54, 60, 79, 95, 98
combination of 56
new 95
safety and efficacy of 53
systemic 13
compounds 47
discovery of 50
cream 21
derivative of 64
drug 56, 84
natural 81
effect 35, 52, 54
ougon for 50
significant 50
efficacy 45
failures, prevention of 79
groups of 86
itraconazole, systemic 108
luliconazole 84
medication 4
potential of linalool against 48
preparation 66, 68
property 81
resistance 18
in dermatology 55
sensitivity to 8
susceptibility 96, 98
therapeutic failures 79
therapy 57
topical 13
treatment 62, 82, 92
combination 55
Anti-inflammatory property 30, 87
Antimicrobial activity, broad spectrum 52
Antimicrobial agents 52
Antioxidant property 67
Aromatic compound, side-chain 69
Arylazothiazole 69
Arylhydrazothiazole 69
Asparagine 109
Aspergillus species 11, 15, 61, 100
Azole
antifungals 47
newer 61
topical 46
B
Bacterial organisms 105
Beta caryophyllene 77
Bifonazole 74, 75
therapy 104
Biofilm
formation 61, 63
ability, evaluation of 63
producing organisms 98
production 56
Biosynthesized silver 51
Blood 109
Bullous disorders 80
Burning 22
C
Caffeic acid 68
Candida
albicans 9, 39, 42, 51, 60, 63, 69, 96, 104
in nails 41
glabrata 55, 63, 64, 104
isolated 96
krusei 59, 60
lusitaniae 63
parapsilosis 59, 60, 63, 96, 104
species 2, 9, 27, 42, 52, 5861, 63, 64, 86, 92, 96, 102
new antifungal against 64
resistant 55
strains
different 63
species of 63
tropicalis 55, 104
yeasts 2, 76
Candidal species 64
Candidial infections 61
Candidiasis
invasive 61
treatment of 77
Capitis favosa patients 5
Carbon dioxide, fractional 49, 56
Carvacrol and thymol 47
Caspofungin 61
Caulerpa sertularioides 28
Causative agents 15
Cellular activities 35
Chemotherapeutic agents 43
Chicago sky blue stain 41
Cibotium barometz 28
Clobetasol 100
Clotrimazole 86
Communicable disease 29
Coniferous resin, natural 72
Constituent copalic acid 43
Copaiba oil 43
Copaifera genus 43
Copalic acid 43
Croton tricolor 77
stem 76
Cryptococcus
neoformans 51, 52
species 52
Cutaneous fungi 69
Cutaneous irritation, local 86
Cutaneous mycosis 30
eberconazole, treatment of 86
inflamed 30
treatment of 30
Cutaneous protothecosis, course of 105
Cysteine amino acid 53
Cytotoxic T cells 97
D
Dematophytosis, classification of 94
Dermatitis, contact 108
Dermatophyte 6, 11, 15, 16, 27, 37, 38, 43, 45, 50, 51, 58, 65, 67, 84, 93, 94, 97, 98
ability of 104
African species of 3
anthropophilic 24
detection of 41
diagnosis of 34
infection 7, 112
drug-resistant 65
inhibition of 44
isolates 72
clinical 74
multidrug-resistant 65
non 27
penetrate 109
prevalence of 31
related 94
species of 1, 7, 15
tandem repeat database 95
tested 51
Dermatophytic infection 24, 25, 29, 65, 68, 70, 71, 90, 110, 112
Dermatophytic isolates 110
Dermatophytic nail infection 16
Dermatophytic reinfections 85
Dermatophytoma 4
formation of 4
Dermatophytosis 11, 23, 2025, 29, 38, 40, 44, 45, 47, 64, 69, 81, 97, 102, 109, 110
chronic 58
diagnosis of 37
diffuse 77
drug-resistant 84
in hosteller, disseminated P 3
mimicking lichen nitidus P 3
of hair, management of 70
predominantly affecting area P 4
prevalence 112
relevance in recalcitrant 45
severe 20
treatment 1, 43, 44, 46, 47, 58, 79, 81, 86
failure in 18
Diabetic and non-diabetic patients 9
Dimethyl fumarate therapy 77, 78
Diode laser 13
Dipyrithione 78, 79
Dystrophic onychomycosis, total 39
E
Eberconazole 30, 82, 83, 86, 88
efficacy of 83
nitrate 30, 82
quality of life of 88
safety of 83
Echinocandin 47, 56, 60
long-acting 61
Econazole 84, 98
Eczema 80, 102, 103
Efinaconazole 7173
Endothrix organism 23
Enzyme 36
Epidermal barrier 112
alterations 112
Epidermophyton 56, 58, 93
floccosum 16, 32, 39, 46, 75, 81, 84, 100
Epiglobulol 77
Ergosterol synthesis 65, 66, 69
inhibiting 66
Erythematous itchy 108
Erythroderma 80
Esophageal candidiasis 61
Ethyl cellulose, investigation of 82
Eugenol 47
Ex vivo biofilm-forming 104
Extracellular matrix 57
Eye, nose and mouth, mucocutaneous junctions of P 2
F
Feet-washing behavior 19
Finger nails 49, 92
Flavonoids 59
Fluconazole 1, 18, 46, 48, 49, 54, 63, 64, 7073, 98
resistances 64
resistant trichophyton rubrum 48
Flucytosine 47
Foot
mycosis 98
powder, application of 85
Formaldehyde fumigation 85
Fresh patches over healed area P 10
Fungal cell 43, 66, 68
Fungal concentrations 66
Fungal culture 7, 34, 104
disadvantage of 34
Fungal disease 27
Fungal elements 48
Fungal growth 44
Fungal infection 2, 15, 23, 38, 42, 47, 55, 66, 80, 95, 101, 104
anthropophilic 100
chronic 57
coexistence of 91
common 24
diagnosis of 42
effect in 87
invasive 95
management of 70
of feet, management of superficial 85
of hair and nail 70
superficial 25, 29, 31, 32, 47, 58, 85, 86, 97, 101, 102
treatment of 51
Fungal nail infection 16, 73, 87
Fungal organisms 36
Fungal species 95
of onychomycosis 9
Fungal therapy 82
Fusarium 2
and candida 87
solani 98
species 2, 15
Fusidic acid 67
G
Glabrous skin 90
Glutamine 109
Glycosidic saponin 47
Glyoxylate cycle 68
Gold nanoparticles 51
Granulomatous diseases 108
Griseofulvin 46, 65, 70, 84, 98
acts 65
voriconazole 101
Grocott-Gomori's methenamine silver 101
Guinea pig 78
dermatophytosis models 78
H
Hair follicle 90
Health Education Programs 29
Healthy population, normal 8
Helper T cells 97
Hepatotoxicity 61
Herbal preparations, use of 66
Heterocyclic benzofurans 56
Human cells 35
Human dermatophytic
infection 111
pathogenesis 112
Human immunodeficiency virus 31
infection 8
Human keratinocytes, minimal effect 51
Human pathogenic fungus 52
Human skin equivalents 112
Hydrolytic enzymes 36
I
Ibuprofen 55
Immune
bullous diseases 101
system 97
Immunomodulatory agents 56
Immunosorbent assay 36
In silico characterization 94
In vitro additive effect 65
In vitro antidermatophytic activity 27
In vitro antifungal 5
activity 72
In vitro biofilm 98
forming 104
In vitro models 112
In vivo antifungal activity 78
Indocyanine green 39
Infection
recurrent 71
severe 80
treatment resistant 47
Infectious disease 31
risk of 31
Inflammation, severe 70
Inflammatory reactions 36
Intralesional steroids 91
Invasive infections, development of 61
Isavuconazole 54
Itching, reduced 22
Itraconazole 1, 18, 46, 49, 54, 7075, 84, 98, 101
K
Kampo medicine 50
Kappaphycus alvarezii 28
Keratinophilic fungi 56, 93
Kerion P 1
Ketoconazole 18, 48, 66, 84, 96
Kojic acid 67
L
Langerhans cells 97
Lanoconazole 72, 73, 84
Laser assisted delivery of topical tazarotene 49
Leg lesion 93
Lichen metabolites 81
Licochalcone 68
Liver enzymes, abnormal 70
Luliconazole 64, 72, 73
Lupus autoimmune
overlap syndrome 93
syndrome 92
Lymphocyte counts 78
Lymphopenia 78
M
Majocchi's granuloma 100, 108
Malassezia
furfur 83
pachydermatis 66
species 59
yeasts 86
Mammalian cells 68
Marine algae 27, 28
Medicinal plants 27, 28, 47, 66
effective 47
Medicine, traditional 47
Melastoma malabathricum 28
Meloxicam 55
Mentioned 57
Metamizole 55
Methotrexate 93
Methylene blue 39
Micafungin 61
Miconazole 86
Microbiological resistance 56
Microsporum 52, 56, 58, 110
audouinii 3, 25, 81
canis 1, 27, 36, 59, 60, 65, 75, 81, 97, 100, 103, 105, 110
dermatophytosis 97
infection 36
strains 75
gypseum 1, 43, 45, 65, 69, 81, 103, 105
nanum 81
species 93, 108
Mometasone furoate 30
Monolayer cell cultures 112
Mucocutaneous candidiasis 64
Muehlenbeckia platyclada 28
MVAL enzyme 7
Mycosel agar 16
N
Nail
alterations 99
dermatophyte infections, treatments in 58
disorder 71, 104
dystrophy, total 26, 27
involvement 91
of psoriasis 91
noninflammatory disorder of 104
plate 71
psoriasis 91
severity of 91
Nannizzia
gypsea 100
nana 93
perplicata 92, 93
Nanoparticles
action of 63
role of 51
Natural treatments 72
Nitric oxide-releasing drug 12
Nonablative laser 13
Non-albicans species 64
Nonantifungal agents 56
Non-Candida albican species 9
Non-dermatophyte 11, 15, 92, 98
organisms 11, 38, 42
Non-dermatophytic fungi 91
Nondiabetic population 9
Nuclear ribosomal 94
O
Onychomadesis 103, 104
Onychomycosis 4, 9, 10, 11, 15, 23, 34, 38, 40, 42, 49, 53, 54, 57, 62, 64, 71, 74, 76, 87, 98, 103, 104
diagnosis of 34, 38, 40, 42
in children 53
treatment of 54
infection 34
cases of 96
management of 13, 71
mixed 26, 27
pathogens 14
therapy for 57
treatment of 4, 5, 13, 49, 54, 57, 62, 87
Oral antifungals 71, 75, 76
Oral bioavailability, poor 61
Organ transplant recipients, solid 20
Orocutaneous fungi 8
Ozone application 85
P
PCR-RFLP technique 39
Pediatric onychomycosis 73
treatment of 73
Peltigera praetextata 81
Pemphigus foliaceus group 101
Periodic acid-Schiff 101
Personal hygiene, lack of 29
Phaffia rhodozyma 52
Phenothiazinium dye 40
Phenylalanine 109
Photodynamic therapy 39, 57, 58, 59
Photodynamic treatment with curcumin 44
Photosensitising agents 44
Phyllanthus reticulatus 66
Phylogenetic relation 94
Pityriasis versicolor 83, 88
treatment for 83
Plinia cauliflora 59, 60
Polyene derivatives 56
Polymerase chain reaction 34, 38
Posaconazole 54, 101
Potassium hydroxide 23, 108
microscopy 26
Povidone iodine 57
Pramiconazole 58
Proton pump inhibitors 56
PRP8 intein in dermatophytes 93
Psoriasis 80, 99
Psoriatic nail 91, 99
Public health problem 87
Pustular tinea mannum 106, 107
R
Raman spectroscopy 99
Refractory dermatophytosis 80
Retinoid tazarotene 49
Rezafungin acetate 61
Rhapis excelsa 28
S
Sabouraud's dextrose agar 16, 45
Sabouraud's glucose 45
Sanitization powders 85
Scropulariopsis brevicaulis 15
Scutellaria 50
Scytalidium dimidiatum 15
Senna alata 66
Senna auriculata 66
Sertaconazole 21, 22
cream 21
Shoe acts, infected 85
Shoe and sock sanitization
method for 85
role of 85
Simvastatin 56
Skin
dermatophyte infections, treatments in 58
dextrose, keratinized 67
disorders 10
fungal infection, risk factors of superficial 29
infection, superficial 11, 29
Spectrum antifungal agent 46
Steroid 30, 80
application P 9
combination, result of topical P 9
modified tinea corporis P 9
potent topical 24
topical P 9, 18
Sterol metabolism 35
Subtilisin gene 110
Subungual onychomycosis 39, 101
Sulfones 67
Syzygium myrtifolium 28
T
T cells, types of 97
Tacrolimus 56, 74
Tavaborole 4, 71
Tazarotene 49
Terbinafine 1, 18, 46, 47, 49, 65, 7075, 84, 88, 98
acts 65
efficacy 83
resistance to 46
resistant isolates 84
safety of 83
Tetranortriterpenoid 47
Thiazole derivatives 69
Tinea
coporis with scaling and erosion P 5
folliculorum 90
glutealis P 8
incognito P 9
manuum, retained dermatoglyphics in P 8
of glabrous skin, complicating 90
versicolor 83, 88
Tinea axillaris P 6
mimicking erythrasma P 6
Tinea capitis 1, 3, 6
in adult
glabrous type of P 1
mimicking psoriasis P 1
Tinea corporis P 9, P 10, 18, 81, 90, 92
extensive P 4
in diabetic P 4
in HIV-positive woman, multiple patches of P 5
in infant P 2
in painter mistaken for eczema P 2
in pregnant woman, multiple patches of P 5
inflammatory type of P 2
mimicking
annular erythema P 3
herald patch of pityriasis rosea P 3
psoriasis in patient with psoriasis, plaques of P 2
psoriasis, inflammatory type of P 3
noninflammatory type of P 2
of thigh P 5
of waist with lichenification P 6
over knees in diabetic P 4
with islands of normal skin, extensive P 4
with topical salic acid preparation, eczematisation of P 4
Tinea cruris P 6, 21, 81
in young boy P 6
unilateral P 7
with active margin P 7
with flexural psoriasis P 7
with postinflammatory pigmentation and active margin P 7
with tinea genitalis P 8
Tinea faciei 24
masquerading atopic dermatitis P 1
mimicking
impetigo circinata P 1
infective eczema P 1
Tinea infection 108
causes 107
Tinea pedis 12, 19, 32, 81, 85, P 8
causes 32
interdigital 2
proportional to 19
treatment of 12
visual diagnosis of 10
Tinea unguium 10, P 8
onychomycosis 16
Tioconazole
application of 49
topical 49
Toe nails 49, 62, 92
Toenail onychomycoses, clinical laser treatment of 62
Topical therapy, role of 73
Transmission electron microscopy 35
Triamcinolone acetonide 74
Triazole 46
efinaconazole 72
Trichophyton 56, 58, 93
equinum 111
erinacei 107
infection 106, 107
interdigitale 7, 14, 28, 42, 52, 53, 73, 84, 100
antifungal for 72
mentagrophytes 9, 15, 16, 18, 32, 35, 43, 46, 51, 65, 66, 69, 75, 81, 100, 103, 105
complex 107
organisms 52
rubrum 9, 7, 1416, 18, 27, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 48, 50, 51, 59, 60, 6568, 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 94, 95, 100, 103, 105, 110
antifungal for 72
cycle of 68
glyoxylate cycle of 68
schoenleinii 5, 6
soudanense 16, 25
species 16, 28, 108
strains 75
tonsurans 16, 28, 39, 81, 84, 100, 103, 105
verrucosum 16, 17, 102
infection, epidemiology of 17
violaceum 1, 16, 22, 23, 81, 100
infection 23
Triintsin 52
effect of 52
structure of 53
Tyrosine 109
U
Unicellular aleuriospores 92
V
Vellus hair
infection of 108
tinea of 107, 108
Vernonia amygdalina 28
Vero cells, viability of 28
Verrucosum 46
Voriconazole 18, 54, 61, 84, 96
W
Wrightia tinctoria 66
Y
Yeasts 15, 27, 38, 42
biodiversity of 11
incidence of 11
Z
Zoophilic dermatophyte infections 36
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Chapter Notes

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