Critical Care Update 2022 Deepak Govil, Dhruva Chaudhry, Rajesh Chandra Mishra, Subhash Director, Department of Critical Care
INDEX
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdomen, distension of 564
Abdominal compartment syndrome 154
Abdominal perfusion pressure 144
Abemaciclib 369
Abiraterone acetate 369
Abrasions 298
Abscess 535
drainage, percutaneous 536
occult 561
pharyngeal 536
Acalabrutinib 369
Acalculous cholecystitis 567
Acetaminophen 598
Acetate 138
Acetylcholine 342
Achilles’ heel 668
Acid-base status 136
Acid-fast bacilli 750
Acidosis 100, 104, 125, 293, 348
Acinetobacter 55, 56
baumannii 55, 57f, 62, 77, 301
colonies of 55f
infection syndromes 57
chlorhexidine efflux protein 57f
infection 55, 57, 58
diagnosis of 57
syndromes 58t
sepsis 55, 60
Aconite 348
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 43, 289, 429
Acrylic box models 473
Activated partial thromboplastin time 293, 353, 728, 803
Acute cor pulmonale 239, 240t
management of 241t
Acute coronary syndrome 236, 242, 513, 559, 768
Acute heart failure 767
management of 513
Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure 83, 86, 87, 209
management of 90
Acute kidney injury 161163, 165, 215, 220, 323, 394, 395, 400, 551, 598, 618, 673, 740, 767, 783, 797, 802
development of 149, 379
incidence of 598
predictor of 165
Acute liver failure 393, 394, 596, 599t, 600, 600t
etiology of 596b, 599
intensive care management of 596
management of 598
Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis 547
Acute myocardial infarction 229, 243, 705
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 32, 86, 92, 104, 120122, 122t, 152, 195, 203, 216, 255, 259, 282, 345, 348, 405, 505, 513, 530, 598, 608, 617, 628, 677, 682, 704, 705, 722724, 733, 744, 787, 796, 800, 802, 807, 812
Acyclovir 414
Adalimumab 430
Adenosine 552
triphosphate 190, 726
Adenovirus 404
vector vaccines 700
Adipocyte secreted hormones 108
Adjunctive steroids 257
Adjunctive therapy 619
Ado-trastuzumab emtansine 369
Adrenal cortex 255
Adrenal function 262
Adrenal glands 255
Adrenal sufficiency 262
Adrenaline 20
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 255, 261, 262
Adrenomedullin 49
Adrogué-Madias formula 157, 158
Adult respiratory distress syndrome 577, 692
Advanced trauma life support 275, 275t, 282, 286
Adverse drug events 520
Aerosol therapy 471, 473
Aerosolization 693
Aerosolized ribavirin 415
Afatinib 369
Aflibercept 369
Air
mattress pump 583
pollution 716
travel, safety of 529
Airborne
infection isolation 474, 474f
viruses, transmission of 471
Airway 281
assessment 363
Macocha score for 363t
methods of 363f
edema, anaphylaxis 255
endoscopy 775
exchange catheter 365
management 365f, 269, 281
emergency 365
obstruction, acute 631
pressure 30, 32, 121
resistance 677
Alanine aminotransferase 597, 614
Albumin 145, 152154
administration of 153
cost-effectiveness of 154
function of 154
half-life of 152
indications of 152
misuse 152
replacement 152
supplementation 154
use of 152, 153, 154
Alcohol 398
Aldosterone 256
Alectinib 369
Alemtuzumab 369
Alitretinoin 369
Alkali burns 297
Alkaline battery, ingestion of 297
Alkalosis 148
All India Difficult Airway Association 363
Allergic dermatitis 298
Allergy 702
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant 376
Allograft rejection 43
Alloimmune delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction 359
Allopurinol 380, 383
Alpelisib 369
Altered mental status 100
Aluminum phosphide 348
Alveolar arterial oxygen
gradient 13
pressure 678
Alveolar carbon dioxide, pressure of 10, 11
Alveolar dysfunction 125
Alveolar epithelial damage 125
Alveolar gas 8
equation 8
Alveolar minute ventilation 9, 13
Alveolar oxygen, pressure of 11
Alveolar volume 678
Alzheimer's disease 189, 342, 526
American Association of Critical Care Nursing 589
American Burn Association 301
American College of Physicians 323
American College of Surgeons 322
National Surgical Quality Improvement Project 322, 323
American European Consensus Conference 122t
American Heart Association 6, 215
American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 214
American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status Score 321, 322
Aminoglycoside 44, 70, 555
Amitriptyline 348
Amnesia, post-traumatic 276
Amphetamine 348
Amphotericin B 555
Ampicillin 59
Amylase 339
Anakinra 708
Analgesia 172, 276, 779
choice of 198
Analgesics 197, 512
Analgosedation
goals of 171
physiopathology of 171
Anaphylaxis 257, 259, 702
Anastrozole 369
Ancillary tests 640
Androgens 255
Anemia 370
causes of 359
drugs-induced immune-complex hemolytic 359
Anesthesia 284, 485, 509
equipment 774
general 775
management 774
regional 775
Angelman syndrome 189
Angioedema 555
Angiography 552
Angiopoietins 49
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 20, 425, 678, 682, 687, 706, 714, 723, 740, 752, 758, 761, 776, 781
amplification of 762f
inhibitors 430, 556, 749
receptors, role of 752
Angiotensin-receptor blockers 425, 556, 750
Anidulafungin 44, 689
Animal-assisted therapy 198
Anion-cation balance 148, 150
Anosmia 719
Antiarrhythmics 348, 512
Antibiotics 400, 405, 485, 609, 689, 750, 759, 787
administration 74
delivery 464
dose of 62
higher dose of 61
sensitivity testing 55f
therapy 75, 400
use of 813
Anticancer drugs 380t
Anticoagulant management 275
Anticoagulation 725
indications of 812
Anticonvulsant medications 71
Antidiuretic hormone secretion 380
Antidotes 340, 344
Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor 368
Antiepileptics 348
drug 71, 180, 191
intravenous 192
Antifibrinolytic therapy 275
Antifungal
drugs 696t
prophylaxis 130
therapy 695, 696
duration of 697
indications of 695
Anti-hepatitis C virus 597
Anti-inflammatory
mechanisms 64
mediators 596
therapy 725
Antimalarial agents 348
Antimetabolites 794
Antimicrobial 70, 71
protocols 408
selection 58
stewardship 57
Antimuscarinic drugs 346
Antineoplastic agents 380
Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies 429
Antinuclear antibodies 429
Antioxidants 346
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 424, 430
Antiseizure prophylaxis 275
Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 monoclonal antibodies 710
Antisnake venom 352, 355
components of 352
dosage of 354
dose of 354
properties of 355
Antitumor necrosis factor agents 430
Antivirals 71
drugs 412415, 417
treatment 417
Anxiety 753, 754
Aorta 507
Aortic dissection 513
Aortic valve endocarditis 564f
Apalutamide 369
Apheresis systems 536
Apnea test 638640
Apneic oxygenation 104, 327, 363, 365
techniques of 365t
Arginine vasopressin 261, 380
Arrhythmias 89, 130, 399, 513, 594, 682
cardiac 297, 298, 555
management 724
Arterial blood
gas 92, 339, 350, 499, 500, 575, 625, 639, 724
pressure 598
times 627
Arterial elastance 23, 25, 27
Arterial lactate 227
Arterial oxygen content 11, 13
Arteriovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 617
Arteriovenous fistula, superficial 536f
Arteriovenous malformations 359
Artificial intelligence 307, 307f, 310, 310f, 311, 314, 315, 317fc, 585, 641, 643, 644
application of 315
limitations of 316
models 316, 317
Artificial kidney initiation 162
Ascites 567f
Aspartate aminotransferase 597, 614
Aspergillus 692, 693
flavus 380
fumigatus 77
infections 400
Aspiration 104
pneumonitis 104
Asthma 258, 259, 355, 428, 513, 555
AstraZeneca vaccine 700, 701
Ataxia 338
Atezolizumab 369
Atmospheric pressure 10, 11
Atrial fibrillation 102
Atrial myxoma 241
Atrial natriuretic peptide 234
Atropinization 344
Attention disorder 718, 719
Attrition, causes of 496
Auditory evoked potential 172
Augmented vector foot 247
Australian College of Critical Care Nursing 589
Autoimmune crisis management 423
Autoimmune diseases 43, 421, 428
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome 375
Automatic defibrillation 268
Autonomic dysfunction 343
Autonomic nervous system 103
Autonomy 603
Autopsy 121
Autoregulation
clinical significance of 6
mechanism of 3
Auxiliary nursing and midwifery 590
Avapritinib 369
Avelumab 369
Awake tracheal intubation 363
Axitinib 369
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission 531, 583
Ayushman Bharat Health Account 531
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana 583
Azathioprine 424, 430
Azithromycin 754
Azole antifungals 70
B
Babesiosis 359
Bacteremia 408, 409
Bacteria
leading sepsis 289
multidrug-resistant 67
Bacterial cell wall 61
Bag valve mask 364
Balloon volume 243
Bamlanivimab 813
Barotrauma 128, 737, 803
Basal hormonal assays 262
Basic airway management 268
Basiliximab 401
Basket trial 657, 657f
Basophils 745
Bayes’ theorem 659f, 662, 663
Bayesian analysis 661, 671
Bayesian approach, steps of 663
Bayesian interference model in platform trials, application of 659
Bayesian meta-analysis 663
Bayesian method 661
Bayesian methodology 662
Bayesian statistics 661, 662t
advantages of 663, 665
application of 664
result of 662
Bayesian theory 502
B-cell depleting agents 431
Beck anxiety inventory 197
Beck depression inventory 197
Bell's palsy 700
Benzodiazepines 108, 172, 190, 192, 345
Berlin definition
limitations of 121
relevance of 120
Beta-blockers 348, 720
Beta-cells damage, pathogenesis of 761
Beta-D-glucan test 44, 688, 690
Beta-lactams 70
Betamethasone 256
Bevacizumab 369
Bicarbonate 138
levels 148
Bicytopenia 374
Bidirectional long short-term memory 312
Bilateral independent periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges 180
Bile duct cancer 369
Bilevel positive airway pressure 16, 575, 788, 812
Bilirubin, unconjugated 360
Biochemical pathogen 75
Biochemical testing 56f
Bispectral index 172
Bisphosphonate 383
Biventricular heart failure 241
BK virus 417
Bladder
cancer 369
wall thickening 562
Bleeding 370, 401
Blinatumomab 369
Blood
borne
infections, prevention of 470, 470t
pathogens 470
brain barrier 596
capillaries 149
components transfusion 288
count 75
cross-matching of 288
culture 75, 375, 405
gram-positive 77
flow rate 624
gas analysis 506, 599
hemoglobin 225
infection 58
loss, severe 293
oxygen level 4
pressure 3, 19, 26, 31, 32, 275, 364
diastolic 506
low 297
product transfusion 293
pump 618f
purification techniques 744
stream infections 52
sugar 249, 599
fasting 762
transfusion 227, 286
after cardiac surgery 225
urea nitrogen 161163, 339
vessels 30, 31f, 32, 32f
Bloodstream infection 73, 300
catheter-related 44, 161, 162, 300, 575
Blunt abdominal trauma 539f
Blurred vision 338
Body
fluids 375
mass index 106, 203, 216, 327, 526, 791
surface area 506
weight 106, 137, 215
Bone marrow
aspiration 375
examination 418f
suppression 412
toxicity 430
transplant 402
Bootstrap analysis 668
Bortezomib 369
Bosutinib 369
Bowel
ischemia 547f
perforation 370, 536
wall microperfusion 564
Bradycardia 102, 555, 682
Brain 779
cancer 369
dead donor identification 397
death 624, 640
dysfunction, acute 779
injury
acute 177
postcardiac arrest 330
rehabilitation after traumatic 279
secondary 274t
magnetic resonance imaging of 374
natriuretic peptide 114
oxygenation, detection of 504
tissue oxygen partial pressure 278
trauma foundation 5, 275
Brainstem
auditory evoked potential 186
reflexes 274
testing 638
challenges of 638
Branched chain amino acids 215
Breast 366
cancer 369
Breastfeeding 814
Breathing 86, 100, 281, 282
management 282
shortness of 297
work of 96
Breathlessness 681
Brentuximab 369
British Dietetic Association 206
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome 402, 404, 405
Bronchoalveolar lavage 403, 693, 694, 696
Bronchodilators 512
Bronchoscopy 84, 86, 130, 328, 530, 693, 773, 775
Bronchospasm 288, 555
Brussels sedation scale 172
B-type natriuretic peptide interpretation 234
Bungarus caeruleus 352, 354
Buprenorphine 337
Bupropion 348
Burkitt lymphoma 378
Burn 153, 217, 513
injury 135, 136, 303f
superficial 298
unit outbreak 302
wound 300
cellulitis 301
impetigo 301
infections 300
Burnout prevention tips 474, 474t
Bursts 180
suppression 179, 181
Business intelligence 584f, 585, 586
C
Cabazitaxel 369
Cabozantinib 369
Calcineurin inhibitors 394
Calcitonin 383
Calcium 138, 299, 726
channel blockers 250, 348, 750
deposition of 379
gel 299
gluconate infiltration 299
metabolism of 49
Calprotectin 49
Cancer 45, 378, 767
cells 370
colorectal 369
esophageal 369
treatment of 692
Candida 410, 686, 687, 688, 690
albicans 686688, 690
auris 686, 687, 689, 790
glabrata 78, 687, 688, 690
krusei 688, 690
parapsilosis 687, 688, 690
tropicalis 687, 688, 690
Candidemia 303, 686
Candidiasis 370
Cannabinoid receptor 337
Cannulas, dislodgment of 636
Cansino biologics vaccines 700
Capillary blood flow 12
Capillary leak syndrome 402
Capillary refill time 664, 740
Capmatinib 369
Capnography 365
Carbamates 342, 348
Carbapenem 59, 6163, 70
resistant acinetobacter
infections 59
treatment of 59t
Carbon dioxide 6, 95, 512, 552, 627
partial pressure of 90, 598, 617
production 9
Carbon monoxide 324, 348, 350
Carcinoma, hepatocellular 393
Cardiac arrest 297, 631
Cardiac cavities 771
Cardiac critical care 223
Cardiac dysfunction, severe 397
Cardiac failure 352, 632fc
congestive 607
severe 631
Cardiac function 143
Cardiac index 139, 229
Cardiac injury 623
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging 776
Cardiac output 11, 13, 23, 102, 137, 139, 144, 225, 229, 506, 677, 722
determinants of 23
low 631
monitoring, principle of 25
Cardiac resynchronization therapy 236
Cardiac risk 322
index, revised 322, 322t
Cardiac surgery 154, 225, 227
Cardiac tamponade 125
Cardiac toxicity 370
Cardiac troponin 236, 670, 798
Cardiogenic shock 25, 229, 242, 244, 397, 631, 807
etiology of 229b
management of 233
phenotypes 229t
toxin-induced 347
Cardiomyopathy 608
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing 324
Cardiorespiratory failure, severe 613
Cardiorespiratory system, compartment model of 30
Cardiotoxicity 355
Cardiovascular
death, causes of 114
disease 215, 767
dysfunction 803
function 149
management 599
system 493, 564
Carfilzomib 369
Carotid artery, right external 545f
Casirivimab 813
Caspofungin 44, 689
Catastrophe 554, 555, 557
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 258, 425, 430, 800
Cefiderocol 59, 62
Cell wall biosynthesis 61
Cellulitis 300
Cement burns 298
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 303
Central airway obstruction 366
Central nervous system 181, 191, 342, 343, 376, 413, 625, 629, 752, 770
monitoring 599
vasculitis 258, 423
Central venous catheter 535, 686
Central venous pressure 125, 144, 399, 506, 740
Cephalosporins 70
Cerebral
aneurysms, development of 548
autoregulation 5t, 274
monitoring 278
blood flow 3, 274, 274f
autoregulation, physiology of 3
physiology 3
regional 186
regulation 3
circulation, regulation of 3f
dysfunction 638
edema, management of 598
metabolic rate 274
microdialysis 278
perfusion pressure 3, 5, 144, 186, 275, 277, 598
monitoring 276
salt wasting 157
sinus venous thrombosis 547
Cerebrospinal fluid 277, 375, 752
drainage 276
Cerebrovascular accident 322, 437
Cerebrovascular disease 767
Ceritinib 369
Cervical
cancer 369
cord protection 281
Cetuximab 369
Chemical
burn 296, 298
management of 297, 297t
signs of 296
symptoms of 296
treatment of 297t
substance, removal of 298
Chemokine 74, 743
Chemoprophylaxis, postexposure 471
Chemotherapy 380
conventional 667
Chest
compression 268
high-resolution computed tomography of 788
snoring of 363
stiffness of 363
tube management 130
ultrasound 282
X-ray 115, 720, 750, 788f, 808
Chikungunya 44
Child-Turcotte-Pugh score 323, 323t
Chimpanzee adenovirus 700
Chloride 138, 148, 150
effects of 149
transporter proteins 149
Chloroquine 348
Chlorox 297
Cholecystitis 563
Cholecystostomy, percutaneous 536
Chorioamnionitis 607
Chromic acid 296
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 15, 96, 128, 203, 215, 237, 259, 322, 326, 393, 398, 513, 617, 631, 681, 748, 767, 788
exacerbation of 255, 258, 259
Chryseobacterium 790
Churg-Strauss disease 428
Cidofovir 404, 413
Cilastatin 59
Ciprofloxacin 62, 63
Circadian rhythms, normal biological 492
Circews and Circews-Lite Systems, evaluation of Performance of 316
Circulation 269, 281, 282
Circulatory shock 314
management of 314, 317fc
Circulatory system 73
Cirrhosis 154, 630t
Classic oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve 103
Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act 516
Clinical fraility score 631f
Clinical information system 583, 584f, 584t, 585, 585f, 587
computer-based 583
software solution 586t
Clinicalbert 646
Clodronate 383
Clonidine 346
Closed-circuit television 575
Clostridium
difficile infections 594
perfringens 359
Clot formation 293
Clusters, number of 645
Coagulation
abnormalities 374
activation 800
cascade 292f, 727f
parameters 798
profile 375
Coagulopathy 353, 354, 598
early trauma-induced 291
trauma-induced 291, 291b
Cobblestone appearance 750
Cocaine 348, 398
Cognitive behavioral
therapy 720
treatment 754
Coinfection 716, 793
Colchicine 348
Colistin 44, 59, 62, 63
dose of 62
Colloids 153, 512
Colon 366
Colony-stimulating factors 743
Coma 184187, 338
recovery scale 177
Combination antimicrobial therapy 59
Common cobra 352
Common krait 352, 353
Communicable diseases 440, 449
Communication 436, 457, 485, 805
failures 484
skills 458, 460, 485
suboptimal 487
techniques 485
telephonic 485
Compensation, cardiorespiratory 680
Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome 144
Complete blood count 249, 375, 387, 388, 808
Compression test 117, 566
Computed tomography 15, 186, 277, 363, 560, 583, 678, 694, 736, 750, 787, 806
pulmonary angiography 114, 118
scans 282
Concentration 298
Concomitant sepsis 608
Confusion 262, 263, 338
assessment method 174, 198
Conjunctivitis 370
Consciousness
delayed emergence of 780
disorders of 185, 186, 186b
Constipation 756, 757
prophylaxis for 757
Contact dermatitis, irritant 296
Continuous cardiac output 398
Continuous positive airway pressure 16, 106, 108, 188, 327, 363, 629, 640, 812
Continuous renal replacement therapy 71, 162, 215, 279, 349, 350, 400, 614, 617619, 624, 725, 734, 744, 745
Continuous urine output monitoring 165, 166
Continuous venovenous
hemodiafiltration 350
hemodialysis 71, 744, 745
Contrast nephropathy, pathogenesis of 552, 552fc
Convalescent plasma 709
Conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation 631
Coombs test, direct 360
Cor pulmonale 239, 240t
Coronary artery
bypass graft 154, 242, 323, 450
surgery 230
disease 394, 416, 614
spasm 555
Coronary disease, exception of 673
Coronary sinus aspiration 552
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) 39, 87, 88t, 106, 209, 236, 259, 409, 428, 438, 442, 518, 527, 594, 627, 677, 680f, 682, 692, 693b, 699, 704706, 714716, 723f, 733, 740, 750, 758, 764, 769, 787, 796, 801, 811, 814
acute cough in 748
associated pulmonary aspergillosis 692b, 694b, 696b, 697b
care of 509
complications of 749
crisis 509
diagnosis of 693
disease 87, 575, 718
epidemiology of 758
fluid management in 739
infection 281, 282, 467, 668, 752, 793
neuropsychiatric effects of 753
intensive care units, humanization of 437
lung injury 679
management 326
mortality in 714
neuropsychiatric consequences of 752
pandemic 52, 86, 94, 96, 166, 195, 203, 205, 326, 438, 442, 443, 451, 462, 465, 478, 491, 494, 502, 509, 521, 617, 628, 659, 668, 763
pathogenesis of 706f
pneumonia 451, 471, 617, 673
pulmonary syndromes 734
risk for 442
scenario 84
severe 786
spread of 442
test 281
therapy, randomised evaluation of 256
transport of 472
vaccination 410, 443
vaccine 699, 700
development of 440
Corrosion 296
Cortical spinal tract signs 719
Cortical stiffness 144
Corticosteroids 383, 406, 423, 697, 704
comparison chart 734t
insufficiency 261
inhaled 144, 735
Cortisol 74
Cortisone 256
Cosyntropin test, low-dose 263
Cough 114, 297
causes of 749
management of 750
Coupled plasma filtration adsorption 745
Covaxin vaccine 701
Covishield 716
vaccine 700
Cramps, abdominal 555
Crash intubation 365
C-reactive protein 74, 249, 282, 430, 616, 704, 724, 744, 767, 797, 798, 800
Creatine kinase 339
Creatinine 339
kinase 614
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 189, 289
Cricothyroidotomy, emergency 366
Cricothyrotomy 512
Critical care
management of 484
medicine 440, 490, 491, 659
nursing 589
practice 530
subspecialties 491
trainees competencies 511
transition program 463
transportation 465
unit 477, 499
Crizotinib 369, 369
Crohn's disease 564
Cryoprecipitate 294
Cryptococcal infection 410
Crystalloids 145, 153, 512
C-type natriuretic peptide 234
Curing coma 184
campaign 184
Cyanide 348
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate 769
Cyclophosphamide 406, 423, 424, 426, 430
Cyclosporine 406, 412, 428
Cystitis 562
Cytokine 74, 743, 797
adsorption
column 744, 745t
therapy 616, 616f
release syndrome 704
storm 35, 373, 704, 727, 743, 753, 796, 797
syndrome 743, 800
Cytomegalovirus 289, 301, 373, 400, 404, 408, 412, 428, 597, 756, 793, 794
antivirals drugs for 412, 413
infections 793
interplay of 793
prophylaxis 130, 794
reactivation 793
Cytopenias 374, 375
Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis 375
D
Daboia russelii 352, 353
Dabrafenib 369
Daclatasvir 417
Dalton's law 8
Damage associated molecular patterns 18, 37
Daratumumab 369
Dasatinib 369
D-dimer 114, 727, 728, 767, 798
genesis of 727
levels 714
units 729
value 728, 731
Dead space 677
minute ventilation 13
volume 13
Decompressive craniectomy 278
Deep brain stimulation 193
Deep burns 298
Deep learning technique 310, 315
Deep reinforcement learning 315
Deep vein thrombosis 115, 117, 130, 464, 565, 709, 730, 771, 793
prophylaxis 425
scan, two-point 117
Delayed pulmonary toxicity syndrome 402, 403
Delirium 174, 175, 198, 338, 370, 753, 754
detection score 198
monitoring 198
prevention 464
treatment 198
triage screen 174
Dementia 719, 767
Dengue 44, 567f
virus 410
transmission of 410
Denosumab 369
Dental status, poor 363
Deoxyribonucleic acid 379
Depressed skull fracture 276
Depression 753
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 369
Desipramine 348
Dexamethasone 256, 257, 259, 813
Dexmedetomidine 108, 175, 198, 779
Dextropropoxyphene 337
Dextrose
containing fluids 599
normal saline 158
Diabetes mellitus 363, 607, 735, 767, 793
insulin therapy for 322
type 1 761, 765
type 2 765
Diabetic ketoacidosis 135, 761, 764, 761, 763765
epidemiology of 762
management of 763
prevention of 764
Dialysis 380
Diarrhea 288, 593, 756, 758
management of 758
prevention of 758
Diffuse alveolar
damage 340, 770
hemorrhage 402, 403
Digestive symptoms 594
Digital information security 587
Digital subtraction angiography 485
Digoxin 348
Diltiazem 250
Dinutuximab 369
Diphoterine 298
Diplopia 338
Direct acting antivirals 417
Direct antiglobulin test 360
Disability 281, 282
adjusted life years 273
Disaster
classification of 267
management aims 267
mitigation 269
phase 270
preparedness 267, 269
Disseminated intravascular coagulation 359, 727, 730, 733, 769, 798
Distal augmentation test 118
Diuresis 379
Diuretics 383, 724
Dizziness 297
Dobutamine 20, 240, 725
Docosahexaenoic acid 210
Donepezil 342, 720
Donor 408410
infection 408, 410
specific antibodies 791
Dopamine 20, 348
Doppler signal enhancement 559
Down syndrome 189
Doxepin 348
Dravet syndrome 189
Drugs 348, 360
accumulation 782
interactions 413, 782
intoxication 337
reaction 375
references 525
resistance 190
Dry gas damages 110
Dry hair 370
Durable mechanical circulatory support 231
Durvalumab 369
Dynamic
air bronchogram 562f
airway collapse 14, 15
Dysautonomia 279
Dyserythropoiesis 360
Dysesthesias 338
Dysexecutive syndrome 719
Dysfunctional hypoxemic vasoconstriction 678
Dysphonia 104
Dyspnea 114, 297, 404, 555, 682f, 718
E
Ebola 710
Echinocandins 696
Echis carinatus 352, 354
Echocardiography 530
Echogenic renal calculi 562
Echothiophate 342
E-cigarette 337
Eclampsia 608
Ectopic vasopressin 380
Edema 125, 370
Effective therapy 671, 673
Ejection fraction 26, 244, 350
Elapidae 352
Elastance 722
Elective surgical procedures, anesthesia for 363
Electrical impedance tomography 506
Electrocardiogram 178, 227, 247, 343, 353
Electroclinical syndromes 189b
Electroconvulsive therapy 193
Electroencephalogram 188, 193, 277, 278
Electroencephalography 172, 177, 180, 182, 185, 186, 191, 193
amplitude integrated 178
artifacts 180
basics of 177
continuous 177
normal 180
quantitative 178
waveforms 178t
Electrolyte 249, 394
disorders 156, 383, 756
free water clearance 159
imbalances of 136
Electronic health records 524, 525, 586
Electronic intensive care unit 530
Electronic medical record 481, 525, 529
Elevated jugular bulb oxygen concentration 598
Elizabethkingia 790
Elliptocytosis, hereditary 359
Email techniques 485
Embolic disorders 608
Embolism, acute pulmonary 115t
Emergency
department 463, 480
management 275
medical services 268
neurological deficits 546
operation center 271
Emphysema 128
Empiric antibiotic therapy 58
Empyema 44
Encephalitis 375
Encephalopathy 182, 596, 597t
ischemic hypoxic 623
syndrome, posterior reversible 4
Encorafenib 369
End-diastolic pressure 615
volume relationship 2628
End-expiratory
lung volume 90
occlusion test 143
Endocrine 253, 369
Endogenous latent virus 412
Endometrial cancer 369
Endothelial cell 49, 723
surface 292
Endothelial damage 141
Endothelial dysfunction 292
Endothelin 18, 552
Endotoxins 108
Endotracheal intubation 110, 366, 773
Endotracheal tube 103, 205, 775, 808
End-pulmonary-capillary oxygen content 11, 13
End-systolic elastance 2729, 722
End-systolic pressure 28
volume relationship 2628, 29
End-tidal carbon dioxide 143, 364
Energy 209
Entecavir 415
Enteral feeding 203
Enteral nutrition 203, 205, 210, 214, 220, 599
Enterobacter 790
cloacae 77
Enterobacteriaceae 61, 301
Enterococcus
faecalis 76
faecium 55
Enterovirus 719
Enzalutamide 369
Enzyme
immunoassay 471
important role of 758
linked immunosorbent assay 695, 728
Eosinophilia 375
Eosinophilic granulomatosis 428
Eosinophils 745
Ephedrine 20
Epidemiology-based mortality score 193
Epilepsy 237
syndrome, febrile illness-related 190
Epileptiform disorders 179, 182
Epinephrine 20, 399
Epithelium 592
Epoprostenol 240
Epstein-Barr virus 597, 719
antivirals drugs for 415
infections 415
Eravacycline 59
Erdafitinib 369
Erlotinib 369
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 387
Eschar formation 297
Escherichia coli 301, 360, 607, 607
Eschmann elastic bougie 269
Estimated glomerular filtration rate 235
Etanercept 406, 430
Ethylene oxide 499, 500
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 688
Etoposide 376
Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis 762, 763
Euphoria 172
European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 167
European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 210, 214
European Society of Cardiology 167, 230
European Society of Intensive Care Medicine 580
Euthanasia 602
Everolimus 369
Exacerbation 258, 259, 513
Excessive central airway collapse 14
Excitatory pathway 192
Exemestane 369
Exercise therapy 720
Expiratory alveolar minute ventilation 9
Expiratory minute ventilation 13
Expiratory positive airway pressure 95
Expired nitrogen, fraction of 9
Extended intensive care service 462
Extracellular fluid 148, 156
Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal 617
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation 616, 631, 632
referral for 631
use of 638
Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support 611
Extracorporeal life support 211, 230, 347, 350fc, 351, 613, 622, 627, 634, 638
organization 629, 635
referral for 627
systems 230
Extracorporeal liver support devices 600t
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 61, 106, 126, 211, 236, 347, 348b, 387, 399, 499, 583, 608, 613617, 617f, 623625, 629, 632fc, 639, 687, 705, 736, 745, 779, 788f, 802804
circuit 639, 640
initiation, timing of 802
machine 636
management 790
physiology 638
post-lung transplant 129
primary transport of 634t
role of 348
system 619
team 634
therapy 211, 628f
transport 635b, 636b, 636t
use of 812
venoarterial 614, 625
ventilator 636
Extracorporeal photopheresis 620, 620b
Extracorporeal therapy 347
use of 619
Extravascular lung water 143, 507, 809
Extubation 107, 365, 773
Eyes 297
response 274
F
Face mask 95, 473f, 811
Facial
abnormality 363
edema 555
protection 469
skin 97
trauma 363
Faintness 297
Fallopian tube 369
Famciclovir 414
Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 372, 373
Fatigue 718
chronic 343
Fatty acid 210
intestinal 594
Febuxostat 383
Fecal microbial transplantation 594
Fedratinib 369
Feeding 211
tube 205
Female urogenital system 562
Femoral vein 117f, 566f
Femoro-jugular cannulation 802
Ferritin 374
basic pathophysiology of 800
Ferroptosis 800
Fever 374, 375, 561, 562, 564
Fiberoptic bronchoscope 365
Fiberoptic intubation 365
Fibrin equivalent units 729
Fibrinogen 294, 375
concentrate 294
depletion 292
Fibrosis, interstitial 789f
Fibrotic shrunken lung 789f
Fick's method 25
Fick's principle 25
Fleischner sign 115
Flight mass spectrometry 75
Flow velocity 5
Flow volume curve 14
Fludarabine 406
Fludrocortisone 256
Flufenamide 369
Fluid 312, 394, 485
administration 135, 136, 139, 143
attenuated inversion recovery 186
balance 136
bolus techniques 579
challenge 740
disorders 156
maintenance 136, 143
management 130, 136, 141, 555, 739, 740
overload 143
requirement, assessment of 740
responsiveness 236
restriction 381
resuscitation 293
terminology 142b
therapy 141
types of 135, 136, 145
Fluorescent in situ hybridization 76
Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography 186
Fluoroquinolone 44
Focal electrographic seizures 181
Focal neurological signs 276
Folliculitis 300
Food and Drug Administration 231, 657, 666
Forced expiratory volume 15, 108
Foscarnet 413
Fourier transformation 5
Frank-Starling
curve 135f
hemodynamic model 142
law 24
Free fatty acids 217
Free mobile clot 566f
Free vaccines 471
Full outline responsiveness score 273, 274t
Fulvestrant 369
Functional residual capacity 107, 326, 506
Fungal
hyphae 404
infections 404, 410
Fungemia 686
Fungi 301
Furosemide 153, 346, 383
stress test 166
Fusarium 695
G
Gacyclidine 345
Galactomannan 44, 404
Gallbladder 563, 567f
stones 563
wall 567
Gamaleya 700
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 190, 338
Ganciclovir 412
Gas
chromatography 339
exchange 99
Gastric
artery, left 538f
emptying 594
significant findings of 593
lavage 344
residual volume 204, 221, 593
measurement of 210
Gastroduodenal artery 538f
stump, level of 539f
Gastroenterology 201
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 748
Gastrointestinal
bleed, acute 219, 537
endoscopy 328
function 150
stromal tumor 369
system 297, 493, 561
tract 57, 148, 159, 593
dysfunction, management of 594
failure score 593t
Gefitinib 369
Gemtuzumab 369
General surgery acute kidney injury risk index 323t
Generalized periodic epileptiform discharges 180, 181
Genetic 373
tests 375
Genexpert 282, 387
Genital tract infections 607
Giant cell
arteritis 424, 431
tumor 369
Giant pronormoblasts 418f
Glasgow coma
scale 177, 273, 273t, 274t, 276, 282, 508
score 346
Glaucoma 342
Glial fibrillary acidic protein 186
Global ejection fraction 144
Global end-diastolic volume index 144
Glomerular filtration rate 144
Glomerulonephritis 423
Glucocorticoids 255, 256, 424, 686, 689
Gluconate 138
Glucose 339
6-phosphate dehydrogenase 386
deficiency 359
disorder 383
Glycemic control 425, 464
Glycopyrrolate 345
Golimumab 430
Graft dysfunction
secondary 400
types of 400
Graft versus host disease 43, 402, 620
transfusion associated 289, 375
Gram-negative nosocomial pneumonias 62
Gram-negative organisms 301
Gram-positive organisms 301
Granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor 37, 402, 743
macrophage-colony stimulating factor 705, 710, 797
Gravid uterus 608
Ground glass opacities 695f
Growth factors 743
Guanosine triphosphate 412
Guillain-Barre syndrome 700, 719, 746
Gut barrier dysfunction 593
Gut dysfunction 592, 594
Gut epithelium 592f
Gut lymph hypothesis 593
Gut microbiota 758
H
H1N1
influenza virus 373
pneumonia 106
Haemophilus influenzae 77, 257
Hagen-Poiseuille equation 30
Hair
cover 470
loss 718
Hampton hump 115
Hand
foot syndrome 370
hygiene 52
rub, steps of 469f
Handwashing, steps of 469f
Haploidentical transplants 402
Happy hypoxemia, pathophysiology of 677
Happy hypoxia, pathophysiology of 677
Hardcore mathematics 8
Harlequin syndrome 638
Hazard vulnerability analysis 271
Head
and neck cancers 369
trauma, severe 273
Headache 297, 555, 718, 719
Health
information technology, use of 524
issues 474
record maintenance 525
system stewardship 580
Healthcare
humanization of 435
improvement 520
organizations, accreditation of 516
professionals 436, 524
registry 583
protocols 515
providers 508
system 502, 584
worker 435, 493, 575, 773
care for 436
effect on 493
protection 442
safety 472
Heart 394
disease, ischemic 322, 619
failure 29, 203, 215, 235, 559, 614, 769
absence of 234
acute 724, 767
congestive 322, 681
moisture exchange filter 111
rate 23, 95, 506
transplant 397, 397f, 398, 401
indications of 397
recipient 398
Heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula 90
Helmet
function 95
mask 94f
structure 95
Helper T cell 66
Hematocrit 288, 385, 399
Hematological system 776
Hematology oncology 357
Hematoma
epidural 274
intracranial 276
Hematopoietic stem cell 405
recipient 45
transplantation 43, 402, 403fc, 406, 412
Hematotoxic snakebites, dosage for 354
Hematuria 545f
Hemodialysis 383, 745
Hemodilution 293
Hemodynamic 599, 724
instability 102
management 129, 275, 398
monitoring 305, 315, 394, 506, 506f, 609
optimization 139t
resuscitation management 141
status 405
support 513
waveforms 513
Hemofiltration 345
Hemoglobin 359, 375, 385, 387, 807
abnormal 359
defects 359
low 385, 386, 388
Hemoglobinuria 359
Hemolysis 359, 730, 814
acute 359
causes of 360
elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count 598, 599
Hemolytic uremic syndrome 359, 360, 375, 386
Hemoperfusion 345, 745
Hemoperitoneum 542f
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis 38, 372, 373, 373f, 375, 376, 743, 782, 801
Hemophagocytic syndrome
infections associated 743
malignancy-associated 743
Hemophagocytosis 372, 374, 375
Hemoptysis 114, 537
Hemorrhage 125, 286, 291, 294
alveolar 423
control 281, 282
intracerebral 144, 274, 547
intracranial 177, 388
score, trauma associated severe 293
subarachnoid 548
Hemostasis 401
cell based model of 291
Hepatic encephalopathy 596, 600
Hepatic failure, fulminant 597t
Hepatic injury
hemochromatosis type 800
ischemic 598
Hepatitis
A virus 597
B 288, 428, 431
chronic 597
core antigen 471, 597
surface antigen 471, 597
virus 339, 409, 415
C 288, 416, 428
virus 339, 409, 470
virus 409
antivirals drugs for 415
Hepatobiliary system 563
Hepatopulmonary syndrome 393
Hepatorenal syndrome 154
treatment for 154
Herpes simplex
antivirals drugs for 414
virus 44, 301, 373, 408, 597, 598, 761
High end-diastolic volume 615
High positive end expiratory pressure 349
High-dependency unit 270, 462, 476, 494
High-dose cosyntropin test 263
High-flow nasal cannula 83, 84, 87, 99, 100, 108, 188, 205, 326, 364, 395, 477, 575, 736, 811
failure 92
success 92
High-flow nasal oxygen 204, 364, 775
therapy 477
High-frequency oscillatory ventilation 126
High-resolution computed tomography 340, 403, 736, 776, 788
Histocompatibility complex, major 761
Histopathology 695
Hodgkin's disease 383
Homeostatic function 35
Hormone therapies 368
Hospital
acquired infection 51, 61
anxiety and depression scale 197
emergency plan 269
information system 525, 583586
Howell-Jolly bodies 386
Hub and spoke model 508, 634
Human herpesvirus 373, 417, 761
Human immunodeficiency virus 43, 45, 257, 288, 339, 373, 408, 409, 429, 607, 630t, 710, 714, 767
antivirals drugs for 417
Human leukocyte antigen 64, 65, 597
Humidification 98, 110, 111, 112b
performance 111
Humidifier techniques, types of 111t
Humidity, absolute 110
Hybrid modes 639
Hydralazine 609
Hydration 382, 383
aggressive 379
Hydrochloric acid 296, 298
Hydrochloride 369
Hydrocortisone 256, 257, 259, 555
Hydrofluoric acid 297, 298
Hydronephrosis 562
Hydroxychloroquine 658
Hydroxyethyl starch 138, 145
Hyperalgesia, opioids-induced 780
Hypercalcemia 383, 383t
Hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 211
Hypercapnic respiratory failure 84, 95
Hypercarbia 125, 723, 724
Hyperchloremia 148150
etiology of 149
mechanism of 149
side effects 148, 149
symptoms of 149
Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis 150
Hypercoagulopathy 292
Hyperferritinemia 374, 800, 801
syndromes 800
Hyperglycemia 156, 384
Hyperglycemic crisis severity, classification of 764t
Hyperglycemic episodes 437
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome 764
Hyperimmune globulin 709
Hyperinflammation 770, 796
Hyperkalemia 159, 378
Hyperlactatemia 314
Hyperlipidemia 768
Hypernatremia 136, 158
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state 135, 761
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma 764
Hyperoxemia 529
Hyperoxygenation 529
Hyperphosphatemia 378
Hyperpyrexia 561, 562
Hypersensitivity reactions
mild 555
radiographic contrast media-induced 555
Hypertension 215, 370, 548, 555, 767
chronic thromboembolic pulmonary 241
intracranial 596
medical treatment for 450
Hyperthermia, malignant 561
Hypertonic saline infusion 277
Hypertriglyceridemia 157, 374, 375, 779, 782
Hypertrophy 771
Hyperuricemia 378
Hypoalbuminemia 153
Hypocalcemia 159, 291, 378, 746
Hypocomplementemia 429
Hypofibrinogenemia 293b, 374
Hypogammaglobulinemia 43
Hypoglycemia 196, 198
Hypoglycemic episodes 437
Hypokalemia 159, 348, 746
Hypomagnesemia 348
Hyponatremia 135, 136, 156, 381
acute 381
mild 381
moderate 381
severe 381
therapy of 157
Hypoperfusion 25, 141, 291
Hypotension 154, 297, 307, 310, 314, 316, 330, 355, 364, 555
assessment of 507
diagnosis of 311
early identification period for 316
management of 310, 311
mean arterial pressure 812
prediction index 307, 308, 311, 316
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 255, 261, 261fc, 734
dysfunction 279
Hypothermia 136, 181, 193, 277, 291, 333, 333t
impairing synthesis 293
Hypotonic fluid loss 149, 150
Hypoxemia 100, 107, 196, 364, 677, 680, 681, 682, 683f
arterial 681t
maximizes 679
mechanisms of 680f
progressive 128
Hypoxemic failure 96
Hypoxemic respiratory failure 83, 100, 211, 212
Hypoxia 89, 103, 104, 114, 348, 724, 811
inducible factor 679, 681
severe 103
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy 177
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction 125, 126, 364, 678, 723, 802
Hypoxic respiratory failure 209, 210, 326
I
Iatrogenic coagulopathy 291
Iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome 780
Ibrutinib 369
Ictal rhythmic discharges 182
Idelalisib 369
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 737
Imatinib mesylate 369
Imdevimab 813
Imipenem 59
Immune
dysfunction 39
response 64
system 35
Immune cell 38
function 37
membrane of 48
number 35
Immune dysregulation 35, 372
treatment of 39
Immunization, reinforcing 701
Immunoadsorption 744
Immunoglobulin 38, 64, 66, 67, 428, 744
A 64
G 39, 64, 65, 701, 763, 794, 800
M 64, 65, 471, 597
use of 67
Immunomodulators 686, 704
Immunomodulatory therapy 39, 697, 704
major 707t
Immunosuppression 131, 400, 800
Immunosuppressive drugs 43
Immunotherapy 370
Immuno-thrombo-inflammatory response 796, 797
Indian Association of Palliative Care 603
Indian Diploma in Critical Care Nursing 590
Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine 490, 589, 603
Indocyanine green-plasma disappearance rate 144
Infarction, acute myocardial 229, 243, 705
Infections 41, 61, 75, 130, 257, 370, 374, 395, 673
bacterial 65, 104, 403, 408
community-acquired 56
control 41, 5153, 111, 300, 303, 425, 440, 442, 473t, 773
methods 500
program 52
epidemiology of 300
healthcare associated 52, 53
incidences of 301
prevention 467
control 51, 442
prophylaxis 276
Infectious Diseases Society 697, 705
Inflammations 150
biomarkers of 194
Inflammatory interstitial lung disease 748
Inflammatory mediators 596, 616
large quantities of 596
Inflation 243
Infliximab 430
Influence health system performance 580
Influenza 404, 414, 607
antivirals drugs for 414
prophylaxis 415
Information management software 524
Information technology 579, 583, 587
Infrared spectrophotometry 227
Infusion pumps, evolution of 509
Ingestion 297
Injury
primary 273
secondary 273
Innate immune-driven disorder 596
Inotropes 512, 725
physiology of 18
Insecticides 348
Insomnia 474
Inspiratory oxygen fraction 122
Inspired alveolar minute ventilation 13
Inspired oxygen 678
fraction of 8, 326
high fraction of 627
Insulin treatment options 764t
Intelligent infusion systems 509
Intelligent monitoring 504
Intensive care 438, 495
management 275, 596, 600
postheart transplant 398
medicine 491
monitoring systems 504
limitations of 507
nursing 589
Intensive care unit 19, 61, 73, 102, 149, 171, 195, 203, 237, 255, 262t, 283, 310, 342, 378, 423, 436, 438t, 451, 462, 486f, 492, 504, 506t, 520, 546f, 558, 580, 587t, 598, 602, 639, 639t, 671, 671t, 686, 704, 739, 757b, 773, 782, 811
acquired weakness 196, 197, 779, 782
acute 186
dehumanization of 435
development of 521
part of 535
postoperative 487
quality control in 515
resources, allocation of 452
settings 515
telemedicine in 464
Interferon 66, 373, 416, 709, 797
gamma 65, 705
Interleukin 18, 36, 37, 65, 66, 108, 373, 596, 664, 687, 692, 704, 705, 723, 725, 728, 743, 761, 785, 797, 800
inhibitors 708
Intermittent mandatory ventilation 575, 736
Internal carotid 640
artery 544
Internal jugular venous access 512
International Fluid Academy 741
International League Against Epilepsy Task Force 188
International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation 330
International normalized ratio 293, 323, 353, 596
International Program on Chemical Safety Poison Severity Score 346
Interstitial lung
disease 241, 393, 402, 737
fibrosis 404
Interventricular septum 115
Intra-abdominal infections 44, 62, 73
Intra-abdominal pressure 31, 144, 594
Intra-aortic balloon pump 26, 230, 241244, 387, 583, 614, 725
failure of 243
Intra-arterial infusion 299
Intra-arterial septum 614
Intra-arterial therapy 546
Intracellular fluid 156
Intracranial pressure 3, 5, 144, 186, 274, 276, 277, 279, 598
management 276
monitoring 277fc
raised 276t, 327
Intraocular pressure 144
Intrauterine device 811
Intravascular contrast procedure 553
Intravenous crystalloid solution 291
Intravenous fluids 138t, 141, 142, 383
therapy 142
Intravenous immunoglobulin 6467, 404, 424, 695, 709
role of 44
therapy 66
Intravenous lipid emulsion, role of 341
Intravenous solutions
potassium content of 158t
sodium content of 158t
Intrinsic pathway 727
Intubation
box 473
use of 473
trouble shooting during 366
video-laryngoscope-guided 365
Invasive arterial blood pressure 599
Invasive burn wound infections 301t
Invasive candidiasis, diagnostic tests of 688t
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis 694, 696
Ionized calcium 339
Ipilimumab 369
Iron 385
Isavuconazole 696
Ischemia 399
Isolation protocols 303
Isoprenaline 399
Isoshunt 12
Isotonic saline 383
Isovolumic contraction 26
Isovolumic relaxation 26
Ivabradine 250
Ixazomib 369
J
Janssen vaccine 700
Janus kinase 547, 709, 744
inhibitors 709
Jaundice 576, 597t
John Cunningham virus 417
Joint
commission 516
management 484
Jugular venous
oximetry 278
pressure 724
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 431
K
Kaplan-Meier curves 671f
Kawasaki disease 373, 375
Ketamine 337
sequence intubation 365
Ketogenic diet 193
Ketosis prone diabetes 762
Kidney 366, 394
cancer 369
disease 166, 215, 423
chronic 161, 592, 714, 767
function tests 75, 405
injury 162
acute 161163, 165, 215, 220, 323, 394, 395, 400, 551, 598, 618, 673, 740, 767, 783, 797, 802
King's college criteria 597
Klebsiella
oxytoca 77
pneumoniae 55, 77, 301
Krait snake venom 355
Kupffer cells 596
L
Lactate 138
dehydrogenase 282, 598, 614, 782, 798
Ringer's solution 145
Lamivudine 416
Landau-Kleffner syndrome 189
Lanreotide acetate 369
Lapatinib 369
Laplace's law 615
Larotrectinib sulfate 369
Laryngeal edema 555
Laryngeal mask airway 268, 284
Laryngoscopy 773
Laryngospasm 288
Laser desorption
ionization time-of-flight, matrix-assisted 687, 688
matrix-assisted 75
Latex agglutination 728
Laxative classification 757t
Learning, reinforcement 645
Ledipasvir 417
Left heart 124
failure 33
Left ventricle 23, 31, 32, 559, 614
Left ventricular
assist device 232f, 387
dysfunction 236
ejection fraction 399, 806
end-diastolic pressure 27
hypertrophy 399
rupture 559
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 189
Lenvatinib mesylate 369
Leptin 108
Letermovir 413
Letrozole 369
Leukemia 43, 369
acute myeloid 378
chronic lymphocytic 386
chronic myeloid 386
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase 386
Leukocytosis 704
Leukopenia 418
Levosimendan 21, 240
Life-threatening
airway disease 629
respiratory depression 352
Line sepsis biofilm 566f
Linear skull fracture 276
Linezolid 70
Lipase 339
Lipoid pneumonia 340
Lipopolysaccharide adsorption 613
Liposomal amphotericin B 44, 46, 696, 697
Liquid chromatography 339
Listeria tuberculosis 409
Liver 369, 566f
disorders 594
enzymes, elevated 730, 814
function tests 339, 374, 375
injury, acute 596, 734
mass 560
Liver abscess 535, 536, 563
large 563f
Liver disease 215, 375, 729
model for end-stage 323, 393, 597
severity of 393
Liver failure 375, 607
acute 393, 394, 596, 599t, 600, 600t
acute-on-chronic 393, 394
Liver transplant 393, 394, 597, 599
emergency 600b
living donor 395
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity 341
Lockdown 441
severity of 441
timing of 440
Loculated pleural effusions 535
Lopinavir 658
Lorlatinib 369
Low molecular-weight heparin 725
Low platele 388
count 814
Lower extremity veins 566
Lower motor neuron 343
Ludwig's angina 565
Luer-Lock syringe 558
Lumbar puncture 512
Lung 393
cancer 366, 369
compliance 677, 682t
complications 402
compression 86
diffusion capacity of 324
masses 566
parenchymal necrosis 118
perfusion 100
post-traumatic 120
stress 99
ultrasound 118
Lung disease 83
chronic 237, 597
Lung function 404
reduced 197
Lung injury 99, 337, 677, 681
patient self-induced 803
primary 631
score 629t
transfusion related acute 288, 395
ventilation induced 86, 769
ventilator associated 505
Lung protective ventilation 275, 405
strategy of 464
Lung transplantation 128, 129t, 631, 790, 804
single 128
Luteolin 720
Lymphatic absorption, role of 136
Lymphocyte 38, 745, 797
count, absolute 386
Lymphohistiocytosis, acquired hemophagocytic 372
Lymphoma 43, 366, 369
Lymphopenia 39, 704, 798
complement-mediated 64
persistent 714
Lymphoproliferative disorder 415
Lyophilized antisnake venom 353
Lysergic acid 337
M
MacConkey agar plate 55f
Machine learning 307f, 310, 314, 315, 585, 643, 643f, 644
limitations of 316
Macrophage 38, 770
activation syndrome 258, 372, 375, 387, 428, 743, 801
Magicplex 77
Magnesium 138, 214, 339
compounds 299
sulfate 345
Magnetic resonance 186
imaging, functional 4, 185
Malaria 288, 359, 360
parasites 289
Malassezia 689
Maleate 138
Malignancy 374, 375
hematologic 360
hypercalcemia of 383
Malnutrition 196
screening tool 210
Management information system 585, 586
Manganese, metabolism of 49
Markov decision process 646
Marrow derived monocytes 596
Mask, types of 94f, 97f
Mass spectrometry 339
Massive hemoptysis 543, 543f
Maternal sepsis
bundle 609
diagnosis of 608
optimum management of 609
McConnell's sign 115
Mean arterial pressure 3, 3f, 5, 18, 23, 144, 229, 249, 270, 274, 277, 307, 314, 328, 399, 506, 808
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 385
Mean corpuscular volume 385
Mean pulmonary artery pressure 506
Measles 373
Mechanical cardiac support 25
Mechanical circulatory support 29, 242, 243, 399
devices 230
Mechanical ventilation 32, 32f, 83, 106, 106f, 153, 236, 345, 405, 513, 556, 589, 705
invasive 108
weaning of 129
Medical devices
classification of 499
use of safer 470
Medical emergency teams 462
Medical equipment 501
Medical nutrition therapy, specifications of 210
Medical records, hybrid integration of 530
Medical services 554
Medical staff 501
Medical therapy 622
Medication system, design of 520
Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency 700
Melatonin receptor agonists 754
Melphalan 369
Memantine 720
Membrane defects 359
Memory, read-only 509
Meningitis 58, 257, 259
bacterial 255, 409
Mental health 341, 463
Mephedrone 337
Meropenem 44, 59, 63
dose of 61
Mesenteric artery thrombosis 547
Mesenteric ischemia 423
Mesenteric venous thrombosis 547
Mesothelioma, malignant 369
Metabolic abnormality 378, 413
Metabolic acidosis 291, 292b
severe 364
Metabolic crisis 378
Metabolic disorders 756
Metabolism 253
Metformin 555
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 301
Methotrexate 424, 426, 430
pneumonitis 430
Methoxyeticyclidine 337
Methylenecarbonyl linker 76
Methylphenidate 720
Methylprednisolone 256, 257, 259, 406
intravenous 361
Micafungin 44, 689
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 359
pre-existing 386
Microangiopathy, drugs-induced thrombotic 375
Microbiota 592
information 644
Microbubbles, life of 560
Microcirculation monitoring aids 507t
Microvascular dysfunction 768
Midazolam 103, 175
Middle east respiratory
symptoms-coronavirus 704
syndrome 440, 714, 719, 743, 761, 801
Midostaurin 369
Milrinone 20, 240, 609, 725
Mineralocorticoids 255, 256
Minimally invasive surgery 278
Mini-mental state examination 197
Minocycline 59, 62, 63
Mitigation 267
Mitochondrial degeneration 800
Mitral regurgitation 235
Mitral stenosis 235
Mitral valve 559
replacement 450
Mixed venous oxygen
content 11, 13
saturation 609
Mobile applications 524, 526, 527
Mobile devices 525, 527
Mobile information management 525
Mobile technologies 524
Mobile thrombus 117
Mobile vaccination carts 471
Mock examinations 485
Modafinil 720
Modern healthcare systems 643
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine 700
Modulated analgosedation 173
Molar sodium bicarbonate, role of 341
Mold infections 410
Molecular pattern, pathogen-associated 35, 616
Monitor alarms 314
Monitoring systems 508
evolution of 508
Monoclonal antibodies 710, 813
Monocyte 38, 770
chemoattractant protein 49, 797
deactivation 38
Mononeuritis multiplex 423
Monovalent antivenoms 352
Montreal cognitive assessment 197
Motor activity assessment scale 172
Motor paralysis 343
Motor response 274
Mucoperiosteum 104
Mucorales 695
Mueller-Hinton agar plate 55f
Multi arm-multi stage 657, 668
Multidisciplinary team 581
approach 585
Multimodal extracorporeal
membrane oxygenation 614
therapies 614, 614b
Multimodal monitoring 177, 278
Multimodal neurocritical monitoring 504
Multimodality extracorporeal life support 613
Multinodular goiter 562
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome 64
Multiorgan failure 600, 613
Multiple casualty incidents 267
Multiple diseases 657
Multiple interim analyses 668
Multiple monitoring systems 508
Multiple myeloma 369
Multiple organ dysfunction
mods 619
syndrome 375, 673, 704, 785, 803
Muriatic acid 298
Murray score 629, 629t
Muscle
cell membrane 141
pain 812
twitching 297
Musculoskeletal abscesses 536
Myalgic encephalomyelitis 719
Myasthenia gravis 342
Mycobacterium
avium complex 43
tuberculosis 373, 409
Mycophenolate 424, 791
mofetil 424, 430
Mydriasis 345
Myelodysplastic disorders 369
Myeloid cells 48
Myeloproliferative disorders 369
Myelosuppression 43
Myocardial energetics 29
Myocardial infarction 229, 242, 530, 673, 793
Myocarditis 565, 768, 769
inflammatory 768
Myoclonic status 189
Myoglobin 798
Myosin light chain 4
N
N-acetylcysteine 555, 598
role of 598
N-acetyl-P-benzoquinone-imine 598
Nail changes 370
Naja philippinensis 355
Nasal cannula 188, 811
role of high-flow 83, 326
Nasal high flow 91
Nasal mask 95
Nasal pillow 94f
mask 95
Nasogastric tube 203
Nasopharyngeal dead space 327
Nasopharyngeal mucosa 750
Nasopharyngeal swabs 282
Nasopharynx 35
National Accreditation Board for Hospitals and Healthcare 516
National Audit Project 362
National Burn Repository Report 301
National Digital Health Mission 531
National Emergency Laparotomy Audit 323
National Health Authority 531
National Health Policy 583
National Health System 702
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 720
National Institute of Care and Excellence 741
National Institute of Health 706, 718, 741, 813
National Medical Commission 490
National Surgical Quality Improvement Project 322
Natriuretic peptides 234, 324
levels of 237
Natural killer cell 66
Natural language processing 310, 645, 646
Nausea 288, 379
postoperative 285
Naxitamab 369
Necrosis 370
factor alpha 753
Needle stick injuries 470
Negative predictive value 308
Negative pressure pulmonary edema 100
Nelarabine 369
Neostigmine 757
Nephrology 133, 483
Nephropathy 551
contrast-induced 556t
contrast-related 555
Nephrotic syndrome 154
Nephrotoxic agents 598
Nephrotoxic drugs 412, 555
Nephrotoxicity 412, 413
Neratinib maleate 369
Nerve
compression 88
impulses, transmission of 148
Net ultrafiltration, poor control of 619
Neuroblastoma 369
Neurocritical care 180
Society 184, 185
Neuroendocrine tumors 369
Neurokinin-1 receptors 751
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 561
Neurologic abnormalities 374
Neurological monitoring 504
Neurological parameters 504
Neurological signs 276
Neuromonitoring tools 504
Neuromuscular blockade 812
Neuromuscular blocking agents 512
Neuromuscular junction 342, 353, 355, 364
Neuromuscular paralysis 405
Neuron specific enolase 186
Neuronal death 191
Neuronal dysfunction 191
Neuroparalytic snakebites, dosage for 354
Neuropathophysiology, role in 753
Neuropathy, peripheral 370
Neuropsychiatric interventions 754
Neurosurgical intensive care unit, analgosedation in 171, 172
Neurotoxicity 355
Neurotransmitter depletion 190
Neutropenia 73, 370, 405, 412, 413
Neutrophil 38, 48
count, absolute 375
dysfunction 38
extracellular traps 38
gelatinase-associated lipocalin 163
lymphocyte ratio 797
numbers 38
Neutrophilia 714
Neutrophilic leukocytosis 429
New onset refractory seizures 190
Nicardipine 348
Nicotinic symptoms 343
Nifedipine 348
Nilotinib 369
Niraparib 369
Nitric acid 296
burn 299
Nitric oxide 4, 18, 552
inhaled 399, 790
synthase 191
inhibitor 173
synthesis, reduced 800
Nitrogen, alveolar minute ventilation of 9
Nitroglycerin 609
Nivolumab 369
N-methyl-D-aspartate 190, 338
Nodular consolidation 788f
Noise level 492t
Nonamplified nucleic acid 76
Nonartifactual electrical activity 640
Noncommunicable diseases, management of 450
Nonconvulsive seizure 182
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus 182, 189, 193
diagnosis of 192fc
Nondihydropyridines 250
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 383
Nonhypotension 316
Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation 364
Noninvasive technique 558
Noninvasive ventilation 83, 84, 87, 99, 106, 108, 203, 204, 211, 345, 395, 405, 575, 629, 709, 736, 775, 779, 802, 812
support 203
Nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, symptom of 593
Nonrebreather mask 88, 364
Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction 807
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 380, 555
Noradrenaline 19, 240, 609
Norepinephrine 19
uptake inhibitors 348
Normal tissues, disruption of 539
Normocarbia 330
Normocytic anemia 429
Normoxia 330
Nosocomial infection 51, 300
N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide 724, 776
Nuclear factor kappa B 18
Nucleic acids 75
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 417
Nucleotide sequences 412
Nursing delirium screening scale 198
Nutrition 201, 214217, 276, 401
Nutritional support 130, 217
O
Obesity 106, 107, 108t, 216, 235, 363
classification of 216t
impact of 106
paradox 108
Obidoxime 345
Obinutuzumab 369
Obstetric critical care 609
Obstruction 363, 723
Obstructive shock 314, 808
Obstructive sleep apnea 33, 106, 108, 241, 326, 493
Occult bleeding 535
Ofatumumab 369
Ogilvie's syndrome 594
Ohtahara syndrome 189
Olaparib 369
Operation theater 575, 586
Opioids 398
Opportunistic infections, prevention of 425
Optic nerve sheath diameter 278, 599
Oral bleed 539
Oral corticosteroid 144
Oral hypoglycemic agent 764
Oral mask 94
Organ donation 624
Organ dysfunction 64, 136
development of 673
immune mediated 35
signs of 608
Organ procurement 600
Organ specific malignancies 369t
Organ transplant 397, 767
Organisms, multidrug-resistant 302
Organophosphate 342, 348
Organophosphorus poisoning 344f, 346
Organ-supportive therapies 513
Origin bacteremia 403
Oronasal mask 95
Orotracheal intubation 84
Orthotopic heart transplant 397
Oseltamivir 414
carboxylate 414
Osimertinib 369
Osmolality 156
Osmotherapy 277
Osmotic demyelination syndrome 382
Osmotic therapy 598
Ovarian epithelial cancers 369
Oxidation 296
Oxime 345
Oxygen 512, 682t
consumption 9
content 627
flow rate 365
flux 25
pressure of 25
supply failures 636
therapy, conventional 326
toxicity 128
Oxygen delivery 135, 628f
methods for 811
site of 98
Oxygen saturation 364
impact of 811
poor 812
Oxygenation 12, 91
index 91, 92
monitors 507
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve 103f
P
Pacemaker, temporary 513
Packed red blood cell 225, 388
Pain 370
abdominal 88, 541f, 563
acute 547f
postoperative 130
Palbociclib 369
Palla sign 115
Palliative care 327, 483
receive 602
Palpitations 555
Pamidronate 383
Pancreas 563, 563f
Pancreatic cancer 369
Pancreatitis 216, 762
acute 537, 542f
Pancytopenia 387
Panel reactive antibody 790
Panitumumab 369
Panobinostat 369
Paracellular migration 752
Paracentesis, abdominal 512
Paracetamol 597
overdose 596
Parainfluenza 404
Paralysis 779, 782f
Paralytics 644, 812
Paranasal sinuses 565
Parasternal short axis 118
Parechovirus 373
Parenteral nutrition 210
role of 211
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria 359
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 359
Parvovirus 373, 417
Passive leg raising
maneuver 506, 740
test 143
Patent foramen ovale 558
Patient support system 585
Pazopanib 369
Peak expiratory flow rate 108
Pediatric intensive care 504
Peg interferon 416
Peiperazines 337
Pelvic abscess 535
Pembrolizumab 369
Penciclovir 414
Penetrating injury 291
Penicillin prophylaxis, post-transplant 404
Penicillins 70
Pentazocine 337
Pentraxins 49
Percutaneous coronary intervention 230
Percutaneous drainage 536
Percutaneous ventricular assist device 614
Perfusion pressure, maintenance of 725
Pericardial effusion 565f
Pericardial tamponade 33
Pericardiocentesis 559
Pericarditis 768
constrictive 241
Pericardium 565, 771
Peri-engraftment respiratory distress syndrome 402, 403
Peri-intubation
complications 102
intravenous fluids 102
management 102
Perinephric collection 45
Periodic epileptiform discharges 180
Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges 180
Perioxygenation 363
Perisplenic collection 564f
Peristalsis, visualization of 564
Peritoneal cancers, primary 369
Peritonitis 154
Personal data protection bill 587
Personal protective equipment 438, 452, 467, 575, 773, 779, 804
donning and doffing of 470t
use of 470
Pertuzumab 369
Pesticides 348
Pexidartinib hydrochloride 369
Pfizer 716
biontech vaccines 699701
Phagocytosis 39, 45
Pharyngitis 370
Phenylephrine 20
Phenytoin 348
Pheochromocytoma 561, 562
Phosphatase kinase deficiency 359
Phosphate 214
Phosphodiesterase 240
Phospholipase A2 733
Phosphorus 299
Physical fatigue 474
Pindolol 348
Piperacillin 44, 71
Plane systolic excursion 806
Plasma
creatinine 551
cytokines, levels of 35
exchange 423, 599
free cortisol levels 262
high ratio of 294
high volume 599
total cortisol levels 262
volume 154
Plasmapheresis 619, 620f, 790
Plasmin cleaves 728
Plasminogen 727
activator inhibitor 728
activator receptor 49
Platelet 375, 387, 745
count 386, 728, 807
dysfunction 292
transfusion 388
Platform trial 657, 658
Pleural effusion 115, 405, 536
Pleural pressure 14
Pleuritic chest pain 114
Pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis 130
Pneumocystis jirovecii 400, 695
pneumonia 255, 259
Pneumocyte hyperplasia 789f
Pneumomediastinum 405
Pneumonectomy 788f, 789
Pneumonia 58, 75, 92, 115, 120, 257, 259, 300, 403, 404, 607, 736
community-acquired 236, 255, 562, 664
cryptogenic organizing 402, 403
healthcare associated 300
organizing 337
prevention, ventilator associated 464
severe 90
severity index 236
ventilator associated 56, 205, 220, 561, 575, 803
Pneumonitis
acute interstitial 403
hypersensitivity 340
Pneumopericardium 405
Pneumothorax 115, 507
Poikilocytosis 386
Point-of-care 561
electroencephalography 177, 178
utility of 178
ultrasound 118, 561
Poisoning, acute 347
Polyangiitis 428
nodosa 424
Polycyclic antidepressants 348
Polycythemia 681
Polyethylene glycol 757
Polymerase chain reaction 73, 76, 688, 694, 696, 750, 785
Polymorphic delta activity 180
Polymyxin 44, 62, 63
Polyspike 179
Polytrauma 281, 282, 285, 286
management of 283
Polyurethane 536
Polyvalent antisnake venom, composition of 353
Polyvalent antivenoms 352
Polyvinyl alcohol particles 540
Ponatinib
dose of 667
hydrochloride 369
Portopulmonary hypertension 393, 394
Posaconazole 696
Positive end-expiratory pressure 32, 83, 90, 95, 106, 107, 126, 240, 275, 326, 399, 598, 505, 678, 725, 807
use of 100
Positive predictive values 308, 695
Positive pressure ventilation 32, 32f, 102, 124
Postanesthesia care unit 774
Postcardiac surgery 316
Post-coronavirus disease 2019 773
complications 477
fibrosis 736f
neuropsychiatric complications 752
pneumatocele 736f
pulmonary syndrome 718, 733
syndrome 735, 748750
vaccine complications 699
Postexposure management 471
Postexposure prophylaxis 471
Postextubation stridor 258, 259
Postintensive care syndrome 195, 196, 196t, 197, 435437, 780
effects of 437t
prevention of 437t
Post-intensive care unit 463
Post-lung transplant 86
Postpneumonectomy 631
Postresuscitation care 330
Post-splenectomy state 43
Postsurgery bleeds 539
Postsynaptic toxicity 355
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome 719
Postural tachycardia syndrome 247
Potassium 138, 214
permanganate 296
Potential cardiotoxic substances 348
Potential energy 29
Potential heart donors, management of 398
Pralatrexate 369
Pralidoxime 344
Pre-coronavirus disease 686
Prednisolone 256, 257, 383
Prednisone 256, 259
Preeclampsia 814
Pregnancy 145, 608, 767, 811
acute fatty liver of 598, 608
Preoperative computed tomography 788f
Preoxygenation 84, 326, 327, 365
conventional methods of 326
Pressure 11, 27
abdominal 31, 32
bags 513
flow relationship 30
induced injuries 104
reactivity index 5, 278
sores 88
support ventilation 98
volume 25
Presynaptic toxicity 355
Presyncope 297
Primary graft dysfunction 128, 129, 400, 631, 791
grading of 129t
Procalcitonin 48, 74, 387, 405, 616
Progressive organ dysfunction 67
Proinflammatory cytokines 48, 173, 728, 746, 797
Prophylactic fluoroquinolones 403
Prophylaxis device 502
Propofol-related infusion syndrome 781
Propranolol 348
Prostaglandins 552
Prostate cancer 369
Prosthetic valve 359, 387
Protection, duration of 701
Protein 75, 209
denaturation 296
kinase-1 709
reactive 785
Prothrombin complex concentrate 294
Prothrombin time 293, 728
Proton pump inhibitors 219, 750
Protoplasmic toxins 296
Pseudoaneurysm 544f
surgical repair of 559
Pseudocysts 563
Pseudohyponatremia 157
Pseudomonas 790
aeruginosa 55, 76, 77, 300, 301, 695
Psychiatric domain 196, 197
Psychosis 753
Public health 440
Public Health System 449f
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 404
Pulmonary artery 682, 722, 723, 807
catheters 129
coupling 722
hypertension 398, 722
level 566
occlusion pressure 144, 506
pressure, reduction of 724
systolic
flow 116
pressure 398
Pulmonary aspergillosis 692696
Pulmonary capillary
blood flow 11, 12, 13
wedge pressure 229, 239, 399
Pulmonary complications, postoperative 322
Pulmonary diastolic pressure 506
Pulmonary edema 115, 129, 203, 235, 289, 402, 505, 555
risk of 145
severe 613f
Pulmonary embolism 114, 118, 118f, 125, 513, 540, 561, 565, 629, 631, 673, 730
classification 114t
Pulmonary endothelial vessel 125
Pulmonary fibrosis 402
Pulmonary function test 324, 398, 403, 736
Pulmonary heart 239
Pulmonary hemorrhage 620
Pulmonary hydraulic load 723
Pulmonary hypertension 104, 125, 130, 236, 398
Pulmonary infections 380
episodes of 402
Pulmonary perfusion 126
Pulmonary renal syndrome 258
Pulmonary shunt 11, 13
Pulmonary syndromes, types of 104
Pulmonary vascular
permeability index 809
resistance 124, 239, 506, 682, 722
Pulmonary vasculitis 631
Pulmonary vasodilators 126
Pulmonary vasomotor tone 723
Pulmonary vein flow, obstruction of 130
Pulmonary velocity acceleration time 118
Pulse
contour cardiac output 26
index continuous cardiac output 394
oximeter 506
pressure variation 29, 139, 740
volume variation 139
Pulseless electrical activity 632
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia 632
Purpura, post-transfusion 288
Pyrexia 812
Pyridostigmine 342
Q
qSOFA score, modified 608t
Quadriparesis 343
Quick glance and initial assessment 651
Quinine 348
R
Radiation pneumonitis, acute 402, 403
Ramsay sedation scale 172, 172t
Ramucirumab 369
Randomized controlled trials 107, 161, 162, 217, 219, 243, 256, 276, 326, 653, 657, 664, 670, 704, 734, 746, 764
Rapid deterioration 678
Rapid intermittent bolus 158
Rapid response teams 462
Rapid sequence induction intubation 103, 326, 364, 365
Rashes 370
Recombinant human erythropoietin 801
Rectus sheath hematoma, large 541f
Recurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation 193
Red blood cells 225, 286, 385, 401
Refeeding syndrome 214
Refractory status epilepticus 190
nature of 190
treatment of 193
Regional medical board 603
Regorafenib 369
Rehabilitation 401
quality of 623
Reintubation, prevention of 84
Remdesivir 415, 813
Remifentanil pharmacokinetics 172
Renal arterial stenosis 398
Renal disease 69, 386
preexisting 551
Renal dysfunction 400
Renal failure 234, 549
acute 66, 327
Renal function 149
Renal insufficiency 416
Renal replacement therapy 144, 149, 161163, 166, 349, 360, 500, 598, 618, 619
timing of 161
Renal transplant 613
Renal tubules 379
Renal vascular resistance 144
Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system 20, 149, 255, 761
Respiration 274
Respiratory diseases 215
Respiratory distress 402, 405
syndrome, pseudo-acute 121
Respiratory failure 104, 196, 203, 209, 237, 628
acute 628
acuter 96
severe 627, 629, 631
types of 96
Respiratory high-dependency unit 405
Respiratory management 400
Respiratory mechanics 505f
Respiratory paralysis 343
Respiratory parameters 90
Respiratory pathogens, coinfection of 716
Respiratory physiology 107f
Respiratory rate 13, 9092, 95, 100, 364, 681
Respiratory support 780f
Respiratory syncytial virus 404, 414, 415, 710
Respiratory system 297, 562
Respiratory therapist 529
Respiratory tract 55, 57
infections 73
Resuscitation 142, 319, 361
cardiopulmonary 243, 330, 352, 524, 613
initiation of 293
Reticular activating system 723
Reticulocyte count 360
Reticuloendothelial system-mediated hemolysis 359
Retinitis 370
Revascularization procedure 673
Rhabdomyolysis 135, 353
Rheumatic diseases 428, 428b, 450
Rheumatoid arthritis 428, 431
Rheumatologic emergencies 258, 259
Rhodotorula 689
Ribavirin 416
Ribociclib 369
Ribonucleic acid 409, 705
Richmond agitation sedation scale 174, 779
Right atrial pressure 30, 102, 506
Right atrium 3032, 559
Right buccal malignancy 545f
Right bundle branch block 115
Right heart 124
failure 32, 400, 724
Right ventricle 23, 31, 32, 239, 559, 683, 722, 726
abnormalities 242
dysfunction 116f, 723
pathophysiology of 723f
failure 722
shape 115
size 115
Right ventricular
assist device 232, 241, 803
dilatation 115
ejection fraction 117
failure 364
strain, echocardiographic signs of 115
Rigid bronchoscopy 365
Riker sedation agitation scale 172
Ringer's lactate 158
Ripretinib 369
Ritonavir 658
Rituximab 360, 369, 424, 426, 430, 431
Romidepsin 369
Room control, negative-pressure 474, 474f
Rotational thromboelastometry 293
Round hypoechoic ring 564
Rox score 91t
Rucaparib 369
Rupture diverticular abscesses 536
Russell's viper 352, 353
Ruxolitinib 369
S
Saccharides 75
Saccharomyces cerevisiae 686
Sacituzumab 369
Safe apnea time 326, 328
Salicylate intoxication, acute 349
Saline, normal 136, 158, 394
Salivary cortisol levels 262
Salt and loop diuretics 381
Salvia divinorum 337
Salzburg electroencephalography criteria 192fc
Sarcomere tension 506
Saw Scaled Viper venom 353
Scedosporium 695
Schistocytes 360
Scleroderma 428, 430
renal crisis 258, 424, 425, 430
Seasonal influenza viruses 716
Seattle International Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Consensus Conference Management 276, 277fc
Secretory immunoglobulin A 593
Sedation 276, 364, 779
level of 780f
management 130
microcirculatory effects of 783
practices 107
Sedative 512
choice of 198
hypnotic toxidrome 338
Seizure 188, 297, 781
electrographic 181
generalized electrographic 181
persistence of 190t
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 754
Semiology 189
Sepsis 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 48, 6466, 73, 74, 102, 125, 150, 152, 196, 214, 236, 279, 375, 425, 607, 619
abdominal 150
campaign, surviving 256, 608
control of 599
detection of 74
epidemiology of 73
induced coagulopathy 730
induced immunosuppression 46
maintenance of 35
management of 130, 464, 608, 609b
markers of 74
neonatal 65
obstetric risk factors for 607b
pregnancy-associated severe 607
severe 73, 136
Septic arthritis 44, 258
Septic shock 18, 66, 141, 153, 236, 255, 259, 314, 316, 607
four phases of 141
management of 255
physiology of 18
treatment of 666
Septicemia 451
gram-negative 431
Sequential organ failure assessment 236, 744, 812
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor 754
Serratia 790
marcescens 77, 301
Serum
albumin 153
normal 152
cortisol 262
creatinine 161, 162
preoperative 322
electrolytes 339
ferritin 375
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase 701
glutamic pyruvic transaminase 701
haptoglobin 360
ketones 339
lactate dehydrogenase 360
osmolality 156
triglycerides 375
Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome 83, 124
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 440, 618, 682, 692, 694, 696, 743, 749, 761
coronavirus 1 704, 714
coronavirus 2 67, 282, 415, 509, 594, 678, 679, 692, 699, 704, 705, 710, 714, 718, 722, 753, 758, 786
antibodies 700
impact of 571
pandemic 477
ribonucleic acid 704
vaccine 701
virus 595, 709
coronavirus symptoms 758
Shock 120, 291, 292, 310, 352, 353, 524, 673, 806
assessment of 507
cardiogenic 25, 229, 242, 244, 397, 631, 807
circulatory 314
distributive 314, 808
etiologies of 807t
hemorrhagic 286, 292, 314
hypovolemic 809
prediction of 315
type of 806f
Short bowel syndrome 216
Shunt
blood flow 12
classification of 11t
effects of 12
Sickle cell
anemia 359
disease 767
Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition system 57
Sildenafil 240
Silicone 536
Sinopharm 716
vaccine 701, 716
Sinus rhythm, normal 247
Sinus tachycardia 247, 248, 250, 343, 608
causes of 248
chronic nonparoxysmal 247
complex pathophysiology of 248fc
major causes of 248t
treatment of 249
Sinusogram, complete 565
Sirolimus 406
Skin 58, 297, 370, 564, 564f
cancer 369
erosions 97
fibrosis of 430
wounds 57
Sleep disorder 95
Slow continuous ultrafiltration 745
Slow low-efficiency dialysis 349
Small cell lung carcinoma 381
Small vessel thrombosis 756
Smart health 508
Smart intelligent
bedside monitoring and infusion pumps 504
monitors 505
Smart pumps 509
Smear, peripheral 386
Snowball effect 451
Society for Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 154
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine 145, 813
Society of Critical Care Medicine 171, 197, 215, 261, 479, 515, 779
Society of Thoracic Surgeons Mortality Risk Score 323
Sodium 138
bicarbonate
infusion 345
intravenous 552
deficit 157
fractional excretion of 156
hypochlorite 296
levels 381
Sofosbuvir 417
Soft tissue 564
edema 564f
sarcoma 369
swellings 566
Solid organ transplantation 43, 412, 630t
Solid tumor 369, 630t
Sonographic murphy sign 563
Sorafenib 369
Spherocytosis, hereditary 359
Sphingomonas 790
Splenic abscess 536
Splenomegaly 374, 375
Spontaneous breathing
absence of 638
trials 83, 107, 236
Spontaneous circulation, return of 330
Spontaneous pneumothorax 405
Sputnik V 700, 716
Sputnik vaccine 701
Sputum positive tuberculosis 460
Staphylococcus aureus 35, 44, 55, 61, 301
Starling's curve 512
Statistical quality control 515
Status epileptic severity score 193
Status epilepticus 188, 189b, 193
classification of 188
electrographic 181
super-refractory 190
ST-elevation myocardial infarction 616, 771
Stem cell
intestinal 593
transplantation therapy, role of 45
Stenotrophomonas 790
maltophilia 77, 301
Sterile salt water 699
Steroid 255, 257, 276, 406, 430, 733, 767
trials, meta-analysis of 734
types of 259
use of 737
Stills disease, adult-onset 801
Stomach cancer 369
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome 66
Streptococcus
pneumoniae 35
viridans 77
Stress 474
cardiomyopathy 279
disorder, post-traumatic 196, 269, 398, 753, 754
reaction, acute 269
relief 720
symptoms, post-traumatic 753
ulcer prophylaxis 130, 219
Stroke 544
acute 544
acute ischemic 237
anterior circulation 546
ischemic 6
volume 23, 44, 137, 312, 506, 722
graph of 24f
variation 29, 44, 139, 740, 808
work 27
Subarachnoid hemorrhage 6, 177, 182, 237, 274, 276, 548f
Subcutaneous emphysema 405
Subcutaneous insulin randomized controlled trials 765t
Subdural hematoma 274
Sulbactam 59, 62, 63
Sulfuric acid 297, 299
Sunitinib 369
Supraglottic airway device 269, 362, 365
Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage 278
Surgery 283
Surgical embolectomy 544
Surgical tracheostomy 366
Surrogates
outcomes 670
regarding prognosis 623
Sympathomimetic toxidrome 337
Syncope 297
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
classification of 381
management of 381
secretion 157, 374, 380, 380b, 380t, 381, 381fc, 382
treatment of 381t
Synthetic cannabinoids 337339
Synthetic cathinones 337
Synthetic depressants 338
Synthetic hallucinogens 337, 338
Synthetic stimulants 337, 338
Syphilis 288, 289
evidence of 409
Syringe pump 513
Systemic arterial disease 615
Systemic inflammation 596
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome 64, 596
Systemic lupus erythematosus 386, 424, 428, 429, 607
severe 424
Systemic mastocytosis 369
Systemic pressure 141f
Systemic toxicity 298
management of 298
Systemic vascular resistance 19, 23, 399
index 229
Systemic vasculitis, management of 423
Systemic vasoconstrictor therapy 154
Systolic blood pressure 26, 350, 506
Systolic heart failure 250
T
T cell 64
regulatory 39, 66
subgroups 65
Tachycardia 100, 288, 345, 555
Tachyphylaxis 779
Tachypnea 100
Tacrine 342
Tacrolimus 791
Tacrolimus-induced posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome 395
Takayasu arteritis 424, 431
Tamoxifen 369
Tandemheart 231, 615f
percutaneous ventricular assist device 614
Tandemheart system 241
Tazobactam 71
Teicoplanin 70
Tele-intensive care unit 464
Telemedicine 518
Telogen effluvium 719
Temperature 492
management, method of 333
monitoring 599
Temporal trends 798t
Temsirolimus 369
Tenofovir 416
Tetracycline toxicity 598
Thalassemia 359
Therapeutic drug 70
monitoring 61, 6971
interpretation of 69
Therapeutic interventions 484
Therapeutic plasma exchange 619, 746
Therapeutic strategies 743
Thrombin burst 292
Thrombocytopenia 370, 410, 430, 597
heparin-induced 387
severe 430
syndrome 701
Thrombocytosis 429
Thromboelastogram 276, 401
Thromboelastography 293
Thromboembolic complications 769
Thromboembolic disorder 731
Thromboembolic phenomena 771
Thromboembolism 704
Thrombolytics 512
Thrombophlebitis, superficial 566
Thromboprophylaxis 276
Thrombosis 43, 565, 727
vaccine induced 410
Thrombotic episodes 793
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura 359, 360, 375, 386
Thyroid
cancer 369
disorder, contrast-related 555
function tests 562
stimulating hormone 370
Thyrotoxicosis 561, 562
Tidal volume 13, 681
Tigecycline 59, 62, 63
Tissue
hypoperfusion 314
injury 292
severe 291
perfusion monitoring 507
target therapy 368
Tocilizumab 428, 431, 708, 787
Topicalization 364
Total body surface area 217, 300
Total face mask 94f, 95
Total intravenous anesthesia 171
Total iron-binding capacity 385
Total quality management 515
Toxic-free circulating heme 800
Toxicity 412414
chronic organophosphate-induced 343
Toxicology 335
Toxidrome 339, 344f
Tracheobronchitis 693
Tracheobronchomalacia 14
Tracheobronchoplasty 16
Tracheostomy 363, 775
percutaneous 363, 512
Traditional cardiac donor selection 398
Trametinib 369
Tranexamic acid 293
Transaminases-alanine transaminase 709
Transcellular migration 752
Transcranial Doppler 5, 278, 599, 640
Transcription polymerase chain reaction
repeat reverse 788
reverse 281, 776, 814
Transesophageal echocardiogram 328, 399, 775
Transforming growth factor 596, 737, 743
Transfusion therapy 360
Transient hyperemic response test 5
Transitional care units 476
Transmural pressure 23, 29, 30
Transpleural pressure 30
Transpulmonary pressure 29, 30
Transpulmonary thermodilution 144
Transthoracic echocardiography 558
Transtracheal infiltration 364
Transtubular potassium gradient 159
Transvalvular blood flow, assessment of 559
Trastuzumab 369
deruxtecan 369
Trauma 125, 153, 196, 513, 524, 539
endotheliopathy of 292
resuscitation 287
Traumatic brain injury 5, 6, 136, 153, 177, 273, 276t, 278, 279, 279t, 291
norphological classification of 274fc
Tretinoin 369
Triamcinolone 256
Trichosporon 686, 689
Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 116, 116f, 723
Tricuspid regurgitation 116, 116f
Tricuspid valve 559
Trimedoxime 345
Triphasic waves 181
Triple phase computed tomography 597
Tropomyosin receptor kinase 657
Troponins 114
Tryptamines 337
Tuberculosis 257, 259, 409, 429
drugs-resistant 404
extrapulmonary 255
Tubo-ovarian pathologies 562
Tucatinib 369
Tumor
cells 368
mutational burden 369
tissues 368
Tumor lysis syndrome 378, 379
Cairo and Bishop's definition of 378t
pathophysiology of 378, 379fc
prevention of 379
treatment of 379
Tumor necrosis factor 18, 36, 37, 173, 373, 424, 687, 705, 723, 743
alpha 710, 723, 728, 737
Tunneled central venous catheters 536
U
Ulcerative colitis 564
Ulcers 97
Ultrasonography 278, 363
contrast 560
conventional 560
scanning technique 117
Ultrasound 575, 597
Umbrella trials 657
United Nations Interventional Strategy and Disaster Reduction 267
Upper airway
cough syndrome 748
obstruction 366
Upper extremity veins 566
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 328
Upper respiratory tract infection 418
Urate crystals 379
Urea 382
Uric acid
fractional excretion of 157
nephropathy 382, 383
acute 382
oxidase 380
Urinary alkalinization 380
Urinary retention 545f
Urinary tract infection 52, 58, 73, 75, 300
catheter-associated 56, 166, 575
Urine 375, 429
cortisol 262
output, continuous monitoring of 166
toxicological screen 339
V
Vagus nerve 193
Valacyclovir 414
Valganciclovir 412
Valsalva maneuver 16
Vancomycin 45, 59, 70, 555
Vaptans 382
Varicella zoster virus 44, 301, 373, 414, 597
Vascular access 535
Vascular endothelial growth factor 368
Vascular endothelium 135
Vascular regulation 682t
Vascular smooth muscle cell 17, 723
Vasculitis 428
classification of 429f
diseases, severe primary 424t
management of
primary 423
secondary 424
treatment of 429
Vasoactive drugs 609
Vasoactive substances 723
Vasoconstrictors 239
Vasopressin 19, 240, 609
Vasopressor 126, 512
management 312
pharmacology of 18, 19
physiology of 18
selection of 19
Velpatasvir 417
Vena cava
inferior 137, 506, 741
superior 125
Venetoclax 369
Venous blood oxygen saturation, monitoring 226
Venous thromboembolism 293, 547, 731, 783, 797
Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 394, 613, 623, 627, 787, 803
Vent mask 97f
Ventilating pressures 125
Ventilation 9, 11, 86, 124, 281, 282, 474
associated pneumonia, incidences of 112
conventional 121
failure, complete 366
perfusion mismatch 677
strategies 608
Ventilator 506, 513, 583
asynchrony 100, 111
management 128, 275
mechanics 112
Ventricular assist device 230, 241, 614, 615
Ventricular fibrillation 330, 331
initial cardiac rhythm of 632
Ventricular function 23t
Ventricular interdependence 32
Ventricular tachycardia 102, 555
Vertebral arteries 640
Vesicant chemical warfare agents 299
Vessels, types of 429t
Video conferencing device 460
Viperidae 352
Viral enter neuropathy 756
Viral hemorrhagic fever 44
Viral hepatitis 289, 597
Viral infection 404, 409
prevention of 412
Viral pneumonia 87
Virus 301, 417
population, tracking of 716
protein component of 699
treatment for 412
Visceral leishmaniasis 410
Viscoelastic hemostatic assays 293
Vismodegib 369
Vital information, physiological 643
Volutrauma 128
Vomiting 89, 288, 379
postoperative 285
Voriconazole 71, 696
W
Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia 359, 360
Waveform capnography 104
Weak acid 148
Weakness 297
Wegener's granulomatosis 428
West syndrome 189
Whipple surgery 539f
White blood cell 386, 387
low 388
White phosphorus 297
Whole blood 286
clotting time 352
composition of 288
side effects of 288
transfusion
indications of 288
strategy 294
Withdrawal syndromes 781t
Working memory capacity 493
World Health Organization 342, 673, 709, 741, 773, 796
classification 106t
Worsening organ failure 36f
Wound infection 58, 301
Z
Zidovudine 471
Zinc
metabolism of 49
phosphide 348
Zoledronic acid 383
Zygomycetes 404
×
Chapter Notes

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Critical Care Update 2022
Critical Care Update 2022
Fourth Edition
Editors Deepak Govil MD EDIC FICCM FCCM Director, Critical Care Institute of Critical Care and Anaesthesia Medanta—The Medicity Gurugram, Haryana, India Dhruva Chaudhry MD (Medicine) DNB DM (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine) Professor and Head Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Rohtak, Haryana, India Rajesh Chandra Mishra MD (Medicine) FNCCCM EDICM FCCM FCCP FICCM FICP Honorary Consultant, Intensivist, Internist (Sleep Apnea) Khyati Multispeciality Hospital Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Subhash Todi MD MRCP Director Department of Critical Care Advanced Medicare and Research Institute Kolkata, West Bengal, India Foreword Deepak Govil
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Critical Care Update 2022
First Edition: 2019
Second Edition: 2020
Third Edition: 2022
Fourth Edition: March 2022
9789354656521
Printed at:
Contributors Foreword
Dear Friends,
As President of the ISCCM (2021–2022), it is my proud privilege to present to you the Critical Care Update 2022, on the occasion of the 28th Annual Conference, CRITICARE–2022 at Ahmedabad.
The COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be the ultimate acid-test for critical care professionals in terms of skill, knowledge, practice and above all improvizations in the face of limitations in resources and staff. Notwithstanding, our doctors rose to the challenge and did a fine job worth commending.
The objective and endeavor of the manual remain to enhance knowledge and strengthen clinical practice in critical care. The manual broadly covers depths of scientific topics over all major organ systems and global current critical care practices. It is styled to serve as a ready bedside reference guide to all practitioners of critical care medicine.
The chapters which are authored on wide evidence-based literature and knowledge, have been meticulously sifted, selected, and edited by experts in the discipline. The manual covers the full spectrum of critical care management and practice with contributions from experts in leading institutes across the country and abroad. The emphasis as always has been both on evidence and experience to make the manual more relevant and impactful to our young and upcoming critical care professionals.
I would like to extend my heartiest regards to the authors and section editors of the manual for their dedication and hard work in bringing together this invaluable reference text. A warm thanks to all members of staff of the ISCCM and M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, who have worked silently.
I hope that this manual benefits intensivists, postgraduate trainees, critical care residents, and all allied critical care professionals in strengthening their concept of critical care medicine, and they, in turn, are able to extend that benefit to the patients for whom they care—the ultimate goal and purpose of the manual.
Deepak Govil
President
ISCCM (2021–2022)
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Critical Care Update 2022 will be the 6th consecutive publication of this series which will be released during the Ahmedabad Annual Congress of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine in April 2022. This congress will be convened in person after a hiatus of two years. It is indeed commendable that the Society has continued to pursue its traditional academic activities and could bring about this edition of the update book during the pandemic with authors’ contributing even when hard pressed with clinical work. The digitization of the editorial process has been the highlight of this edition with manuscript submission, review by section editors and corrections by authors all happening seamlessly on a single platform. This process will certainly improve the content and quality of the journal as will be judged by the readers. The digitization process has also enabled timely publication and increase in number of chapters with new sections such as Applied Physiology, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, Medicolegal and COVID-related issues. Increasing the scope of the update book gives opportunities to induct more contributors increasing the scientific base of the society. Review of chapters by section editors who are experts in the field also maintains quality of the manuscripts submitted. The editorial board has been instrumental in selecting the chapters which are relevant to current clinical practice and will be of help to clinicians and trainees in critical care. We hope you enjoy the congress and happy reading.
Editorial Board
Critical Care Update 2022
Preface to the First Edition
Dear Friends,
New Year Greetings from the Editors of Critical Care Update 2019, the Annual Congress book of ISCCM. The latest edition of Critical Care Update will be released during the Silver Jubilee Conference of ISCCM to be held in Mumbai on 1st February 2019. Similar to previous two editions (2017, 2018) this edition comprises of 101 Chapters divided across 13 Sections with a coverage of all the major subspecialties of critical care. The ratio of chapter distribution is in keeping with the relative scientific work done in the respective field. ISCCM has allocated a substantial space to the Quality, Research and Organizational aspect keeping in mind the growing importance of these often neglected areas of critical care. Most of the chapter topics will be covered during the annual congress and will be a ready reckoner for the attendees. The topics have been carefully selected by the ISCCM National Scientific Committee and the contributors are mostly national and international faculty in the congress. Young talents in the field have been encouraged to contribute to the book and the trend will increase in future.
Best Wishes
Subhash Todi
Subhal Bhalchandra Dixit
Kapil Zirpe
Yatin Mehta