Prelims

Essentials of Oral Cancer AK Dewan, Swarupa Mitra, Rajan Arora, Ullas Batra

CHAPTER 1:Surgical Anatomy of Oral Cavity
- EMBRYOLOGY
- BOUNDARIES OF ORAL CAVITY (FIG. 1)
- FLOOR OF MOUTH
  - Surgical Principles based on Anatomy
- ORAL TONGUE
  - Surgical Principles Related to Anatomy
CHAPTER 2:Epidemiology and Etiology of Oral Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY
  - Age and Gender
  - Site
- ETIOLOGY
- ALCOHOL (FIG. 4)
- HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS
- DIET AND NUTRITION
- OCCUPATIONAL RISK
- GENETIC FACTORS
- DENTAL FACTORS
- SEER 2016 ANALYSIS: LIFETIME RISK OF DEVELOPING CANCER
  - Survival (Fig. 5)
  - Mortality
CHAPTER 3:Prevention and Chemoprevention
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY CANCER PREVENTION
- SECONDARY CANCER PREVENTION
- TERTIARY CANCER PREVENTION
- CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE CANCERS
- FIELD CANCERIZATION
- CHEMOPREVENTION (Fig. 1)
CHAPTER 4:Histopathology and Molecular Pathology of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
- INTRODUCTION
- EPITHELIAL PRECURSOR LESIONS OF OSCC
- SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
  - Subtypes of SCC
- MIMICKERS OF MALIGNANCY
- HISTOLOGICAL PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF OSCC
- FIELD CANCERIZATION: A GENETICALLY ALTERED FIELD
  - Distinct Molecular Alterations considering Age and Sites within Oral Cavity
  - Therapeutic Implications
CHAPTER 5:Evaluation and Staging of Oral Cancer
- EVALUATION OF AN ORAL CANCER PATIENT
  - History
  - Clinical Examination
- ANKYLOGLOSSIA
- CONFIRMATION OF DIAGNOSIS
- RADIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT FOR STAGING
- ASSESSMENT FOR RESECTABILITY
  - Orbital Invasion
  - Cavernous Sinus Invasion
- TREATMENT PLAN (Flowchart 1)
- TUMOR-NODE METASTASIS STAGING OF ORAL CANCER
CHAPTER 6:Imaging in Carcinoma of Oral Cavity
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY
- POST-TREATMENT IMAGING IN ORAL CAVITY SCC
CHAPTER 7:Principles of Oral Cancer Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING A TREATMENT MODALITY
  - Assessment of Resectability
  - Principles of Resection
- OPTIONS FOR RECONSTRUCTION
- INDICATIONS OF POSTOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY
- RADICAL RADIOTHERAPY
- REHABILITATION
- FOLLOW-UP
- IMAGING IN ORAL CANCERS
  - Resectability Issues and Imaging
- RECURRENT/METASTATIC ORAL CANCER
- SALVAGE SURGERY
  - Salvage Surgery in Curative Setting
  - Salvage Surgery with Palliative Intent
- RERADIATION
- SYSTEMIC CHEMOTHERAPY
- IMMUNOTHERAPY/TARGETED THERAPY
- BEST SUPPORTIVE CARE
- METASTATIC DISEASE
  - Oligometastasis
CHAPTER 8:Management of Oral Premalignant Lesions
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
- DIAGNOSIS (TABLE 2)
- ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA
  - Management
    - Surgical Therapies
    - Nonsurgical Therapies
- ERYTHROPLAKIA
- ORAL SUBMUCOUS FIBROSIS
- LICHEN PLANUS
  - Subtypes of OLP
- PROLIFERATIVE VERRUCOUS LEUKOPLAKIA
CHAPTER 9:Trismus in Head and Neck Cancers
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- TRISMUS AND ITS RELATION WITH RADIATION THERAPY
  - Trismus as a Sign of Recurrence
- TRISMUS AND ITS RELATION WITH ALCOHOL
- INTRA-ARTICULAR VERSUS EXTRA-ARTICULAR CAUSES OF TRISMUS
- PROBLEMS WITH TRISMUS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- TRISMUS MEASUREMENT AND CLASSIFICATION
- TREATMENT OF TRISMUS
- PREVENTION OF TRISMUS
CHAPTER 10:Jaw Tumors
- ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
- BENIGN EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
- MALIGNANT EPITHELIAL ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
- BENIGN MESENCHYMAL ODONTOGENIC TUMORS OF THE JAW
- MALIGNANT MESENCHYMAL ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
  - Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma
- MIXED EPITHELIAL AND MESENCHYMAL ODONTOGENIC TUMORS
- BENIGN NONODONTOGENIC TUMORS OF THE JAW
- MALIGNANT NONODONTOGENIC TUMORS OF THE JAWS
CHAPTER 11:Nutrition in Oral Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY OF MALNUTRITION IN ORAL CANCER PATIENTS
- IMPACT OF MALNUTRITION (MALNUTRITION-ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY)
- NUTRITIONAL SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT TOOLS
- MONITORING
- NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS
- REFEEDING SYNDROME
  - Criteria for Determining People at Moderate or High Risk of Developing Refeeding Syndrome
  - Approach to Refeeding Syndrome
- AIMS OF NUTRITION SUPPORT
- METHODS OF NUTRITION SUPPORT
- ESTIMATING NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
- NUTRITION CONSIDERATIONS DURING SURGICAL TREATMENT
- NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS DURING CURATIVE RADIOTHERAPY ± CHEMOTHERAPY
- NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE CANCER NETWORK GUIDELINES: HEAD AND NECK CANCER
- LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 12:Anesthesia in Oral Cancer Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- PREANESTHETIC CHECKUP
  - Airway Assessment
  - Airway Plan
- INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
  - Hemodynamic Stability
  - Causes of Sudden Rise in Airway Pressure
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA
  - Interventional Therapy
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY IN PATIENTS
- EQUIPMENT
  - Nasotracheal Tube
  - Difficult Airway Armamentarium
- LASER SURGERY
- TRANSORAL ROBOTIC SURGERY
  - Positioning
- ROBOT-ASSISTED RADICAL NECK DISSECTION
- ANESTHESIA IN HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS
- EMERGENCY IN ORAL CANCER SURGERY
  - Vortex Approach
- ENHANCED RECOVERY AFTER SURGERY PROTOCOL
CHAPTER 13:Preoperative, Peroperative, and Postoperative Nursing Care
- INTRODUCTION
- PREOPERATIVE NURSING CARE
- INTRAOPERATIVE NURSING CARE
- POSTOPERATIVE NURSING CARE IN OPERATION THEATER
  - Postoperative Nursing Care
CHAPTER 14:The Lip
- FUNCTIONS OF LIPS
- ANATOMY
- COMMON MALIGNANCIES ON LIPS
- PRINCIPLES OF CANCER RESECTION IN LIP
- LIP DEFECTS
  - Classification
- GOALS OF LIP RECONSTRUCTION
- GENERAL RULES OF LIP RECONSTRUCTION
- RECONSTRUCTIVE STRATEGIES FOR LIP DEFECTS
CHAPTER 15:Management of Buccal Mucosa and Retromolar Trigone Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL ANATOMY (Fig. 1)
- CLINICAL RELEVANCE
- STAGING
- PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
- UNRESECTABLE CANCERS
- IMAGING OF BUCCAL MUCOSAL CANCERS
  - Imaging
- SURGICAL PRINCIPLES (Table 1)
- SELECTION OF TREATMENT
- LOCALLY ADVANCED/BORDERLINE RESECTABLE BUCCAL MUCOSA CANCER
- TREATMENT FOR RECURRENT AND METASTATIC HEAD AND NECK CANCER
CHAPTER 16:Carcinoma of Lower Alveolus
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF MANDIBULECTOMY (FIGS. 2A AND B)
- COMPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 17:Upper Alveolus and Palate
- SURGICAL ANATOMY (Figs. 1A and B)
- CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
- PREOPERATIVE STAGING AND EVALUATION
- RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION
- DENTAL PROSTHETIC EVALUATION
- MANAGEMENT
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- CONTRAINDICATIONS/CAUTIONS
- ROLE OF RADIATION THERAPY
- ROLE OF CHEMOTHERAPY
- REHABILITATION
- FOLLOW-UP
CHAPTER 18:Management of Tongue and Floor of Mouth Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- PRESENTATION
  - Floor of Mouth
  - Tongue
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- PRETREATMENT EVALUATION
- HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS
- STAGING
- TREATMENT OF STAGES I AND II
- LOCOREGIONALLY ADVANCED TUMORS
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
  - Prognostic Factors
- POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  - Surgical Objectives
- SURGICAL ACCESS
- TYPES OF GLOSSECTOMY
- TUMOR RESECTION
CHAPTER 19:Management of Neck in Oral Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- LEVELS OF NECK NODES
  - Seven Levels of Neck Nodes
- CLINICAL STAGING OF NECK NODES
- DEFINITIONS OF NECK DISSECTION
- IMAGING OF NECK NODES (Table 1)
- MANAGEMENT OF N0 NECK
  - Observation versus Elective Neck Treatment for N0 Neck
- SENTINEL NODE BIOPSY IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
- ELECTIVE NODAL IRRADIATION
- RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING ELECTIVE TREATMENT OF HEAD AND NECK CANCERS (Table 2)
- MANAGEMENT OF THE CLINICALLY NODE-POSITIVE NECK (N+)
- COMPLICATIONS OF NECK DISSECTION
  - Immediate/Intraoperative
  - Delayed
CHAPTER 20:Neck Dissections in Oral Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- NECK DISSECTION TERMINOLOGY
- NECK INCISIONS (Box 1)
  - Positioning
  - Flap Elevation
- MODIFIED NECK DISSECTION
  - Incision Planning (Fig. 2)
  - Surgical Steps
- SELECTIVE NECK DISSECTION (Fig. 6)
  - Incision Planning
  - Steps
- RADICAL NECK DISSECTION (Fig. 7)
- NECK DISSECTION AFTER TREATMENT WITH CHEMORADIATION
- SUBMITTING NECK DISSECTION SPECIMEN FOR PATHOLOGIC ANALYSIS
- THEN AND NOW
  - Lymphoscintigraphy—Directed Neck Dissection
  - Robotic Neck Dissection
CHAPTER 21:Complications of Surgery and Reconstructive Procedures
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Intraoperative Complications
    - Local Complications
    - Systemic Complications
  - Postoperative Complications
CHAPTER 22:Principles of Surgical Reconstruction in Oral Cancers
- INTRODUCTION
- RECONSTRUCTIVE PARADIGM
- ORAL CAVITY RECONSTRUCTION
- SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO WOUND CLOSURE: SURGICAL OPTIONS
  - Split-thickness Skin Grafts (Fig. 3)
    - Advantages
    - Disadvantages
  - Full-thickness Skin Grafts (Fig. 3)
    - Advantages
    - Disadvantages
- CLASSIFICATION OF FLAPS
- PRINCIPLES OF CLOSURE
- PRINCIPLES OF RECONSTRUCTION
  - Flap Design
- TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Pedicle Identification and Elevation
- POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT
- PRINCIPLES OF MICROVASCULAR ANASTOMOSIS
- SURGICAL TOOLS
- TECHNIQUE
- PRE-REQUISITES FOR SUCCESSFUL MICROVASCULAR ANASTOMOSIS
- POINTS OF TECHNIQUE
CHAPTER 23:Reconstructions of Oral Mucosal Defects
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL ANATOMY
- GOALS OF RECONSTRUCTION (BOXES 1 AND 2)
- RECONSTRUCTION OPTIONS
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
CHAPTER 24:Reconstruction of Soft Tissues and Bony Defects of Oral Cavity
- INTRODUCTION
- WORKUP OF PATIENTS UNDER- GOING RECONSTRUCTION
  - Selection of Reconstructive Options
  - Reconstructive Techniques
- COMPONENT-WISE RECONSTRUCTION OF ORAL DEFECTS
- WORKHORSE FLAPS FOR RECONSTRUCTION
- SECONDARY SURGERY
CHAPTER 25:Adjuvant Treatment in Oral Cavity Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS WARRANTING POSTOPERATIVE ADJUVANT THERAPY
  - Primary Tumor Risk Factors
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- COMPOSITE ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS
CHAPTER 26:Radiotherapy in Oral Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR ORAL CANCERS
  - Early Stage Oral Cancer
  - Locally Advanced Resectable Oral Cancer
- RADIOTHERAPY FOR ORAL CANCERS
- RADIOTHERAPY DOSES AND FRACTIONATIONS
- ADVANTAGES OF INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIOTHERAPY OVER CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
- REIRRADIATION FOR ORAL CANCERS
CHAPTER 27:Chemotherapy in Oral Cavity Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
- CHEMORADIATION
  - Primary Chemoradiation
  - Adjuvant Chemoradiation
- CHOICE OF REGIMEN
- INDUCTION CHEMOTHERAPY FOR LOCALLY ADVANCED ORAL CAVITY CANCERS (STAGES III–IVB)
  - Induction Chemotherapy
- CHEMOTHERAPY FOR METASTATIC OR RECURRENT ORAL CANCERS (STAGE IVC)
- PROGNOSTIC FACTORS
- SURVIVAL
CHAPTER 28:Management of Recurrent Head and Neck Carcinoma
- INTRODUCTION
- PROGNOSIS OF RECURRENT HEAD AND NECK CANCER
  - Salvage Surgery
    - Principles of Salvage Surgery
- DIAGNOSIS OF RESIDUAL OR RECURRENT CANCER
  - Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
  - Neck
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Treatment of Lung Metastases
- ROLE OF REIRRADIATION
- SYSTEMIC THERAPY
- TARGETED THERAPIES IN RECURRENT ORAL CANCERS
- IMMUNOTHERAPY IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER
- METRONOMIC THERAPY
CHAPTER 29:Role of Interventional Radiology in the Management of Oral Cancers
- INTRODUCTION
- TRANSARTERIAL EMBOLIZATION FOR UNCONTROLLED HEMORRHAGE (Figs. 1 and 2)
- CHEMOEMBOLIZATION OF UNRESECTABLE TUMORS
- PERCUTANEOUS TRACHEOSTOMY
- LYMPHATIC INTERVENTIONS (Figs. 3A and B)
- PERCUTANEOUS RADIOLOGICAL GASTROSTOMY
- LYMPH NODAL ABLATION
- PAIN MANAGEMENT
- IMAGE-GUIDED BIOPSIES
CHAPTER 30:Dental Management in Oral Cancer Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- PRE-RADIOTHERAPY DENTAL ASSESSMENT
- PRE-RADIOTHERAPY DENTAL MANAGEMENT
  - Restorations
  - Extractions
- DENTAL MANAGEMENT DURING RADIOTHERAPY (FIGS. 1 TO 3)
- PRE-CHEMOTHERAPY DENTAL ASSESSMENT
- DENTAL MANAGEMENT DURING CHEMOTHERAPY
- POSTCHEMOTHERAPY DENTAL MANAGEMENT: BISPHOSPHONATE-RELATED OSTEONECROSIS OF JAW
- POSTSURGERY: DENTAL MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION
CHAPTER 31:Swallowing and Speech Therapy in Oral Cancer
- INTRODUCTION
- NORMAL SWALLOWING FUNCTION
- CAUSES OF DYSPHASIA IN ORAL CANCER
- IMPORTANCE OF SWALLOWING THERAPY IN ORAL CANCERS
- SPEECH THERAPY IN ORAL CANCER
- SPEECH THERAPY INTERVENTIONS (BOX 3)
CHAPTER 32:Pain and Palliative Care in Oral Cavity Cancers
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF OROFACIAL PAIN (TABLE 1)
- MECHANISM OF PAIN
- ASSESSMENT OF PAIN
- PAIN AND SUPPORTIVE MANAGEMENT IN ORAL CAVITY CANCERS
  - Orofacial Pain
- CRANIAL NEURALGIA/NEUROPATHY
- ORAL MUCOSITIS (Table 2)
  - Treatment
- SALIVARY GLAND DAMAGE AND XEROSTOMIA
  - Treatment
- DENTAL ISSUES
- OSTEORADIONECROSIS
  - Treatment
- WOUND CARE
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 33:Quality of Life of Oral Cancer Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- DOMAINS OF IMPACT OF ORAL CANCER ON QOL
CHAPTER 34:Case Presentation for Postgraduate Students
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY TAKING
- CHIEF COMPLAINTS
- HISTORY OF RISK FACTORS/LIFESTYLE BEHAVIORS OR HABITS
- TREATMENT HISTORY
- FAMILY HISTORY
- PERSONAL HISTORY
- PAST HISTORY
- EXAMINATION
- EXAMINATION OF NECK (Figs. 1A and B)
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CARCINOMA OF TONGUE
- COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 35:Cancer of the Oral Cavity (NCCN Guidelines)
- BUCCAL MUCOSA, FLOOR OF MOUTH, ANTERIOR MOUTH, ALVEOLAR RIDGE, RETROMOLAR TRIGONE, HARD PALATE
- PRIMARY TREATMENT OF ORAL CANCER
- VERY ADVANCED ORAL CANCER (T4b)
- VERY ADVANCED ORAL CANCER (METASTATIC)
- VERY ADVANCED ORAL CANCER (RECURRENT OR PERSISTENT)
  - Very Advanced Oral Cancer
  - Systemic Therapy + RT
- RERADIATION
- PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMIC THERAPY IN ORAL CANCER
- MUCOSAL MELANOMA
- ORAL CANCER-FOLLOW-UP RECOMMENDATIONS
- FOLLOW-UP RECOMMENDATIONS POST SYSTEMIC THERAPY/RT
CHAPTER 36:Oral Cancer-2021
- INTRODUCTION
- APPROACH TO AN ORAL CANCER PATIENT
- AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON CANCER (AJCC)-TNM (8TH EDITION, 2017)
  - Oral Mucosal Melanoma
- IMAGING
- INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
- SURGERY
  - Surgery for Relapsed/Refractory Disease
- RADIOTHERAPY
- MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT/METASTATIC ORAL CANCER
  - Pembrolizumab
- NUTRITION
- DENTAL MANAGEMENT

INDEX

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.

Abbe flap 133, 133f, 135f

Abducens nerve 43

Abscess, periapical 266f

Acetaldehyde 18, 19

Acetyl-L-carnitine 284

Acrylic cones 76

Actinic keratosis 29

Adenoid cystic carcinoma 155f

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor 80, 83, 83f

Adenosquamous carcinoma 29, 33, 39

Adjuvant radiotherapy

doses 236, 236t

indications for 161

Air embolism 195

Airway 221

assessment 108, 109t

obstruction 195

patency, assess for 123

plan 109

Alar crescent excision 133

Alcohol 18, 74

dehydrogenase 18

intake 15, 102, 296

major metabolite of 18

mechanism of action of 19f

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 19

Allen's test 218

Alpha-lipoic acid 284

Alveolar ridge 303

Alveolectomy, upper 156

Alveolus 179

carcinoma of 117

mandibular 55f

Ameloblastoma 79, 80, 81f

malignant 80, 84

excision for 225

variants of 84

maxillary 81

peripheral 79, 82

solid 79

American Joint Committee on Cancer 254f, 315

Amifostine 284

Aminolevulinic acid 69

Amitriptyline 284

Analgesia

postoperative 111

topical 287

Andy gump deformity 174, 175, 175f

Anesthesia, general 77

Anisocytosis 30

Anisonucleosis 29

Ankyloglossia 41, 296, 298

complete 41

mild 41

moderate 41

Anorexia 249

Anterolateral thigh

flap 174, 222, 224, 227f

types of 227

Anthropometry 102

Antibiotics

perioperative 210

prophylactic 221

Antioxidant 25

Anxiety 289

Apolipoprotein 27

Arrhythmias, cardiac 196

Arterial thrombosis, pale flap after 196f

Artery 213

maxillary 193

Articulation 280

therapy 281

Ascorbic acid 23, 68

Aspergillus niger 298

Aspiration 107, 249

pneumonia 125

Axial flaps 204

Barium swallow procedure, modified 275

Bartholin's duct 164

Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma 29, 33, 39

B-cell lymphoma 97

Bence-Jones protein 97

Bernard's burrow 133

Bernard's flap 138f

Beta-carotene 68

Bidi 18

Biochemistry 103

Biopsy 41

image-guided 260, 263

incisional 42, 67

Bite excision 6

Black hairy tongue 298

Bleeding 64, 193, 195, 289

Bleomycin 68

Blood

soaked sponge 91

thinners 221

type 119

Body

image alteration 289

mandibular 99f

mass index 108

weight 109

Bone 80, 98, 225, 324

cyst, aneurysmal 80, 90, 90f

exposure 152

fibrosarcoma of 80, 95, 96f

invasion 36

management of 6, 144

postradiation sarcoma of 80, 99

Bony

exposure 157, 158

mandible 53f

metastasis 64

resection 158, 159

Botulinum toxin, injection of 75

Brachytherapy 240, 242

advantages of 242

adverse effects of 243

boost 240, 242

doses 242

implant 241f

intraoperative 241, 242f

selection criteria for 242

types of 241

Brain 247

metastasis 64

specific angiogenesis inhibitor 27

Brainstem 247

Breast 13

cancer 99f

Bronchopneumonia 198

Brush

biopsy 67

sensitivity of 67

Buccal fat pad flap 213, 214f

Buccal mucosa 15, 140, 179, 201, 213, 225, 247, 303

anatomy of 140f

arterial supply of 3f

carcinoma of 117, 241f

defects 224

innervation of 4f

management of 140

maxillary 55f

Buccal myomucosal flap 131, 132f, 133f

Buccinator muscle 5

Buccinator myomucosal flap 9, 174

Bulky nodal disease 60

Burkitt lymphoma 80, 97

Cancer

buccal mucosal 142

genome atlas

data 314

network 38

multiple 24

pain management 112f

prevention of 23

recurrent 256, 256t

registry development 14

resection, principles of 128

secondary prevention of 23

stage of 141

subsite of 58

therapy, functional assessment of 291

unresectable 142

Candidiasis 29, 267, 287

Capecitabine 258, 259

Carboplatin 252, 258

chemotherapy 284

Carcinoembryonic antigen 34

Carcinoma

ameloblastic 84

buccal mucosa 243f, 244f

cuniculatum 29

in-situ 30

lymphoepithelial 29

odontogenic 80, 83, 85

of alveolus, management of 157fc

of hard palate, management of 157fc

sarcomatoid 34, 34f

ulcerated 142f

Carious tooth 266f

Carotenoids 20

Carotid artery

common 318

external 260

internal 318

Carotid sinus syndrome 194

Catheters, size of 123

Cavernous sinus invasion 43, 62

Celecoxib 259

Celsus method 135f

Cementoblastoma 80, 85

Central giant cell granuloma 80, 89, 90f

Cephalic vein 218

Cerebrospinal fluid 287

Cerebrovascular accident 297

Cervical

esophagus 177

nodes 62

plexus block 113

spine movement 108

Cervix uteri 13

Cetuximab 64, 252, 322

combination therapy 323

Cheek 213, 299, 300

mucosa 2

skin flap, necrosis of 197

Chemiluminescent light 67

Chemoprevention 24

model of 24f

Chemoradiation 251, 253

adjuvant 251, 252

postoperative 252

primary 251, 252

Chemoradiotherapy 60, 169, 322

concurrent 157, 161

postoperative 162

Chemotherapy 44, 95, 102, 106, 284, 322

adjuvant 235

combination 64

concurrent 230, 235, 320

dental management during 270

dose of 61

high-dose 98

induction 169, 253

neoadjuvant 149, 157, 317

role of 146, 161

single-agent 64

systemic 64

transarterial 261, 263

Cherubism 80, 90, 90f

Chest

imaging 62

infection 277

pain 64

X-ray 42, 58

Chimeric flaps 209

Chin skin, necrosis of 197f

Chondroma 80, 93

Chondrosarcoma 80, 95

mesenchymal 80, 95

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 297

Chuttaa 18

Chyle leak 197

Cigarettes, smokers of 18

Circulation flaps 204

Cisplatin 252, 322

high-dose 252

Clear-cell odontogenic carcinoma 80, 85

Cochlea 247

Colorectum 13

Combined positive score 253, 259, 314

Comorbidity 315

Compensatory technique 282

Complete blood count 119

Complex odontome 87f

Composite flaps 207

Computed tomography angiography 261

Computer-adaptive tests 291

Condyloma acuminatum 29

Conservative physical therapy 76

Constrictor muscles 246

Contaminated traumatic wounds 208

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography 42

Corkscrew device 76, 77f

Coronoidectomy 77

Coupling devices 211

Cranial nerve 11f

Cranial neuralgia 285

Cross vermilion flap 131f

Cryotherapy 71

Cuff pressure 123

Cupid's bow 131

Cutaneous flaps, axial perforator-based 207

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors 25

Cystic ameloblastomas 79, 81

Cytokeratin 34

Death

causes of 302

cancer-related 12

Deep femoral artery 218

Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator 222

Deep soft-tissue infiltration 142

Deep vein thrombosis 195

Defects needing bone 225

Dehydration 277

Deltopectoral flap 226

Dental

alveoli 150

assessment, pre-radiotherapy 264

caries prevention 324

examination 40

factors 20

implants 268, 271, 271f

issues 288

management 270, 324

pre-radiotherapy 265

prosthetic evaluation 156

rehabilitation 221, 270

status 108

ulcer 302

Dentin, amorphous mass of 87f

Deoxyribonucleic acid 107

Depression 289

Dermatitis 249

Diabetes mellitus 297

Diarrhea, treatment of 125

Digastric tendon 193f

Dimethyl sulfoxide 68

Direct cutaneous flaps 204

Discoid lupus erythematosus 29, 66

Distant flaps 223

Distant metastasis 32, 48, 316

classification 48

Docetaxel 258, 322

Doxepin 287

Drain care 125

Dry mouth, strategies for 324

Dynamic bite openers 76

Dynasplint trismus system 77, 77f

Dysguesia 249

Dyskeratosis 29

Dysphagia 170, 249, 274, 296

causes of 274b

Dysplasia 29, 30, 67

mild 30

moderate 30

moderate-to-high-grade 240

Eastern cooperative oncology group 64, 255

Elective lymph node dissection 318

Elective neck dissection 161

Elective nodal irradiation 180

El-Ganzouri's index 109, 109t

Enamel, amorphous mass of 87f

Endotracheal tube 108

End-tidal carbon dioxide 115

Epidermal growth factor receptor 25, 64, 148, 258

inhibitors 28

Epidermolysis bullosa 66

Epigallocatechin gallate 24

Episode 297

Epithelial precursor lesions 29

Epithelial tumors 80

classification of 29b

Epithelium, squamous 50

Epstein-Barr virus 97

Erlotinib 259

Erythematous gingival lesion 96f

Erythroleukoplakia 29, 31, 296

hard palate 154f

Erythroplakia 29, 31, 69

Esophagus 13

Estlander flap 135, 136f

European Medicines Agency 323

European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 252, 319

European Society for Medical Oncology 315f

Ewing's sarcoma 80, 95, 96

Excessive salivation 296

Exfoliative cytology 42

Extended radical neck dissection 178

External beam radiotherapy 240, 243

adverse effects of 249t

techniques of 243

Extracapsular extension 161

Extractions 265, 268

Extranodal extension 32, 36, 46, 48, 60, 141, 234, 240, 251

Extratumoral perineural invasion 36f

Extrinsic muscle invasion 41

Eyes 247

Face, muscles of 2f

Facial artery 193, 193f

myomucosal flap 215, 215f

Facial nerve 128

Fascia, superficial 1

Fasciocutaneous flaps 204

Fear 289

Feeding

intolerance, management of 125

position 125

tube

placement 124

selection 124

types of 104, 105f

Femoral artery 218

Fetor oris 296

Fiberoptic

bronchoscopy 109

examination 162

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 37

Fibroma

ameloblastic 80, 88

cementifying 80, 86

cemento-ossifying 88

desmoplastic 80, 93

juvenile ossifying 80, 88

odontogenic 80, 85

Fibro-odontoma, ameloblastic 80, 88

Fibro-osseous tumors 80, 88

Fibrosarcoma, ameloblastic 80, 86

Fibrosis 274

subcutaneous 249

submucous 40, 59

Fine-needle aspiration cytology 42, 54f, 317

Finger stretching 76

Flap

after venous thrombosis 196f

classification of 204

design 209

elevation 185

failure 197

loss 170

necrosis 116

reconstruction 174

unwanted hairs in 198

vascular compromise of 196

Flexor carpi radialis muscle 218

Fluid intake 102

Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography 314

Fluorouracil 149, 258

Food and Drug Administration 322

Forehead flap 216, 217f

Fracture 64, 199

Free anterolateral thigh flap 218, 227

Free fibula

flap 174, 220, 220f

osseous 228

Free fibular osteocutaneous flap 224

Free microvascular flap 138

Free radial artery forearm flap 217, 226

Frenulum 164

Fries flap 138f

Fugimori type unilateral nasolabial flap 136f

Fujimori gate flap, bilateral 137, 138f

Functional oral intake scale 275b

Gardner syndrome 92

Gastric reflux 108

Gastrostomy

percutaneous

endoscopic 106, 324

radiological 260, 262, 263

tube 104

Giant cell

lesions-containing multinucleated 80, 89

tumor 80, 89

Gillies fan flap 133, 134f, 137f

unilateral 136

Gingival mucosa 2

Gingivobuccal complex 2, 213

Gingivobuccal sulcus 17, 144

Gland

sublingual 164

submandibular 164, 246

Glass ionomer cement 265

Glioma 91

Globocan 2018 13f

Glossectomy 172

partial 172, 174

subtotal 172

total 173

types of 172

Glossopharyngeal nerve 165, 286

block 113, 287f

Glutamine 284

Glutathione 284

Grafts, full-thickness 203, 203f

Granuloma, eosinophilic 89

Greater auricular nerve 189, 194, 195f

Greater palatine nerve 57f

Grimm flap 138f

Gums 213, 299, 300

Gutka 16, 17

Hand-Schüller-Christian disease 89

Hard palate 56, 155f, 179, 224, 303, 274

bony landmarks of 153f

malignant melanoma of 155f

Head and neck

cancer 28, 29, 58, 73, 107, 183t, 231, 258, 264

inventory 291

treatment of 180

cast fabrication 236

endoscopy 314

malignancies of 119

radiation therapy 265

squamous cell carcinoma 23, 37, 64, 180, 230, 257, 314

Health utilities index 291

Hemangiopericytoma 95

Hemiglossectomy 172

compartmental 172

Hemimandibulectomy 7

Hemorrhage 260

uncontrolled 260

Herpes simplex virus 287

Heterozygosity, loss of 38

High molecular weight keratin 34

Histiocytoma, malignant fibrous 80, 96

Human papillomavirus 19, 314

infection 29

Humby knife 203f

Humidification 123

Hydroxyurea 252

Hyperbaric oxygen 75, 269

Hyperchromasia 30

Hyperparathyroidism 80, 89

Hyperplasia

multifocal epithelial 29

pseudoepitheliomatous 34, 35f

Hypertension 297

Hypertrophic scar 199, 199f

Hypofractionation 249, 321

Hypopharynx 177, 183

Hypothermia 195

Immunohistochemistry 34

Immunotherapy 64

Induction sequential systemic therapy 311

Infection 287, 289

Infranotch tumor 147f

Infratemporal fossa 3, 4, 6, 141, 145, 149, 154

boundaries of 5f

contents of 146f

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy 77, 236, 238f, 244, 248f, 320

advantages of 249

Intensive care unit 122, 221, 262

Interferon-gamma 70

Intermuscular septum 220

International Classification of Diseases 283

International Society of Oral Oncology 266

Interstitial implant brachytherapy 241, 241f

Interventional Gasserian Ganglion Block 286

Interventional therapy 113

Intraoperative nursing care 120

Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia 112

Invasion, depth of 35, 44, 48, 55, 231

Island platysma 216

Itching 289

Jaw 85, 88

bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of 270

deviation of 198

malignant nonodontogenic tumors of 93

mobilization 276

opening devices 77f

protrusion 108, 109

tumors 79

classification of 80t

Jejunostomy tube 104

Johanson's step ladder

advancement 136

flap 137f

Jugular vein, internal 193

Jugular venous pressure 297

Kaposi's sarcoma 155

Karapandzic flap 136

bilateral 135f, 136

reverse 134

unilateral 137f

Khaini 16, 17

Kharra 16

Kotlow's assessment 41

Kotlow's classification 41t

Lamina dura 3

Langerhans cell disease 80, 89

Large multilocular solid ameloblastoma 80f

Laryngoscopy, indirect 40

Larynx 177, 183, 246

glottic 177

subglottic 177

L-ascorbic acid 68

Laser

ablation 68

surgery 114

Lateral circumflex femoral artery 218

Latyshevsky, Apron flap incision of 185

Left external carotid artery angiogram 261f

Left greater palatine foramen 57f

Lens 247

Letterer-Siwe disease 89

Leukoplakia 30, 66, 69, 301

speckled 31

types of 67b

Lichen planus 29, 66, 69–71

Lidocaine 287

Ligature slip 193

Limberg flap 207f

Lingual artery 193, 215

Lingual nerve 165

Lingual swellings 1

Lips 1, 127, 128, 177, 251, 298, 299

cancers of 12, 251

carcinoma 315f

defects 128, 135

central 133f

full-thickness 128fc, 129

lateral 133f

reconstructive strategies for 129

functions of 127

landmarks 127f

oral cavity 13

primary repair of 130f

reconstruction 129

goals of 128

sparing 143f

split, lateral 143f

vascular anatomy of 128f

Liver function test 119

Liverpool oral rehabilitation 291

Local flaps 206, 213, 223

Low molecular weight keratin 34

Lower alveolus 150

carcinoma of 150

Lower lip 128

defects 135, 136f

split incisions 143f

vermilion flap 130

Lung 13

collapse 198

metastases, treatment of 257

Lycopene 25, 68

mechanism of action of 27fc

Lymph node 48, 60, 176

ablation 260, 263

metastasis 36

incidence of 232f

multiple 60

pathological 46, 54t

regional 32, 46, 178, 316

supraclavicular 318

Lymphatic 2, 141

dissemination 53

drainage 3, 128

interventions 260, 262

spread 151

Lymphoscintigraphy 191

Lymphovascular invasion 35, 60, 161, 162, 233

Macroglossia 301

Magnetic resonance

angiography 222

imaging 42, 51, 142, 151, 156, 166, 256

Malignancy, mimickers of 34

Malignant diseases 23

Mallampati grade 109

Mallampati score, modified 108

Malnutrition

associated morbidity 102

impact of 102

screening tool 102

Malocclusion 198

Mandible 5, 8, 246, 269f

bony landmarks of 150f

carcinoma of 117

fracture of 199

lower border of 4

segmental resection of 151

Mandibular

alveolar ridge, anterior 177

guiding prosthesis 270

placement of 271f

nerve 4, 11f, 52f, 193f

reconstruction 228

resections, types of 151f

Mandibulectomy 173

segmental 53f, 151, 151f, 225

types of 151

Marginal mandibulectomy 6, 53f, 144, 145f, 151f

contraindications for 152

Masseteric flap 215

Mastication, muscles of 4

Masticator space 4, 4f, 55f

involvement of 141

Mathes and Nahai classification 205f

Mawa 16

Maxilla

anterior right 96f

carcinoma of 117

posterior 81f

posterolateral wall of 5

Maxillary artery, internal 4

Maxillary defects 270

Maxillary reconstruction 228

Maxillectomy 225

infrastructural 158, 159f

partial 157f

McGregor flap 136, 137f

Meckel's cave 286f

Medial pterygoid muscle 4, 5

Medial sural artery perforator flap 219, 219f

Meningioma 91

Metastasis 322

pulmonary 64

Metastatic cancers 240

chemotherapy for 253

Metastatic carcinoma 80, 99

management of 99

prognosis of 100

Metastatic disease 64, 149

management of 322f

Methotrexate 258, 259

Metronomic therapy 64, 259

Microvascular free flap 134

Mid-face, structure of 177

Midline lip split 143f, 171

Minimally invasive neck dissection 191

Minor salivary glands, malignant tumors of 46

Mobile tongue 29b

Monoclonal light chain 97

Monotherapy 240, 242

Mouth 241f, 296

cancer of floor of 163

floor of 1, 7, 51, 55f, 56, 163, 164f, 165f, 167, 169, 177, 179, 224, 225, 232f, 240, 247, 299, 300, 303

opening 75, 108, 109

swelling in 295

Mucosal defects 60

Mucosal melanoma 46, 155, 311

Mucosectomy 172

Mucositis 170, 249, 266, 274

grades of 287t

Multidetector computed tomography 57

Multifocal leukoerythroplakia syndrome 154

Multilocular radiolucency 86f, 90f

Multiple-eyed catheters 123

Murphy's law 193

Muscles 4f, 127, 324

changes of 274

flaps 205f

forming 165f

Muscular diaphragm 165

Myeloma, multiple 80, 97

Myocutaneous flap 225

Myomucosal advancement 130, 130f

Myxoma, odontogenic 80, 85, 86f

Nakajima flap 136

Nasal cavity 177

Nasogastric tube 104, 324

Nasolabial flap 136, 160, 174, 215

bilateral 138f

Nasopharynx 61, 177

Nasotracheal tube 114

Nausea 249, 289

postoperative 111

N-butyl cyanoacrylate 261

Near-total glossectomy 172

Neck 257

disease, direct extension of 318

dissection 144, 145, 173, 178, 183, 190, 191, 318, 319

bilateral selective 189

complications of 181

history of 183

lateral 178

modified 117, 185

posterolateral 178

superselective 179

terminology 184

types of 184t

examination of 40, 300, 301f

hematoma 196f

incisions 184

types of 185b, 186f

management of 167, 170, 176

movement 109

nodes 179

clinical staging of 178

levels of 176

seven levels of 176

staging 247t

ultrasound 42

Negative pressure wound therapy 202

Neoplastic spindle cells 34f

Nerve

injury 193

peripheral 9

sheath 91

Neural integration 280

Neuralgia, glossopharyngeal 286

Neurofibroma 80, 91, 92

Neurofibromatosis 91

types of 91t

Neurofibrosarcoma 98

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation 276

Neuropathy 274, 285

painful trigeminal 285

Neurotropism 35

Nicotiana rustica 17

Nitric oxide 284

Nivolumab 64

Nodal disease, primary 60

Nodal gross tumor volumes 236

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 97

Non-human papilloma virus 45

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 112, 112

Nuclear pleomorphism 29

Numerical rating scale 285

Nurses, responsibilities of 120

Nutrition 324

postoperative 106

support 104

methods of 104

Nutritional assessment parameters 102

Nutritional screening 102

Obstructive sleep apnea 108

Odontoma 80, 87

Odontome, compound 87f

Oligometastasis 64

Omohyoid tendon 188

Oncology, interventional 260

Operation theater 122

preoperative care in 120

Opioid therapy 285fc

Optic

chiasma 247

nerves 247

Oral cancer 18, 40, 61, 176, 183, 200, 213, 273, 280, 281, 284t, 290, 292, 310, 312, 314, 318

advanced 306–309

chemotherapy for 251

development of 20

early stage 230, 239

etiology of 12

immobilization for 245f

locally advanced

resectable 239

unresectable 240

management of 59fc, 260

metastatic 63, 321

nutrition in 101

primary treatment of 304

radiotherapy for 239, 240

recurrent 149b, 253, 258

reirradiation for 249

speech therapy in 280

staging of 40, 51

surgery 108

anesthesia in 108

emergency in 116

treatment

guidelines for 239

principles of 58

Oral cavity 1, 29, 29b, 38, 50, 177, 183, 251, 256, 284

anatomy of 201

bony defects of 222

boundaries of 1, 2f

cancer 12, 23, 50, 230, 251, 253, 260, 283, 285, 303

management of 315f

carcinoma of 50, 58

defects, typical 201

lateral part of 54

mucosa of 20

proper 50, 50f, 55

reconstruction 201

routes of spread of 51

squamous cell carcinoma 57

management of 162fc

structures of 201f

surgical anatomy of 1

Oral cytology 67

Oral defects, reconstruction of 200, 224

Oral epithelial dysplasia 29

Oral health examination 265

Oral hygiene 125

Oral leukoplakia 66, 67

Oral lichen planus 31

subtypes of 71

Oral mucosal

defects, reconstructions of 213

melanoma 315

Oral mucositis 287

Oral potentially malignant disorders 29

Oral premalignant lesions, management of 66

Oral rehabilitation 264

Oral squamous cell carcinoma, advanced 251

Oral submucosal fibrosis 17, 29, 66, 69, 70, 298

Oral tongue 9, 50f, 55, 167, 169, 179

Oral transit phase 273

Orbicularis oris muscle 1

Orbital fissure, inferior 5

Orbital invasion 43, 62

Orocutaneous fistula 152, 170, 197

Orofacial pain 285

causes of 283

Oropharynx 177, 183, 256

Orthopantomogram 42, 142

Orthopantomography 271f

Ossifying fibroma 80, 88, 88f

Osteoblastoma 80, 92

Osteocutaneous flap 228

Osteoid

osteoma 80, 92

production of 94f

Osteoma 80, 92

endosteal 92

periosteal 92

Osteoradionecrosis 198, 199f, 249, 264, 268, 269, 269f, 269t, 288

treatment of 268

Osteosarcoma 80, 93, 94, 94f, 95

peripheral 80

Otalgia 11f

Ovary 13

Oxaliplatin 258

Paan 15, 17

consumption, effects of 17f

Paclitaxel 252, 258, 284

Pain 64, 249, 283, 285, 289, 296

assessment of 285

causes of 284t

management 260, 263

mechanism of 283

Palatal defects 224

Palate 299, 300

Palliative care 283

team 44

Palpation 299

Papillomas 29

Paradoxical maturation 29

Paramandibular disease 142

Parapharyngeal space 61

Parathyroid hormone 89

Parietal calvarium 4

Parotid

bed tumor 242f

gland 177, 246

Partial flap necrosis 197

Partial thickness lip defects 129

Passive jaw movement exercises 76

Pectoralis major

flap 174

muscle 225

Pembrolizumab 64, 259, 323

Pentoxifylline 70, 75

Perforator flaps 208

Perialar excision advancement flap 134f

Perineural extension 53f

Perineural invasion 35, 43, 60, 161, 162, 231, 318

Perineural spread 43, 62

Perinodal extension 60

Peripheral nervous system 61

Peronea magna 228

Peroxisome activator receptor gamma agonists 25

Phonation 280

Photodynamic therapy 69, 71

Physiotherapy 221

Pindborg tumor 82

Plasmacytoma, solitary 80, 98

Plate exposure 198, 199f

Platelet 119

rich plasma 269

Platysma flap 138, 139f

Plica fimbriata 7

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 18

Polyphenol 25

Polyvinyl chloride 114, 117

Postchemotherapy 113

dental management 270

Post-mandibular resection 271f

Post-oncosurgery 113

Postoperative adjuvant

therapy 230

treatment, basis of 319

Postoperative nursing care 122

Post-systemic therapy 313

Potassium 20

Power-Driven dermatome 204f

Precancerous lesions 66, 66t

Pre-chemotherapy dental assessment 269

Precursor lesions 29

Preoperative nursing care 119

Pre-radiation treatment 265

Primary systemic therapy 252, 311

Profunda artery perforator flap 220

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia 29, 31, 66, 71

Proton beam therapy 320

Provitamin A 23

Pseudoaneurysm 260

Pterygoid plate 4, 81f

Pterygomaxillary fissure 5

Pterygopalatine fossa 55f

Punch biopsy 42

Pyriform sinus, apex of 177

Quality assurance 238

Quality of life 58, 290, 291, 315

poor 102

radiation therapy instrument 291

Quality-adjusted life-years 291

Radial artery forearm flap 135f, 218f, 224, 226f

Radiation

caries 267f

therapy 73, 95, 101, 166, 169, 170, 264

oncology group 75, 252

postoperative 60, 161, 162, 168, 230, 234

primary 161

role of 161

Radical ablative surgery 95

Radical neck dissection 178, 184, 190

development of 183

limits of 190f

modified 184

Radical radiation therapy 60, 239

Radiology, interventional 317

Radiotherapy 73, 106, 144, 230, 274, 284, 288, 315, 320, 322

dental management during 266

doses 248

image-guided 245

role of 146

Random pattern flap 204, 204f

Randomized controlled trials 239

Range of motion exercises 276, 277t

Reconstruction

options for 60

principles of 209

Reconstructive

ladder 200f

paradigm 200

surgery 113, 170

techniques 223

Recurrent head and neck cancer 255, 255b

prognosis of 255

Red-glazed tongue 298, 301

Refeeding syndrome 103, 104, 105fc

Regional flaps 215, 223

Rehabilitation 61, 161, 210

team 44

Reirradiation, role of 258

Re-radiation 63, 309, 320

dose 320

Resection, principles of 59

Residual cancer 256t

diagnosis of 256

Respiration 280, 281

Retinoid 20, 25

signaling pathways 26f

Retinol 20

Retromolar extension 145

Retromolar trigone 1, 3, 51, 55, 140, 179, 213, 303

cancer 140

spread of 55f

Retropharyngeal node 54f

Rhomboid flap 207f

Robotic neck dissection 115, 191, 192f

Rotation flap 207f

Ryles tube care 124

Saliva, drooling of 198

Salivary gland 61, 287

cancers 155

damage 287

Salvage neck dissection 179

Salvage surgery 63, 255, 256b

principles of 255

Sarcoma

neurogenic 92

osteogenic 155

Sarcomatous stroma 94f

Schwann cells 91

Schwannoma 80, 91

malignant 98

Seizures 297

Selective neck dissection 157, 177, 178, 184, 189

Selenium 20, 23

Sensory 213

Sentinel lymph node 319

biopsy 180

Seroma 197

Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone 162

Sialocele 198

Sialometaplasia, necrotizing 34, 35f

Simple linear wounds 208

Skin 1

defects 60

fibrosis 249

grafts 129, 223

full-thickness 203

split-thickness 202

involvement 318

metastases 168

reaction 170

Skull, base of 226

Small-volume bone 226

Smoking 102

Soft palate 224, 226

Soft tissue 177, 225, 274

coverage 60

defects of face 226

dissection 157, 158

loss 60

reconstruction of 222

Speckled opaque foci 83f

Speech

components of 280

difficulty in 296

impact 293

poor 198

therapy 273, 280, 281

interventions 281

Sphenoid bone 4

greater wing of 5

Spinal accessory nerve 184, 194, 194f

Spinal cord 246

Spindle cell carcinoma 29, 39

Split skin graft 174

Squamous cell 35

carcinoma 12, 22, 29, 31, 31f, 35f, 36f, 44, 50, 66, 141, 151, 154, 179, 251

conventional 39

oral 28, 29, 37, 181t, 295

oropharyngeal 20

papillary 29, 33, 39

staging of oral 49t, 52b

subtypes of 29, 33

types of 56f

variants 39

papilloma 29

Squamous dysplasia

mild 30f

moderate 30f

severe 30f

Stacked wooden tongue depressors 76

Stellate ganglion block 287

Stensen's duct 2

Sternocleidomastoid muscle 183, 187, 194

Steroid 71

Stoma care 123

Stomach 13

Stomatitis, chemotherapy-induced 274

Submandibular dissection 187f

Submandibular nodes 176

Submandibular triangle clearance 186

Submental artery island flap 174

Submental flap 216

Submental nodes 176

Submental triangle clearance 186

Submitting neck dissection 191

Supraclavicular flap 174

Supraglottic swallow 276f

Supranotch tumor 147f

Supraomohyoid neck dissection 178, 189f, 192f

Surface mold brachytherapy 241, 242f

Surgery 169, 230, 284, 317

role of 64, 144

Surgical

anatomy 140, 153, 164, 213

bed 248

complications 170

margins 46

objectives 171

principles 5, 8, 10

reconstruction, principles of 200

safety 121

checklist 121

steps 186

technique 156, 171

therapies 68

tools 210

treatment 77

Swallowing 273

difficulty in 198

exercise procedure 277, 279

fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of 275

function, normal 273

impact 293

interventions 275

maneuvers 276

phases of 273f

rehabilitation, goals of 275

Systemic therapy 258, 309, 311

principles of 310

Tacrolimus 71

Tactile stimulation 277

Taste, loss of 170

Temporal bone

squamous part of 5

tympanic part of 5

Temporalis muscle 4

flap 160, 216

Temporary prosthesis 270

Temporomandibular joint 11f, 246, 299

TheraBite jaw 277f

motion rehabilitation system 76

TheraBite protocol 77

Thiazolidinediones 26

Thoracic duct injury 194

Thoracodorsal artery

perforator flap 219

scapular tip 160

Thoracoscopic surgery, video-assisted 197

Thyroid

gland 177

stimulating hormone 312

Thyromental distance 108, 109

Tissue

autofluorescence 67

expansion 208

Titanium

plate, extrusion of 152

reconstruction plate 174

TNM staging

classification 45t, 48t

nodal status in 47t

Tobacco 15

chewing 15

smoking 15

Tocopherol 23

Tongue 15, 164, 224, 232f, 247, 298, 300

base of 9, 50f, 55f

blood supply of 8f

cancer of 163

carcinoma 117, 241, 260, 301, 302

spread of 302

depressors 76

deviation of tip of 296

extrinsic muscle of 55

flap 131, 132f, 215

intrinsic muscles of 55

isometric exercises 276

management of 163

mobilization 276

movement of 41

muscles of 10f

squamous cell carcinoma of 164

strengthening exercises 276

ulcers of 301

Tonsil 55f

Tracheostomy 7, 117

complications after 274

need for 171

percutaneous 260, 262

tube, care of 123

Transarterial embolization 260, 263

Transoral robotic surgery 114

Transverse myomucosal advancement 131f

Transverse vermilion advancement 130

Trigeminal nerve 128

block 113

Trismus 73, 74, 78, 198, 249, 296, 298

classification of 74, 75

exercises for 76

extra-articular causes of 74

grades of 75

intra-articular causes of 74

prevention of 77

problems with 74

treatment of 75

Tube

blockage, signs of 123

dislodgement 124

displacement 124

signs of 124

feeding, prophylactic 324

obstruction 124

Tumors 3, 101, 173, 254, 322

advanced 147

bed margins 37

benign

epithelial odontogenic 79

mesenchymal odontogenic 85

nonodontogenic 88

calcifying epithelial odontogenic 80, 82, 82f, 83

category 45

cells 34f

deep infiltrative type of 60

high grade of 60

locoregionally advanced 168

malignant

epithelial odontogenic 84

mesenchymal odontogenic 86

odontogenic 84

peripheral nerve sheath 80, 98

surface epithelial 29

mandibular 95

mesenchymal 80

mixed epithelial 80

and mesenchymal odontogenic 87

necrosis factor 101

neurogenic 80, 91

nonodontogenic 80

odontogenic 79, 80

primary 32, 52, 230, 236, 247

proportion score 314

resection 173

second primary 23, 38

size 45

squamous odontogenic 80, 84

thickness 168, 232f

Ulcer 295

aphthous 301

carcinomatous 302

chronic nonspecific 302

dyspeptic 301

Ulcerative lesion 164f

Ultraviolet radiation 295

Union for international cancer control 166, 254

Unresectable tumors, chemoembolization of 260, 261

Upper alveolus

and palate 153

cancers of 154

Upper gingival-buccal cancers 154

Upper jugular nodes 176

Upper left canine 83f

Upper lip 128, 134f

defects 131

Veins 213

pterygoid plexus of 193

Venous drainage 3, 10, 141

Vermilion defect 130, 130f, 131, 132f

Verruca vulgaris 29

Verrucous carcinoma 29, 33, 39, 155

Vestibule 213

Videofluorography 275

Vincent's stomatitis 299

Viral markers 119

Visor flap 171

Visual analog scale 285

Vitamin

A 20, 68

C 20, 23, 68

E 20, 23, 284

water-soluble 68

Voice 293

Vomiting 249

postoperative 111

von Recklinghausen's disease 91

Vortex approach 116

V-Y advancement flap 207f

Weaning criteria 124

Wedge biopsy 67

Weight loss 107, 249, 277

Wharton's duct 164

Workhorse flaps 225

Wound

breakdown 170

care 288

closure 202

malignant 288f, 289t

necrotic 208

Xerostomia 170, 249, 264, 267, 274, 280, 287

X-ray mandible 42

Yankauer's suction catheter 109

Zarda 16, 17

Zygomaticus major muscle 5

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes