Atlas of Interventional Pain Management Procedures: A Stepwise Approach Sanjay Bakshi, Sanjeeva Gupta, RP Gehdoo, Dwarkadas K Baheti
INDEX
Page numbers followed by f refer to figure, and fc refer to flowchart
A
Abdomen, lower 6f, 148f
Acetabular fractures 262
Acetabular landmark 176
Acetabular region 175
Acetabulum 200f, 201f
Acromioclavicular joint 36f
Acromion process 247
Adhesive pad 194f
Adjacent endplate edema 42f
Advance catheter 296
Advanced pain management 289
Alcohol 63
injection of 179
Allergic reactions 60
Anaphylactoid reaction 60
Anemia 54
Anesthesia 177, 302
general 69f
local 59, 61, 139, 106f, 158f, 177, 200, 218f, 232, 252, 261, 265, 273f
Ankle 34f, 35f
Annular fibers 309f
Annulectomy 310, 310f
Anterior abdominal wall 258
Anterior superior iliac spine 268, 269, 277
Anterior syndesmotic ligaments 35f
Antibiotic wash 297
Anticoagulants 52, 132
Aorta 226
side of 226
Appendectomy 103
Arachnoiditis 63
Artery
carotid 219
celiac 226f
subclavian 244, 249, 251, 252
suprascapular 246, 247f
Articular pillar 20f, 21f, 89f, 91, 94, 98
anterior border of 97
center of 89f, 93f
left 17f, 18f, 83f
right 17f, 18f, 83f
waist of 89f
Ataxia 98
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board 46
Australia antigen 54
Axial scan technique 253
Axilla 309
Axon abnormalities 63
B
Backpain 283
Balloon compression 69f
Bending needle tip, advantage of 227
Bifid root 244
Bladder tumor 235
Bleeding
disorders 88
problems 111
time 54
Block needle 4f, 5f
Blood
aspirations for 279
negative aspiration of 261
thinners 111
Bone 144f
contact 143f
fractures, cancellous 56
loss, slow 56
scan 56f
normal 56f
Bony Bankart lesion 42f
Bony structures 3
Botulinum toxin 175, 176
Bow-tie appearance 33f
Brachial plexus 244f, 249, 250f-252f, 296
block 249
procedure 249
bundles 249, 252
supraclavicular scanning of 249f
upper trunk of 245f
Bronchospasm 60
Bucket-handle tear 43f
Bupivacaine 61, 175, 225, 229, 249
Burger's disease 232
Burns, bipolar 158
Buttock muscles 284f
C
C spine, parts of 89f
Calcaneal spur 210, 211f
basic information 210
causes 210
injection 210
physiotherapy 210
procedure 210
repetitive trauma 210
treatment 210
Calcaneocuboid joint injection 37f
Calcaneofibular ligament 35f
Calcium, aspiration of 37f
Calf muscles 285f
Cancer
pain
relief of 253
syndromes 72
penile 235
Cannula 97f, 144f, 145f, 173, 173f
over joint 172f
superior view of 143f
ventral tangs of 173
Carbohydrate 60
Carbolic acid 63
Cardiac device 132
Cardiovascular collapse 60
C-arm 139, 141, 157, 177
caudal tilt of 134f
craniocaudal tilt 74f
Carpometacarpal joint injection 37f
Caudal epidural
block 146
contraindications 146
equipement and supplies 146
indications 146
medications 146
procedure 146
injection 127f
space 130f, 147, 147f
Caudal tilt 7f, 19f, 22f
Caudal vertebra 300
Cavity creating device 319
Cefuroxime 299
Celiac plexus 226
block 53f, 228, 229, 229f 286
concentration 229
contraindications 229
drugs 229
indications 229
procedure 229
Cellulitis 294
Central canal stenosis, severe 41f
Cephalic direction 17f, 83f, 141f, 143
Cephalic tilt 6f, 13f, 22f, 148f
Cerebrospinal fluid 29f, 30, 263
free flow of 296f
Cervical cordotomy 72, 72f
percutaneous 72
preparation for 72f
Cervical facet
arthropathy 88
joint
pain 87fc, 97f
radiofrequency 91
Cervical medial branch
block 82, 87fc, 91
radiofrequency ablation 88
Cervical nerve root 244, 244f, 245f
Cervical procedures 16f, 91
Cervical radiculopathy 291
Cervical radiofrequency denervation 91
Cervical segments 72
Cervical somatic referral pattern 82f
Cervical spine 16, 16f-21f, 27f, 28f, 73f, 77, 82f, 83f, 85f, 244
anteroposterior of 21f
magnetic resonance imaging of 29f
radiograph anteroposterior projection 27f
sequence 40f
Cervical spondylosis 88, 91
Cervical vertebra 244f
Cervix, tumors of 235
Chemical neurolytic agents 59
Chemotoxic reactions 60
Chest 50, 101
Chronic neuropathic pelvic pain
diagnosis of 177
treatment of 177
Chronic pain 54, 59, 283
management 253
Classical transversus abdominis 260, 260f
plane
block 260
sonoanatomy of 260f
Clavicle, acromion of 246f, 247, 247f
Clonidine 61, 62f, 268
Clotting time 54
Coagulopathy 103, 232
Coccydynia 179
Coccygeal nerve block 179
advanced options 179
complications 179
equipment 179
indications 179
medications 179
procedure details 179
treatment options 179
Coccygectomy 179
Coccygodynia 179
Coccyx
anatomy of 180f
anterior margin of 180, 180f
Colon, metastatic tumors of 235
Complete blood count 54
Complex regional pain syndrome 58, 58f, 215, 253, 291
Compression test 170
Computed tomography 55
Continuous fluoroscopy 12f, 151f, 155f
Cordotomy 72, 74f
head rest 73f
probe 72f, 75f
Coronal proton-density fat 42f
Cortical bone 56
Cortisol 60
COVID-19
disease, cause of 54
pandemic 52, 54
related investigations 54
safety 52
test 50
Cranial fossa, middle 26f, 70f
Cruciate ligament, anterior 33f, 34, 43f
C-spine model 16f
CT-guided celiac plexus block 225
complications 225
contraindications 225
drugs and concentration 225
indications 225
procedure 225
CT-guided splanchinc plexus block 223
contraindications 223
drugs and concentration 223
indications 223
procedure 223
Curve tip needle 114, 155f, 177f, 180f
D
Daily living, activities of 170, 177
Deltoid ligament 35f
Depression, cardiac 60
Dexamethasone 61, 61f, 111, 116, 146, 149f, 152f, 268, 299
Diabetes mellitus 60, 200, 232
non-insulin dependent 60
Digital infrared thermal imaging 58
Disc
access 15f
forceps, insertion of 308f
guidewire in 306f, 307f
height, sever loss of 129f
herniation, recurrent 299
posterior one-third of 306f
removal forceps 309f
space, middle of 8f
Discogram 56, 304f
normal 57f
Distraction test 170
Dorsal heel spur 210
Dorsal scapular
artery 251
nerve 244
Dorsolumbar spine, anteroposterior view of 55f
Double needle technique 14f, 150f, 155
Double posterior cruciate ligament 43f
Drugs, steroid group of 59
Dual-diagnostic fluoroscopic-guided local anesthesia 156
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 55
Dural puncture, high-risk of 129
Dye spread 53f, 104f, 106f, 110f, 147f, 222f, 224f, 230f, 233f, 234f, 239f
anteroposterior view 181f
bilateral 226f
lateral view 181f, 237f
Dysesthesias 62
E
Edema
local 199
subchondral 43f
Eighth cervical nerve root 249
Elbow
joint 198
strap 199
Electrodiagnostic studies 57
Electromyography 57
Electronic media 58
Endoscope, insertion of 307f
Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation 179
Epicondylitis, lateral 197
Epidural catheter 130
fixation of 106f
Epidural fat 310f
stippling 80f
visualization of 308f
Epidural injection 39f
Epidural needle 130f
Epidural space 59, 116f, 119f, 128f, 309, 318f
Erector spinae muscle 263265
Ethyl alcohol 62
Extensor digitorum 285
External defibrillator 132
External oblique 260
Eye 10f
protection 49, 49f
F
Faber test 170
Facet joint 17f, 18f, 83f
cyst 41f
injection 8f, 10f
pain 97f
Failed back syndrome 111
Fascia
iliaca 268, 277
lata 268, 277
prevertebral 249
Fat
metabolism 60
saturated sequence 32f
Femoral artery 276278
Femoral nerve 262, 277, 278
Femoral vein 276278
Femur
head of 200f, 203f
mid-shaft of 201f
shaft of 201f
Fentanyl 61
Fifth cervical nerve root 250, 251
Fifth cervical vertebra
anterior tubercle of transverse process of 250
posterior tubercle of transverse process of 250
transverse process of 250
Flexor carpi
radialis 198
ulnaris 198
Flexor digitorum superficialis 198
Fluoroscope 89f
anteroposterior position 88f
bipolar 68f
Fluoroscopic assisted procedures 165f
Fluoroscopic-guided
hip joint injection 38f
subtalar joint injection 38f
Fluoroscopic screening 91
Fluoroscopy 3, 5f-10f, 16, 18f, 22, 25, 91 110, 200, 203
basic principles 4f
cephalad tilt of 185f
guided 220, 229
lumbar level 6f
Fogarty catheter 68f, 70f
Foramen 309
medial quadrant of 187f
ovale 25f, 26f, 68f-70f
sleeve in 309f
superior quadrant of 187f
Foraminal stenosis 40f
Foraminoplasty 300
Foraminotomy 305f
Fossa, supraclavicular 252f
Fourth cervical nerve root 250
Fracture, endplate 317f
Frostbite 232
G
Gaenslen test 170
Gait, abnormal 210
Gallbladder 223
carcinoma of 105
Gasserian ganglion 67, 68
Gastrografin 59
Gauge spinal needle 136f
Glucocorticoids 60
Gluteal cleft 275f
Gluteus maximus 272, 284
Gluteus medius 203, 272
tendon, attachment of 205f
Gluteus minimus 203, 272
tendon, attachment of 205f
Glycerine 63
phenol in 62f
Glycerol 62, 63
gangliolysis 67
Golfer's elbow 197, 198, 199f
pathophysiology 198
physical therapy 199
procedure details 199
symptoms 198
treatment 198
Greater sciatic
foramen 270
notch 271f, 272, 273f, 275f
Greater trochanter 200f, 204f, 271, 272, 274
Greater trochanteric
bursa injection 203
pain syndrome 203
Guidewire, insertion of 305f
Gun barrel technique 8f, 15f, 121f, 128f
H
Half-in-half-out technique 308
Hamstring muscles 285f
Head and neck 65
Headache 60
Heating spinal hardware, risk of 132
Heel spurs, symptoms of 210
Hematoma 112, 299
Hemipelvis, right 159f, 164f
Hemogram 175
Hernia repairs 258
Herniated disc 309
Herpes zoster 232
High osmolar contrast media 59
High-energy electromagnetic radiation 44
High-resolution computer tomography 55
Hip 175
arthroscopy 262
fractures, acute pain for 276
joint 276
injection 200
ipsilateral 165f
replacement 262
Horner's syndrome 217f
ipsilateral 253
Human immunodeficiency virus 52, 54
Humeral head 38f
Hyaluronidase 61, 62f
Hydrocortisone 61
Hyperechoic articular process 256f
Hyperhidrosis 232
Hypertonic saline 62
Hypervolemia 60
Hypotension 253
I
Iatrogenic complication 235
Ileum 176
Iliac bone 272f
Iliac crest 15f, 160f, 187f, 260, 261f, 262f, 263, 264, 266, 301
Iliac spine
anterior inferior 276278
posterior superior 162f, 262, 262f, 263, 264, 266, 271, 272, 274
Iliacus muscle 268, 277, 278
Iliopubic eminence 276, 278, 279
Ilio-pubic ramus 277
Ilium 173f
Impar block, ganglion of 238
Inadvertent intravascular injection 270
Infection 54, 103, 299
local 103, 175, 232
Inferior articular process 7, 8f, 11, 113, 114
Infraneural technique 13f, 122f, 123f, 128f, 149f
Injection
site of 198f
types of 79
Inside-out technique 308
Intercostal drop technique 106f
Intercostal muscle 285
Intercostal nerve block 103
complications 103
contraindications 103
equipment and drugs 103
indications 103
procedure details 103
Interlaminar cervical epidural block 79
contraindications 79
indications 79
medications used 79
risks 79
Interlaminar lumbar epidural block 109
Interlaminar lumbar epidural steroid injection 109
contraindications 109
equipment and supplies 109
indications 109
medications 109
procedure 109
Internal carotid artery 244, 250
Internal jugular vein 219, 250
Internet explosion, era of 52
Interventional minimally invasive techniques 298
Interventional pain management 1, 58, 104
informed consent for 50
medications used for 59
protocol for 52
treatment 54, 59
Intervertebral disc 15f
Intervertebral foramen 9f, 12, 24f, 117f, 119f, 126f, 163f
Intervertebral foraminal ligamentum 300
Intra-articular pathologies 200
Intrapleural block 105
contraindications 105
drugs and concentration 105
equipment 105
indications 105
procedure details 105
sizes of needle 105
types 105
Intrathecal catheter 296f
Intrathecal drug delivery system 294, 294f
contraindications 294
indications 294
procedure 294
Intrathecal implants, implantation of 55
Intrathecal injection 112
Iodinated contrast media 59, 59fc
Iohexol 60f, 175, 179
Ionic contrast media 60f
Ischial spine 177, 177f, 178f
Ischium, posterior border of 272, 273f
Isteropac 59
J
Joint 171
anterior 14f, 153f, 174
atlanto-occipital 28f
costotransverse 29f, 255f
costovertebral 29f
finder and pin 173
line 95, 158
perimeter of 154f
medial border of 157
posterior 14f, 153f, 154f, 171f, 174
K
Kambin's triangle 299, 300
Ketamine 61
Kidney 223
Knee 33f
replacement 262
sequence 43f
Kyphoplasty 317
procedures 317
L
Laminectomy, left 42f
Landmark technique 193
Lateral femoral condyle 43f
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve 262, 268, 269, 269f, 277
block 268, 268f
Latissimus dorsi 285
Leads
apron 47f
fixation of 292f
tunneling of 292f
Leap-frog technique 157f, 158f
Left sacroiliac joint 154f
block 154f
Lidocaine 134, 157f, 175, 226
Ligaments 156
posterior syndesmotic 35f
Lignocaine 61, 62f, 179, 229, 235
Limbs 291
Linea semilunaris 259
Liver 223
Local steroid injections 210
Longus coli 219
Low osmolality contrast media 59
Lower limb surgery, surgical anesthesia for 270
Lower lumbar vertebra 8f
Lower thoracic caudal tilt 6f
Lower trunk 251
Low-volume extension tubing 126f
Lumbar disc herniation 109, 111, 146
Lumbar endoscope 307f
Lumbar fluoroscopy 8f
Lumbar intervertebral disc 299
Lumbar lordosis 112f
Lumbar medial branch
block and radiofrequency ablation 132
radiofrequency
denervation 138
neurotomy 132
Lumbar plexus 262265
block 262
complications 262
contraindications 262
indications 262
ipsilateral 262
Lumbar radiculopathy 109, 111, 146, 291
Lumbar radiofrequency denervation, steps for 138
Lumbar spinal stenosis 109, 146
Lumbar spine 30f, 31f, 41f
axial T2 sequence 31f
coronal reformat 31f
creates 8f
lateral view of 55f
plain radiography of 55
sagittal T2 sequence 31f
scoliosis of 129f
sequence 41f, 42f
Lumbar spondylosis 123f
Lumbar sympathetic plexus block 232, 234
contraindications 232
indications 232
procedure 232
Lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections 121
Lumbosacral spine 107, 109f, 175
anteroposterior view of 121f
Lung 24f
carcinoma of 105
Lymph edema 57
Lymphadenopathy, aortic 223
M
Magnetic resonance imaging 40, 55
Malignancy 317
Mandibular nerve 287
Maxillary sinus 25f
inferior border of 69f
Medial branch
block 8f, 95f
radiofrequency 8f
neurotomy 132
Medial longissimus 284
Medial meniscus 43f
Medial paravertebral muscles 284
Medical fraternity 58
Medicine, practice of 50
Meningitis 63
Methyl methacrylate 319f
Methylparaben 61
Methylprednisolone 61, 61f, 175, 200
Microdiscectomy 42f
Midazolam 61
Middle trunk 244, 245, 249251
Mid-thoracic paravertebral region 254f, 256f, 257f
paramedian transverse scan of 256f
Mid-thoracic spine 255f
Morphine 61
Motor stimulation 196f
Multilevel disc-osteophyte bars 40f
Multimodal analgesia, part of 258
Multimodal polypharmacy 59
Multiple myeloma 317
Muscle 264
abdominal 286f
anterior scalene 243, 244, 249252
masticatory 287, 287f
paraspinal 255
supraspinatus 246, 247
Myelogram 74f
Myelography 56
Myelomatosis 60
Myofascial trigger points 283
N
Nausea 60
Neck 200f, 201f
Needle entry 221, 230
point 176f, 199f, 207f, 295f
Needle insertion 260f, 303f
point of 262f, 264, 266
Needle placement 176, 151f, 207, 221
Needle tip 15f, 304f
manipulation of 303f
near celiac plexus 226f
towards target 227f
Nerve entrapment, abdominal 103, 105
Nerve root 116f, 118f, 125f, 130f, 151f, 221
damage 63
injection 38f, 39f
injury 112, 299
left 41f
Neural foramen 137f
Neuralgia
post-herpetic 103, 105, 291
trigeminal 62, 67
Neurolysis 63
Neurolytic agent 62, 234
Neurolytic celiac plexus block, complications of 229
Neuromodulation 183, 185
Neuropathic pain 129, 291
symptoms 177
Neuropathy 57
Neurostimulation 294
Neurotoxicity, severe 61
Nonopioid medications 294
Nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs 317
Normal electromyography tracings 57f
Nuclear medicine scanning 56
Nucleus, abnormal 308
O
Oblique muscles 286
Obturator nerve 262
Occipital nerve block 98
Omnipaque 68f, 179
Opiates 61
Oral morphine 285
Organs, radiation effects of 44f
Orofacial pain syndromes 215
Osteochondral injury 43f
Osteopenia 56
Osteophytes 126f
Osteoporosis 317
Osteoporotic bone 56
Oxygen saturation 52
P
Pacing electrodes 132
Pain 177
block 50
chronic 54, 59, 283
group of 50
management 50, 58
maximum relief in 54
neuropathic 129, 291
physician
magnetic resonance imaging for 40
mandatory for 50, 52
post-laminectomy 111
post-thoracotomy 105
practice 58
radicular 114, 117, 121f, 124f, 285f
relief 58, 239
sharp 176
shooting 311
urogenital 232
Pancreas 223
Paracentral disc protrusion, left 148f
Paralysis 112, 299
Paramedian sagittal trident view approach 266
Paramedian transverse
oblique approach 262, 263f
scan 255f, 256, 257f
Paraplegia 112, 299
temporary 235
Parasacral parallel shift 270, 271
Parasacral sciatic nerve block 270
Parasympathetic nervous systems 238
Partial lower extremity paralysis 235
Patella, medial aspect of 43f
Pelvic hematoma formation 270
Pelvic pain
chronic 235
neuropathic 177
Pelvis 6f, 148f
Peng block 278
Percutaneous balloon compression 67
Pericapsular nerve group block 276, 276f, 277f, 278f
Periodontal disease 57
Peripheral blocks 191
Peripheral vascular disease 232
Peroneal nerve 209
Personnel monitoring devices 46
Phantom limb 232
Phenol 63
Pheochromocytoma 60
Physical therapy 198
Pillow under pelvis 146f, 179f
Piriformis muscle 176, 176f, 273f, 275f
anatomy of 175, 175f
Piriformis tendon 175
Plantar fasciitis 210
Platelet-rich plasma 197
Pleura 249, 285, 286f
Pleural puncture 253
Pneumothorax 103, 253
Polymethyl methacrylate 317
Popliteal nerve 208f
block 206
basic information 206
complications 207
contraindications 206
drugs 206
equipment 206
indications 206
preprocedure preparation 206
procedure 207, 208
Post-annulus dissection 311f
Postcontrast injection static image 126f
Posterior transversus abdominis plane
block 261
probe position 261f
sonoanatomy of 261f
Post-laminectomy syndrome 291
Post-mastectomy pain syndrome 285, 286f
Post-traumatic syndromes 215
Pregnancy 60, 111, 232
Prilocaine lignocaine mixture, application of 283
Probe, placement of 274f
Prostate malignancy 235
Protein 60
Proton density fat-saturated sequence 32f, 33f, 35f
Provocative diskogram 57, 57f
Pseudo-joint provoked concordant pain 15f
Pseudomeningocele 129f
Psoas
major 263267
muscle 263
muscle 262, 264
tendon 277, 278
Pubic ramus, superior 276
Pudendal nerve 178f
block 177
pulsed radiofrequency 178
Pudendal neuralgia 177
causes of 177
Pulsed radiofrequency procedure 177
Pump in situ 297f
Puncture skin 161f
Q
Quadratus lumborum 263, 264
muscle 264, 265
Quadriceps muscle contraction 265
R
Racz catheter 130, 130f, 131f
Racz procedure 130
Radiation
biological effects of 44fc
detection 46
effects of 45f
exposure 45fc
gloves 48, 48f
protection 44, 46, 47f
cardinal rules of 46f
equipment 47
principles of 46
types of 44
Radiofrequency 95f
cannula 95, 195f, 196f
denervation 91, 97f
electrodes 90f
lesion 138, 138f
lesioning tips 72
needle 135f, 218f
neurotomy 132, 193
procedures 283
rhizotomy 67
Radiopaque 59
contrast 59
Radiotherapy, low-dose 210
Raynaud's disease 215, 232
Rectal
abdominis 259
malignancy 235
sheath, anterior 259
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy 58
Refractory shoulder joint pain 193
Renal toxicity 60
Retrodiscal technique 13f, 122f, 123f, 128f, 149f
Rhomboids 285
Rib
border of 104
fractures, analgesia for 253
inferior portion of 104
lower border of 104f
Right sacroiliac joint 12f, 14f, 153f, 155f, 159f
part of 153f
posteroanterior view of 109f
Right transforaminal lumbar epidural block 116f
Ropivacaine 61, 62f, 175, 249
S
Sacral ala 157
Sacral foramen 160f
Sacral nerve stimulation 185
Sacral plate, posterior 161f
Sacral plexus 273f, 274
block 270
anatomy 270
complications 270
contraindications 270
formation of 270f
Sacral promontory 236
Sacral roots, treatment of 179
Sacral segments 72
Sacrococcygeal ligament 146
Sacroiliac fusion, right 171f
Sacroiliac joint 14f, 42f, 59, 145, 153, 189f, 175
block 153, 155
fusion 170
contraindications 170
indications 170
types of 170
injection 14f
bilateral 39f
lower end of 13f
medial border of 158f
neuroanatomy of 156
pain 153
radiofrequency denervation 156
Sacrum 13f, 159f, 173f
anatomy of 164f, 180f
C-arm position of 157f
lateral wall of 171f
Sartorius
margin of 268
muscle 268
Scalene muscle, middle 244, 245, 249252
Scan technique 263, 264, 266
Scapula
anteroposterior view of 195f
edge of spine of 193f
spine of 195f, 246f, 247
Sciatic nerve 175f, 208, 274, 274f
Sedation 232
Sensory stimulation 158, 178
Sepsis 294
Serratus anterior 285
Seventh cervical
nerve root 250
vertebra, posterior tubercle of transverse process of 250
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 54, 55
Sexual dysfunction 234
Shamrock's approach 264, 265f
sonoanatomy of 264f
Shin muscles 285f
Shoulder 32f, 309
hydrodistension 38f
sequence 42f
Sickle cell anemia 60
Simple myofascial pain syndrome 285
Sims’ position 271f
Sixth cervical nerve root 250
bifid root of 251
Sixth cervical vertebra
anterior tubercle of transverse process of 250
posterior tubercle of transverse process of 250
Skeleton, anatomy on 193f
Ski boot 20f, 21f
Skin
burn 161f, 164f
celiac plexus 226f
entry point 98, 139, 142f, 144f, 303f
incision 171f, 303f
local anesthesia 259, 269
markings 300
puncture point 165f
Sleeve, passing of 306f
Sonoanatomy 246f, 247f, 249f, 266f, 273f, 275f, 276f
muscles 284f
Spinal cord
anterolateral quadrant of 74f
infarcts 63
stimulation 291, 295
contraindications 291
indications 291
Spinal hardware 132
Spinal needle 116, 216f
Spinal quadrant, anterior 72
Spinal stenosis, moderate-to-severe 129f
Spinalis multifidus 284
Spinolaminar line 80f
Spinothalamic tract 72, 75f
Splanchnic plexus block 220
contraindications 220
indications 220
procedure 220
Spleen 223
Spondylolisthesis 41f
Sponge around needle 222f, 227f, 231f, 237f
Square off vertebral endplate 6f
Square vertebral endplates 113f
Staphylococcus aureus 303
Stellate ganglion 285
anatomy of 215f
block 215, 217
contraindications 215
indications 215
radiofrequency ablation of 217, 217f
ultrasound-guided block of 219
Stellate radiofrequency ablation 218f
Sternocleidomastoid muscle 244, 250, 251
Sternotomy 103
Steroids 60, 79, 127f, 200
injection of 119f, 130
types of 61, 61f
Stimuplex needle 176f
Stomach 223
Stump pain 232
Subacromial subdeltoid bursa 36f
Subcostal transversus abdominis plane block 258, 258f, 259f
Subcutaneous tissue 161f, 164f
Subpedicular block 148f
Subpedicular technique 11f, 114f, 119f, 122f-124f, 128, 128f, 151f
Superior articular
facet 300
process 5, 7, 8f, 11, 20f, 85f, 94, 113, 114, 133f, 135f, 139f, 144, 161f, 162f
Superior gemellus 284
Superior gluteal artery 272
Superior hypogastric plexus block 235
Superior transverse scapular ligament 246
Supraglenoid notch 247
Suprascapular fossa 246, 247, 247f
sonoanatomy of 246f, 247f
Suprascapular nerve 146f, 246, 245f, 246, 247, 247f, 249, 251
block 243, 243f
posterior approach landmark identification 246f
injection site of 247f
radiofrequency neurotomy of 193
Suprascapular notch 195f, 246f
Supraspinatous tear 42f
Surgeries, abdominal 258
Sympathetic block 59, 213
Sympatholysis, evidence of 232
Synovial recess, anterior 201f
T
Taha's technique 270, 274
Talofibular ligaments
anterior 35f
posterior 35f
Tendon
attachment 197
calcification 37f
fibers 42f
Tennis elbow 197
signs 197
symptoms 197
tender point for 197f
treatment 197
Tensor fascia lata 268, 269, 269f
Thermistor probe 218f
Thermogram 58, 58f
Thermography 57
Thigh thrust test 170
Third occipital nerve 98, 98f
block 21f, 86f
lower targets for 21f
middle targets for 21f
Thoracic fluoroscopy 22f-24f
Thoracic paravertebral block 253
complications 253
indications 253
Thoracic spine 24f, 29f, 30f
area 22
CT sagittal reformat 29f
radiograph anteroposterior projection 29f
Thoracic spinous process 255
Thoracotomy 103
Thorax 101
Thrombosis 60
Thyroid shield 48, 48f
Thyrotoxicosis 60
Tibial nerve 209
Tight transforaminal lumbar epidural block 116f
Toxicity 63
Trabecular bone 56
Transducer, parasacral parallel shift of 272f
Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy 298
anatomy 299
complications 299
contraindications 299
drugs 299
indications 298
Transforaminal epidural injection 5f, 11f, 12f, 24f, 127f, 285
Transforaminal lumbar
endoscopic decompression 298
epidural
block 111, 112, 119f
steroid injection 126f
Transient sciatic neuralgia 270
Transverse process 256f, 264, 265
Transversus abdominis 259261
aponeurosis 261f
muscles 259
plane block 258
contraindications 258
indications 258
types of 258
Trapezius muscle 246, 247
Trench foot 232
Triamcinolone 61, 61f, 111, 200, 299
acetonide 175
Trident sign 266
Trigeminal ganglion interventions 25
Trigeminal nerve
block 67
characteristics of 67
sensory innervation of 67f
Trigeminal percutaneous balloon compression, equipment for 68f
Trocar 318f, 319f
Trochlear inclination, lateral 57f
Trunk, neuropathic pain of 291
Tubercle, anterior 244f
Tumor, testicular 235
Tunnel catheter 297
Tunnel vision 52f, 201f, 237f
Tuohy needle 80f, 81f, 110f
U
Ultrasound 204
Ultrasound-guided
block 219, 241
dry needling 281, 283
technique popliteal block 208
tibiotalar joint injection 37f
transversus abdominis plane block 258
Upper abdominal surgeries 103, 105
Upper lumbar thoracic caudal tilt 6f
Upper trunk 244, 245, 250, 251
anterior division 249
formation of 251f
posterior division 249
Urinary retention 270
Urografin 59
Uterus, tumors of 235
V
Vascular insufficiency 232
Vascular puncture 253
Vasculitis 215
Vasodilation 60
Vasomotor 60
Vasovagal reaction 60
Vertebral artery 250, 251
Vertebral body 41f, 126f, 263265
center of 93f
middle of 19f
midline of 319f
osteophytes 5f
Vertebral disc osteophytes 5f
Vertebral end plates 9f, 15f
Vertebroplasty 8f
Visceral injury 270
Vital signs, monitoring of 180, 196, 234
Vomiting 60
W
Weakness 57
X
X-ray 44, 175
technique 194
Xylocaine 303
×
Chapter Notes

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Atlas of Interventional Pain Management Procedures A Stepwise Approach
Atlas of Interventional Pain Management Procedures A Stepwise Approach (With Procedures Videos)
Editors Dwarkadas K Baheti MD Head of Unit of Pain Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Consultant Pain Physician Raheja, Shushrusha and Holy Family Hospitals Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Sanjeeva Gupta MBBS MD Dip NB FRCA FIPP FFPMRCA Consultant Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Bradford, UK Sanjay Bakshi MD MBA Pain Physician Interventional Pain Management PRC Pain Relief Centers Daytona Beach, Florida, USA Former Treasurer American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Past President, New York Society of Interventional Pain Physicians Former Director of Pain Management, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York RP Gehdoo MD DA Professor and Head Department of Anesthesia Dr DY Patil Medical College Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Foreword Subhash Jain
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd
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© 2023, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers.
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Medical knowledge and practice change constantly. This book is designed to provide accurate, authoritative information about the subject matter in question. However, readers are advised to check the most current information available on procedures included and check information from the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose, formula, method and duration of administration, adverse effects and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to take all appropriate safety precautions. Neither the publisher nor the author(s)/editor(s) assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from or related to use of material in this book.
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Atlas of Interventional Pain Management Procedures: A Stepwise Approach
First Edition: 2023
9789354655470
Printed at:
Chronic Pain Patients for being
Guide and Teacher to
Pain Physician
Contributors Foreword
When I was a medical student in Jaipur in the 1960s, pain management was not known to us as a distinct discipline of medicine. To be sure, we were consumed with the alleviation of suffering of our patients—but the notion that pain management was a specialty and foreign to us and virtually unheard of.
There were no textbooks of pain, no pain management faculty, and no pain management rotations. There were scant medications to alleviate pain—and the notion of interventional procedures was more the stuff of science fiction than of real-world practice. Some would say it was, at the time, an undiscovered discipline. More than 50 years later, that I can write the foreword of a book such as this one, is special and meaningful.
This book is not just an opus worthy of great attention and acclaim for its contributions to our field—but it also heralds the breath-taking degree of sophistication of the pain management profession in India and abroad.
In retrospect, the science and practice of pain management, was built brick-by-brick by a number of innovators who were consumed with the idea that pain was not an unchangeable companion of a wide range of diseases—but instead a disease with its own pathophysiology and associated treatments.
The insights of these innovators form the foundation of this text and patients will benefit significantly from the contents contained herein. It is especially meaningful that the Lead Editor of this textbook is Dr Dwarkadas K Baheti. In my years leading the pain service at New York's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre, I regularly hosted a number of observers, fellows, and students from around the world, who promised to take what they learned and apply it in service of others.
Among the many who made this promise, Dr Baheti stands out for having fulfilled it. Ever-curious, Dr Baheti, a natural leader, had a thirst for knowledge that was unquenchable—and second only to his desire to share what he learned with others.
This book—assembled by Dr Baheti and his collection of thoughtful and brilliant Co-Editors—is the culmination of Dr Baheti's commitment to his field—and for that, we are all in his debt.
Subhash Jain MD
Former Chief
Pain Service Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Former Chairman
Department of Pain Management
Hackensack University Medical Center
Professor, Weil Cornell Medical Center
New York, NY 10065, USA
Preface
The team of Editors including Dwarkadas K Baheti, Sanjay Bakshi, Sanjeeva Gupta and RP Gehdoo have been working tirelessly to bring out newer books in the field of pain management for the past twelve years. As the time goes on, this team has responded to pressing medical needs and brought out many books in the field of pain management.
The same team presents their dream project titled, Atlas of Interventional Pain Management Procedures: A Stepwise Approach, which will complement the previous publications written by the Editors. Such an Atlas from this part of the world was a much-needed one. Pain management as a specialty is advancing by leaps and bounds. Nowadays many young physicians are opting for pain management as a profession. Thus, the timing for such a book is apt.
Atlas of Interventional Pain Management Procedures: A Stepwise Approach has 57 chapters spread over 11 sections from basics to advanced pain management. In addition, it has 16 videos of routine procedures and 11 videos of ultrasound-guided procedures. Most of the authors have an international reputation in the field of pain medicine. All of them have done an excellent job. We, the editors, express our heartfelt gratitude to all of them.
We also express our heartfelt gratitude to our readers for the stupendous response to our previous books which gave us the much-needed encouragement and responsibility to bring out the Atlas.
We have taken the utmost care to bring out this book of international standards at an affordable price. We hope that our efforts to come out with this book will benefit pain physicians as well as chronic pain patients.
Last but not least M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India, have been publishing these books of international standard at an affordable cost. We express our heartfelt thanks to the publishers and the editorial team.
Dwarkadas K Baheti
Sanjeeva Gupta
Sanjay Bakshi
RP Gehdoo