A
Abernethy malformation 547
Abernethy vein, drainage of 548f
Acceleration time 275
Acenocoumarin 265
Acoustic quantification 380
Acute cardiovascular syndrome 288
Acute coronary occlusion 382
Adenovirus 635
Adipogenesis 828f
Advanced echocardiography techniques 163
Adventitia, hypoechoic to 689
Adventitial calcium 697
Akinetic myocardial segment 434
Alagille syndrome 247
Allergies 483
Allograft, implantation of 795
Amplatzer duct occluder device 743f
Amplification 12
Amplitude 12
Ampulla, part of 763
Amyl nitrite inhalation 453
Amyloid heart disease 482b
Ancillary methods 130
Angiogram, coronary 496
Angiokeratomas 621
Ankylosing spondylitis 206
Annular calcification 684
Annular dilatation 486
Annulitis 486
Annuloaortic ectasia 206
Annuloplasty 683
Antegrade systolic velocity 118
Anteroseptal tricuspid commissure 735
Anterosuperior retroaortic margin 757
Antibiotic therapy 588
Anticardiolipin 610
Antimicrobial therapy 603
Antinuclear antibody, serologic test for 612
Antitubercular therapy 602f
Anxiolysis 45
Aorta 4, 37, 114, 132, 170, 173, 174f, 184, 230, 233, 245f, 246, 450, 488, 491, 496, 511, 514f, 516, 524–526, 529, 533, 538, 610, 663, 736, 739–743, 747, 748, 753, 760, 766, 767, 769–771, 845, 871, 875, 876f, 878f
aneurysmal dilatation of 216
arch of 518
assessment of 822
atherosclerotic obstruction of 190f
calcified 669
diastolic 539
dilated ascending 527
echocardiographic evaluation of 227
evaluation of 227
fibrous walls of 171
flow 539
interruption of 539
left anterior 538
measurement of 210
mechanical properties of 336
membranous anchorage of 172f
midesophageal ascending 55f
noncompliant 274
overriding of 535f
posterior walls of 872
proximal ascending 176f
right anterior 538
root of 205
severe atherosclerosis of 190f
short-axis, midesophageal descending 62f
three-dimensional model of 200f
Aortic access 664
Aortic anatomy 227
Aortic dilatation 822
Aortic dimensions 822
Aortic diseases 823
Aortic ejection, Doppler of 115
Aortic hematomas, subadventitial 231
Aortic interruption 541
Aortic intramural hematoma 233
Aortic mechanical prosthetic heart valve 271
Aortic mitral intervalvular fibrosa 857
Aortic obstruction 539
Aortic override 535
Aortic pathologies 233
Aortic prosthesis in situ 672f
Aortic regurgitation 52, 145, 181f, 183f, 184f, 202, 207f, 208f, 209, 211, 213, 213f–215f, 216, 218, 219, 272, 450, 487, 593f, 595, 823, 823f
diagnosis of 488
echocardiography in 205
etiology of 206
functional classification of 783t
lesions 783
mild-to-moderate 207
presence of 209
severity of 214
signs of 613
three-dimensional evaluation of 367
Aortic rim 521
abscess
diagnosis of 592f
mimicking of 269
anatomy of 205
aneurysms of 784
angiogram 750f
calcification 670f
diameter 822
dilatation 785
dissections 557
normal 172
posterior wall of 337f
rupture 283
Aortic sinus, calcification of 670f
Aortic stenosis 27f, 40, 67, 73, 173f, 176f, 177f, 179b, 183f, 188, 189f, 196, 202b, 330, 439, 528, 553, 809, 810, 823
assessment of 180
clinical diagnosis of 179
critical 541
low-gradient 196
pathological anatomy of 179t
special considerations in 200
stages of 204b
three-dimensional evaluation of 367
velocity 193f
measurement of 177f
Aortic stiffness, measures of 822
Aortic surgical annulus 363
Aortic tumor 233
Aortic valve 32, 49, 52, 111, 116f, 132, 170, 173f–175f, 178, 186f, 195, 198f, 210, 213f, 227, 244, 284, 364, 366f, 367f, 450, 491, 529f, 535, 577f, 580f, 587f, 591f, 599f, 629f, 630f, 667f, 668f, 670, 750, 783, 787, 872
changes 492
timing of 717
complex 205
measurement of 225f
coronet-shaped attachment of 172f
direct planimetry of 44
congenital 180
disorders 239
endocardium 605
function 230
leaflet 743
mobility 740
leakage for 788t
motion 231
noncoronary cusp of 599f
normal 195
timing of 717
prolapse 488f
quantification 366
severe 233
repair, prediction of 784
pre-transcatheter 665b
thickened 491f
thin 657
three-dimensional evaluation of 363
Aortic valvulitis 638
Aortic velocity tracing 503f
Aortocoronary connection, proximal 542
Apical ballooning syndrome 558
Apical basal muscle bundle 458
Apical dysfunction 451
Apical muscular ventricular septal defect 750
Apical myocardial ventricular septal rupture 756f
Apical perfusion defects 444
Apical strain 320
Arantius, nodule of 170
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
dysplasia 826
Artefact, acoustic shadowing 9f
Arteriovenous guidewire circuit 743
Arteritis, coronary 637
Artery
circumflex 846f
disease, peripheral 853
infarct-related 554
large 237
mesenteric 229
subclavian 228
vertebral 229
wall 821
Artifacts 8
Aspirin, low-dose 635
Asplenia 877
Asthalin 641
Asthma, worsening of 475
Asymmetric ventricular septal occluder device 742f
Asynchrony index 473
Atheroma 795
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease 624
Atherosclerotic plaque 230
Atherosclerotic ulcer, penetrating 558
Athletic field deaths 460
Atrial appendages, juxtaposition of 534
Atrial arrangement 533
Atrial deformation parameters 810
Atrial dilation 486
Atrial ectopy 336f
Atrial enlargement, severe 505
Atrial fibrillation 65, 73, 74, 105f, 125, 128f, 137, 145, 154, 168, 239, 270, 280, 337f, 375f, 486, 726, 727f, 881f
chronic 474
development of 138
Atrial fibrosis 122
Atrial function, components of 335f
Atrial level shunt 533
Atrial myxoma 573
Atrial natriuretic peptide 727
Atrial septal defect 52, 93, 370, 371f, 514, 520, 522f, 534f, 544, 546, 546f, 547, 654, 680, 735, 755, 757, 757f, 760, 761, 763f, 768, 873
device closure 663f
gradient across restrictive 534f
margins of secundum 756
occluder device 604f
pulmonary hypertension in 521
restrictive 533f
Atrial systole interrupts 117
Atrioventricular block 128
Atrioventricular node 170
Atropine 407
Autoantibody 610
Autografts 264
Autonomic neuropathy 482
Axilla 487
Axillary artery 534
Azathioprine 612
Azygos system 533
Azygos vein 879f
B
Bacterial infections 856
Balloon septostomy 534
Balloon test 765f
Balloon-assisted technique 761f
Bartonella infection 585
Basal anterior wall, peak velocity of 718f
Basal anteroseptum, peak velocity of 718f
Basal inferior wall 718f
Basal inferoposterior wall, true aneurysm of 386f
Basal inferoseptum 406f
Basal interventricular septum 618f
Basal septal segment 722f
Basal septolateral contraction 717f
Bat sign 566
Beaded appearance 489
Beau's line 838f
Beck's triad signs 504
Bedside transthoracic echocardiography 40
Behcet's vasculitis 616
Benfluorex 639
Benzodiazepines, intravenous 45
Beriberi 622
Beta-adrenoreceptors 415
Beta-blockers 407
Bicaval valves 264
Bicuspid valve abnormality 247
Bifurcation intervention 695
Bileaflet prosthetic valve 787f
Bimodal deceleration slope 145
Biologic valves 264
Bioprosthetic mitral valve 686f
Biphasic motion 313
Bisphosphonates 625
Biventricular dysfunction 646
Björk–Shiley tilting disk valve 268
Blood
cells 233
cultures 601f
etiology on 584
flow 15f
direction of 39
quantification of 24
pool 460
gadolinium kinetics 626
abnormal 458
control of 817
diastolic 815
high 398
systemic 500f
Blooming artifact 658
B-mode 12
Bolam's test 803
Bone fracture 289
Bortezomib 851
Brachiocephalic branches 229
Bradyarrhythmia 849
Bradycardia 118
Brain cancer 289
Breast carcinoma 631
Breathlessness, acute 552
Broken heart syndrome 558
Bronchospasm 46
Brucella 585
Brugia malayi 638
Bubble test 790
Bulboventricular foramen 540
Bundle branch blocks 639
Bundle of His 171
C
Cactus morphology 373
Calcified medial commissure 141f
Calcified papillary muscles 656
Calcimimetics 625
Cannula, correct placement of 790
Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer 3
Capillary blood volume 434
Carbon ion 631
Cardiac anesthesiologist 774
Cardiac anomalies, congenital 520
Cardiac carcinoid, echocardiographic features of 620f
Cardiac cycle 172
Cardiac decompensation 413
Cardiac defects, signs of 880
Cardiac device 583
Cardiac diseases 298
Cardiac echinococcosis 638
Cardiac embolic source, diagnosis of 566t
Cardiac enzymes, elevation of 381
Cardiac events, major adverse 410
Cardiac function, parameters of 306
Cardiac interventions, number of 587
Cardiac lymphomas, primary 578
role of 222
Cardiac movement, vectors of 303b
Cardiac multidetector computed tomography 605
Cardiac output 500f
Cardiac prevention, echocardiography for 236
Cardiac rhythm 159
Cardiac segments 881
Cardiac standstill, identification of 563
Cardiac surgeon 790
Cardiac surgical operation theater 774
Cardiac troponin 440
Cardiac ultrasound 552
Cardiac valves, realistic visualization of 374
Cardiobacterium hominis 584
Cardioembolic stroke 611
alcoholic 473
familial dilated 467
idiopathic
dilated 329f
infiltrative 462
ischemic 469
peripartum 473
post-COVID dilated 723f
postpartum dilated 355f
tachycardia induced 467
Cardioprotective drugs 868
Cardiorenal syndrome 641
Cardiovascular complications, treatment of 616
Cardioverter-defibrillator, internal 619
acute 492
autopsy image of 489f
chronic 492
clinical diagnosis of 486
echo evidence of 486
overdiagnosis of 486
severity of 137
Carillon 683
Carnitine 473
Catastrophic consequences 381
Caval devices 261
Cell carcinoma, small 858f
Cellular calcium 387
Central aortic valve 210
Central fibrous body 171
Central secundum defect 521f
Cerebral lesions 877
Cherry on top appearance 626f
Cheshire cat syndrome 504
Chiari network 600
Chordal tear 486
Chordoplasty 683
Chronic ischemic
dilated cardiomyopathy 413
mitral regurgitation 781
myocardium, pathophysiology of 416
Chronic total occlusion 688
Chylous pericardial effusion 498
Circumcardiac pericardial effusion 625f
Circumflex coronary artery, left 371
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy 642
Classical wind-sock deformity 603f
Clefts 459
Clip implantation, valve morphology for 681
Close multiple defects 753
Coandă effect 156
Collapsibility index 791
Collateral arteries 536
Color detection, absence of 786
Color Doppler
aliasing 161
flow mapping 490
imaging 511
interrogation 521
limitations of 19
myocardial velocities 311f
Color kinesis 380
Commissuring scoring system, classification of 148t
Conal septal hypoplasia 539
Congenital left ventricle diverticulum 446
Congestion, pulmonary 399
Conjunctivitis, nonpurulent 838f
Conoventricular ventricular septal defect 526
Constrictive pericarditis 111, 313f, 314f, 479, 480, 481, 481t, 494, 505, 506f, 508, 508t, 630, 630f
pathophysiology of 505
Consumer Protection Act 798
Contractile element 300
Contrast stress echo 431f
Conventional continuity equation method 367
Convolutional neural network 808
Cor bovinum 211
Cor pulmonale 288
Core genes 440
Coronary angiographic image, conventional 613f
abnormalities 615
angiogram 841f
anomalies 536
anterior descending 536
calcification 697
compression 593
delineation 844
disease 111, 168, 239, 379, 381, 389, 394, 471, 479, 611, 613, 665, 671, 674, 760, 795, 849, 853, 837
detection of 434
diagnosis of 381
multivessel 405f
echocardiogram, techniques in 842
ectasia 847f
evaluation of 842
histopathology of 839b
imaging of 841
lesions 615f
measurement of 842
non-left main 689
normal adult 688
orifices 171
ostial anatomy 669
proximal 536
segments of 843t
stenosis 542
visualization of 615
Coronary blood flow, adequate 412
Coronary branches, apical five-chamber modified for 847
Coronary calcification, proxy for 412
Coronary compression 596
Coronary disease, detection of 434
Coronary echo report 841
Coronary embolism 611
Coronary vasodilators 381
Coronavirus myocarditis 639
Corticosteroids 619
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 637
Costello syndrome 462
Coumadin ridge 877f
Coxiella 584
Cranial cardiac structures 47
Cricopharyngeal sphincter 47
Crushed native aortic valve 673
Crypts 446
Cushing's syndrome 623
Cuspal geometry 783
Cutaneous vasomotor flushing, symptoms of 620
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors 640
Cyclophosphamide 612
Cyst perforation 639
Cystic necrosis 231
Cytomegalovirus 635
D
Darling's classification 544
De novo acute left heart failure, causes of 559
Delivery cables, respective 759
Dengue virus 635
Deoxyribonucleic acid 585
Desmocollin-2 827
Desmoglein-2 827
Desmoplakin 827
Desmosomal genes 827
Dextrocardia 511
Diaphragm 513
Diastasis 113
Diastolic dysfunction 108, 112, 112fc, 117, 129f, 130, 146, 315, 315f, 317f, 439, 463, 471, 564, 632, 864
consequences of 112fc
degree of 791
methods to assess 113
pathophysiology of 112
practicality of 792
subclinical 310
types of 471
Diastolic retrograde 249
Diastolic strain 410
Diastolic ventricular strain 122
Diastolic waves 313
Diffusion tractography 302f
Digital echocardiography 800
Digoxin 627
Dilated root 785f
Dimensionless index 195
Diphtheriae myocarditis 637
Discollagenosis 498
Distal pulmonary arteries 108
Distal septum 444
Distal thoracic aorta 514
Distal tip, flexion of 49
Dopamine agonists 206
Doppler
based techniques 710
derived parameters 285
display 15
addition of 508
applications of 22
modes of 16
quantitative 184
effect 14
equation 14
gain 21
interrogation 763
methods 217
myocardial velocities 310
optimization 7
parameters, hemodynamic surrogates of 130
principle 14
signals 248
strain 410
technology 14
ultrasound equipment control panel 21
velocity
curve 74
waveform 452
asymmetrical configuration of 452
Down's syndrome 537
Doxazosin 624
Ductal ampulla 766
Dynamic subaortic obstruction 183
Dysphagia 46
Dysplastic aortic valve 180
E
Eagle eye catheter 688
Echinococcus granulosus 638
Echocardiographer's screen 661f
Echocardiographic examination, essential components of 179b
Echocardiographic valvulitis 486
Echocardiography 24f, 25, 97, 140, 152, 154, 166, 205, 227, 269, 344, 380f, 487f, 499, 511, 532, 552, 553, 558, 561, 579f, 585, 597, 605, 606, 651, 665, 685, 719, 726, 735, 763, 798, 803, 807, 814, 833, 852f, 864
advantages of 864
applications of 389
artifacts in 652t
clinical 21
detects 786
functions of 808
imaging, role of 166
intraprocedural 672
limitations of 605
medicolegal aspects of 798
periprocedural 685
postinterventional 766
postprocedure 674
quantification methods 156
sensitivity of 499
status of 814
timing of 840t
unique phenotypes in 808
Echodensity, abnormal 267
Echogenic adventitia 689
Echogenicity 12
Echonav system 661f
Edward–Sapiens valve 664
Effector cells, major 240
Ejection systolic murmur 623
Electrical conduction system 610
Electrical dyssynchrony 709
Electrical wave, propagation of 702
Electrolyte disorders, common 640
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate 613
Ellipsoid shape 467
Elliptical disks 851
Elliptical regurgitation orifice 163f
Embolism, peripheral 596
Encode sarcomeric proteins 440
End-diastolic
diameter 166
pressures, ventricular 592
fraction of 70
wall thickness measurement 416f
Endocardial border visualization 469f
Endocardial delineation 445
Endocardial fibers 320
Endocardial fibroelastosis 876f
Endocardial fibrous plaque 458
complications of 596b
culture negative 584
episode of 586
nosocomial 582
stigmata of 586
tuberculous 600
Endocrinal disorders 623
Endomyocardial disease 483
Endomyocardial thrombosis 634
Endothelial dysfunction 241
Endotracheal tube, dislodgment of 46
Endovascular devices 582
Energy loss index 281
Enigma 298
Enterococcal infection 598
Enterovirus 635
Enzyme, lysosomal 627
Eosinophilic endomyocardial disease 483
Ephelides 573
Epicardial echocardiography 790
Epicardial fibers 320
Epithelioid cells 602f
Epsilon waves 830
Erb's area 487
Ergonovine 400
Ergotamine 639
Erythematous maculopapular rashes 839f
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 497
Esophageal arch 50
Esophageal infiltration 46
Esophageal intubation 47
Esophagus 143
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 853
Extracardiac masses 859
Extracellular matrix 840
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 639
Extremity, peripheral 837
F
Fascicular blocks 639
Fatigue 637
Fatty acid-binding protein 815
Femoral arterial cannula 790
Femoral venous route 534
Fenfluramine 639
Fentanyl 45
Fetal
cardiac defects 873
cardiovascular hemodynamics 871
indications for 870t
report format 879
screening 871
four-chamber view of 871f
size of 871f
liver, level of 872
position 872
ultrasound 803
upper abdomen, color Doppler image of 873f
Fever 486
Fibers, subepicardial 388
Fibrinolysis 386
Fibroelastic tissue 171
Fibrofatty biventricular involvement 827f
Fibrosarcomas 578
Fibrotic thickening 210
Fibrous aortic wall 170
Fibrous dysplasia, advanced 781
Fibrous plaque 689
Fish mouth appearance 539
Fissures 459
Fistulae 593
Flail aortic cusp 784
Flail mitral valve 492f
Flavivirus 635
Flow convergence method 215
Fluorouracil 856
Fontan surgery 534
Forleft atrium strain measurement 334
Forme fruste 781
Fossa ovalis location 515
Four-cardiac segment, description of 880
Four-chamber longitudinal systolic strains 319f
Four-dimensional deformation imaging 336
Fraunhofer zone 12
Free fatty acid 645
Fresnel and Fraunhofer zone 3f
G
Gastric cancer 289
Gaucher's disease 616
General surgery, major 289
Giant coronary artery aneurysm 841
Giant lymphangioma 578f
Global longitudinal strain 75, 77, 168, 224, 284, 304f, 319, 341, 353f, 447, 460, 463, 481f, 555f, 556f, 818, 854
role of 469
Global wall motion abnormality 469
Glomerulonephritis 641
Glucocorticoids 612
Glucose intolerance 645
Glycosphingolipid 621
Gorlin formula 143
Granuloma, infiltrating 617
Granulomatosis, eosinophilic 612
Granulomatous disorders 616
L-transposition of 539
Growth hormone 624
Gut malrotation 877
H
H2FPEF scoring system 123
Hair 494
Harmonic frequencies 5
Headache 401
amyloid infiltration of 482b
blood vessels of 95
defects, complex 870
disease
chronic rheumatic 486
coronary 241
cyanotic 548
left-sided 293
metastatic 631
pathogenesis of 240
structural 660
dysfunction 240
failure 46, 73, 112fc, 123, 168, 239, 314f, 325f, 338, 356f, 449, 481, 486, 491, 559, 576, 586, 596, 597, 612, 638, 641, 645, 717, 849, 864, 865, 866f
acute 559
advanced 315f
detection of 313
development of 579
higher incidence of 406
high-output 634
hospitalization for 447
intractable 578
risk of 449
scoring system 123
significance of 111
signs of 130
systolic 702
with preserved ejection fraction, diagnosis of 111
worsening 384
hydatid disease of 638
hypertrophied 439
left side of 795
lymphomatous involvement of 632
model 351f
murmur 586
muscle 299
behavior of 299
mechanical structure of 299
motion 303f
part of 590
position of 533
sounds 500
valve
mitral prosthetic 275
Heartbeats 213
Hematologic disorders 633
Hematological malignancies 289
Hemiazygos vein, enlarged 514f
Hemopericardium 499
Hemosiderosis 483
Herbal products 879
Heterotaxy 877
Hilum 544
Hip replacement 289
Histamine 288
Histoplasma 584
Hodgkin's lymphoma 857
Holosystolic spectral envelope 490f
Host immune response 282
Human herpesvirus 635
Human rights commission 798
Hydatid cysts 580
Hydrocephalus 627
Hydroxychloroquine 612
Hyperdynamic basal function 451
Hyperkinesia 353
Hypernephroma 39
Hyperoxaluria, primary 627
Hyperparathyroidism 625
Hypertension 67, 68, 73, 109t, 111, 164, 201, 238, 240, 330, 337f, 407, 613, 621, 644, 645, 760, 814, 815f, 818, 819, 841, 849
imaging 823
role of echocardiography in 814
severe 123
Hypertensive crisis 624
Hypertensive population 816
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 19, 128, 311f, 328f, 354f, 432, 436, 439, 439f, 440, 441, 442f, 444, 448f–450f, 455f–457f, 459f, 460, 461, 463, 463b, 553
infective endocarditis in 605
phenotypes of 443f
apical 458
asymmetrical 442f
distribution of 442
extensive 463
infundibular 248
mild 461
milder degrees of 442
regression of 448
severe 440
Hypokalemia 640
Hypomagnesemia 641
Hypophosphatemia 473
Hypoventilation 645
Hypoxemia 288
I
Imatinib 851
Impaired diastolic function 456
Infarction 553
Infective endocarditis 181, 203f, 206, 207, 361, 455, 559, 582, 586, 590, 590f, 596, 598, 599f, 603f, 604f, 605, 786, 858
complications of 588
echocardiography in 582
epidemiology of 582
lead-related 603
molecular diagnosis of 585
prevention of 595
right-sided 599
sequel of 270
specific clinical situations of 598
treatment of 595
Inferior vena cava 480f
Inflamed edematous valves 489
Infundibular constriction, severe 253
Inguinal lymph node 602f
Innominate vein 533
Inspiratory augmentation 503
In-stent restenosis 693
Intensive care unit 294
Interpapillary muscle distance 167f
Intervalvular fibrosa pseudoaneurysm 593
Interventional cardiac procedures 729
Interventional cardiology 659
Interventional therapy 603
Interventricular communication, adequacy of 540
Interventricular septum 32, 52, 66, 172, 211, 247, 323f, 369, 384, 440, 441, 574, 616f, 662, 662f, 763, 816, 832f, 846f, 879f
abnormal 71
anterior 846f
part of 172
thickened 625f
Intima, tear in 233
Intimal dysfunction 838
Intracardiac clot formation 386
Intracardiac defibrillators 582
Intracardiac fistula 593
Intracavitary gradient 449f
Intraconal ventricular septal defect 746
Intraluminal thrombus 788f
Intramyocardial electromechanical heterogeneity 299
Intrathoracic pressure 507
Intravascular ultrasound 688
clinical applications of 689
guided
coronary intervention 694
percutaneous coronary intervention 690
stent optimization 696
Intravenous immune globulin, single dose of 615
Intraventricular conduction defect 709
Invasive coronary angiography 615f
accentuating 399
acute 412
coronary 382f
detection, clinical relevance of 411
dobutamine-induced 413
effects of 326
inducible 404f
precipitates 405
recognition of 404
Ischemic heart failure, surgical treatment of 416
Ischemic left ventricle systolic dysfunction 387
Ischemic stroke, acute 565
Isomerism 877
Isovolumic acceleration time 84
K
Kaplan–Meier curves 810
Kinase inhibitors 849
Knee replacement 289
Kyphoscoliosis 40
L
Lagrangian strain 321f
Lambl's excrescences 577
Langerhans giant cell 602f
Lapatinib 851
Laryngospasm 46
Lateral edge mitral annular tissue velocity 309f
Latter's function 334
aneurysm 589
body of 133
clipping 261
dysplasia 247
mobility of 679
motion 266
Carpentier's classification of 777f
perforation 588
rupture of 789f
thickness of 679
Left atrial
closure, echocardiographic-guided 729
echocardiographic imaging of 727
occlusion 660
orifice 375f
cardiomyopathy, predominant 334
diastolic longitudinal strain, reduced 334
filling index 122
longitudinal strain 335f
maximum volume index 117
myxoma 575f
reservoir strain, significance of 335
volume 91
assessment 88
clinical relevance of 91
measurement 239f
Left atrium 6, 32, 35, 37, 38, 52–57, 60, 61, 72, 114, 137, 155, 158, 174, 227, 228, 291, 292, 300, 351, 385, 436, 449, 488, 491, 496, 516, 521–523, 525, 526, 546–548, 662, 727f, 728, 759–763, 765, 767, 858, 874
echocardiographic evaluation of 865
evaluation of 82
posterior wall of 876f
pressure 95
strain, normal values of 336
techniques for measurement of 819
three-dimensional evaluation of 371
Left ventricle 47, 58, 60, 66, 71, 71f, 81, 137, 164, 170, 174f, 228, 291, 295, 301, 351, 385, 436, 441, 488, 496, 517, 524–526, 563, 575, 580, 661, 703, 736, 739–743, 753, 755, 761, 771, 815, 827, 832, 854, 874, 878
chamber quantification 76
clot formation 386
diastolic
function assessment 556
mild-to-moderate 472
dyssynchrony 457
ejection fraction, depression of 830
end-diastolic diameter 467
end-systolic diameter 223
fibroma 576
function 790
global longitudinal strain 124
hypertrophy, degree of 529
myocardial
segments 409
volume 446
wall thickness 469
myocardium, inferior 446
outflow tract 205
pressure 95
segments 429
systolic
thrombus 557
true aneurysm of 385
volumes 556
wall thickness 460
Left ventricular
aneurysms, subvalvular 593
angiogram 750f
apical
aneurysm 458
pathology 432
assist device 711
cavity 446
collapse 502
contractile, absence of 164
diastolic function 315
dilatation 467
pathophysiology of 818fc
ejection fraction 69, 69f, 71, 72, 72t, 77f, 154, 168, 196, 239, 284, 300, 300f, 319f, 348, 350, 556, 629, 704, 709, 710, 793, 850, 852f, 853, 854, 865
assessment of 851
limitations of 851
end-diastolic
volume index 818
endocardial electrical mapping 712
end-systolic
diameter 168
fractional shortening 72
free wall 444
pacing 704
assessment of 788
assessment 864
index 124
mechanical contraction 702
myocardial work 721
myocardium 300
myxoma, large 574f
use of 429
outflow tract 16, 24, 32, 52, 72, 116, 138, 146, 173f, 175f, 273, 358, 365f, 367f, 450, 454, 513, 539, 660, 667f, 671f, 721, 763, 823, 878
area 193
posterior wall, thickness of 442
preejection interval 715
pressure strain 721
pseudoaneurysm 384
quantitation 75
regional function, three-dimensional evaluation of 353
remodelling, prediction of 387
reverse remodeling 473
strain 163
four-dimensional 351
three-dimensional 352
diagnosis of 850
management of 850
moderate 642f
prevention of 850
echocardiographic assessment of 850
evaluation of 774
thrombus 470
torsional deformation 867
volumes, evaluation of 68
wall
dimension 818
posterior 132
Legionella 584
Leiomyosarcomas 578
Lentigines 573
Leopard syndrome 462
Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic 633
Levoatriocardinal vein 545
Linear echocardiographic method 238
Lipomas 577
Lips 837
Lobar pulmonary artery 291
Loeffler's cardiomyopathy 479
Loeys–Dietz syndrome 206
Low diastolic pressure 524
Low-pressure tamponade 504
Lymphangioma, cardiac 577
Lymphatics 494
Lymphoid enhancer factor 828
M
Macaroni sign 614f
Macrophages 240
Mahan's equation 104
Malignant carcinoid syndrome 138
Massive pulmonary embolism 290
Matrix metalloproteinase activation 241
Mean tricuspid regurgitation gradient 99f
Mechanical index, high 433f
Mechanical systems 688
Mechanical valves 263
Mechanical ventilation 564
Melanoma 631
Melody valve 264
Melphalan 627
Membrane, obstructive nature of 150
Membranous subaortic stenosis 461
Mercedes Benz sign 174f
Mesocardia 511
Mesothelioma, pericardial 631
Metallic prosthesis 651
Metastasis 572
Methemoglobinemia 46
Methysergide 639
Microbubbles 269
Midazolam 45
Midesophageal bi-commissural view 53f
Midesophageal window 49
Milky-white pericardial effusion 498
Mitochondrial dysfunction 112
Mitral annuloplasty surgery 684
Mitral apparatus 449
Mitral bioprosthesis 686f
Mitral closure, funnel-shaped 451f
Mitral commissures, assessment of 679
Mitral diastolic annulus 166
Mitral Doppler pattern 217
Mitral insufficiency, diagnosis of 488
anterior 69, 134, 135, 138, 141f, 170–173, 183, 188f, 205, 491, 492f, 589f, 591f, 599f, 601f, 630f, 782, 858
basal parts of 454
diastolic flutter of 211
fibrosis of 139f
rupture of 680
Mitral mechanical prosthetic valve 685f
Mitral orifice 679
Mitral prosthesis paravalvular regurgitation, transcatheter closure of 684
Mitral pulsed Doppler-based methods 720
Mitral regurgitation 27f, 31, 52, 75, 152, 154, 157f, 158f, 159f, 161, 163, 164f, 165, 166f, 168, 168fc, 179, 202, 364f, 439, 451f, 454, 455, 455f, 456f, 476f, 486, 487f, 488f, 490, 556, 557, 590f, 595, 601f, 611f, 678, 703, 763f, 786
absence of 137
Carpentier's classification of 361
severe 154
diagnosis of 487
Doppler signal 26f
etiology of 154
grades of 157f
mechanism of 156
secondary 156f
asymptomatic 164f
stages of 156t
step-by-step evaluation of 154
three-dimensional evaluation of 361
Mitral rim 521
diagnosis 140
echocardiographic evaluation of 137
low gradient 147
mild 590f
mimickers of 150
severity of 147t
three-dimensional evaluation of 360
Mitral valve 11f, 32, 43, 52, 114, 132, 134f, 143, 146b, 150, 168, 170, 192, 211, 282f, 347f, 358, 359f, 360, 360f, 361f, 365f, 442f, 451, 481f, 489, 490, 542f, 574, 587, 589f, 590f, 611f, 659, 671, 777, 778f, 779f, 787, 858f
acute 492
apparatus 681
estimation of 25f
balloon positioned across 680f
beaded appearance of 490f
calcification 241
closure 111
types of premature 212f
deformation 167f
endocarditis 596
evaluation of 135
function of 135
infective endocarditis of 601f
involvement 611f
ischemic 781
left-sided 515
medial annulus of 507f
normal 140
motion of 141f
obstruction 575f
opening 880f
area 681
pathologies 384
places 132
planimeter 30f
premature closure of 212f
preprocedural assessment 681
reconstruction of 166f
regurgitation 487
history of 776
indications for 776
postdegenerative 780
techniques of 777
stenosis 143
structural analysis of 776
structure 132f
surgery 116
systolic anterior motion of 451f
three-dimensional
velocity, product of 146
Mitral valvular
disease, severe 665
dysfunction, Carpentier's classification of 361b
verrucous nodules 491f
Mitralign 683
Mitral-semilunar valve 538
Modern cardiac surgery, role in 774
Modern noncardiac surgery 774
Monoclonal antibodies 621
Monocuspid valve 783
Morganroth hypothesis 461
Morphofunctional ventricular abnormalities 829
Motion abnormalities 405
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome 615
Mucocutaneous myxoma 573
Multimodality imaging, role of 458
Multiplanar reconstruction 351f
Multiple defects, spatial orientation for 757
Multiple duct occluder devices 755f
Multiple muscular defects 753
Multiple nodular masses 575
Multiple polyphasic diastolic tissue velocity 313f
Multiple ventricular septal defects 755f
Muscle fibers 300
Muscular dysfunction 483
Muscular septum 526
Mycoplasma 585
Mycotic aneurysm 595
Myelodysplastic syndrome 619
Myeloid neoplasm 633
Myeloproliferative neoplasm 634f
Myocardial abnormalities, structural 830
Myocardial contraction, waves of 307
Myocardial contusion 566
Myocardial crypts 459
Myocardial density 446
Myocardial diastolic stunning 396
Myocardial Doppler imaging 298
Myocardial infiltration 632f
Myocardial invaginations 446
Myocardial mechanics 481t
Myocardial motion 351
Myocardial oxalosis 627
Myocardial region 386
Myocardial storage diseases 330
Myocardial stunning 412
Myocardial texture 446
Myocardial toxicity 850t
Myocardial twist 303f
Myocardial velocity 312
Myocardial wall 311f
adjacent segments of 447
appearance of 625
cavity deformation 298
cross-fiber orientation of 299f
ischemic 387
mechanical properties of 336
replenishment of 433f
sparkling appearance of 625f
thickened 480f
Myofiber aggregates, orientation of 300f
Myogenesis 828f
Myopalladin 440
Myopericarditis 857
Myozenin 440
Myxoid neurofibromata 573
N
Native valvular disease 565
Nausea, dobutamine-induced 397
Negative predictive value 117
Neoatherosclerosis 693
Neonatal lupus syndrome 612
Nerve tissue 494
Neurocardiogenic syncope 402
Neuroendocrine tumors 619
Neuropathy, peripheral 621
Neutrophil accumulation 387
Nexilin 440
Night cap appearance 449
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema 568t
Noncoronary cardiac illnesses 381
Nongiant coronary aneurysm 841
Nonparallel beam angle 654
Nonuniform rotational deformity 688
Nordic aortic valve intervention 675
N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide 853
Nucleic acid amplification technologies 585
Nutritional deficiency 622
O
Obstructive lesions 520
Obstructive proliferative 108
Odynophagia 46
Open mitral valve 135
Oral cavity 837
Oral kayexalate 641
Organ
function 298
hypoperfusion
signs of 231
symptoms of 231
normal arrangement of 511
retrieval procedure 795
Orthogonal strain 322
Orthopnea 645
Osteogenesis imperfecta 206
Ostia, coronary 669
Ostial occlusion, coronary 596
Outflow obstruction, mechanism of 454
Oxidative stress 240
P
Paget's disease 644
Palliative surgery 532
Pallister–Killian syndrome 495
Pancarditis 487f
Pancyclic Doppler alternans 313f
Pannus 268
Pan-systolic murmur 487
abnormal 441
direct 542
displacement 362
hypertrophy 450
kissing septum 446f
lateral 454
posteromedial 566
apical displacement of 167f
Papillary rupture 486
Paradoxical flow 44f
Paradoxical strain patterns 330
Paraganglia, sympathetic 624
Paraprosthetic mitral leaks 158
Paraprosthetic tissue 582
Parasites 483
Parasternal axis
Parathyroidectomy 625
Parotid glands 616
Parvovirus B19 635
Pascal system 683
Peak gradient, correlation of 196
Peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity 108
Pectus carinatum 40
Pectus excavatum 40
Pedal edema 645
Percutaneous interventional procedures 678
Perflutren lipid microspheres 409
Perfusion, peripheral 399
Pergolide 639
Perianal excoriation 838f
Periannular complications 598
Pericardial adhesions 494f
Pericardial calcification 506f
Pericardial cavity 498f
Pericardial constriction 379
Pericardial edema 506f
large 451
management of 857
mild 487f
moderate 497
posterior 643f
posterior 630f
small posterior 625f
Pericardial friction rub 495
Pericardial inflammatory disease 495
Pericardial pressure 500f
Pericardial spaces 689
Pericardiectomy 494f
rheumatoid 506f
diagnosis of 487
primary acute 497
purulent 596
recurrent 497
refractory 612
viral 505
Periodic echocardiographic monitoring 852f
Periungual desquamation, typical 838f
Perivalvular complications, risk for 598
Pertuzumab 851
Phasic systolic flow 514
Phenotype negative 462
Phenotypic characterization 826
Phenotypic patterns, high-risk 809
Phlebotomy, therapeutic 619
Piezoelectric effect 12
Placing retrograde cardioplegic cannula 790
Plakoglobin 827
Plakophilin-2 827
Plaque 233
Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome 548
Plethora 505
Polyangiitis 612
Polymorphous exanthema 837
Polyneuropathy, familial amyloid 482
Polypoidal myxoma 574f
Postcardiac surgery 71
Postcoronary artery bypass grafting 774
Postpericardiotomy state 379
Postseptal myectomy ventricular septal defect 755
Postsurgical residual ventricular septal defect 755f
Post-transcatheter aortic valve replacement 674b
Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease 578
Prazosin 624
Precordial leads, lateral 830
Prednisolone 619
Pregnancy, termination of 870
Preinterventional assessment 690
Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act 29
Primum defect 757f
Prominent crista terminalis 579
Prominent postsystolic positive wave 312f
Prostaglandin inhibition 879
Prostanoids 108
Prosthetic aortic paravalvular regurgitation, severity of 274t
mitral regurgitation 276
Prosthetic paravalvular leak 133
dehiscence of 594
dysfunction, detection of 596
evaluation 786
infective endocarditis 598
stenosis 561
Proteinuria 621
Proton 631
Pseudonormal filling pattern 124
Pseudo-systolic anterior motion 452f
Psoriasis 644
Pulmonary arterial
acceleration time 547
pressure
moderate 645f
severe 642f
system 631
systolic pressure 291
Pulmonary artery 4, 85, 99, 228, 230, 244, 260, 281, 293, 296, 513, 516, 518, 520, 524, 526, 532, 536–538, 600, 600f, 736, 739, 740, 748, 766, 768, 770, 845, 846, 871, 878f
catheter 775
dilatation of 249
end-diastolic pressure 250
flows 4f
idiopathic dilatation of 253
obstruction 106f
peak Doppler gradient 252
assessment of 472
shunt 539
size of 537
small 878f
stenosis 184
thrombus 636f
to-left atrial communication 547
Pulmonary atrial wave 126f
Pulmonary circulation 521
Pulmonary gradients, development of 253
Pulmonary hypertension 80, 95, 96, 96t, 108t, 109, 112, 154, 246f, 250, 273, 293, 295, 332f, 338, 356, 411, 448, 502, 524, 617
causes of 293
criteria of 95
diagnosis of 106
etiology of 107
moderate-to-severe 273
prognosis in 108
quantification of 546
severity of 763
signs of 107
treatment of 95
Pulmonary parenchymal disease 117
Pulmonary pressures 521
Pulmonary septic emboli 600
Pulmonary trunk 587
Pulmonary valvar obstruction 252
Pulmonary valve 33, 38, 52, 81, 172, 174, 192, 244, 244f, 245, 245f, 246, 246f, 247, 247f, 251, 253, 369, 505, 516, 517, 528, 535, 537–539, 712f, 748, 750, 763, 846, 876, 877
biplane view of 370f
dysplasia 251
echocardiographic assessment of 244
flow 246
full volume of 370f
leaflets 252
morphology 247
normal 244
ring hypoplasia 251
short-axis view of 245f
stenosis 247
confluence of 544
Doppler 118
drainage of 517
inferior 859f
left
reconnection 137
right 755
lower 517
Pulmonic stenosis 532
Pulmonic valve 244
Pulse 279
repetition frequency 12
Doppler imaging high 17
tissue Doppler imaging 20f
wave across tricuspid valve 257f
recording 15f
Pulse-echo ultrasound 12
Pulsus paradoxus 503f
Pump failure 562
Pyrexia, persistent 596
R
Radial systolic function 703
Radiation therapy 858f
Radionuclide angiography 83
Rapid filling period 113
Reactive oxygen species 240
Redo valve surgeries 684
Reflection 13
Regional contractile dysfunction 291
Regional strain 331
Regurgitation 487
acute 231
severe 596
duration of 162
location of 788f
nonrheumatic 487
pathological 489
rheumatic 487
severe 542
Reiter's syndrome 206
Relaxation filling pattern, delayed 124
Relieve angina 399
Renal artery 229
Renal carcinoma 631
Renal cell carcinoma 39
Renal dysfunction 111
Renal insufficiency 112
Renal stone formation 627
Reservoir function 90
Residual myocardial ischemia, detection of 386
Residual ventricular septal defect 754
Respiratory variation 503
Respirometer trace, use of 31f
Restricted leaflet motion 207
Restrictive filling pattern 125
Restrictive phenotype 457
Restrictive physiology, hemodynamics of 479
Resuscitation, cardiopulmonary 562
Retroviral infection 636
Retrovirus 635
Rheumatic disease 362
Rheumatic lesions, correction of 143
Rheumatic pathology 779
Rheumatic valves 138
Rheumatic valvular heart disease 582
Rheumatic valvulitis 492b
Rheumatoid arthritis 206
Rheumatoid etiology 498
Rheumatoid factor, high 290
Right atrial
collapse 500
diastolic collapse 501f
inversion time index 500
myxomas 574
strain 338
volume
assessment 92
clinical relevance of 93
Right atrium 6, 34, 35, 38, 56, 61, 57, 72, 83, 155, 172, 174, 246, 300, 338, 351, 491, 513, 517, 521–523, 526, 533, 544, 547, 572, 662, 736, 760, 767, 854
pressure 95
Right ventricle 47, 52, 53, 58, 66, 71, 79, 137, 155, 174f, 227, 246, 289, 292, 295, 300, 351, 488, 517, 523, 529, 563, 575, 661, 703, 736, 739–743, 747, 748, 750, 761, 771, 827, 854, 878
determination of 252
ejection fraction 82
fractional shortening 101
infarction 554
outflow tract 84
pressure 95
systolic function, measurement of 82
volumetric assessment of 82
wall thickness, measurement of 82
Right ventricular
cardiac output 100
deformation 330
dilatation 293
endocardial tissue 755
enlargement 831f
hypoplasia 251
linear dimensions, measurement of 79
midcavity diameter 81
myocardial infarction 557
outflow view 872
pre-ejection period 251
pressure, suprasystemic 248f
sarcoma, large 578f
Right ventricular diastolic
collapse 500
dysfunction, assessment of 85fc
function 84
measurement of 84
inversion 500
Right ventricular outflow tract 33, 34, 38, 52, 60, 172, 244, 244f, 246, 253, 448, 500, 501, 528f, 535, 536f, 537f, 600f, 736, 748, 834, 842, 844, 845, 846
continuous wave Doppler of 536f
dimensions, measurement of 833f
distal diameter 81
flow 251f
morphology, evaluation of 252
proximal diameter 81
Right ventricular systolic
estimation of 575f
Ringdown artifact 653
Ruptured chordae 455
S
Sarcomeres 300
Scleroderma 481
Scorpion stings 646
Second order chordae 167f
Secundum defect 757f
Sedation protocol 511
Segment standard deviation 473f
Segmental wall motion analysis 381
Selenium, deficiency of 473
Semilunar cusps, part of 205
Semilunar valves 768
Semiquantitative method 214
Sepsis 278
Septae, invasion of 601f
Septal aneurysm 741f
Septal bounce 506
Septal contraction velocities 717f
Septal curvature 443f
Septal defects 873
Septal flash 507
Septal muscle bundle 440
Septal puncture needle 680f
Septal reduction therapies 459
Septal segments, passive stretch of 720f
Septal separation 72
Septic pulmonary emboli, signs of 585
Septolateral dyssynchrony 717f
Septolateral resynchronization 722f
Septomarginalis muscle bundle 331
Septum 671f
opposite direction of 712f
peak posterior movement of 714f
secundum 521
thickness of 442
Serum markers 612
Sewing ring artifacts 651
Shear strain 320
Shone's complex 202
Short monorail system 688
Shunt
congenital portosystemic 532
ductal 534
interatrial 533
pericardial 593
portosystemic 548
pretricuspid 521
Sigmoid septum 68
Sigmoid variety 444
Simpson's rule 73
Simultaneous device delivery 759
Single-chamber ventricular pacing 702
Sinus venosus 39
Skeletal muscle metabolism, peripheral 112
Skeleton, fibrous 154
Sleep apnea syndrome 111
Small restrictive perimembranous ventricular septal defect 525f
Small vessel disease 457
Smiling Dolphin sign 453
Snake bite 646
Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 641
Soft plaque 689
Solid tumor malignancies 855
Solid-state system 688
Sore throat 46
Spatiotemporal heterogeneities 299
Spectral pulsed tissue Doppler imaging 306
Specular reflection 13
Sphygmomanometer tube 119
Spinal cord injury 289
Spine, structural deformities of 81
Split lateral commissure 142f
Split medial commissure 142f
Spontaneous breathing test 565f
Squeezing deformation 322
Standard transesophageal echocardiography windows 50f
Starr–Edward valve 268
Static parameters 791
Static pouch 727
ST-elevation myocardial infarction 395
Stenotic aortic valve 667f
Stenotic mitral prosthetic heart valve 269f
Stenotic orifice, accurate planimetry of 668f
Stenotic pulmonary valve 248
Stenotic valve, morphology of 529
Stent
abnormal 223
apposition distance 692
expansion 690
fracture 674
optimization 694
thrombosis, very late 693
Steroid therapy 614f
Stethoscope 811
Stiffness 113
Stitching artifacts 657
Storage disorders 610
Straight back syndrome 253
components of 305
correlates 469
diastolic recovery of 382
echocardiography, use of 481
limitation of 853
two-dimensional 306
impaired global longitudinal 476f
pattern 179
imaging, clinical applications of 339
segmental longitudinal 416
value, negative 818
Streptokinase 295
Stress
cardiomyopathy 379
electrocardiogram test, positive 394
emotional 646
myocardial perfusion 621
normal 404
vasodilatory 433
Stress echocardiography 148, 164f, 165t, 179, 180, 222, 284, 381, 394, 395, 395b, 397, 492, 405t, 407, 411, 412, 417, 430, 434, 458
additional benefits of 411
comprehensive interpretation of 402b
demonstrates 148
diagnostic accuracy of 406
fundamental principles of 396
indications for 394
interpretation of 402
prognostic value of 410
use of 394
versatility of 412
Strut chordae 133
ST-segment depression 402
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 691
Stuck valve 561
Subaortic conus 516
Subaortic membranous obstruction 186f
Subaortic stenosis 529
Subaortic ventricular septal defect 603f
Subcostal four-chamber view 38
Subcostal right ventricular outflow tract 844
Subendocardial perfusion defects 434
Subendocardium 577
Subepicardium 577
Submassive pulmonary embolism 290
Suboptimal stent deployment 695
Subpulmonary conus 712f
Subpulmonary defect, restrictive 750f
Subpulmonary stenosis 538
Subpulmonic conal septum 525
Subpulmonic defect 526f
Subpulmonic infundibulum 171
Subxiphoid views 513
Superior vena cava syndrome 578
Supravalvular stenosis 528
Surgical repair, risk factors for 779
Surgical valve replacement 282
Surrogate parameters 157
Swiss cheese septum 526
Symmetric membranous devices 743
Systemic illness, number of 495
Systemic inflammatory diseases 610
Systemic systolic pressure 524
Systemic vasculitides, primary 612
Systolic arterial pressure 412
Systolic ejection 307
Systolic myocardial thickening 320
Systolic thickening, reduced 404
Systolic ventricular dysfunction 826
T
Tachycardiomyopathy 473
Tactile stimulation 45
Tafamidis 627
Taussig–Bing anomaly 539
Tear 693
Tei index 83
Telethonin 440
Terazosin 624
Thalassemia 619
Thallium scintigraphy 387
Therapy, completion of 598b
Thoracic cage 657
Three-dimensional echocardiography 79, 90, 93f, 198, 200f, 246, 256, 408, 458, 588, 657, 669, 736f, 750f, 786, 865f
advantages of 588
clinical application of 348
probes 669
procedure of 345
reconstruction 103f
Throat gargles 46
Thromboembolic complications 729
Thromboembolic events 444
Thromboembolism 849
Thrombogenicity 263
Thrombolysis 434
Thrombosis 706
Tissue Doppler imaging 19, 20f, 21f, 52, 72, 116, 121f, 224, 225, 299, 306, 309, 312, 313f, 315, 401, 414, 447, 460, 463
appearance of 21
concept of 307
measurements 317
Topological data analysis 809
Torsion 322
Total occlusion intervention, chronic 694
Total pulmonary venous drainage 875
Toxic iron 619
Toxic valvulopathies, drug-induced 610
Trabecular muscular septum 749
Trabeculated apical part 79
Trabeculations, extensive 727
Transaortic gradient, estimation of 24
Transcatheter
aortic valve 605f
closure, assessment for 768
mitral interventions 678
mitral valve 680
replacement 264
therapy 526
tricuspid valve 260
Transducer components 2
Transducer emits 230
Transducer frequency, right 10
Transducer lens 43
Transesophageal echocardiography 45, 47f, 148, 155f, 161, 177f, 180, 190f, 197f, 198f, 205, 249, 269f, 278f, 283, 362f, 373f, 457, 504, 566, 574f, 577f, 583, 590, 599f, 603f, 651, 652f, 655, 661f, 667f, 668, 680f, 682f, 727, 737f, 759f, 764f, 774, 786, 798
emphasizes 256
insertion, technique of 46
part of 43f
torque of 48f
windows 49
Transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction 232f
Transfemoral sheath placement 750
Transfusional iron 483
Transgastric transesophageal echocardiography 265
Transgastric window 49
Transient cardiac constriction 507
Transit time effect 655
Transjugular sheath 749
Transmitral Doppler inflow 115
Transmural strain 323
Transprosthetic hemodynamics 271
Trans-septal puncture 728
Transthoracic echocardiography 43, 155f, 161, 179, 180, 221f, 223, 229t, 359, 486, 487f, 492f, 548, 566, 578f, 586, 590, 603f, 615f, 620f, 629f, 630, 652f, 653f, 664
basic 29
diagnostic accuracy of 290
role of 290
Transthoracic evaluation 133
Transthoracic views 757
Transverse aorta 228
Transverse aortic arch 230f
Treponema pallidum 638
Treptococcal antigens 137
Triangle of Koch 757f
Tricuspid annular 310
dilatation 785
motion 82
plane 80
excursion 383
systolic
plane exertion 854
velocity 854
Tricuspid calcific aortic valve disease 198f
Tricuspid commissure, normal anteroseptal 735
Tricuspid leaflet, anterior 601f
Tricuspid prosthetic heart valve 279
Tricuspid regurgitation 33, 52, 82, 97, 98, 106, 117, 124, 212, 256, 280, 292, 471, 491, 521, 563, 575f, 620f, 623f, 642f, 643f, 645f, 703, 736
causes of 256t
Doppler interrogation of 644f
evaluation of 704
functional 138
high-velocity jet of 546f
incidence of 704
jet, continuous wave Doppler of 620f
mechanisms of lead-related 705
pathophysiology of 786fc
severity 257
of prosthetic 280t
velocity 104f
Tricuspid tissue Doppler imaging 101
Tricuspid valve 34, 35, 38, 52, 84f, 103f, 172, 192, 255, 257f, 264, 284, 289, 356, 369, 369f, 517, 524, 535, 538, 540, 543, 587, 601f, 612f, 623f, 630, 642f, 643f, 661, 748, 757, 785, 786
anatomy 255
annulus 255
anteroseptal commissure of 736f
apical displacement of 369f
atresia 871
delayed closure of 542f
disease 256
management of 260
Ebstein's anomaly of 763f
echocardiographic assessment of 255
endocarditis 596
Epstein's anomaly of 369f
injury 702
orifice 743
physiology 255
planar systolic excursion 101
regurgitation 487f
relative 542
tensor apparatus 255
Triglyceride 498
Trilobed lung 511
Trivial mitral regurgitation 611f
Troponin, normal initial 412
Truncal valve 545
Truncus arteriosus 545
Tube fixation 775
Tubular duct 771f
Tumor 879f
benign 572
carcinoid 619
infiltration 632f
left-sided 576
lesions 632f
subepicardial 577
ventricular 572
Turbulence across mitral valve 139f
Twig sign 877f
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 855
U
Ultrasound
basic principles 1
basics of 1
contrast imaging, principles of 428
enhancing agents, safety of 435
guidance, effects of 691
thrombolysis 436
Unicuspid aortic valve 180
Unicuspid unicommissural valve 181f
Upper abdomen 877
Upper esophageal window 50
Urinary tract infection 592f
Urokinase 295
V
Valsalva restrictive physiology 127f
Valsalva technique 119
anatomy 141
commissures 139
creates 247
destruction 594
disease 582
dysfunction, etiology of 267
examination of 170
fibrosis 857
hemodynamics 141
insufficiency 486
left-sided 573
morphology 148
obstruction 596
pannus 561
position 255
prolapse 486
right-sided 858
sewing ring integrity and motion 266
strain 338
strands 270
thickening 489
thrombosis 561
Valvular abnormalities 483
Valvular apparatus, calcification of 610
Valvular coaptation surface 858
Valvular disease 411
Valvular myxoma 577
Valvular pathology 479
Valvular stenosis 875
Vascular disease, peripheral 849
Vascular dysfunction, development of 636
Vascular phenomena 584
Vascular resistance, estimation of 25
Vascular sling 545
Vasculopathy, state of 237
Vasospasm 621
VATER syndrome 495
Vena cava 610
inferior 6, 33, 39, 39f, 52, 57, 57f, 96, 97f, 292f, 414f, 480f, 502, 513f, 533, 546f, 563, 564, 579, 662, 757, 757f, 879f
dilated 97f
superior 52, 55, 55f, 56f, 57, 57f, 227, 515f, 521, 522, 547, 643f, 644f, 755, 757, 757f, 760, 762f, 764, 764f, 765f, 768f, 845, 878
syndrome, superior 578
Venoatrial situs 513
Ventilation perfusion 290
Ventilator, mediastinal 565f
Ventricular contraction 719
Ventricular dilation 486
Ventricular dyssynchrony 472
Ventricular function 446
Ventricular pacing 71
Ventricular remodelling 156
Ventricular rhabdomyoma 576f
Ventricular septae 540
Ventricular septal defect 32, 52, 182, 514, 523, 524, 524f, 525, 526f, 532, 535, 535f, 537, 543, 602, 603f, 736, 737f, 748, 754f, 874, 878
iatrogenic 458
Ventricular systole 246
Ventriculocoronary communications 542
Ventriculoinfundibular fold 746
Vertical vein, left-sided 544
Vessel cut-off sign 289
Vessel wall injury 693
Vijaya's echo criteriam, application of 487
Vinculin 440
Viral infections 856
Visceral pericardium, thickened 499f
Visual eye balling method 71
Visual regional wall motion, conventional 410
Volumetric method 216
Vulnerable plaque, assessment of 690