Advances in Statin Therapy & Beyond in CVD (ASTC) A Textbook of Cardiology
DISCLAIMER
The views and opinions expressed in this book are solely those of the original contributor(s)/author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the editor(s) of the book.
All brand names and product names used in the book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with a product or vendor mentioned in the book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precaution. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
The book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made, where necessary, to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any has been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.
Advances in Statin Therapy & Beyond in CVD (ASTC) A Textbook of Cardiology
Editors-in-Chief
HK Chopra Senior Consultant Cardiologist Medanta Moolchand Heart Institute Chairman CME, Moolchand Medcity Chairman, World Wellness Foundation, WHA Country Head, AHA
Former National President, CSI & IAE Former National Editor in Chief, IHJ, JIAE Editor in Chief, Top 10 Textbooks of Cardiology Chief Advisor, Health Committee SCOPE
Navin C Nanda Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease University of Alabama at Birmingham Alabama, USA
Editor-in-Chief, Echocardiography A Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Allied Techniques President, International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound (ISCU)
Jagat Narula Philip J and Harriet L Goodhart Chair of Medicine Professor of Medicine, Radiology and Health System Design and Global Health Chief, Division of Cardiology Mount Sinai Hospital Morningside Associate Dean for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Director, CV Imaging, Mount Sinai Health System Executive Editor, JACC, Vice President Elect, WHF
GS Wander Professor and Head of Cardiology Hero DMC Heart Institute Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Past President, API
CN Manjunath Professor of Cardiology Director, Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Praveen Chandra Chairman Interventional Cardiology Medanta: The Medicity, Gurugram
Medanta Moolchand Heart Institute, New Delhi
Viveka Kumar Principal Director and Chief of Cath Labs Pan Max Hospitals Max Heart and Vascular Institute Saket, New Delhi, India
CK Ponde Head, Department of Cardiology PD Hinduja National Hospital Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
AK Pancholia Head Department of Clinical and Preventive Cardiology Arihant Hospital Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
National Principal Editors
DB Pahlajani Mumbai
KK Sethi Delhi
KK Talwar Delhi
SK Parashar Delhi
G Vijayaraghavan Kerala
P Krishnam Raju Hyderabad
Rakesh Gupta Delhi
Ravi R Kasliwal Gurugram
JPS Sawhney Delhi
Saumitra Ray Kolkata
Poonam Malhotra Kapoor Delhi
S Tewari Lucknow
Rajeev Agarwal Meerut
NN Khanna Dlhi
Rajeev Gupta Jaipur
Manish Bansal Gurugram
S Ramakrishnan Delhi
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All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
This book is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in providing professional medical services. If such advice or services are required, the services of a competent medical professional should be sought.
Every effort has been made where necessary to contact holders of copyright to obtain permission to reproduce copyright material. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, the publisher will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity. The CD/DVD-ROM (if any) provided in the sealed envelope with this book is complimentary and free of cost. Not meant for sale.
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Advances in Statin Therapy & Beyond in CVD (ASTC): A Textbook of Cardiology
First Edition: 2022
9789354653933
Printed at:
Cardiological Society of India (CSI), our parents, our teachers, all the members of CSI, our colleagues, patients, students, and our families.
Contributors
- A George Koshy
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Cosmopolitan Hospital
- Former Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Government Medical College
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- A Muruganathan
- Emeritus Professor
- The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Aakash Hans
- South Arkansas Cardiology
- El Dorardo, Arkansas, USA
- Aakashneel Bhattachrya
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Aayushi Gupta
- Fellow
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Abdul Allam Khan
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Abdulla Shehab
- Professor of Medicine
- Department of Cardiology
- UAE University
- Al Ain, UAE
- Abhimanyu Bhatia
- Consultant and Head
- Department of Critical Care
- Saroj Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Abhishek Bhandiwad
- Faculty Member
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine
- Fortsmith, Arkansas, USA
- Aditi Tanwar
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Dharamshila Narayana Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Aditya Kapoor
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Afzalhussein Yusufali
- Consultant Cardiologist and Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Hatta Hospital
- Dubai, UAE
- Ahmed Adel Elamragy
- Assistant Professor of Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Ajay Kr Sinha
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Jaiprabha Medanta Superspeciality Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Ajay Kumar
- Chairman and Head
- BLK Institute of Digestive and Liver Diseases
- BLK Multispecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ajmer Singh
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- AK Pancholia
- Head
- Department of Clinical and
- Preventive Cardiology
- Arihant Hospital
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Akash Kashyap
- Fellow
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Amit O Singh
- Department of Cardiology
- KEM Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Amrish Agrawal
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Associate Professor of Medicine
- Fujairah Hospital, Ministry of Health and Prevention
- Fujairah, UAE
- Amrish Sahney
- Senior Consultant
- BLK Institute of Digestive and Liver Diseases
- BLK Multispecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Anil Bhan
- Head
- Department of Cardiac Surgery
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Anil Dhall
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Anil Pareek
- President
- Medical Affairs and Clinical Research
- IPCA Laboratories Limited
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Anindya Ghosh
- Fellow in Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing
- The Madras Medical Mission
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Aniruddha De
- Head
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology
- Apollo Gleneagles Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Ankush Bansal
- Fellow
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Anne Princy S
- Assistant Professor
- Department of of Cardiology
- Tamil Nadu Government Multi-Superspecialty Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Antoine F Abdelmassih
- Lecturer of Pediatric Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Anu Grover
- Dy General Manager—Medical Affairs
- Ipca Laboratories Ltd
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Anubha Srivastava
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Moti Lal Nehru Medical College
- Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Anuj Maheshwari
- Professor and Head
- Department of General Medicine
- Babu Banarasi Das University
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Anunay Gupta
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Anwar H Ansari
- Department of Cardiology
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College
- Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Aprateem Mukherjee
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging
- Endovascular Interventions
- Cardiothoracic Science Center
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Archit Dahiya
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Arindam Pande
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- Medica Superspecialty Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Arti Shah
- Heart Rhythm and Cardiovascular Consultants
- New York, USA
- Arun Chutani
- Heart Rhythm and Cardiovascular Consultants
- New York, USA
- Arunkumar S
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Nephrology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Arup Dasbiswas
- Ex-Director, ICVS, IPGMER
- Ex-Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- SSKM Hospital and Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (IPGMER)
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Aseem Basha
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences AND
- Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ashish Arora
- Consultant
- Critical Care Division
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Avani Jain
- DNS Hospital
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Ayush Kumar
- Max Smart Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Balakumaran Jeyakumaran
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital
- Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Bhagwan Mantri
- Senior Consultant Pulmonologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Bharat Kantharia
- Heart Rhythm and Cardiovascular Consultants
- New York, USA
- Bhavuk Jaiswal
- Department of Cardiology
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Unit Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Bhushan Shah
- Department of Cardiology
- GB Pant Institute of Postgraduate
- Medical Education and Research
- New Delhi, India
- Biswaranjan Mishra
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Diagnostics
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Biswarup Sarkar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Cardiology
- ICVS, RG Kar Medical College and Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- BP Singh
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Brian Pinto
- Chief Cardiologist
- Holy Family Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Chanchal Pal
- Senior Consultant
- Department of ENT
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi
- President, Ear Care Foundation of India
- Chandrashekhar Pandey
- Department of Cardiology
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Charan Reddy KV
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai Apollo Hospital
- Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Chetan Shah
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- CK Ponde
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- PD Hinduja National Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- D Prabhakar
- Preventive Interventional Cardiologist
- Apollo group of Hospitals and Ashwin Clinic
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Dayasagar Rao V
- Consultant Cardiologist
- KIMS Hospital
- Secunderabd, Telangana, India
- Debabrata Roy
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist and Academic Coordinator
- NH-Rabindranath Tagore International Institute Of Cardiac Science
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Debasri Dasbiswas
- Ex-Professor and Head
- Department of Pharmacology
- Calcutta National Medical College
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Deepak Jumani
- Senior Sexual Health Physician and Counselor
- Sir JJ Group of Hospitals and
- Grant Government Medical College
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Deepak Nandan
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Mother Heart Care
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Deepinder Singh
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Dinesh Kumar
- Harsha Clinic and Diabetes Care Center
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Dinesh Lalwani
- Physician's Specialty Clinic
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Dipankar Bhowmik
- Professor, Department of Nephrology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Dipesh Kothari
- Consultant Intervention Cardiologist
- Gokuldas Heart Center
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- DR Das
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- SCB Medical College
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- G Manohar
- Professor of Cardiology
- Institute of Cardiology
- Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- G Vijayaraghavan
- Vice-Chairman and Founder Director
- Dean, Postgraduate Medical Studies
- Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences
- Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Gagandeep S Wander
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Gaurav Arora
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College
- Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Gaurav Kumar Divani
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Geetha Subramanian
- Ex-Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Institute of Medical Sciences
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
- Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
- Tamil Nadu DR MGR Medical University
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Geetika Agarwal
- Consultant Cardiologist Noninvasive
- Fortis C Doc Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Geevar Zachariah
- Chairman, Mother Heart Care
- Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Ghan Shyam Pangtey
- Professor
- Department of Medicine
- Lady Hardinge Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Girish MP
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- GB Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical
- Education and Research
- New Delhi, India
- GN Mahapatra
- Senior Consultant and Chief
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET
- Seven Hills Hospital, Mumbai
- BA Smt Lilaben Chimanlal Parikh Cancer Hospital
- Navsari, Gujarat, India
- GS Wander
- Professor, Department of Cardiology
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Unit Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Hala El Marsafawy
- Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology
- President of Pan Arab Congenital Heart Disease Association
- Vice President Egyptian pediatric Cardiologists association, FSCAI
- Egypt
- Hanumanth K Reddy
- Adjunct Professor of Clinical Medicine
- St Louis University
- St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Hardeep Kaur Grewal
- Consultant Cardiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Harsh Wardhan
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Harshit Khare
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Harshveer Singh Malhi
- Head
- Medical Affairs CM Care
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Harvinder Dod
- South Arkansas Cardiology
- El Dorardo, Arkansas, USA
- Hemraj B Chandalia
- Director, Endocrinology
- Diabetes, Metabolism
- Jaslok Hospital and Research Center
- Director, Diabetes Endocrine Nutrition Management
- and Research Center (DENMARC)
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Hilary Modir
- Faculty of Medicine
- Memorial University of Newfoundland
- Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Himani Malhotra
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Himanshu Verma
- Professor and Head
- Department of Nephrology
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College
- and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- HK Chopra
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Medanta Moolchand Heart Institute
- Chairman CME, Moolchand Medcity
- Chairman, World Wellness Foundation, WHA
- Country Head, AHA
- Former National President, CSI & IAE
- Former National Editor in Chief, IHJ, JIAE
- Editor in Chief, Top 10 Textbooks of Cardiology
- Chief Advisor, Health Committee SCOPE
- Hosam Rashwan
- Lecturer of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiologists
- Egypt
- I Sathyamurthy
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Apollo Main Hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- IB Vijayalakshmi
- Professor Emeritus
- Former Professor and Head
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology
- Bengaluru Medical College and Research Institute
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- J Cecily Mary Majella
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Tamil Nadu Government Multi-Superspecialty Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- J Sharma
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Apollo Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Jabir Abdullakutty
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Lisie Hospital
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- Jacob Abraham Ruram
- Department of Cardiology
- Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute
- Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
- Jamshed J Dalal
- Director, Cardiac Sciences
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Jasvinder Singh
- Department of Cardiology
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital Unit
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Jayagopal PB
- Director and Senior Interventional Cardiologist
- Lakshmi Hospital
- Palakkad, Kerala, India
- Jignesh Patel
- Interventional Cardiologist
- SAL and Sanjivani hospital
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Jimmy George
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Lisie Hospital
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- John Davis
- Department of Population Health Sciences
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Jostol Pinto
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Father Muller Medical College
- Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
- Joy Dev Mukherji
- Principal Director and Head
- Department of Neurology
- Institute of Neuroscience
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- JPS Sawhney
- Chairperson, Department of Cardiology
- Dharma Vira Heart Center
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Justin Paul Gnanaraj
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- K Venugopal
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
- Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Kamal Sharma
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- UN Mehta Institute of Cardiology and Research Center, BJ Medical College
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Kanika Sood Sharma
- Clinical Lead and Director
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Dharamshila Narayana Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Kanika Suri
- MGM Medical College
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Karthikaa Saminathan
- Department of Cardiology
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Kaushal Choudhari
- Department of Cardiology
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Khwaja Mohammad Usman
- Senior Registrar Endocrinology
- Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Kirandeep Kaur
- Professor
- Department of Pharmacology
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- KK Kapur
- Chief, Noninvasive Cardiology Lab
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- KN Srinivasan
- Sr Interventional cardiologist
- Apollo main hospitals
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Krishna Vaitheeswaran
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Kunal Mahajan
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Indira Gandhi Medical College
- Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Kunal Suri
- Geetanjali Medical College
- Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Kushal Madan
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Consultant
- Dharma Vira Heart Center
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Lijo Varghese
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital
- Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- LN Meena
- Medical Officer-in-Charge, Emergency Care
- Sugapriya Multispecialty Hospital
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Madhumanti Panja
- Belle Vue Clinic
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Manav Wadhawan
- Senior Director
- BLK Institute of Digestive and Liver Diseases
- BLK Multispecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Manish Bansal
- Director, Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Manish Shaw
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging
- Endovascular Interventions
- Cardiothoracic Science Center
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Manisha Sharma
- Associate Consultant Noninvasive
- Medanta Hospital
- Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
- Manotosh Panja
- Director, Interventional Cardiology
- Belle Vue Clinic, Kolkata
- Past President, National CSI
- Mansi Kaushik
- Consultant Cardiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Mary Thomas
- Department of Dermatology
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Toronto
- Toronto, Canada
- Masood Ahmad
- Professor of Medicine
- Edward D and Sally M Futch Professor of Cardiology
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Meghna Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry
- M Medical College and Hospital
- Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Mitendra Singh Yadav
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- MK Das
- Consultant and Interventional Cardiologist
- CK Birla Hospitals
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Mohammad Asim Siddiqui
- Senior Consultant Endocrinologist
- Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Mohammad Jibran
- Department of Cardiology
- Lifeline Superspeciality Hospital and Heart Center
- Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Mohan Bhargava
- Associate Director
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Superspeciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Mohit D Gupta
- Professor, Department of Cardiology
- GB Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical
- Education and Research
- New Delhi, India
- Mohit M Bhagwati
- Associate Consultant, Cardiology and In-Charge
- Cardiac Care Unit
- PSRI Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Moitry Das
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
- Mona Bhatia
- Director and Head
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging
- Fortis Escort Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Monika Nadar
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Mostafa Mahmoud Abdrabou
- Assistant lecturer of Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- MS Senthilkumar
- Senior Endocrine Surgeon
- Department of Endocrine Surgery
- Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Mugdha Lakhotia
- Consultant Physician
- City Nursing Home
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Muhammad Shabbir Ijaz
- Faculty Member
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine
- Fortsmith, Arkansas, USA
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Neurology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- Musna PJ
- Senior Registrar
- Department of Cardiology
- Adan Hospital
- Hadiya, Kuwait
- Nagendra S Chouhan
- Director Interventional Cardiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Narendra Nath Khanna
- Chairman—Asia Pacific Vascular Society
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiology
- Senior Consultant Vascular Interventions
- Coordinator—Cardiology, Cath Lab and Vascular Services
- Advisor—Apollo Group of Hospitals
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Naveen Garg
- Senior consultant cardiology
- BK Hospital
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Navin C Nanda
- Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Cardiovascular Disease
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Editor-in-Chief, Echocardiography A Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound and Allied Techniques
- President, International Society of Cardiovascular Ultrasound (ISCU)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Cardiology
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Neeraj Pandit
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Neeraj Tyagi
- Senior Consultant Neurologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Neha Israni Bhargava
- Associate Consultant
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics
- Madhukar Rainbow Children Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Neil Bardoloi
- Managing Director and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Excelcare Hospitals
- Guwahati, Assam, India
- Nidhi Yadav
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Nikhil Pachpande
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Nitish Naik
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Om J Lakhani
- Departmentof Endocrinology
- Zydus Hospital
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- On Chen
- Division of Cardiology
- Stony Brook University Hospital
- Stony Brook, New York, USA
- OP Yadava
- CEO and Chief Cardiac Surgeon
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Pankaj Manoria
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Manoria Heart and Critical Care Hospital
- Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Parveen Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging
- Fortis Escort Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Paul N Hopkins
- Professor
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
- University of Utah
- School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Pawan K Sharma
- Assistant Professor of Medicine
- Division of Cardiology
- Adjunct Assistant Professor of Radiology
- University of Utah School of Medicine
- Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Pawan Kumar Mangla
- Senior Consultant Pulmonologist
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Pawan Suri
- Chief Cardiologist
- SGL Multispecialty Hospital
- Jalandhar, Punjab, India
- Payal Gupta
- Clinical Fellow Advanced Clinical Dermatology
- University of Toronto
- Consultant Dermatologist
- Moolchand Medicity
- New Delhi, India
- PC Manoria
- Director
- Manoria Heart and Critical Care Hospital
- Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Peeyush Jain
- Director Cardiology and Head
- Department of Preventive Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Piyush Manoria
- Gastroenterologist
- Manoria Heart and Critical Care Hospital
- Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Poonam Malhotra Kapoor
- Professor
- Department of Cardiac Anesthesia and Critical Care
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Prabhu Ethiraj
- Senior Consultant and Head
- Institute of Nuclear Imaging and Molecular Medicine
- Tamil Nadu Government Multi-Superspecialty Hospital
- Omandurar Government Estate
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Prachi Pophali
- Faculty Member
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine
- Fortsmith, Arkansas, India
- Pradeep Chowbey
- Chairman
- Max Institute of Laparoscopic, Endoscopic and Bariatric Surgery
- Chairman
- Surgery and Allied Surgical Specialities Max Super-Speciality Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Padmashri Awarded by The President of India
- Pradipta K Nayak
- Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Prafulla G Kerkar
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- KEM Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Pramod kumar
- Director
- Department of Cardiology
- Jaiprabha Medanta Superspeciality Hospital
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Prashant Vazirani
- Interventional Cardiologist
- SAL and Sanjivani Hospital
- Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Pratik Katyayan
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Praveen Chandra
- Chairman, Interventional Cardiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Medanta Moolchand Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Praveen Jain
- Formerly Professor Emeritus of Cardiology
- Maharani Laxmibai Medical College
- Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Preetinder Kaur
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Prerna Kapoor
- Senior Physician
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Priya Jagia
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging
- Endovascular Interventions
- Cardiothoracic Science Center
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Puneet Aggarwal
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Purneshwar Pandey
- Department of Cardiology
- GB Pant Institute of Postgraduate
- Medical Education and Research
- New Delhi, India
- Rabiba-Allah Ismail
- Medical Intern
- Department of Pediatrics
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Rabin Chakraborty
- Professor and Senior Vice-Chairman
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- Medica Superspecialty Hospital
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Rahul Gupta
- RMM Global Hospital Trauma Center
- Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India
- Rahul M Gutte
- Department of Cardiology
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Rahul Mehrotra
- Director and Head Noninvasive Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Raj Kumar
- Senior Consultant and In-Charge
- Noninvasive Cardiology Staff Training Programme
- Pushpawati Singhania Hospital and Research Institute (PSRI)
- New Delhi, India
- Rajan Joseph Manjuran
- Emeritus Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Pushpagiri Medical College
- Thiruvalla, Kerala, India
- Rajeev Agarwal
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Jaswant Rai Specialty Hospital
- Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Rajeev Bharadwaj
- Department of Cardiology
- RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Medicine
- Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
- Mount Sinai New York Affiliate
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Rajeev Sharma
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Rajesh A Matta
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- KEM Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Rajesh Meena
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Rajesh Natuva
- Consultant Cardiologist
- KIMS Hospital
- Secunderabd, Telangana, India
- Rajni Saijpaul
- Senior Specialist
- Department of Biochemistry
- Maulana Azad Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Rakesh Varma
- Consultant, Professor and
- Additional Director General of Health Services
- Ministry of Health, Government of India
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Ram Manohar Talupula
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Ramesh Hotchandani
- Senior Consultant and Head
- Department of Nephrology
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Ranjit Kumar Nath
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Rashi Verma
- Department of Anatomy
- Lady Hardinge Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Ravi Komatireddy
- Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine
- University of California
- San Diego, California, USA
- Ravi R Kasliwal
- Chairman, Clinical and Preventive Cardiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Ravi Tejraj Mehta
- Medical Advisor
- IPCA Laboratories Limited, Mumbai
- Rekha Mishra
- Consultant Cardiologist Noninvasive
- Fortis C Doc Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Rohan Sonawane
- Department of Cardiology
- PD Hinduja National Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Rohit Tandon
- Consultant Physician and In-Charge
- Department of Noninvasive Cardiology
- Hero DMC Heart Institute
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Rony Mathew Kadavil
- Head, Department of Cardiology
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Lisie Heart Institute Lisie Hospital
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- Roopam Singh
- Attending Consultant Cardiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Ruchi Sharma
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- RVA Ananth
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Jeyalakshmi Heart Centre
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- S Ramakrishnan
- Professor, Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- S Saravanakumar
- Radiologist
- Billroth Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- S Sathish Kumar
- Senior Assistant Professor of Cardiology
- Madurai Medical College and Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai
- Interventional Cardiologist, Vadamalayan Hospital
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- S Shanmugasundaram
- Cardiologist
- Billroth Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sabarish Sankaran
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- Madras Medical College
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sachin Ambekar
- Senior Consultant and Laparoscopic Surgeon
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Sahil Sareen
- Department of Cardiology
- PD Hinduja National Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Sai Supriya Prabhu
- Advanced Nuclear Medicine Research Institute
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sandeep Bansal
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sandeep Goyal
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- Sandeep Kaushal
- Professor and Head
- Department of Pharmacology
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
- Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Sangeeta Dhir
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Sanghamitra Sinha
- Department of Critical Care
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Sanjay Mittal
- Director, Clinical Cardiology and Research
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Head
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Sarita Bajaj
- Consultant Endocrinologist
- Former Director-Professor and Head
- Department of Medicine
- MLN Medical College
- Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Satish C Govind
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Satish Kr Gupta
- RMM Global Hospital Trauma Center
- Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India
- Satya Nand Pathak
- Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiology
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Satyanarayan Routray
- Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- SCB Medical College
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Satyavir Yadav
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Satyendra Tewari
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Saumitra Ray
- Professor, Department of Cardiology
- Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Saurabh Bagga
- Consultant Cardiology
- Fortis Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- SB Gupta
- Ex-Consultant Physician Cardiologist
- Asian Heart Institute, Mumbai
- Former Head, Department of Medicine and Cardiology
- Central Railway Headquarters Hospital
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- SC Manchanda
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Dharma Vira Heart Center
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- Galveston, Texas, USA
- Shalini Garg
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Ophthalmology
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Sharada Sivaram K
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute
- Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
- Shashank Joshi
- Chief Consultant
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology
- Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Shishu Shankar Mishra
- Professor and Director
- Department of Cardiology
- Hi-Tech Medical College, Bhubaneswar
- Director and Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Med ‘N’ Heart Clinic
- Cuttack, Odisha, India
- Shiv Chopra
- Senior Consultant and Laparoscopic Surgeon
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Shweta Goswami
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Community Medicine
- ESI Hospital
- Faridabad, Haryana, India
- SKM Sarjun Basha
- Cardiologist,
- Taj Cardiac and Diabetic Clinic, Arakkonam
- Peacock Hospital, Tiruttani
- Tamil Nadu, India
- Smadar Kort
- Division of Cardiology
- Stony Brook University Hospital
- Stony Brook, New York, US
- Smarak Ranjan Rout
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Somasundaram M
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute
- Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India
- Sonia Ali El-Saiedi
- Professor of Pediatric Cardiology
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Soumit Sharma
- NDMC Medical College and Hindu Rao Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Srikant Sharma
- Senior Consultant Physician
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Srikanth KV
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- SS Iyengar
- Senior Consultant
- Department of Cardiology
- Manipal Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Subhash Kumar Wangnoo
- Senior Consultant Endocrinologist
- Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Subhasish Dey
- Senior Consultant
- NH-Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Science
- Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Sudeep Kumar
- Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Sudhakar Mhaskar
- Executive Vice President
- and Global Head—Technology
- Marico Limited Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Suman Bhandari
- Director, Department of Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Suparna Rao
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Supriya Datta
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre and
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Surabhi Awasthi
- Head
- Department of Critical Care Medicine
- Moolchand Medcity
- New Delhi, India
- Surender Kumar
- Chairman
- Department of Endocrinology
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Surenderan GD
- Assistant Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- Tamil Nadu Government Multi-Superspecialty Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Surendra Chutani
- Heart Rhythm and Cardiovascular Consultants
- New York, USA
- Surendra Kumar Naik
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Swarnika Srivastava
- Department of Cardiac Surgery
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Tabassum Khan
- Interventional Cardiologist
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Tahmid Rahman
- Division of Cardiology
- Stony Brook University Hospital
- Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Tanul Jain
- Department of Cardiology
- Lifeline Superspecialty Hospital and Heart Center
- Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Thomas Alexander
- Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Kovai Medical Center and Hospital
- Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Tushar Wadhawan
- Department of Cardiology
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital
- Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- U Ilayaraja
- Cardiologist
- Billroth Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Uttayan Chakrabarti
- Department of Nephrology
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College
- and Safdarjung Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- V Amuthan
- Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
- The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
- Former Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Madurai Medical College, Madurai
- Director of 3D Echocardiography, Jeyalakshmi Heart Centre, Madurai
- Senior Interventional Cardiologist Vadamalayan Hospital, Madurai
- Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
- V Malathi
- Radiologist
- Billroth Hospital
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- V Pavan Teja
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- V Subash Chandra
- Department of Cardiology
- Manipal Hospital
- Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Vaibhav Bandil
- Department of Cardiology
- Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Vanita Arora
- Senior Consultant
- Cardiac Electrophysiologist and Interventional Cardiologist
- Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Varsha Kachroo
- Senior Registrar Endocrinology
- Apollo Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Varun Gupta
- Resident, Thoracic Surgery
- Lungenklinik, Hemer
- Hemer, Germany
- Vatsal Kayal
- Department of Cardiology
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr RML Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vidhya Natrajan
- Department of Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vidya Pancholia
- Senior Consultant
- Gynecologist and Obstetrician Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Vidyarani Mohankumar
- Professor
- MV Hospital for Diabetes and
- M Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Vidyut Jain
- Choithram Hospital and Research Center and CHL Hospital
- Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Vijay Bang
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- Lilavati Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Vijay Viswanathan
- Professor
- MV Hospital for Diabetes and
- M Viswanathan Diabetes Research Centre
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Vijesh Vijayan
- Senior Resident
- Department of General Medicine
- Lady Hardinge Medical College
- New Delhi, India
- Vijin Joseph VF
- Senior Registrar
- Department of Cardiology
- Lisie Hospital
- Kochi, Kerala, India
- Vikas Singh
- Consultant Cardiologist
- Daksh Heart Care
- Patna, Bihar, India
- Vinit Suri
- Senior Consultant Neurologist and Coordinator
- Department of Neurology
- Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi
- Past President, Indian Stroke Association
- President Elect, Delhi Neurological Association
- Vinod Mittal
- Senior Consultant Diabetologist and Head
- Delhi Heart and Lung Institute, New Delhi
- Director, Delhi Diabetes Care Center
- New Delhi, India
- Vinod Sharma
- Senior Consultant Cardiologist
- National Heart Institute
- New Delhi, India
- Virbhan Balai
- FNB Interventional Cardiology
- Max Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vishal Agrawal
- Internal Medical Residency
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital
- Liverpool, UK
- Vishal Batra
- Associate Professor
- Department of Cardiology
- GB Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research
- New Delhi, India
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Chairman and Chief of Diabetology
- Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre
- President and Chief of Diabetes Research
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation
- IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care and
- ICMR Centre for Advanced Research on Diabetes
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Vitull K Gupta
- Health and Human Rights Activist
- Consultant, Kishori Ram Hospital and Diabetes Care Center
- Bathinda, Punjab, India
- Viveka Kumar
- Principal Director and Chief of Cath Labs Pan Max Hospitals
- Max Heart and Vascular Institute
- Saket, New Delhi, India
- VK Katyal
- Senior Professor and Head
- Department of Medicine
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
- Rohtak, Haryana, India
- VV Muthusamy
- Former Professor and Head
- Department of Cardiology
- Madurai Medical College and Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai
- Emeritus Professor of Cardiology
- The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University
- Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- VVS Shobana
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Dharamshila Narayana Superspecialty Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Vyom Mori
- Dharma Vira Heart Center
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
- New Delhi, India
- Yash Pal Munjal
- Senior Endocrinologist
- Artemis Hospital
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Yatin Mehta
- Adjunct Professor—NBE
- Past President—ISCCM
- Chairman, Medanta Institute of Critical Care and Anesthesiology
- Medanta—The Medicity
- Gurugram, Haryana, India
- YK Subhash Singh
- Senior Resident
- Department of Cardiology
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences
- New Delhi, India
- Yogesh Kolamkar
- Holy Family Hospital and Research Center
- Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
We are honored and have a great pleasure to write the foreword for the state of art Textbook of Cardiology: Advances in Statin Therapy and Beyond in CVD (ASTC). The textbook on Statin was long due considering the wealth of data, new strategies of management, advances in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic technology based in the clinical practice. It is one of the most needed, comprehensive, illustrative, well-structured book, published with enormous information about advances in clinical approach, imaging including echocardiography, multimodality imaging, drug, mechanical and surgical interventions for better patient care in dyslipidemia with morbidity and mortality reduction in various clinical situations.
The book is an excellent and outstanding educational initiative by the joint efforts of 9 Editors-in-Chief, 17 Principal Editors, 14 International Editors, 80 National Editors and over 300 contributing authors. This book comprises 29 sections, 163 chapters, including Clinical, Statins and CAD, Statins and Hypertension, Statins in Heart Failure, Arrhythmia, Aortic Disease, Valvular Heart Disease, Stroke, Carotid Artery Disease, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Renovascular Disease, Cardiomyopathy, Diabetes, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, Kidney, Echocardiographic Evaluation of Statin Effect and Outcome, Aortic Atherosclerotic Statin Effect Evaluation, Statin Effect Evaluation in Renovascular Disease, Nuclear Imaging in Vascular Atherosclerosis, Nutrition and Dyslipidemia, Pediatric, Eyes, Skin, Pulmonary Disorders, Drugs Interaction, Atorvastatin and CVD Prevention, Rosuvastatin and CVD Prevention, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Dyslipidemia, Yoga and Statin Therapy, Statin in Cardio-Oncology, Beyond Statin, Future Directions, etc.
The chapters are well outlined, organized, well written and referenced. The writing style of every chapter is vivid, concise and practical. There are excellent graphics, tables and figures that present the relevant information. The printing and binding are of excellent quality. This book will represent a milestone for statin management strategies in the world.
We congratulate the Chief Editors Dr HK Chopra, Dr Navin C Nanda, Dr Jagat Narula, Dr GS Wander, Dr CN Manjunath Dr Praveen Chandra, Dr Viveka Kumar, Dr CK Ponde, Dr AK Pancholia, Principal Editors, International, National Editors and the contributors for accomplishing this prodigious achievement of great clinical relevance in Cardiology practice today for meticulous dyslipidemia management.
M Khalilullah Director and Senior Consultant Cardiologist The Heart Centre New Delhi, India Past President, National CSI | Naresh Trehan Chairman and Managing Director Medanta—The Medicity Gurugram, Haryana, India | GS Sainani Emeritus Director Department of Medicine Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Past President, National CSI | SC Manchanda Senior Consultant Cardiology Dharma Vira Heart Center Sir Ganga Ram Hospital New Delhi, India | Ashok Seth Chairman Fortis Escorts Heart Institute New Delhi, India President, APSIC Past President, National CSI | PK Deb Formerly Chief, Cardiologist ESI PG Institute of Medical Sciences Kolkata, West Bengal, India Chairman Academic, National CSI Past President, National CSI |
C Venkata S Ram Director Apollo Institute for Blood Pressure Management World Hypertension League/South Asia Office Apollo Hospitals Hyderabad, Telangana, India Texas Blood Pressure Institute, Dallas | Santanu Guha Professor and Head Department of Cardiology Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal, India Past President, National CSI | KC Goswami Professor Department of Cardiology AIIMS, New Delhi, India Past President, National CSI | MK Das Senior Consultant and Interventional Cardiologist CK Birla Hospital Kolkata, West Bengal, India Immediate Past President, National CSI | PP Mohanan Director and Head Department of Cardiology Westfort Hi-Tech Hospital Trissur, Kerala, India President, National CSI | Partha Sarathi Banerjee Senior Consultant Interventional Cardiologist Columbia Asia Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India President Elect CSI and Scientific Committee Chair, CSI 2021 Editor, Cardiology Update 2021 |
Statins and Beyond in CVD: From Historical to Clinical perspective
“Medical discoveries don't just happen but result from a hard work of many scientists”
Cholesterol, first discovered in bile and gallstones by Poulletier de la Salle in 1769 and then rediscovered in 1815 by Chevreul, named it “cholesterine” (In Greek: chole for bile and stereos for solid). In 1910, Windaus reported that atherosclerotic plaques from aortas of human subjects contained over 20-fold higher concentrations of cholesterol than did normal aortas. This was the first hint that indicated that cholesterol was related to atherosclerosis. However, despite these findings, physicians remained skeptical of a causal link between cholesterol and coronary artery disease (CAD). They felt that atherosclerotic lesions were an incidental part of the degenerative changes of the arteries.
This sentiment continued until the Framingham Heart Study and the Seven Country Studies in the 1950s demonstrated the correlation between high plasma cholesterol levels and CAD. More investigations established that the association with CAD was attributable mainly to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), a type of cholesterol, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is inversely correlated with coronary heart disease mortality. From this, the “lipid hypothesis” was born, and the cholesterol-coronary connection was unfolded. This proposed that reducing lipid levels would reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and other coronary events.
To search for the lipid lowering drugs, intense efforts were made to determine the mechanism of de novo biosynthesis of cholesterol in human body. Konrad Bloch from Chicago University and Feodor Lynen from Munich University were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1964 for their efforts.
Feodor Lynen
Several scientists extensively studied steps of cholesterol synthesis and metabolism pathway. Many molecules homologous to intermediates along the pathway were synthesized. Some molecules were effective in animals, but none of those were effective at the clinical level. Reduction of β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate is the major point of cholesterol formation and is catalyzed by an enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase. Scientists opined that the inhibition of this enzyme could be an effective means of lowering plasma cholesterol in humans.
Konrad Bloch
Birth of statins and their vascular potential power
The year 1987 was a pivotal year for statins when lovastatin, a first statin, was marketed in the USA. Later in 1988, simvastatin, a semisynthetic derivative of lovastatin, was marketed in Sweden, and then worldwide. During this time, although, the basic lipid hypothesis had been validated, the movement towards treating hypercholesterolemia with lipid lowering agents was not convincing to a number of clinicians due to lack of sufficient evidences.
The adult treatment panel (ATP), a panel represented by experts from major medical and health professional associations, voluntary health organizations, community programs, and governmental agencies was constituted. The aim of this panel was to develop guidelines for detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. The first ATP guideline, i.e., ATP-I was published in the year 1988 which outlined a strategy for primary prevention of CHD in individuals with high LDL-C (>160 mg/dL) or with borderline-high LDL-C (130–159 mg/dL) including more than two risk factors. These guidelines dispelled unfounded theories and skeptics who did not believe that lowering cholesterol would have mortality benefits. The ATP guidelines are currently the most accepted reference guideline for clinical management of high blood cholesterol. With continual clinical advances in the science of cholesterol management, these guidelines are periodically updated.
In 1994, the findings of Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) marked a turning point in the journey of lipid lowering drugs. This study depicted for the first time that statins not only reduce LDL cholesterol levels but also cause a sharp drop in all-cause mortality, major coronary events and revascularization procedures. The results of this study played a vital role in convincing the medical fraternity about the importance of statins.
Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin, the newest members of the statin, are the most commonly prescribed statins, as an adjunct to diet for the treatment of various lipid disorders including primary hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia and isolated hypertriglyceridemia. Today, an estimated 30 million people worldwide are taking statins. It is said that the lives of millions of people have been extended through statin therapy.
In recent years, there has been intense discussion about the possibility that many of the beneficial effects of statins are beyond the reduction of cholesterol. These actions were described as pleiotropic benefits. Some of these effects are improving the function of vascular endothelial cells, enhancing the stability of atherosclerotic plaque, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and causing extrahepatic effects on the immune system, central nervous system, and bones.
Although early statin trials were focused on LDL-cholesterol lowering, in several of the major randomized trials like HPS, PROVE-IT, TNT, A to Z, IDEAL, statins have exerted a favorable effect upon heart failure. All of these trials suggest that a statin, or a high-dose compared to a low-dose statin, will reduce the risk of hospitalizations for heart failure in patients with stable coronary disease or acute coronary syndromes. Statins also appear to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with mild heart failure.
New research even suggests these drugs might treat other conditions, like Alzheimer's disease, and lower your risk of death from cancer. The results are not yet conclusive, and more studies are needed.
The discovery and evolution of statins surely are one of the major medical accomplishments of the last quarter of the 20th century. As the population continues to age, statins will be prescribed more frequently among elderly patients. Polypharmacy and drug interactions will therefore become increasingly important issues. As one of the major pathways for drug detoxification is the cytochrome P450 system in the liver, the ideal statin would have a different metabolic pathway. There are already some statins available and others under development with these properties.
We have made every possible effort to maintain the quality and standard of Advances in Statin Therapy & Beyond in CVD (ASTC). We are sure this book will serve as an important reference guide for postgraduate students, fellows, internists, cardiologists, neurologists, critical care, pulmonologists, pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, cardiovascular surgeons, imaging experts and nutritionists, etc. Bringing up Advances and Innovations in Statin Therapy was a phenomenal task and requires well-structured team efforts with immense dedication, devotion and coordination.
We express our gratitude to all the eminent cardiologists including M Khalilullah, Naresh Trehan, GS Sainani, SC Manchanda, Ashok Seth, PK Deb, C Venkata S Ram, Santanu Guha, KC Goswami, MK Das, PP Mohanan and Partha Sarathi Banerjee for writing the foreword for this book.
We also express our thanks to each and every member of Cardiological Society of India (CSI), manuscript contributors, industry and our Principal Editors DB Pahlajani, KK Sethi, KK Talwar, SK Parashar, G Vijayaraghavan, P Krishnam Raju, Rakesh Gupta, Ravi R Kasliwal, JPS Sawhney, Saumitra Ray, Poonam Malhotra Kapoor, S Tewari, Rajeev Agarwal, NN Khanna, Rajeev Gupta, Manish Bansal, S Ramakrishnan and all the editors for their constant support.
We also express our thanks to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, India, for publishing this book so well. We also thank Shri Jitendar P Vij (Group Chairman), Mr Ankit Vij (Managing Director), Mr MS Mani (Group President), Ms Chetna Malhotra Vohra, (Associate Director —Content Strategy), Ms Pooja Bhandari (Production Head), Ms Nikita Chauhan (Senior Development Editor), Mr Ashwani Kumar Singh (Assistant Manager), Ms Seema Dogra (Cover Visualizer), Mr Binay Kumar, Mr Gyanendra Kumar (Proofreaders), Mr Sunil Rawat (DTP Operator), and Mr Gopal Singh Kirola (Graphic Designer) for their help, guidance and timely active intervention in composing, designing and editing of the book.
Our sincere thanks to Soban Singh, who worked really hard to keep the record of every minor and finer communication.
“The wheel has surely turned full circle for statins: from a potential orphan drug, to widely prescribed agents that reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.”
HK Chopra, Navin C Nanda, Jagat Narula
GS Wander, CN Manjunath, Praveen Chandra
Viveka Kumar, CK Ponde, AK Pancholia
Preface
Statins represent a group of medications that are widely used throughout the world to lower serum cholesterol levels, especially the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. They do this by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which results in lowered production of cholesterol by liver tissue. Lowering of serum LDL cholesterol levels by statins has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. They have been found useful in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic events such as myocardial infarction and stroke.
The literature is overflowing with a huge number of publications and clinical trials dealing with statins and their effect on lowering serum cholesterol levels with consequent decrease in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. However, there is a need to condense this vast literature in a state-of-the-art monograph that would be useful to not only the practicing physicians but also paramedical personnel and medical students. To this end, national and international experts in the field and their colleagues have been engaged to write various chapters and we are most grateful to them for sparing their valuable time to work on this book.
The book is divided into 29 sections with a total of 163 chapters. The first section with 61 chapters deals with clinical aspects and nuances of statin therapy. Guidelines from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, European Society of Cardiology as well as Indian guidelines are fully covered. Many aspects including patient adherence to statin therapy, clinical comparisons of various statins available in the market, classification of hyperlipidemias, outcome data, familial hypercholesterolemia, management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pharmacogenomics, morbidity and mortality benefits, statins and angiogenesis, risk factors for dyslipidemia, safety data, statin intolerance and its management and lipid lowering in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are well described. The second section is titled statins and coronary artery disease. It consists of 15 chapters dealing extensively with all aspects of statins and ischemic heart disease. The third, fourth and fifth sections with a total of 10 chapters cover statins and hypertension, statins in heart failure and statins in arrhythmia. The sixth to fourteenth sections have a total of 22 chapters discussing among others the role of statins in aortic disease, other valvular disease, stroke, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, renovascular disease, diabetes in the young, obesity and kidney disease. Sections 15 through 28 focus on aortic atherosclerosis, nuclear imaging in vascular atherosclerosis, nutrition and dyslipidemia, statins in children, statins and the eye, statins and the skin, statins and pulmonary disorders, cardiovascular disease prevention, systemic inflammatory response, yoga and statin therapy and statins and cardio-oncology. The total number of chapters in these sections total 43. Section 28 titled “Beyond Statins” has 2 chapters and 9 chapters in Section 29 address future directions.
We hope the book will be an excellent resource for everyone in the medical fraternity.
Navin C Nanda, HK Chopra, Jagat Narula
GS Wander, CN Manjunath, Praveen Chandra
Viveka Kumar, CK Ponde, AK Pancholia
Preface
Squeezing the Plaques
We have been made to believe that most acute coronary events result from the rupture of the coronary atherosclerotic plaques that are minimally obstructive. This notion somehow has been etched in our minds based on old angiographic studies undertaken from many months to years before the index event. However, serial angiographic studies wherein data were available from remote past and also within 3 months of acute event have underscored that minimally stenotic lesions progressed rapidly before the occurrence of acute events. Serial noninvasive computed tomography angiography imaging studies have demonstrated a 35-fold higher likelihood of acute events if there was a plaque progression in 2 studies 1-year apart; the lesions that did not progress voluminously over time rarely led to events regardless of the extent of luminal stenosis or baseline high-risk plaque morphology. The plaque progression has been proposed as a necessary step between early atherosclerosis and plaque rupture. On the other hand, aggressive lipid-lowering could modify this step by preventing plaque progression.
Numerous clinical trials have unequivocally demonstrated the benefits of lipid-lowering therapy with statins in primary and secondary prevention of major adverse cardiac events. The favorable outcomes were associated with substantial reduction in necrotic core and plaque volumes, and increase in fibrous cap thickness of the high-risk atherosclerotic lesions as uniformly reported by invasive and noninvasive imaging studies. The noninvasive plaque characterization by serial CT angiography has demonstrated favorable changes in plaque composition in patients who achieved a >10% reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. In the multinational PARADIGM registry, plaque progression was substantially retarded with statin therapy, including a significant reduction in annualized percent atheroma volume growth with a substantial reduction in number of high-risk plaque features, and increase in plaque calcification—all suggestive of plaque stability; there was no change in the extent of luminal stenosis. A meta-analysis of invasive coronary angiography and IVUS studies has demonstrated an inversely proportional relationship between LDL levels and plaque progression. The plaque progression could be prevented when LDL levels were lowered to 70–80 mg/dL, and plaque regression required even lower LDL levels. The GLAGOV study with serial IVUS in almost 1000 patients randomized to receive either maximized statin treatment or an additional PCSK9 inhibitor with achieved LDL levels of 93 and 37 mg/dL, respectively, showed incremental percent and total atheroma volume reduction with PCSK9 inhibitor confirming prevention of plaque progression or inducing plaque regression.
The PESA study demonstrated that one-half of their 4000 asymptomatic middle-age subjects at low risk of major adverse cardiac events based on traditional risk factors, demonstrated imaging evidence of atherosclerosis in large vessels and/or coronary vasculature. No atherosclerosis was seen in individuals with LDL <60 mg/dL, suggesting it to be the LDL threshold conducive to the development of atherosclerosis. It is logical to attribute the superior results in the CT angiography arm of the SCOT-HEART study to lipid lowering therapy, and it would be interesting to evaluate prospectively a strategy of detection of subclinical atherosclerosis in its early stages to potentially eliminating major adverse cardiac events with statin intervention. The SCOT-HEART 2 trial should help settle the importance of treatment based on CT angiographic identification of subclinical atherosclerosis compared with that based on standard risk factors. We could therefore agree that most acute coronary events result from plaque rupture, which results from plaque progression, and that plaque progression is modifiable. We could also agree that aggressive lipid-lowering therapy would help arrest plaque progression and induce plaque regression.
In our annual offering to you, this year we bring a monograph on Advances in Statin Therapy & Beyond in CVD (ASTC). Per our promise to update you every year with a topic of current interest on the occasion of the Annual Meeting of the Cardiological Society of India; this is the fourth in series after Advances in Clinical Cardiovascular Imaging Echocardiography & Intervention (ACCI-EI), Advances & Innovations in Heart Failure (AIHF), and Hypertension: New Frontiers (HNF). We have covered the role of statins in all cardiovascular ailments, from prevention to disease management, and brought you the evolving pharmacological interventions. The most prominent of your colleagues have attempted to put the best evidence together for you under one cover. An attempt to interference with the cholesterol synthesis pathways through statins and bempedoic acid, and blocking PCSK9 from binding to LDL receptor by intercepting with antibodies or nipping them early by intracellular inhibition of the translation of message to proteins, the monograph brings into focus the ultimate importance of LDL receptors. We deliberately tried to stay away from targeting of lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein C and ANGPLT3 pathways for the fear of diluting the strength of our message to focus on the universal role of statins. The new agents targeting the newer signaling routes would form a separate monograph for you in our subsequent offerings. Stay tuned, friends.
Jagat Narula, HK Chopra, Navin C Nanda
GS Wander, CN Manjunath, Praveen Chandra
Viveka Kumar, CK Ponde, AK Pancholia
International Editors
Samin Sharma USA | N.G. Pandian USA | Sameer Mehta USA | Roxy Senior UK | Smadar Kort USA | H.K. Reddy USA | Masood Ahmad USA |
Hala El Marsafawy Egypt | Sonia El Saiedi Egypt | S.K. Chutani USA | Pawan Sharma USA | John Gorcen USA | Sudhir Wahi Australia | Amrish Agrawal UAE |
National Editors
U Kaul New Delhi | D.S. Gambhir Noida | Satyavan Sharma Mumbai | P C Manoria Bhopal | R J Manjuran Tiruvalla | K Venugopal Kochi | K.S. Reddy New Delhi | M. S. Hiremath Pune |
Vijay Bang Mumbai | Debabrata Roy Kolkata | OP Yadava New Delhi | Balbir Singh Gurugram | Anita Saxena New Delhi | Yatin Mehta Gurugram | Vijay Trehan New Delhi | Y.P. Munjal New Delhi |
I B Vijayalakshmi Bangalore | J J Dalal Mumbai | Ajit Mullasari Chennai | Sandeep Bansal | Tiny Nair Trivandrum | Nitin Burkule Mumbai | Harsh Mahajan New Delhi | Harsh Wardhan Jaipur |
V Amuthan Madura | Rakesh Yadav New Delhi | K. Bhargava New Delhi | G N Mahapatra Mumbai | S Shanmungasundram Chennai | Peeyush Jain New Delhi | Sameer Srivastava New Delhi | V. Mohan Chennai |
Rony Mathew Kadavil Kochi | C. Govind Bengaluru | C. G. Bahuleyan Kerala | Vinit Suri New Delhi | Joy Dev Mukherji New Delhi | S K Wangnoo New Delhi | Ramesh Hotchandani New Delhi | Priya Jagia New Delhi |
Vidyut Jain Indore | Ajay Sinha Patna | Brian Pinto Mumbai | Asha Moorthy Chennai | K K Kapur New Delhi | Sanjay Mittal New Delhi | Rahul Mehrotra New Delhi | Vitull Gupta Bathinda |
P. B. Jayagopal Palakkad | B.P. Singh Patna | Pravin Jain Jhansi | G. Justin Paul Chennai | Harikrishnan S Kerala | Sandeep Seth New Delhi | Sameer Dani Ahmedabad | Mona Bhatia New Delhi |
Praful Kerkar Mumbai | Nagender Chauhan | C.S. Pruthi Jalandhar | S.S. Mishra Cuttack | S N Routray Cuttack | Sadanand Shetty Mumbai | Rekha Mishra New Delhi | Deepak Jumani Mumbai |
Arun Chopra Indore | Harnoor Pruthi Jalandhar | Shawkat H Shah | Rohit Tandon Ludhiana | Harsh Kapoor New Delhi | P.K. Mangla New Delhi | Bhagwan Mantri New Delhi | V. Anand New Delhi |
A.K. Bali New Delhi | Srikant Sharma New Delhi | Rajesh Meena New Delhi | Neeraj Tyagi New Delhi | Surabhi Awasthi New Delhi | Mukul Kaushik New Delhi | Rajnikant N Shastry New Delhi | Rajiv Garg New Delhi |
The Scientific Committee of
Advances in Statin Therapy & Beyond in CVD (ASTC): A Textbook of Cardiology Express their gratitude and thanks to the following Academic Partners
Platinum Academic Partner
IPCA Laboratories Ltd.
Gold Academic Partner
Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Silver Academic Partners
Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd. | Merck Ltd. |
Micro Labs Ltd. | Mankind Pharma Ltd. |
Bronze Academic Partners
USV Ltd. | Sun Pharmaceutical Ltd. |
Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd. | Cipla Ltd. |
Healthy Heart Society | Lupin Ltd. |
Eris Lifesciences Pvt. Ltd. | Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd. |
Dr Reddy's Laboratories Ltd. | Abbott Healthcare Pvt. Ltd. |
Boehringer Ingelheim India Pvt. Ltd. | Yenisowl Pharmaceutical Ltd. |
Supporters
Ajanta Pharma Ltd. | Marico Ltd. | J B Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. |
Wockhardt Ltd. | Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd. | Nutrabuff Nutraceuticals |
Optimal Pharmtech | Medley Pharmaceuticals Ltd. | United Drilling Tools Ltd. |
For rendering unrestricted education support which made this book possible in its current enhanced form as “Global Education initiative”.