Principles and Practice of Assisted Reproductive Technology Kamini A Rao, Vyshnavi A Rao, Devi R
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abbe-McIndoe procedure 1098, 1099f
Abdomen 913
acute 466
computed tomography scan of 143
doughy feel of 466
Abdominal compartment syndrome 899
Abdominal mass 1075
presence of 375
Aberrant phospholipase C zeta 1515
Aberrations 115
Abortion 969
Act, regulations of 924
incomplete 500f
missed 1188
second trimester 1188
threatened 1188
Abruptio placenta 932, 1141
Abscess 121
Absolute uterine factor infertility 1055
Abulcasis 913
Acanthosis nigricans 531
Accessory gland infections, male 190, 314, 322, 359
Accessory sex gland 1249t
Acetamide 1139
Acetaminophen 575
Acetate 54
Acid
citrate dextrose 1046
media 1262
peptic disease 324
Tyrode's solution 1402, 1403f
Acid-fast bacillus 463, 468
Acidic alpha-glucosidase, function of 1249
Acne 369, 530
management of 536
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 307, 456
Acridine 1262
orange test 243, 1263
Acromegaly 142, 360, 363, 532
Acrosomal reaction 67, 240
Acrosome 1254, 1277, 1295
birefringence 1437
reaction 1343
zona induced 1247
Acrylic dilators 1097f
Activated partial thromboplastin time 757
Activated volatile organic compounds 1320
Activins 21
Acupuncture 761
Acute respiratory distress syndrome 894, 1197
Adalimumab 203
Addison's disease 135
Adenohypophysis 18
Adenomyoma 495
Adenomyosis 101, 413, 426, 493, 496f, 843, 1035
medical treatment of 428
severe 954
uterus 496f
Adenosine
monophosphate 1245
triphosphate 722, 1246, 1249
Adhesiolysis, hysteroscopic 611
Adhesion 76, 429, 572f
formation, postoperative 583
molecules 430, 1030
scoring system 606t
Adhesive molecules, altered expression of 831
Adipokines 225
function 224
physiological role of 224
role of 224
Adipose tissue 244f, 525, 1111
endocrine function of 224
mesenchymal stem cells 1120
Adnexa 501, 707, 1016
anatomy of 1196, 1197f
Adnexal mass 467f
size of 922fc
Adnexal tenderness 455, 466
Adnexal torsion 1196, 1197t, 1198, 1203
diagnosis of 1198
pathophysiology of 1198fc
risk of 1198
score for 1198t
Adoption 973
agency 975
domestic 974
kind of 974
open 974
procedure 976
regulations 975
regulations of 975
rules of 975
types of 974
Adrenal disorders 146
Adrenal steroidogenesis pathway 108fc
Adrenarche 119
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 17, 107, 108, 134, 146, 147, 362, 525
controls release of 17
Adriamycin 253, 253t
Adult respiratory distress syndrome 1196
Advanced air handling system 1498
Agenesis, acrosomal 1559
Agglutination 186
Air
conditioning system 1482f
exchange 1164
handling unit 1027, 1498, 1647, 1647f
injectors 1345
jacketed incubator, box type 1648, 1648f
pollution, episodes of 1498
purification unit 1498
Air bubble
formation 1506
position 786
Air quality 1163, 1482, 1511
monitor 1164f
Alanine 1444
Albumin 904, 1494
Alcohol 61
consumption 1513
Aldosterone synthase 108
Alfentanil 758
Allergic skin reactions 672
Allergies 184
Alopecia 369, 530
androgenic 530
management of 536
reversible 922
Alpha-fetoprotein 916
Altered sympathetic nervous system 525
Alzheimer's disease 888
Amantadine 339
Amenorrhea 130, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, 168, 464, 549, 575, 601, 914, 1118
classification of 130, 131b
evaluation of 131
exercise-related 170
hypothalamic 167, 289, 664
management of 135
pituitary causes of primary 124
secondary 132, 133, 134, 134t, 135, 1107
Amino acid 1443, 1495, 1496
concentration of 1355
essential 886, 1495, 1496, 1623
metabolism 1355
nonessential 1495, 1496
sequence 884
source of 1494
Aminoglutethimide 654, 669
Aminoglycoside 1495
Ammonium 1497
ions 1497
Amnionicity 1010
Amniotic cavity 1005, 1008f, 1011f
small 1016f
Amniotic fluid 1111
aspiration of 1210
Amniotic membrane 1120
Amniotic sac 1005, 1011f
Amoxicillin 1208
Amphetamines 535
Amphiregulin 1426
Ampulla 5, 913
Ampullary cells 1370
Amsel's diagnostic criteria 454
Anabolic steroid 306
abuse 360, 363
Anal sphincters, external 333
Analgesia 1325
patient-controlled 690, 761
Anastrozole 539, 654, 669
Androgen 29, 113, 150, 152, 474, 529, 691
binding protein 14, 54, 59, 328
dehydroepiandrosterone 109
dihydrotestosterone, stronger 525
evaluation of 812
excess 188, 519, 534
causes of 519
insensitivity syndrome 131, 169, 171, 308
mesterolone, modified 361
receptor 308
blocker 153
deficiency 184
resistance 360, 363
role of 30b
secreting tumor 532
supplementation 814
synthesis of 107
pathway 151
therapy 361
Androgenization, evidence of 325
Androgens, exogenous 376, 532, 691
Andrology 1233
tests 1238
Androstenedione 150, 534
peripheral aromatization of 521
Anejaculation 240, 335, 336, 355, 1515
management of 401
Anemia 931, 932
hemolytic 281
Anesthesia 757, 759, 766, 1036, 1325
drugs, safety of 761
epidural 761
resuscitation trolley 1155
techniques 758
Aneuploid 1472
cells 1416
embryos 1145, 1355, 1441, 1473
pregnancy 868
spermatozoa 1278
Aneuploidy 861, 1191, 1407, 1614
complete 878
embryonic 1327
lower incidence of 1451
origin of 861
partial 878
prediction of 1435
preimplantation genetic testing for 407, 1472
testing for 869, 879
Aneuploidy screening 861
results of 867
role of 861
Angelman syndrome 884
Angiogenesis 1021, 1030f, 1072f, 1081f
factors 1073f
Angiopoietin 1072, 1073
Angiotensin 107
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 315, 329, 345, 369, 583, 583f, 897, 1393
inhibitors 286, 292
Angiotensin-receptor blockers 292, 347
Anisotropy 1363
Anorchia 124, 305, 307
Anorexia nervosa 124
Anorgasmia
primary 339
secondary 339
Anosmia 124, 184
Anovulation 150, 167, 169, 519, 543, 668
causative factors of 171fc
causes of 168b, 170b, 171b
classification of 170fc
diagnosis of 167, 174fc
hypergonadotropic 173
hypoestrogenic 167, 664
hypogonadotropic 171
hypogonadal 167, 664
treatment of 167, 174fc
Anovulatory disorders 518
Antagonist 1128
cycle 1128
Antagonist protocol 737, 816
multiple-dose 679
protocol for 679
single dose 679
Anteflexion 6
Antenatal care 1214, 1216
Anterior pituitary venous complex 168
Anteversion 6
Antiandrogens 153, 536
Antibiotics 375, 778, 1208, 1495
intravenous 1201
use of 1495
Antibody 145
antiphosphatidylserine 833
development of 672
primary 1081
Anticancer treatment 253t
types of 253
Anticardiolipin 1020
antibodies 833
Anticholesterol medication 324
Anticoagulation 283, 284
therapy 907
Anticonvulsants 141, 324
Antidepressants 141
Antiepileptic drugs 289
impact of 289
Antiestrogens 172, 369, 666, 667
drugs 982
effects of 982
Antigen presenting cell 91
Antiglobulin reaction test, mixed 1246
Antihistamine 141, 365
Anti-Müllerian hormone 8, 24, 29, 44, 45, 49, 167, 195, 243, 250, 286, 329, 474, 475, 509, 521, 523, 524, 528, 534, 559, 560, 673, 674, 690, 700, 704, 715, 734, 735f, 736, 738, 752, 753, 793, 811, 830, 898, 905, 1039, 1075, 1093, 1129, 1143, 1324, 1394
role of 523
significance of 45
Antinuclear antibody 281, 1186
status 1186, 1188
Antioxidant 365–367, 547, 814
capacity, total 1244
therapy 814
Antiphosphatidic acid 833
Antiphosphatidylglycerol 833
Antiphosphatidylinositol 833
Antiphospholipid antibody 146, 279, 281, 833, 1188
syndrome 281–284, 284fc, 1020, 1022
Antipsychotics 141
drugs 324
Anti-Smith antibody 281
Antisperm antibody 190, 239, 243, 312
high titers of 1335
tests 1242, 1246, 1246fc
treatment of 363
Antithyroid medications 146
Antitubercular treatment 466, 468
Antral follicle
count 45, 193, 195, 243, 254, 474, 475, 559, 561, 659, 673, 674, 690, 707, 707f, 734, 738, 811, 830, 898, 905, 1035, 1129, 1223, 1231, 1324
high 473f
small 476f
Aorta 1056
Aplasia 131
Apoptosis 386
Apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis of 92f
Apoptotic spermatozoa 1279f, 1284
elimination of 1292
Applebaum's uterine scoring system 713, 713t
Arachnoid cyst 121
Arcuate uterus 418f, 491
three-dimensional ultrasound of 492f
Aromatase 131
enzyme 23
Aromatase inhibitors 172, 369, 428, 539, 654, 666, 669, 670, 742, 743, 747, 818, 901, 904, 1137
classification of 669t
generations of 654t
Array comparative genomic hybridization 865, 867, 878, 1145
Arrhenoblastoma 150
Arterial blood
flow 1199
gases 905
Arthralgia 677
Artificial insemination 965
indications for 949b, 965
posthumous 950
Artificial intelligence 263, 1250, 1319, 1330, 1466, 1467fc, 1468, 1469, 1473, 1474
application 1469, 1470
architecture 1466
recent advances of 1468
tools 1467
Artificial neural network 1474
Ascites 466, 893
Asepsis 795
Asherman's syndrome 131, 137, 432, 464, 465, 470, 601, 611, 846, 954, 1040, 1107, 1119
Asparagine 1355
Aspermia 327, 374
Aspiration
cytoplasmic 1340
needle 767, 1325, 1326
pipette 1410
pressure 546, 768
pumps 1513
setup 767
Aspirin 202, 844, 844t, 845, 901, 1022, 1108
low-dose 813, 1108
methods of action of 1023fc
supplementation 293
triggered lipoxins 1023
use of 1148
Assisted ejaculation samples, preparation of 1275
Assisted hatching 429, 1401
contraindications of 1405
pitfalls of 1404
Assisted reproductive techniques 11, 56, 70, 161, 202, 228b, 272, 273t, 291, 365, 386, 407, 474, 571, 619, 635, 647, 690, 733, 797, 813, 843, 883, 885b, 887, 933, 939, 954, 970, 993, 999, 1033, 1035, 1135, 1154, 1158, 1189, 1242, 1261, 1293, 1319, 1358, 1380, 1399, 1407–1409, 1429, 1440, 1466, 1468, 1488, 1502t, 1525t, 1645
advanced 402
amendment rules 1159
and surrogacy rules, timeline of 1157
bank 956, 963, 964, 971, 1154, 1155, 1159
bill 963, 964, 966–968, 1157
clinic 963, 967, 1154, 1156, 1522, 1524
complications of 891
cycle 539, 721, 771
failure 833
guidelines 962
laboratory 1481, 1645, 1657
essential equipment of 1645
quality management in 1161
medical management in 1038
practice 1154
sex selective 943
procedure 765
regulation bill 959
role of 1191
rules 1154, 1157, 1158
team 964
treatment 820
use of 950f
Assisted reproductive techniques act 871, 939, 968t, 1525, 1157–1159, 1525
and Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 1488
Asthenospermia 374
Asthenozoospermia 188, 327, 399, 406, 620, 1237, 1257, 1279, 1444
complete 1257
severe 1334
Asthma 1213
Atopobium 833
vaginae 454
Atresia 29
follicular 29
Atretic oocyte 1360f
corona cumulus 1535
Atrophy 4, 8
endometrial 465, 1119
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 679
Autism 888
Autoantibody 833
testing of 836
Autocrine substances 1459
Autoimmune 938
diseases 252, 1429
disorders 146, 1186
screening for 135
treatment of 1294
Autologous bone marrow derived stem cells, preparation of 1111
Automated volume calculation, sonography-based 708, 708f
Automatic fluid flow 1455
Autonomic nervous system 394
Autosomal dominant disorders 1407
Azithromycin 451, 452
Azoospermia 59, 59t, 211, 213, 327, 329, 354, 363, 374, 376t, 383, 406, 407, 949, 1275
borderline 328
classification of 310, 374, 374fc
clinical classification of 374, 374fc
diagnosis of 374
etiology of 376, 377t
evaluation 374
factor 60, 178, 190, 212, 213f, 310, 377, 381, 382, 407
hypergonadotropic 59
hypogonadotropic 59
management of 374, 383
severe 329
types of 375t
B
Back pain 655
Bacteria, detection of 838
Bacterial contamination 1329, 1515
hypothesis 565, 566f
Bardet-Biedl syndrome 310
Bariatric procedures, types of 232f
Bariatric surgery 232, 536
salient features of 232
Barker's hypothesis 223, 520, 999, 1000f, 1141
Bartoov criteria 1449f
Basal body temperature 159, 192, 705
chart 705f
Basal estradiol 715
Basal follicle-stimulating hormone 560, 715
Basal ovarian volume 195
Bayle's sign 11
Bayley-Pinneau tables 127
Beak sign 501f
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome 884, 886, 1362
Behçet's syndrome 251
Benchtop incubators 1132, 1165, 1484, 1485f, 1498, 1648
advantages of 1166
Bent neck sperm 187
Benzyl-alkyldimethyl chloride 1174
Beta-blockers 324
Beta-coronavirus 1212
Betadine 1174
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 447, 500, 794, 1201
Beta-lactam 1495
Betamethasone 1217
Beta-thalassemia 880
Bettocchi hysteroscope 595f
Bicarbonate
buffered media 1337
influx 67
ion 67
Bicornuate uterus 414, 419, 488, 490f
three-dimensional ultrasound of 489f
Bi-directional communication 1443
Biliopancreatic diversion 232
Biochemical pregnancy 1247, 1299, 1518
rates 1518
Biomolecules retention 1461
Biopsy 1411
adverse effects of 879
device 1485
easier, process of 1410
endometrial 159, 193, 455, 941, 1107
plate 1411
preparation of 1410f, 1412f
Biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate 1037
Bipolar affective disorder 888
Bipolar resectoscopic technique 425
Bipolar system 596
Bipolar tubal disease 446
Bipolar versapoint 596
Bird's nest appearance 503f
Birefringence 1257
effect 1432f
types of 1437
Birth
asphyxia 931
rates 774
Bisphenol A 528
Black-box models 1467
Bladder 1098f
dissection of 1078f
neck surgeries 324
Blastocele 70f, 881
cavity 1568f, 1640, 1642f
Blastocentesis 866
Blastocyst 70, 829, 830, 876, 999, 1113f, 1140, 1146, 1175, 1182, 1310f, 1331, 1370–1372, 1372f, 1373, 1373f, 1374, 1375, 1414, 1444, 1450, 1463, 1586t, 1589, 1596f, 1643f
applications 1473
cell numbers 1320
cryopreservation of 1374, 1637
development of 1615f
early 1568, 1585, 1586, 1594f
hatching of 1569f
evaluation of 1352, 1371
expanded 1568, 1585, 1586, 1590
freezing 1374
functional 830
glycerol for 971
herniates 1401
in vitrification solution 1639f, 1640f
media 1659
microscopic analysis of 1307f
mid-cavitating 1587f
morphological evaluation of 1371
morphology of poor quality 1372, 1594
normal 1371
potential of 1371
production 1284
scoring of 1354t, 1472
selection of 1371, 1473
static image analysis of 1472
transfer of 1370
nine 1371
vitrification of 1140f, 1637
warming 1640
Blastocyst biopsy 863, 864, 877, 880, 1411, 1414, 1472
advantages of 877
exclusive 879
Blastocyst cavity 1372
fluid 1375
Blastocyst conversion 1048
rate 1524
Blastocyst culture 70, 430, 776, 998, 1370, 1371, 1376
advantages of 1375
application of 1375
Blastocyst development 1461, 1471, 1473, 1496
failure of 1376
prediction of 1471
Blastocyst embryo 1355, 1375, 1472
transfer 1352
Blastocyst formation 69, 1371, 1413, 1424
rate 1462
Blastocyst in vitro 1370
development of 1377
Blastocyst stage 1141, 1351, 1354, 1359, 1371
embryos, application of 1472
Blastocyst transfer 839, 944, 998, 1328, 1375
limitations of 1375
success of 1352
Blastomeres 1342, 1352, 1410, 1412, 1414, 1662, 1662f
biopsy 864, 1410, 1502, 1662
junctions of 1366
loss of 1402
shrinkage 1632f
Bleeding 597, 601, 1200
excessive 794
intraperitoneal 1200
Bleomycin 253
sulfate 253
Blind vagina 134
evaluation of 134fc
Blood
cholesterol, high 530
group 915
investigation 466, 1293
mononuclear cells, peripheral 203, 786
products 1423
profiles, basic 1186
Blood flow
endometrial 713, 1035
impairment of 386
studies 334
subendometrial 1518
Blood pressure 292, 345, 532
high 369
Blood sugar
fasting 340, 343, 1020
random 340
Blood testis barrier 58, 58f, 59, 364, 1393
breakdown of 313
Blood vessels 761f
twisting of 1199
Body fat, assessment of 222
Body mass index 61, 152, 168, 171, 184, 221, 222, 222f, 223, 279, 295, 325, 368, 535, 635, 673, 734, 738, 742, 758, 793, 810, 898, 927, 944, 997, 1020, 1039
high 944
Bologna convention 196
Bologna criteria, criticism of 674fc
Bone
demineralization of 154
loss 660
mineral density 123
pain 655
Bone marrow 1072, 1120f
aspiration 1121f
derived mesenchymal stem cells 1118f
Bone morphogenetic protein 24, 29, 55, 67, 523
system 1323
Borate glass 1273
Borderline abnormal semen parameters 189
Bovine herpesvirus 1394
Bovine serum albumin 1282
Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1394
Box incubator 1484
types of 1166t
Bradycardia, first-trimester 1016
Braille pin actuation 1456
Brain
female 8
injury, traumatic 392
Breast 120
discomfort 654
examination 325
ovarian cancer 880
size, reduced 660
tenderness 668
Breastfeeding 1217
shorter duration of 222
Breath, shortness of 1213
Breathing 1374
Breg cells 201
Broad ligament 582
fibroid 507
Bromocriptine 142
Brompheniramine maleate 365
Buccal mucosa 1099
Bulbocavernosus reflex latency 334
Bulbourethral glands 9, 12, 14
Bull's eye 1353f
Bupropion 231
Buserelin 680, 697
C
Cabergoline 142, 362
Cadaver dissections 1073
Cadherins 79
Cadmium 386
Caffeine consumption 1513
Cairo consensus guidelines 1488
Calcium
channel blocker 292, 313
influx 67
infusion 901, 903
ionophores 1516
ions 1245
Calorie restriction 230
Cancer 48, 576, 1407
antigen 916
childhood 1038
endometrial 552
prognosis 265
Cannula 580
Cannulation techniques 598
Capacitation 67
Carbamazepine 151
Carbohydrate 1355, 1443
metabolism 1443
Carcinoma
endometrial 532
in situ 308
Cardiac septal defects 998
Cardiopulmonary disease 1213
Cardiotocography 1217
Cardiovascular disease 234f, 231, 519, 523, 530b, 884, 886, 1189
subclinical 530
Cardiovascular system 325
Carmustine 253
Carnitine 366
Carotenoids 366
Catalase 366
Catecholamines 19
control endocrine function of 20fc
Catheter
removal time 785
rotation 785
types of 647, 1174
Cavity depth, estimation of 783
Cefixime 452
Cefotetan 456
Cefoxitin 455, 456
Ceftriaxone 452, 455, 456
Cell 1382
chromosomes 207
culture
medium 1411
platforms 1455
cycle 207, 207f
phases of 208t
cytoplasm 207
death 1401
activation-induced 91, 92
division 207, 861, 1354
premature 1416
stages of 1356
endometrial 1046
free nucleic acid, assay of 1414
growth factors 1121
manipulation, stereomicroscope for 1412
metabolism, number of 1278
number 1410
organelles 1320
pellet, seeding of 1029f
Cellular activities 1443
Cellular assessment 1358
Cellular associations 55
Cellular casts 281
Cellular damage, mechanism of 251f, 252f
Cellular hypoxia 311
Cellular metabolism, nanoparticles of 881
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 364, 440, 440t
Central nervous system 121, 122, 171, 328, 759, 801
disorders 141
infections 121, 124
tumors 121
vascular malformation 121
Centrifuge 1155, 1651, 1651f
machine 1155
Cephalic portion 1008f
Cephalosporin 1208
Cerebral edema 596
Cerebral palsy 999
Cerebral radiotherapy 170
Cerebri grafts 1076
Cervical
agenesis 131, 414
atresia 136
biopsy 1041
cultures 1041
dilatation 775
factor 197
female 621
infertility 626
fibroids 582
funneling 1188
glands 1235
lacerations 597
lesions 492
motion tenderness 455, 1198
mucus 481, 482f, 654, 668, 706f, 778, 1235
assessment 705
myomas 426
pregnancy 917, 924, 1014
diagnosis of 917
Cervix 66, 465, 913
classification of 414
uncomplicated gonococcal infection of 452b
upper 1005
Cesarean delivery 784
greater risk of 222
Cesarean scar
pregnancy 917, 924
previous 913
Cesarean section, lower segment 1217
Cetrorelix 697
Charcot-Marie-tooth disease 48
Chelators 1495, 1496
Chemical depilation 153
Chemical pregnancy rates 1327
Chemical structure 667
Chemical zona 1401
Chemiluminescence 1243
Chemokines 78, 1118
Chemotaxis 1283
Chemotherapeutic agents 375
Chemotherapy 62, 121, 124, 171, 381, 1262
Chest surgery 988
Child abuse 977
Chinese hamster ovary 657, 658
Chiou classifications 387
Chi-square test 1223
Chlamydia 450, 966
antibody test 198, 440
infection 450
pneumoniae 450
trachomatis 191, 315, 364, 438, 450, 607
antibodies 1201
Chlorine 1174
Chlorotrianisene 653
Chlortetracycline staining 1247
Cholesterol 107, 1444
side-chain cleavage enzyme 111
Choline 1444
Choriocarcinoma 121
Choriogonadotropin receptor 25
Chorionic cavity 1005
Chorionic gonadotropin 76, 84, 86, 653, 723
receptor 86, 520
signaling pathways of 86fc
Chorionic villus sampling 125, 1004
Chromatin 1261, 1448, 1449
compaction 1449
condensed spermatozoa 1269, 1273
remodeling 57
structure 883
Chromium picolinate 548
Chromomycin 1264
Chromopertubation 441, 608
Chromosomal aberrations 1351, 1355
Chromosomal abnormalities 189, 308, 830, 1203, 1258, 1279, 1364, 1388, 1516, 1662
Chromosomal analysis 134
biopsy materials for 1414
methods of 863
Chromosomal disorders 998
Chromosomal inversion 880
Chromosomal mosaicism, effects of 1356
Chromosomal screening 1407
Chromosomal segment 1356
Chromosomal translocations 1093
Chromosome 47, 206, 1356, 1409, 1441, 1442, 1614
abnormal separation of 861
abnormalities 1384
bacterial artificial 210, 1442
basic structure of 206f
complement of 1238
comprehensive 1327
deletion of 209f
duplication of 209f
homologous 1362
inversion of 209f
length of 878
maternal deletion of 886
normal 1426
painting probes, partial 210
set of 55
status, assessment of 1409
structural anomalies of 216, 381
subunits of 206f
translocations of 209f
Ciliary dyskinesia, primary 310, 1257
Cimetidine 62, 324
Citrate buffer 1292
Citric acid, levels of 1444
Clavulanic acid 1208
Cleavage stage biopsy 877, 1410, 1441
advantages of 1411
limitations of 1411
Cleavage stage embryo 862, 876, 1175, 1352, 1364, 1371, 1373–1376, 1495
application of 1471
evaluation of 1352
scoring 1352t
Clindamycin 454, 454b, 455
ovules 454
Clip applicator 580
Clomiphene 172, 539, 670t, 692
isomers of 667t
resistance 668, 1149
Clomiphene citrate 160, 172, 194, 245, 538, 621, 623, 643, 644, 653, 654, 667, 670, 682, 736, 738, 742, 743, 747, 818, 1107, 1137
addition of 818
challenge test 193, 194, 559, 561, 811
failure 538, 654, 668, 670
Clonazepam 151
Clonidine 324
Coadjuvant therapy 283, 284
Coculture system 1496
Coda inline filters 1653, 1653f
Coda mini tower 1482f
Coda tower 1653, 1653f
Coenzyme
Q 692
Q10 548, 1223
Coital disorders 307
Coitus
freezing of 183
timing of 183
Cold 1213
chain maintenance 793
Collin's knife 601f, 602f
electrode 610f
Colloid 904
Colloidal microbeads 386
Colony stimulating factor 75, 81, 84, 85f
Combined oral contraceptive 427, 428, 571
pill 692, 1128, 1129
Comet assay 189
Comet test 1037
Comparable biochemical pregnancy 1518
Comparative genomic hybridization 210, 865, 877, 1022, 1323, 1355, 1409, 1440, 1441, 1518
array 1441
microarrays 1415
Competent certification bodies, traits of 1184b
Competitive binding assay 1248, 1248fc
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome 1094
Complete blood count 905, 1214
Complex lesions 504
Component cells, preparation of 1028
Compound microscope 1649, 1649f
Compound pentoxifylline 1257
Comprehensive chromosomal screening 835, 840, 867, 1407
Computational fluid dynamics simulation 1460f
Computed tomography scan 143, 222, 222f, 387
Computer-assisted
scoring system 776
sperm analysis 1242, 1246, 1247, 1250
Conception 239, 605, 1009
natural 998
products of 1020, 1024
rate per cycle 538
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
late-onset 545
nonclassical 151
Congenital anomalies 7, 222, 350, 364, 998, 1425
Congenital uterine
abnormalities 487, 487t, 492
diagnosis of 487t
anomalies 101, 413, 830
classification of 414
management of 418t
Conjoint twins 929, 1404
types of 930f
Conjugated equine estrogen 1137
Connective tissue
disease, mixed 281
growth factor 1109
Conscious sedation 758, 766
anesthesia, monitoring of 759
Consensus scoring system 1574t, 1586t
Continuous visual analog scale 785
Contraception, methods of 924
Controlled ovarian stimulation 24, 118, 158, 257f, 647, 659, 659f, 665, 673, 674, 682, 690, 704, 733, 735f, 736, 737, 750, 754, 799, 810, 813, 817, 956, 896, 946, 1047, 1193, 1323, 1344, 1511
cycles 158, 158f, 158fc, 159b, 162
Conventional sperm preparation techniques, limitations of 1275
Cooks catheter 779, 781f
Copy number variants 216
Corifollitropin alfa 1038, 1039f
properties of 1038
Corifollitropin delta 1038, 1039
Corifollitropin epsilon 1038, 1039
Corona radiata cells 67, 1457
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 315, 329, 1212–1214, 1216, 1217, 1219b, 1393, 1395
classification of severity of 1213
clinical features of 1213
disease 1033, 1213, 1219
effects of 315, 1213
home monitoring for 1216t
incidence of 1212
infection 316, 370, 685, 1035, 1213, 1214, 1219, 1393
management of asymptomatic 1216
management of mild 1216
moderate 1393
moderate to severe 1216
management of 1217, 1217b, 1218fc
pandemic 684, 1033, 1491
advent of 1050
postnatal care of 1217
precautions for 1214f
symptoms of severity of 1213
testing 1034
indications for 1213
transmission of 1219
vaccination 329, 1035, 1050, 1219
virus 1213, 1219
Corpora cavernosal bundles 987f
Corporal venous occlusive disease 342
Corpus cavernosum penis 9
Corpus luteal flow 484t
normal 483f
Corpus luteum 23, 156–158, 158f, 159, 502, 502f, 515f, 568, 799, 830
Doppler of 711, 711f
formation of 21, 156
function 895
physiology of 799f
premature destruction of 23
rescue 157
role of 800fc
Cortex, adrenal 108
Cortical granules, exocytosis of 68
Corticosteroids 151, 202, 283, 284, 548, 1217
indications for 1217
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 17, 19, 76, 84, 92, 147
secretion 525
Corticotropin-stimulation test 545
Cough 1213
Couples intending surrogacy, eligibility criteria for 969
Cowper's glands 12
Craniopharyngioma 121, 124, 170, 306
C-reactive protein 225, 905, 1186, 1187, 1198
Creatinine 899
clearance 899
Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease 655
Crohn's disease 252, 278, 287, 288
Crown–Rump length 1005
Cryocans 1486f
Cryoinjuries 1140, 1381
Cryopreservation 746, 1141, 1174, 1292, 1391, 1481, 1486, 1517, 1528, 1623
equipment for 1155, 1650
intraoperative 1294
method 1174
postoperative 1294
preoperative 1294
principle of 1623
procedure 1487
process of 1381
system, troubleshooting 796
technique 999, 1135, 1139, 1328
Cryopreserved tissue, management of 456
Cryoprotectants 1381, 1394, 1517, 1637
agents 1139, 1463
media 1634f
osmotic effects of 1381
remove 1381
types of 1381
Cryoprotective agents
cytotoxicity of 1388
minimizing toxicity of 1388
non-permeating 1388
permeating 1388
safety of 1388
use of 1387
Cryostorage 1396
Cryosystems 1395
Cryptorchidism 184, 305–308, 350, 352, 360
Cryptozoospermia 327
Crystalline pellet form 361
C-type natriuretic peptide 1426
Culture media 1494, 1659
quality control of 1490
types of 1659, 1659f
volume of 1170
Cumulus cell 30
apoptosis 1426
removal stress 1343
Cumulus oocyte
complex 30, 768, 814, 856, 859, 1280
transzonal projections, preservation of 1426
Cumulus oophorus 513f
complexes 546
mucification 724
Curvilinear path, linearity of 1250
Cushing's disease 146, 147, 360, 362
treatment of 362
Cushing's syndrome 134, 146, 147, 152, 154, 532
pathognomonic features of 147
Cycle pregnancy rate 645
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 30, 47, 48, 57, 63, 86, 87, 341, 367, 722, 844, 901, 903, 1108, 1195, 1245, 1434
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate 47, 341, 367, 395f, 397
Cyclin dependent kinase 27
Cyclooxygenase 33
inhibitors 49
Cyclophosphamide 62, 253, 281, 282
Cyclosporine 151
Cyproheptadine 339
Cyproterone acetate 124, 153, 536, 550
Cysts 502
epididymal 351
evaluation of 1036
follicular 501
formation of 195
functional 705, 714
hemorrhagic 502, 502f
Cystadenoma 568
Cystic dilatation, bilateral 357f
Cystic fibrosis 184, 190, 311, 378, 880, 1407
transmembrane conductance regulator 185, 213, 329, 376, 406, 409
gene 190
Cystic pattern, generalized 508, 509f
Cystitis, risk of 1097
Cytochromes P450 107
Cytogenetics 206
basics of 206
Cytokines 73, 76, 80, 102, 1030, 1121
role of 898fc
Cytokinesis 207, 1361
Cytomegalovirus 966
Cytoplasm 1340, 1360, 1410, 1425, 1533f
color of 1351
maturation 1434
Cytoplasmic anomalies 1470
Cytoplasmic extensions 1373
Cytoplasmic extrusion 1605
Cytoplasmic granules, exocytosis of 1421
Cytoplasmic movement 1471
Cytoplasmic organelles 1421
Cytoplasmic strings 1373, 1373f, 1596
Cytoplasmic vacuolation 1323
Cytosine adenine-guanine 240
Cytotoxic effects 1389
Cytotoxic therapy 251f, 252f
Cytotoxicity, risk of 1388
Cytotrophoblast 84, 90
extravillous 88
D
Dacarbazine 253
Dalteparin 280
Danazol 427, 570
Davydov's vaginoplasty, laparoscopic 136
D-chiro-inositol 526
de Leener's classification, modified 896t
De Quervain's disease 145
Dead spermatozoa 1292, 1387
Death, intrauterine 1426
Decidual cast 1005
Decidual natural killer cells 1021, 1021f
Deep venous thrombosis 127, 279, 1197
Dehydroepiandrosterone 108, 109, 119, 146, 668, 691, 813, 814, 1095
sulfate 134, 150, 150f, 172, 522, 529, 534, 545, 812
Dehydrogenases 112
Delta opioid receptor 22
Dendritic cells 88
Density gradient
method 1253
technique 1448
Density gradient centrifugation 1270, 1271f
advantages of 1271t
disadvantages of 1271t
Deoxyribonucleic acid 29, 35f, 56, 74, 189, 206f, 207, 239, 240, 250, 311, 314, 365, 367, 375, 386, 450, 466, 566, 655, 883, 884, 916, 920, 998, 1023, 1108, 1112, 1261, 1267, 1306, 1320, 1394, 1403, 1407, 1437, 1449, 1450, 1456, 1469, 1498, 1557, 1562
apoptosis 386
compaction 57
damage 311, 386
fragmentation index 56, 57, 228, 367, 368, 646, 1243f, 1562, 1562f, 1563f
Deoxyuridine triphosphate 189, 243, 1262
Dermatitis 922
Dermoids 504, 505f, 568
Desipramine 365
Destructive tubal surgery 446
Dexamethasone 548, 693, 1217
Dexmedetomidine 759
Dextran serum substitute 1388
Diabetes insipidus 634
Diabetes mellitus 59, 224f, 278, 292, 293, 340, 360, 362, 374, 529, 534, 535, 1023, 1035, 1040, 1213, 1294
gestational 291, 523, 939, 1062, 1188
type 1 293f, 294fc, 1039
type 2 294fc, 518, 530
Diacylglycerol 48, 68
Diagnostic test performance, analysis of 1229
Diamniotic twin 927f, 928, 1404
Diarrhea 1213
Diazoxide 151
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 61, 62
Dichorionic-diamniotic
placenta 928, 931f
twin 1010, 1012f
Diencephalon 306
Dienogest 427, 428, 570t, 575
Diethylstilbestrol 491
Different biopsy techniques
advantages of 864t
disadvantages of 864t
Diffusion weighted imaging 387
Digital optoelectronic sensor 1256
Dihydrotestosterone 119, 136, 150, 229
Diiodotyrosine 143f
Diluent solution 1382
Dimethyl sulfoxide 255, 971, 1139, 1381, 1388
Dimethylarginine, asymmetric 527
Dimethylxanthine theophylline 1245
Directly observed treatment, short-course 463, 469
strategy treatment 469
Disasters, natural 1491
Discoid rash 281
Disease-modifying agents 203
Distal obstruction 355
Distal seminal ducts, functional obstruction of 314
Distal tubal disease 439, 584
causes of 439t
surgery for 445
Distinct nuclear precursor bodies 1565f
Distorted pelvic anatomy, reconstruction of 605
Distorted uterine cavity, reconstruction of 609
Dithiothreitol 366
Dizygotic births 927
Dizygotic twins 930
Doderlein's bacillus 7
Dominant blastocyst cavity 1594f
Dominant follicle 540, 541, 682, 815
atresia of 23
growth of 46fc
selection of 30, 31
Domperidone 957
Donate oocyte 967
Donepezil 151
Donor 942, 946
cycle, legal implications of 948t
embryos 1157, 1159
factors 945
gametes 1155, 1159
hysterectomy 1059
insemination 275, 382, 620
investigations for 942b
medical examination of 1156
program 944
selection 941
sperm 949b
surgery 1041
Donor oocyte 820, 950
programs 1328
use of 938
Donor semen 965
insemination 949
samples 1293
Dopamine 19, 20fc, 230, 332, 521
agonists 142, 362, 666, 672, 903
Doppler angiogenesis 1089f
Dostinex 362
Double decidual sac sign 916
Double stimulation protocols 1048
Double tail sperm 187
Down syndrome 49
Doxorubicin 253
Doxycycline 451, 455, 456
Drawer incubators 1498
Drugs 1107
administration of 260
androgenic 691
antiepileptic 289
anti-hypertensive 292, 292t
anti-inflammatory 49
antipsychotics 324
dopaminergic 142, 335
effects of 62
Dual stimulation 818
protocol 818f
Dual trigger 723, 728, 819
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 222
Duchenne muscular dystrophy 48
Duct
system 364
transurethral resection of 12
Ductus deferens 11
Duplex protocol 683
Duplication cyst, diagnosis of 1076
Dydrogesterone 1148
Dye exclusion 186
method 1561
Dynamic infusion cavernosography 334
Dynamic voltage scaling 1508
Dynorphin 22, 118
Dysgenesis, management of 137
Dyslipidemia 530, 532
Dysmenorrhea 426, 427
Dyspareunia 333, 427, 466
deep 567
Dysphoria 992, 1208
Dyspnea 655
Dysregulation 521
E
Early pregnancy loss 222, 924, 1012, 1019t, 1185, 1322
diagnostic of 1014
risk of 1138
Eating disorders 158
Echocardiogram 905
Echogenic rim 1005
Ectoderm 1117
upper 1004
Ectogenesis 1042, 1043f
Ectopic endometrial growth, inhibition of 575
Ectopic pregnancy 841, 913, 913t, 914, 915f, 921fc, 924, 1013–1015, 1201, 1202
diagnosis of 1203, 1203f
estimated 1013
management of 447, 922fc, 1200t
pathophysiology of 1201, 1202fc
persistent 923
prevention of 919
risk factors for 914fc
sites of 913, 1201, 1202f
treatment 587
Ectopic sac 1203
Edema, peripheral 369
Eflornithine 154
Egg
sharing 275
transport 66
yolk 1291
Eight cell embryo 69, 1567f, 1580–1582, 1620f, 1631f, 1632f
Ejaculates, multiple 1293
Ejaculation 13, 333, 395, 401, 1261, 1267
failures 1515
neuroanatomy of 397f
neurophysiology of 397f
painful 356
parasympathetic outflow necessary for 398b
premature 333, 335
retarded 339
sympathetic outflow necessary for 398b
Ejaculatory disorders 335
Ejaculatory disturbances 332, 334
Ejaculatory duct 11, 355, 1294
calcification 356
cyst 356
dilation 357f
evaluation of 355
obstruction 12, 313, 328, 355, 376–378
transurethral resection of 377, 378
Ejaculatory dysfunction 183, 306, 324, 392, 394, 398
Ejaculatory organ 9
Elective frozen embryo transfer 999
Elective oocyte cryopreservation 263t
Elective single embryo transfer 631, 871, 931, 1413
Electrocardiogram 292, 766, 905
Electrocardiography 759
Electroejaculation 337, 338, 339, 400, 402, 1294
Electrolysis 153
Electrolytes 905, 907
imbalance 597, 893
Electron
paramagnetic resonance 1244
spin resonance 1244
Electronic medical record 1175, 1475
Electronic witnessing system 1486
Electrophoresis 213f, 1263
Electrophoretic method 1255
Electrophoretic sperm
separation 1049
sorting 1050
Electrospray ionization 1443
Elevated liver enzymes 922
Ellipsoid formula 1015
Embolotherapy 389
Embryo 76, 83, 87f, 226, 227, 834, 840, 878–880, 886, 887, 913, 992, 1005, 1007f, 1012, 1140, 1154, 1165, 1172, 1257, 1283, 1320, 1327, 1328, 1351, 1355, 1358, 1367, 1371, 1374, 1383, 1389, 1395, 1401, 1443, 1455, 1461, 1468f, 1474, 1475, 1494, 1497, 1583–1585, 1623, 1649
abnormal 1473
accumulation of 737
aneuploidy rate 1323
anomalous 1615f
assessment 1440
methods 1468
biopsy of 1306f
conditions of 1496
cranial end of 1007f
cryopreservation 256, 261, 283, 902, 982, 996, 1380, 1381, 1387, 1394, 1414, 1429, 1463, 1630
culture of 1371, 1376
delivery, subendometrial 775
development of 73, 1291, 1614f
donation 966, 1303
early development of 1005f, 1496
euploidy 1473
evaluation of 835fc, 835t, 1373, 1441, 1467
exposure of 1497
factors 830, 834
figure-of-eight configuration of 1404f
formation, low-grade 565
fragmentation 1516
freezing of 727, 971, 1387
frozen 1324, 1390
fundus distance 783
glue 841
good-quality 829, 1136, 1404
grading methods 1352, 1476
growth, nature of 1564
high-grade 818
images 1367
implantation of 429, 829, 830, 895, 1013, 1036, 1106, 1150, 1474
injection, speed of 786
invasion 76
loading techniques 782, 782f
manipulations of 1331, 1511
metabolism 1444
monitoring techniques, advanced 1466
morphological assessment of 1358
morphological evaluation of 1351, 1355
nature of 1329
number of 819, 1156, 1157, 1375, 1377
good quality 1325
percentage of 1171
placement 1329
ploidy 1328
preimplantation genetic testing of 876
preloading of 782
pronuclear stage 1471
requirement of growing 1497
retained 785
scoring 1570
selling of 971
supernumerary 1374, 1471
three-cell 1365f
time-lapse monitoring of 1050
transfer 1141, 1630
of multiple 1370
transplantation 1300
turns 1366
two-cell 69f, 1566f, 1575, 1576
utilization rate 830
viability 1444, 1516
vitrification of 737, 1140f, 1331, 1389, 1630
volume of 1584f, 1588f
Embryo biopsy 877, 1145, 1394, 1408, 1409, 1662
majority of 877
method 877
noninvasive methods for 1413
protocol for 1410
Embryo culture 886, 1132, 1174, 1459, 1461
media 1494
systems 795, 1494
novel 1319
Embryo development 866, 1257, 1323, 1345, 1376, 1422, 1424, 1434, 1450, 1457, 1497, 1498, 1511
normal 1564
stages of 1473
Embryo quality 775, 830, 839, 943, 1261, 1330, 1340, 1352, 1467, 1516
assessment of 1414
Embryo selection 776, 1146, 1468, 1471, 1474
methods of 1356
tool, superior 1443
Embryo transfer 202, 307, 429, 469, 470, 510, 513, 682, 717, 742, 759, 774, 775, 778, 784–786, 789, 794, 813, 816, 839, 841, 844, 914, 1010, 1031, 1032, 1037, 1106, 1146, 1158, 1174, 1300, 1319, 1328, 1329f, 1376, 1416
catheter 778, 1132, 1308f, 1329f, 1512, 1655, 1655f
components of 779
types of 778, 779t
depth of 783
difficult 784
double 996, 1474
factors affecting success of 775
interval 841
personalized 838fc, 1037
procedure 788fc
pump-regulated 784
selection process for 1355
stages of 1421
steps of 775, 776fc
stimulated cycle frozen 1137
techniques 782, 1319
terms of 1368
types of 774, 1655
ultrasound guided 841
Embryoblast 70
Embryogenesis 66, 68, 830, 885, 1368
stage 863
Embryology 3, 8, 1297
authority 871, 879, 942
laboratory 1034
complex 964
Embryonic development 883, 1498
rate 1374
Embryonic genome 1351, 1370
period of 1496
Embryonic implantation 76, 92
Embryonic morphology 1005
Embryonic proteome analyzation 1443
Embryonic stem cells 1043, 1116
characteristics of 1044f
Embryoscope 1486, 1487f, 1613f
Emission 13, 395
neuroanatomy of 397f
neurophysiology of 397f
parasympathetic outflow necessary for 398b
sympathetic outflow necessary for 398b
Empirical therapy 368
Empty follicle syndrome 726, 794, 855, 856, 859, 1514
classification of 855, 856t
management of 858fc
risk factors for 857
Empty sella syndrome 306
Encephalitis 121, 124
Encephalocele 121
Enclomiphene 667, 682
Endocrinal disturbances 350
Endocrine 76
abnormality 1020
axis, male 328f
disorders 140, 148, 359, 1429
disrupting compounds 148
disturbances 284, 364
dysfunction 289
evaluation 375
factors 1020
profile 59
signals 84
strategy 844t
tissues, oxygen uptake of 1069t
Endocytotic origin 1362
Endoderm 1117
lower 1004
Endometrial breakdown 37fc
menstrual phase of 34, 37
phases of 34, 37
Endometrial calcification 500, 501f
Endometrial cavity 481f, 488, 491f, 497f, 794
Endometrial diseases 1117
Endometrial flow indices 714f
Endometrial gene expression, assessment of 1027
Endometrial gland isolation 1029f
Endometrial markers 159
Endometrial maturation 98f
abnormal 420
Endometrial microbiome metagenomic analysis 100
Endometrial microbiota 833, 838
role of 100
Endometrial micro-rejuvenation 1112, 1113
Endometrial pinopods 1402
Endometrial preparation 943, 1136, 1138, 1422
Endometrial protein, progesterone associated 82
Endometrial receptivity 97, 101, 831, 832, 837t, 842, 1313
analysis 429, 837, 838
array 100, 787, 1036, 1037, 1313, 1517
role of 1047
factors affecting 830, 831f, 834
markers of 100, 711t
pathology of 837fc
testing for 836
Endometrial receptor array 1027
Endometrial regeneration 1107, 1120
proposed mechanism of 1119
Endometrial rejuvenation 1106, 1111, 1112
cell-based therapies for 1109
methods of 1107, 1108t
principles of 1107
Endometrial scratch 430, 845
Endometrial synechiae 241
Endometrial thickness 708, 711, 712t, 713, 716, 944, 1108
Endometrial transcriptomics 100
Endometrial vascular flow indices 713
Endometrial vascularity 482f, 484f, 712f
Endometrial volume 713, 714f
Endometrioma 502, 502f, 503f, 568, 574, 1016, 1511
appearance of large 592f
atypical ultrasonography features of 568t
bilateral 251, 572
management of 591
surgical therapy of 574
typical ultrasonography features of 568t
Endometriosis 99, 158, 217, 241, 438, 439, 565–567, 570t, 572, 576, 576t, 580, 584, 591, 607, 668, 677, 696, 701, 834, 846, 913, 997, 1187, 1299
adolescent 575
associated infertility 1327
treatment of 572
deep infiltrating 569
diagnosis of 567
fertility index 572, 573f
mild 621
pathogenesis of 565, 565fc
recurrent 251
severe 605f
ultralong protocol for 683, 683f
Endometriotic cyst 568t, 574f
presence of 769
Endometritis 495, 497f
acute 495
chronic 241, 242, 413, 430, 495, 1024
Endometrium 76, 80, 82f, 85f, 87f, 97, 98, 225–227, 464, 480, 481f, 495, 512, 668, 712f, 841, 954, 1012, 1030, 1031f, 1046, 1047, 1111, 1117, 1121, 1367, 1403
assessment of 711
atrophic 470, 1111
biological functions of 35f
feature of mature 512
fluffy outer margin of 482f
growth factors 83t
indications of 1027
inner layers of 482f
multilayered 712f
outer margin of 482f
pathophysiology of thin 1107
quality of 1106
receptive 73
role of 1106
surface of 1031f
volume histogram of 514f
Endoplasmic reticulum 1360, 1363f
End-organ disorders, management of 136
Endorphins 22
Endosalpinx 464
infections of 450
Endoscopic procedures 1512
Endothelial cells 1021
Endothelial dysfunction 346
diagnosis of 346
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase 345
Endothelin interaction 311
Endotoxin 1292
bacterial 1171
Endotracheal intubation, indications for 1217
Endovaginal telemonitoring system, self-operated 714, 714f, 1036
Enkephalins 22
Enoxaparin 280
Envelop protein 1212
Enzymatic deficiencies 131, 151
Enzyme
complex 111
immunoassays 451
linked immunosorbent assay 440, 560, 715, 1244
thyroid peroxidase 143
Eosin-hematoxylin staining technique 1559f
Eosin–nigrosin staining 1244
Ependymoma 121
Ephedrine 365
Epidermal growth factor 23, 656, 1108, 1109, 1424, 1461
Epididymal abnormalities 351
Epididymal diameters 354
Epididymal duct 14
Epididymal maturation 57, 63
Epididymal obstruction 313, 328, 376
Epididymal sperm 1335
aspiration 13
microsurgical 379, 380, 760, 1294
Epididymis 10, 326, 352, 354f, 377, 1245, 1249, 1334
sperm aspiration 1305f
Epididymitis
acute 351
chronic 351, 353f
Epididymo-orchitis 351, 375, 451
Epigenetic abnormalities 1093
Epigenetic defects 1294
Epigenetic disorders 214, 1409
Epigenetic influences 884
Epigenetic modifications 883fc
assessment of 1441
Epilation methods 153
Epilepsy 279, 289, 290, 888
effects of 289
impact of 289
Epirubicin 253
Epithelial cells 1028, 1029f, 1030f
adhesiveness 80f
endometrial 80, 97
Epithelial estrogen receptor-alpha 98
Epithelial proliferation 1030
Epithelium 1111
Eppendorf micromanipulator 1508, 1509
control board of 1509f
Equilibration solution 1382, 1623, 1624f, 1626f, 1630, 1637
Erasure 885
Erectile dysfunction 240, 306, 324, 325, 332–334, 339, 341, 345fc, 346, 346fc, 347fc, 359, 392, 396, 398, 1117
assessment 343
development of 340t
diagnosis of 342f
evaluation of 396
loss of 324
management of 344, 398fc
treatment for 341, 342f
Erection 13, 333, 395
hardness score 347
neuroanatomy of 397f
neurophysiology of 397f
parasympathetic outflow necessary for 398b
problems 333
sympathetic outflow necessary for 398b
vascular process for 397f
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 466, 1187
Erythromycin 375
e-Sanjeevani 1215, 1219
online outpatient department 1215f
Escherichia coli 312, 566
Estimated endometriosis fertility index 607
Estradiol 19, 26, 37, 84, 17, 122, 174, 194, 375, 521, 524, 669, 680, 681, 721, 743, 811, 814, 831, 844, 895, 898, 901, 905, 1129
levels 715
natural 284
stimulation of 1029
use of 1128, 1518
Estrogen 16, 22f, 23, 24, 25, 26, 76, 90, 98, 151, 161, 474, 479, 571, 692, 727, 802, 895, 957, 982, 1107, 1112
antagonists 653
deficiency 369
effects of 982
pretreatment 692
production 157
secretion, abnormalities of 523
supplementation, absence of 1137
support 803
synthesis of 108
Estrogen receptor 112
alpha 117
gene polymorphisms 112
polymorphism 112
Ethambutol 432, 469
Ethanesulfonic acid 1253
Ethylene
diaminetetraacetic acid 367, 1188, 1495, 1496
glycol 1381, 1388, 1623
oxide 1490
Etoposide 253
Euploid 1472
cells, development of 1416
oocytes, proportion of 1323
Euploid embryos 832, 1442
selection of 1355
transfer of 1327
Exemestane 669
Exercise 230, 535
excessive 158
programs 230
Exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone ovarian reserve test 559, 561
Exogenous gonadotropins 1420
theoretical risks of 1421
Exons, analysis of 1441
Extracellular domain 1038
Extracellular matrix 87, 528, 1046
components 54
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy 344
Extraembryonic celom 1005
Extraembryonic matrix 83, 84, 86f
Extraembryonic membrane 1007f
Extreme gonadotropin insufficiency 360
Eye
anterior chamber of 1071
piece 1433
F
Fabricate microstructures 1281
Fadrozole 654, 669
Fallopian sperm perfusion 627
value of 621, 628
Fallopian tube 3, 70f, 241, 438, 463, 464, 464f, 913, 1036, 1238, 1320, 1358
ampulla part of 1267
blocked 607
composition of 1495
inflammation of 505
ultrasound evaluation of 440
Falloposcopy 441
Falope rings 588f
False empty follicle syndrome 858
pathophysiology of 856
Family planning 254
recommendations for 265
Fas ligand 92
system-induced apoptosis 91
Fasciocutaneous flaps 1099
Fast growing embryo 880
Fat
distribution of 222
emulsions, intravenous 202
Fatal complications 1326
Fatigue 567
Fatty acids, polyunsaturated 1273
Fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 532
Female genital tract 325, 1093, 1243f, 1261, 1276f, 1283
anomalies, classification of 417f
Female genital tuberculosis 441, 463, 464, 466, 466b, 467f, 468f, 470
diagnosis of 468fc
epidemiology of 463
symptoms in 466b
Female gonads, formation of 42, 42fc
Female infertility 191, 241, 1118
chromosomal disorders in 215
genetic of 215
Female pronucleus 1045
formation of 67
Female reproductive
cells 1394
duct, embryology of 413, 413f
function 23b
system 3, 5f, 16
disorders of 1117f
tract 1404
Female unexplained infertility, causes of 241b
Fentanyl 758, 760
Ferriman-Gallwey score
modified 150, 151f
system 152
Fertility 284, 293, 345, 986
clinics 1322
decline, causes of 176
drugs 982
use of 927
duration of previous 183
female 251, 1117
future 591
issues, types of 1117t
long-term 924
management 593
outcome 426, 470t
potential 1469
preservation of 923
rate, total 176
reduced 1261
regulation of 1040
replacement level 176
restoration 1068
sparing surgery 261
specialists, role of 178
tertiary center for 1190
treatment 245, 926, 973, 997, 1370
unexplained 158, 1273, 1327, 1335
Fertility preservation 250, 251, 254, 259fc, 265, 266, 286, 725, 758, 981, 991, 1387, 1394, 1429
indications of 250
interventions 254, 255f, 255fc
methods of 261t, 991
program 1429
recommendations for 264
Society 265
technique of 254, 256
treatments for 995
Fertilization 53, 66, 567, 757, 819, 971, 1005f, 1327, 1345, 1361, 1383, 1416, 1451, 1461, 1469
abnormal 1516
age 1009
analysis of 1351
assessment of 1342
confirmation of 1597
defects 240, 241
determination of 1165
failure 364, 1257, 1334, 1351, 1362, 1450
causes of 1515
in vitro 1273
in vivo 1264
issues 1515
levels of 1343
lower probability of 1341
media 1659
methods of 834
mode of 546
potential 1469
process of 67, 68fc, 1242, 1267, 1516
rate 227, 565, 744, 1277, 1345, 1362, 1422, 1434, 1435, 1444, 1448, 1458, 1462, 1515, 1524
higher 1327, 1347
terms of 1435
scoring for 1528
total failed 1327
Fertilized egg 1010
Fertiloscopy 443, 1036, 1036f
over laparoscopy, advantages of 1036
Ferulic acid 366
Fetal anomalies 996
Fetal bone, hysteroscopic removal of 603f
Fetal complications 289
Fetal deaths 222
Fetal demise 996
Fetal development, subsequent 1495
Fetal growth 1011
restriction 1185, 1188
Fetal heart rate 1008, 1009f
Fetal immune cells 201
Fetal maternal contact 87
Fetal origin 223, 520
Fetal period 115
Fetal reduction 932, 1004, 1207, 1208f, 1210, 1211
studies on 1210
Fetal rejection 201
Fetal urine production 1005
Fetoplacental interface 1186
Fetus 1186
labeling of 1012f
number of 1211
Fibers, collagen 1118
Fibroblast growth factor 29, 1072, 1073, 1109
basic 29
receptor 1072
Fibroids 101, 492, 493, 494f, 583, 677, 1037
cystic degeneration of 494f
degenerated 583
endometrial 498, 499f
intramural 842, 843
multiple 954
small 846
peripheral vascularity of 494f
submucosal 842
uterus 494f, 1005
Fibromas 503
Fibronectin 79, 1118
Filtration techniques 1254
Fimbria 913
Fimbrial agglutination 590f
Fimbrioplasty 445, 589
Finasteride 153, 324, 536
Fine-needle aspiration cytology 380
First generation tests 1355
Fistula, risk of 1097
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome 451, 464
Fixed dose antagonist protocol 680f
Flagellum 1277
Flexible dose antagonist protocol 680f
Flexible guidewire through catheter 598
Flexible protocol 679
Flow cytometry 1244
Flow index 507, 713
Fluid 794
exchange 1042
filled vacuoles 1545
level 503f
overload 597
volume 782
Fluorescence
in situ hybridization 210, 309, 840, 864, 1022, 1237, 1262, 1263, 1324, 1409, 1414, 1415, 1441
intensity 1263
microscope 1263
Fluorodeoxyglucose 466, 467f
Fluoroscopic guided cannulation 598
Fluorouracil 253
Fluoxetine 151
Flutamide 153, 536
Folate 366
coenzyme 920
Foley's catheter 499, 497, 988
Folic acid 1188, 1189
Folinic acid 920
Follicle
aspiration 757
equipment 1326f
dominance of 43
fertilization of 511
group of 1421
number per ovary 508
premature rupture of 793
recruitment of 45
secondary 43, 45
selection of 43
stimulation 173
synchronization 1307
syndrome, early 856
theca cell of 156
ultrasound image of 1305f
Follicle-stimulating hormone 5, 14, 22–26, 33, 46f, 59, 107, 115, 125, 144, 158f, 171, 194, 211, 229, 263, 285, 294, 306, 341, 369, 376, 406, 474, 508, 521–523, 540–542, 571, 643, 658, 666f, 671–675, 697, 721, 729, 734–737, 743, 750, 793, 800, 810–812, 830, 896, 901, 938, 1128, 1299, 1308, 1323, 1402, 1420
agonist 1311
concept of 27f
dose of 817
function of 24b
gate 45
luteal initiation of 817
polymorphism 25
receptor 25, 813, 896, 1038
polymorphism 528, 1038
role of 24fc
three-dimensional model structure of 1308f
window 45
Follicle-to-oocyte index 817
Follicular aspirates 904, 1423, 1515
Follicular assessment 511
Follicular defect 522
Follicular development 29f
Follicular early cessation agonist protocol 678f
Follicular fluid 30, 566t, 725, 1173, 1444, 1514
Follicular flushing, role of 770
Follicular granulosa cells, luteinization of 724
Follicular growth 708
assessment of 708
stages of 27f
Follicular maturation 895
complete 1514
Follicular maturity 479
Follicular output rate 195, 810
Follicular phase 26, 34
abnormal 158
early 754
Follicular recruitment, early 477f
Follicular ring sign 504, 504f, 1199f
Follicular rupture 722
Follicular stimulation 657
Follicular volume 711
Folliculogenesis 42, 49f, 110, 522, 665, 665f
abnormal 565
defective 524fc, 550
dysfunctional 857
early stages of 29f
normal 523f
stages of 43, 44f
Follistatin 14, 21
role of 32
Follitropin delta, use of 900
Foot pedal 1655
Formestane 669
Four-axis hanging joystick oil hydraulic micromanipulator 1504f
Four-cell embryo 69f, 217, 1463, 1555f, 1577–1579
Fragile X
mental retardation gene 217
syndrome 131, 217, 880, 1407
Frank dilator method 1097
Frank Lydston implants 1067f
Frank's vaginal dilators 136
Free androgen index 533
Free fatty acid 117, 224
Free testosterone level 152, 375
Freeze blastocysts, optimal time of 1375
Freeze dried human spermatozoa 1502
Freeze thaw transfer 1305
Fresh donor oocyte 945
Fresh embryo transfer 841, 863, 945, 1141, 1150
Frozen embryo transfer 101, 162, 279, 284, 429, 782, 787, 800, 943, 945, 1135–1137, 1141, 1141t, 1304, 1510
cycles 162
endometrial preparation for 1136
indications for 1136
natural cycle 1136, 1137t
preparation methods 1136, 1136fc
Frozen human eggs 1306
Frozen oocytes 1310
Frozen pelvis 464
Frozen semen sample 646
Frozen spermatozoa 1255
Frozen thawed
oocytes, meiotic spindle of 1383
spermatozoa 1335
Frozen thawed embryo transfer 944
cycles 1138
Fructo-oligosaccharides 231
Fructose 375
estimation 1242
negative azoospermia 376
Frydman rigid catheters 779, 781f
Fumarate hydrates 217
Fundal endometrium 783
Fundal myoma, initial appearance of 583f
Fused pelvic kidney 1079f
Fusion 413
G
G protein-coupled receptor 22, 80
Galacto-oligosaccharides 231
Galactorrhea 141
Galactose 1139
Galactosemia 131, 135
Gametes 830, 834, 839, 948, 1154, 1172, 1395, 1455, 1495
artificial 1117
assessment of 1440
donation 839, 846
offspring of 942
donors, screening of 941
dysfunction, severe 1243
evaluation of quality of 1351
female 886
human 1319, 1456
immature 1310
male 885
manipulations of 1331, 1511
micromanipulation of 1503
morphological evaluation of 1351
parameters, abnormal 457
transfer of 1339
use of 1157
viability of 66
Gametes intrafallopian transfer 760, 997, 1304
procedure 1305f
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 23, 117, 231, 521, 801
Ganirelix 697
Gardnerella vaginalis 454, 838
Gartner's duct 4
Gas chromatography 1440, 1444
Gastrectomy, vertical sleeve 232f
Gastric band, laparoscopic adjustable 232
Gastroesophageal reflux disease 324
Gastrulation 1004
Gay couples 982
Gelatin assay test 1247
Gender affirmation surgery 986, 990
complications of 989
criteria for 986
Gender dysphoria 980, 986, 989
Gene 76, 80
autosomal 884
editing 1046
expression 883, 1320
global profiling of 100
mutations 240
polymorphisms 214, 217
silencing 883
General anesthesia 380, 760, 765
Genetic abnormality 169, 381, 861, 871, 876, 1276
Genetic analysis 867, 877, 880
techniques 1662
Genetic anomalies 307
Genetic composition, nonreflection of 863
Genetic control 60
Genetic couple 956
Genetic defects 240, 532, 1473
Genetic diseases 1662
Genetic disorders 939, 1262, 1293, 1662
Genetic factors 1020, 1021
Genetic material 950
Genetic predisposition 927
Genetic screening 189
Genetic workup 1022, 1022fc
GeneXpert 441, 466
Genital chlamydial infections, treatment of uncomplicated 364b
Genital examination 325
Genital mycoplasmas 453
Genital organs 464
female internal 3
Genital surgeries 986, 989
Genital system 3
Genital tract
infection 306
male 1238, 1261
obstruction 191
Genital tuberculosis 464t, 465, 466b, 470
prevalence of 464, 464t
Genitalia
ambiguous 151
external 4, 9
male 120
normal 966
external 1094f
Genitofemoral nerve 10
genital branch of 9
Genitoplasty 1093
Genitourinary tract infections, male 314
Genome 1189, 1415
activation 69
amplification 1415
wide association studies 217, 520
Genomic aberrations 216
Genomic analysis 1441
Genomic hybridization
array 1441
complete 430
Genomic imprinting 884
Genomic stability 883
Gentamicin 452, 1495
sulfate 1623
Genuine empty follicle syndrome 855, 858
pathophysiology of 857
Germ cells 53, 54, 62, 308, 885, 1046
development 885
female 1420
immature 1049
male 1273
numbers 28f
stages of 55fc
tumors 121
Germ stem cells 43
Germinal vesicle 43, 251, 665, 1359f, 1361f, 1383, 1426, 1537, 1539f, 1540f
breakdown 48, 665
oocyte 1537, 1539
presence of 1470
stage 1539f
Gestation, period of 1010
Gestational age 914, 1004, 1016
assessment of 1009
large for 523, 549
small for 121, 287, 523f, 549, 946, 1142
Gestational sac 829, 1005, 1013
measurement of 1009f
small 1016f
Ghrelin 23, 117
Giant oocytes 1360f, 1516
Glands 1111
accessory 364
adrenal 17f, 522
Glandular enlargement 1030
Glass bottom dish 1335, 1345
Glass heating stage 1506
Glass pasteur pipettes 1658f
Glass petri dishes 1503
Glass wool
fibers 1273
filtration 1253, 1254, 1273
advantages of 1274t
disadvantages of 1274t
Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor 54
Global imprinting disorders 887
Globozoospermia 56, 1049, 1050, 1451, 1515, 1557, 1559
Glucagon-like peptide 231
receptor agonists 548
Glucocorticoids 108, 113, 154, 845, 901, 903
resistance, familial 121
supplementation 147
Glucose 1139
6-phosphate dehydrogenase 365
fasting 534
metabolism 1355
tolerance test, intravenous 525
transporter type 4 526, 528
Glucuronide 112
Glutamate 117
metabolism 1444
Glutamine 1444
Glutathione 367
depletion of 1497
Glycation end products, advanced 524
Glycerol 971, 1388
Glycerophosphocholine 1249
Glycerophosphorylcholine 14
Glycine 425, 1292, 1355
Glycodelin 76, 81, 82
concentrations 82
Glycogen 35
Glycoprotein 857
hormones 1038
high levels of 896
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol 67
Golgi
apparatus 56
complex 1360
Gonadal agenesis, management of 137
Gonadal dysgenesis 938
Gonadal function 359
Gonadal steroid feedback, regulation of 1039
Gonadal suppression 256
Gonadal tissue colonization 42
Gonadarche 116, 119
Gonadectomy 137
Gonadogenesis 53
Gonadostat theory 116
Gonadotoxic disease 1294
Gonadotoxic drugs 312
Gonadotoxins 184
Gonadotropin 20fc, 51, 59, 112, 116f, 171, 173, 246, 360, 369, 524, 622, 623, 653, 655, 660, 666, 671, 676, 690, 742, 743, 814, 815, 818, 900, 1127, 1137, 1324, 1424, 1513, 1514
agonist stimulation test 811, 812
dose, lower requirement of 814
doses of 900, 1323, 1324, 1512
embryonic chorionic 98
evolution of 656f
low-dose 644
mid-cycle surge of 31t
preparation 658t, 675, 675t
regimen 817
replacement
response, positive predictive factors of 360
therapy 360
secreting
adenoma 360, 362
tumors, treatment of 362
starting dose of 1129
stimulation 227, 1128
protocols, high dose 1324
structure of 658
surge-attenuating factor 33
therapy 360, 362, 363, 818
types of 1512
use, indications for 659
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 14, 16–18, 19f, 22f, 31, 47, 87, 123, 144, 158f, 168, 194, 225, 254, 280, 294, 328, 382, 568, 581, 627, 659, 666, 679, 690, 696, 723, 725f, 726fc, 727, 729, 734, 737, 743, 793, 813, 815, 819, 855, 901, 905, 943, 981, 1038, 1127, 1130, 1135–1137, 1142, 1148, 1195, 1324, 1420, 1513
agonist 154, 154f, 158, 161, 282, 422, 428, 559, 569, 571t, 660, 660t, 666, 676, 678, 678f, 680, 681f, 683, 696, 698, 699, 702, 702t, 721, 721f, 723–726, 729, 735, 802, 815, 816, 818, 839, 843, 844, 900
development of 696
flare 815
preparation 676t
protocols 698f
safety of 679
stimulation test 559, 561
trigger 727, 728, 857
trigger failure 726
trigger, indications for 725
analog 542, 659, 672, 696, 701, 799, 1047
clinical uses of 698
protocol 815
use of 698
antagonist 660, 660t, 666, 679, 680, 681t, 697, 699, 699f, 702, 816, 818, 819, 943, 1040
cycles 751, 754
development of 697
protocol 735, 816f
regimens 816
dynamics 26
endogenous 696
low concentration of 170
molecule, structure of 19f
pulsatile secretion of 18
structure of 697t
therapy 360
failure of 361
trigger 725
use of 1299
Gonads 4, 9
development of 4f
dysgenetic 1068
embryological development of 3f
Gonococcal infection 451
Gonorrhea 451, 966
Goserelin 697
G-protein coupled receptor 20
Graafian follicles 26, 43, 47, 592
Graduated embryo score 1352t
Gram staining 452
Granular cytoplasm 1541
Granulation 1551f
central 1322
Granulocyte 88
colony-stimulating factor 202, 261, 431, 844, 1023, 1046, 1108, 1109, 1517
Granulosa 156, 725, 1457
lutein cells, number of 897f
Granulosa cell 45, 109, 522, 1119, 1323, 1329, 1421, 1430, 1434
function 521, 814, 1323
removal 877
tumor 121
Graspers 580
Graves’ disease 143, 145, 146
Greater vestibular glands, infections of 8
Ground glass appearance 503f
Growth factors 73, 76, 80, 83, 1030, 1107, 1455
role of 32
Growth hormone 17, 119, 142, 529, 690, 813, 1047, 1118
addition of 813
receptor 813
regulates release of 17
releasing factor 813
role of 1047
Growth problems 126
Growth restriction, intrauterine 121, 931, 996, 1062
Growth spurt 119
Guanethidine 324
Guanosine triphosphate 395f
Gut microbiome 234
role of 223
Guttate hypomelanosis, idiopathic abnormal 143
Gynecological procedures 1127
Gynecomastia 145, 325
presence of 375
Gynetics 779, 781f
H
H2-receptor antagonists 324
Haemophilus influenzae 455
Hagen-Poiseuille's law 768
Hair 149
accessories 990
axillary 119, 375
classification of 149f
facial 375
growth 150
phases of 149, 149f
removal
permanent measures of 153t
temporary measures of 153t
HAIR-AN syndrome 152
Halo test 1037
Halosperm 1343
Hamartoma, hypothalamic 121
Hamster epididymis 1170
Hamster oocyte 1344
Hamster sperm motility assay 1170
Haploid cells 1363
Haptoglobin 88, 91
Hard zona 1405
Harmonic scalpel 580
Hashimoto's thyroid disease 146
Hashimoto's thyroiditis 143
Hatching blastocysts 70f, 74, 75f, 1113f, 1307f, 1367f, 1372f, 1463, 1569, 1586, 1592, 1592f, 1593, 1595f
Hawthorne effects 1224
Head
injury 124
magnetic resonance imaging of 134
Headache 654, 677, 1213
Healthcare
team 1041
workers 1035
Healthy embryo 1366
Healthy oocyte 1362
Healthy pregnancy 1186
Heart
disease, congenital 223
failure, congestive 345
rate 897
transplants 1294
Heartbeat, absent 920
Hegar's dilators 1209
Helper T-cell subsets 201
Hematocrit 894, 899, 905, 907
Hematological disorder 281
Hematoma formation 584, 923
Hematopoietic precursor cells 99
Hematopoietic stem cell 253, 1118
use of 432
Hematospermia 356
Hemizona index 1248
Hemochromatosis 360, 363
Hemoconcentration 893
Hemodialysis, intensive 286
Hemoglobin 466, 535, 1247
electrophoresis 956
glycated 956, 1020
Hemoperitoneum 907
Hemophilia 1407
A 48
Hemorrhage 422
antepartum 932, 997, 1141, 1142
Heparin 845
binding epidermal growth factor 83
Hepatitis 1394
B 942, 965
infection 1495
surface antigen 451, 942, 956
B virus 457, 458, 1156
infection 458
C 942, 965
antibody 941
virus 451, 459, 1156
Hepatoblastoma 886
Hepatocyte growth factor 1111
Hernia 376
Herniorrhaphy 184
Heterodimers 1038
Heterotopic pregnancy 913, 916, 918, 924, 1015
diagnosis of 1203
incidence of 918
Heterotopic transplantation 1429
Highly active antiretroviral therapy 456, 635
High-uterine artery resistance 475f
Hilus sign 568
Hirsutism 147, 149, 150, 154, 530, 536, 677
diagnosis of 150
etiology of 150, 151f
idiopathic abnormal 150, 532
management of 153f, 536
physical examination of 152t
scoring systems 150
treatment of 152, 153f
Histamine 896
Histones 214
majority of 1261
Histrelin 697
Hoffman modulation 1335
Holeaccumulation diode 1448
Home isolation, guidelines for 1216
Homeobox genes 82
Homocysteine metabolism 1189f
Homogeneous granular cytoplasm 1542f
Hormonal monitoring 704
Hormonal profile 704
Hormonal suppression 258
Hormonal tests 133
Hormone 143f, 375, 1107, 1455
dependent tissue 1107
discovery of 1065
effects of 289, 1027
exposure, exogenous 121
hypothalamic 17
levels of 1150
male reproductive axis of 8
role of 50f
sensitive cancer 256
suppression 261
therapy 571, 986
gender affirming 981, 982
treatments 997
Hormone replacement
therapy 97, 126, 134, 137, 943, 1136–1138
cycle 837
treatment 818
Host cell membranes 1393
Hot flushes 154, 654, 655, 660, 677
Human albumin 1270
Human aneuploid 1442
Human blastocysts 85f, 1463, 1621f
testing of 1312
Human body 1381
Human cell 876, 1039
cryopreservation of 1380
Human cervical mucus 1237
Human chorionic gonadotropin 23, 47, 73, 100, 121, 145, 161, 173f, 225, 257f, 307, 360, 431, 476, 540–542, 619, 656–658, 678–681, 683, 691, 698, 721, 721f, 724t, 725f, 726, 736, 742, 770, 792, 802, 813, 815, 817, 856, 893, 895, 897f, 898, 901, 915f, 916, 922, 1019, 1034, 1108, 1129, 1148, 1194, 1299, 1325, 1383, 1422
administration 727
dose, low 817
effects of 87f
injection 1046
disadvantages of 360
role of 100
trigger 857
Human clinical embryology laboratory 1489
Human embryo 90, 948, 1321, 1442, 1494, 1495, 1498, 1567f, 1568f, 1570f, 1572f, 1575f, 1576f, 1578f–1582f
coculture of 1370
culture 1455
early 1371
implantation 830
selection of 833
status of 1444
Human Embryo Research Amendment Act, regulation of 962
Human embryonic
proteome, complete 1443
stem cells 947, 1045, 1375
derivation of 1375
Human endometrium 76, 1028, 1106, 1313
components of 1119
histology of 1028f
Human fertility, probabilistic nature of 1236
Human fertilization 871, 879, 942
Human genome project 1207
Human immunodeficiency virus 191, 275, 393, 451, 456, 463, 635, 941, 942, 956, 965, 1141, 1156, 1254, 1334, 1394, 1515
diagnosis of 1230
infection 252, 253, 949
Human intelligence 1466
Human leukocyte
antigen 90, 99, 100, 160, 832, 876, 1021, 1022, 1187, 1407
C system 832f
typing 880
system 832
Human menopausal gonadotropin 138, 171, 194, 194t, 307, 360, 625, 643, 656, 658, 666, 674, 675, 680, 683, 737, 738, 742, 743, 751, 753, 810, 1302, 1344, 1515
disadvantages of 753
dosage of 1361
Human myometrial tissue 1041
Human oocyte 1301f, 1306, 1365, 1394, 1424, 1573f
fertilization of 1306
fertilize 1301f
Human ovarian steroidogenesis 109
Human phenotypes 884
Human preimplantation embryos, biopsy of 1306
Human serum albumin 1388, 1448, 1494, 1623
Human sperm 1244f, 1380
model 1344
survival assay 1170
Human spermatozoa 1255, 1277, 1292, 1306, 1621
selection of 1267
Human tubal fluid 842, 1253, 1269, 1305, 1494, 1623
Human uterus transplantation trial 1057, 1059
Humidity 1482
Humoral immune response 201
Huntington's disease 880, 1407
Hyaluronan binding assay 1247, 1281, 1343
Hyaluronan microdroplets 1607f
Hyaluronate 1495
Hyaluronic acid 430, 841, 1255, 1280, 1280f, 1452, 1605
binding 1280, 1280f
physiological method of 1255
droplet 1607f
selection of 1452f, 1608f
sperm selection, application of 1452
Hyaluronidase 1660, 1660f
dishes 1338
Hydatidiform moles, partial 1015
Hydralazine 324
Hydraulic control
system 1505
unit 1506
Hydraulic unit 1504
Hydrocele 350, 352, 352f
Hydrocelectomy 324, 375
Hydrocephalus 121
Hydrodynamic flow 1459
Hydrogen ion
concentration 1169
efflux of 67
Hydropelviscopy 1036
Hydrosalpinges 838
surgical management for 445t
treatment of 846, 847t
Hydrosalpinx 101, 446, 506f, 707, 834, 1016
bilateral 585f
fluid 847
initial appearance of 590f
management of 584, 609
specimen of 585f
transvaginal aspiration of 609
Hydroxychloroquine 1187
sulfate 1022
action of 1023f
Hydroxydaun 253
Hydroxydaunorubicin 253
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid 33
Hydroxyethyl starch 904
Hydroxylase 108, 109, 111, 131
deficiency 151, 158
Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A 548
Hydroxyprogesterone 30, 534, 550
level 152
Hydroxypropyl cellulose 1388
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 30, 107–111, 156
deficiency 151
type 2 98
Hyperactivation 240
motility 241
Hyperandrogenemia 474, 483, 518, 550
Hyperandrogenic insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans syndrome 526
Hyperandrogenism 134, 134t, 150, 158, 518, 519, 523, 534
adrenal 525
development of 521fc
Hypercoagulable state 899
Hyperechoic inner endometrial margin 497f
Hyperechoic stroma 478f
Hyperglycemia 293
Hypergonadism, hypergonadotropic 188
Hyperhomocysteinemia 550, 1188, 1189, 1191
Hyperinsulinemia 225, 476, 518, 529
Hyperplasia
adrenal 151
congenital adrenal 111, 121, 131, 134, 147, 152, 170, 360, 363, 545
endometrial 131, 495, 496, 498f, 532
Hyperprolactinemia 135, 141, 142, 142t, 152, 160, 169–171, 306, 325, 360, 362
biochemical 141
causes of 141, 141t
drug-induced asymptomatic 142
effects of 23b
medical management of 142
presentations of 141
treatment of 142b, 362
Hyperprolactinemic anovulation 167, 664
Hyperresponsiveness, adrenal 525
Hypersensitivity 669
Hypertension 278, 291, 340, 529, 530, 532, 1040, 1213
chronic 291
gestational 1062, 1188
impact of 291
pregnancy induced 929, 946, 999, 1113
Hypertensive disorders 946
Hyperthyroidism 144, 188, 362
diagnosis of 145
treatment of 362
Hypertonic solution 1381
Hypertrichosis 150
Hypoalbuminemia 893
Hypoechoic cystic area 1005
Hypoestrogenic environment 575
Hypoestrogenic state 677
Hypogonadism 325
acquired hypogonadotropic 306, 307
congenital hypogonadotropic 125, 126, 305, 306
high pitched in 375
hypergonadotropic 124, 168–170, 352, 375
hypogonadal 657
hypogonadotropic 12, 117, 124, 135, 167, 168, 170, 188, 306, 328, 359, 360, 375–377, 382, 664, 751, 754, 857, 895
idiopathic hypogonadotropic 135
secondary 306
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 12, 117, 124, 135, 167, 168, 170, 188, 306, 328, 359, 360, 375–377, 382, 664, 751, 754, 857, 895
etiology of 382b
feature of 167
management of 138
Hypomenorrhea 144
Hypo-osmotic stress 1244f
Hypo-osmotic swelling 186, 1244, 1560
test 1244, 1256, 1560, 1560f
modified 1256
Hypophysectomy 170
Hypospermatogenesis 57
Hypotaurine 366
Hypotension 899
Hypothalamic amenorrhea, primary 532
Hypothalamic dysfunction 668
Hypothalamic secretions 18
Hypothalamic-pituitary
adrenal axis 654
axis 18f, 46
failure 664
gonadal axis 59, 115, 140, 228, 369, axis 522
ovarian axis 25, 25f, 26, 115, 130, 167, 168f, 226fc, 286, 664
dysfunction 282
ovarian dysfunction, mechanism of 284, 285f
Hypothalamus 16, 17t, 25, 224, 225, 306, 1039
central effects on 225
pituitary system, unique features of 140
Hypothesis, adrenal 520
Hypothyroidism 23, 124, 144, 152, 170, 188, 362
inhibits 144
primary 121
subclinical 143, 1189
treatment of 362
Hypovolemia 899
intravascular 893
Hypoxia 385, 385, 1118
Hysterectomy 954
abdominal 606
Hysterolaparoscopy 603
Hysterosalpingo-contrast
sonography 197, 505
ultrasonography 439
Hysterosalpingogram 244, 836
Hysterosalpingography 196, 242, 414, 432, 439, 442, 442t, 466, 467f, 580, 603, 608, 608f, 760, 966, 1020
analgesia for 760
Hysteroscopic cannulation methods 598
Hysteroscopic resection, technique of 596
Hysteroscopic subendometrial injection 1110f, 1121f
Hysteroscopic tissue retrieval system 597
Hysteroscopy 197, 466, 582, 594, 599, 603, 837, 845, 1036, 1147
guided tubal cannulation 442
screening 1147
I
Ice crystal formation 1292, 1389
Idiopathic testicular failure, primary 322
Ileal pouch anal anastomosis 287
Iliac arteries, external 1059
Ilioinguinal nerve 10
Imipramine 365
Immature follicles, multiple 508
Immature human oocytes 1384
Immature oocytes 1359f, 1384, 1420, 1423f, 1514, 1516, 1537
corona cumulus 1534
cryopreservation 256
Immaturity, high level of 1449
Immotile 188
cilia syndrome 325, 1244, 1335
sperm 1256, 1515
cells 1273
spermatozoa 327, 1244, 1256, 1257
Immune
cells 1030
dysfunction 528
factors 898, 1405
infertility 240, 241
modulators 91
protein 1187
regulation 1185
pathway 1185f
system 88, 201
peripheral 88
tolerance 430
synopsis of 92f
Immunity
adaptive 201
cell-mediated 89
innate 201
Immunofluorescence technique 1186
Immunoglobulin 79
A 1246
G 282
phospholipids units 282
intravenous 202, 431, 804, 1023
M 282
phospholipids units 282
Immunohistochemistry 1081
tests 1081
Immunological disorder 281
Immunological factors 350, 364
Immunological milieu 1020, 1020f
Immunological rejection 1069
monitoring of 1041
Immunology 201, 1073
Immunomodulators 284
Immunosuppressants 283
Immunosuppression 1041
failure of 313
Immunotherapy
benefits of 203
harms of 203
Impaired glucose tolerance 527, 529, 530, 532
Imperforate hymen 124, 131, 136
Implantation 73, 73fc, 97, 227, 567, 819, 1004, 1039
blastocysts regulation of 76, 83
eccentric 75
factors affecting 101, 101f
failure of 1027
marker proteins 430
morphological steps of 77t
preparatory phase for 34
rate 846, 945
lower 1372
timeline for 74
types of 75f
window of 74, 80, 83, 84, 97, 98, 98b, 1027
Implantation failure 876, 878, 1157, 1496
causes of 836
recurrent 100, 242, 421, 800, 804, 829, 833, 833f, 834fc, 836, 839, 843, 845, 846, 1145, 1407
repeated 793, 868, 939, 955, 1517
Imprinting disorders 885b, 998
In situ hybridization 1145
In situ nick translation test 1262, 1263
In utero fetal programming 223, 520, 1189, 1189fc
In vitro activation 259, 820
mechanism of 1122
treatment 820fc
In vitro capillary test 1246
In vitro culture 1498
In vitro fertilization 48, 112, 170, 221, 232, 258, 282, 291, 364, 400, 446, 510, 619, 643, 668, 674t, 734f, 757, 792, 804, 813, 861, 876, 914, 959f, 995, 1009, 1028, 1096, 1106, 1130t, 1154, 1181, 1190t, 1202fc, 1253, 1293, 1319, 1330t, 1358, 1393, 1401, 1408, 1435, 1455, 1467, 1488, 1494, 1522, 1529, 1533, 1564, 1597, 1597f
culture system 795, 1320
cycle 723, 877, 943, 1512
failure 189
laboratory 795, 1164f, 1174, 1175, 1177, 1319, 1491, 1510, 1525
quality of 1161
lite 742
management 279, 286, 292, 295
mild 681
stimulation 681f, 1324
modified 1448
natural cycle 681
natural cycle 681
outcome 233, 291
procedure of 757
process of 68
program performance indicators 1182
protocols 742t, 743t
screening hysteroscopy 1147
stimulation 295
protocols 1409
technique 696, 927, 956, 1312
workstation 1167, 1483f
In vitro gametogenesis 1045, 1470
application of 1045
In vitro handling 1495
In vitro hatching blastocyst 1031f
In vitro maturation 48, 256, 545, 546, 657, 745, 886, 904, 999, 1425, 1470, 1514
advantages of 1421
aspiration 1422, 1423f
clinical aspects of 1421, 1425t
culture 1423
indications for 1421
oocytes 1420, 1424
fertilization of 1424
recent advances in 1426
safety of 1425
In vitro sensitization 1031
In vitro simplified slide test 1246fc
In vitro spermatogenesis 62
In vitro treatment 968
In vivo culture 1498
In vivo fertilization 1042
In vivo procedure 1043f
In vivo test 1245
Incision 423
Incomplete miscarriage 1012
diagnosis of 1012
Incubators 1497, 1648
cleaning of 1167, 1167t
disinfection of 1167t
latest time-lapse 1498
quality control of 1166
types of 1165t, 1498, 1648
Infarction 352
Infections 312, 314, 363, 450, 1261
bacterial 459
chlamydial 451b, 459
early 1214
genitourinary 364, 375
mild 1214
risk of 1325
Infectious chronic endometritis 100
Infertile couples 973, 1238, 1264, 1351
management of 1264
Infertile male
clinical evaluation of 323, 325
endocrinological evaluation of 322
evaluation of 322
genetic evaluation of 406
Infertility 183, 184, 201, 221, 270, 276, 305, 325, 345, 374, 385, 426, 438, 450, 456, 463, 465, 466, 531, 567, 580, 607, 733, 757, 885, 962, 970, 995, 999, 1154, 1193
anovulatory 169, 518
causes of 281, 839
correction of 887
diagnosis of 183, 191, 334
duration of 183, 316
emergencies in 1193
endometriosis associated 1327
endoscopy in 580
etiological classification of 306
etiology of 1135
evaluation of 183
female factor 411
higher rates of 221
idiopathic 1452
immunological 306
incidence of 350, 464t
indications for 831
male factor 621, 1322, 1451, 1469
management of 286, 538, 538t, 1103, 1117, 1122
pathogenesis of 465
practice 1291
problem of 973
secondary 995
treatment of 362, 1312
tubal evaluation of 196
types of 316
varicocele-mediated 385
Inflammation 314, 505
low-grade 527
Inflammatory bowel disease 224f, 251, 287, 288
impact of 287
safety of 288tt
Inflammatory disorders 351
Influenza 1394
Infrared spectroscopy 1440
Infundibulopelvic ligament 1196
Infundibulum 5
Ingram method 1097
Inhibin 21, 188, 194, 375, 715, 736, 812, 895
role of 32
In-home insemination 401
Inner cell mass 69, 74, 75t, 87, 863, 877, 1367, 1372, 1411, 1472, 1495, 1568f, 1585, 1589f, 1592f, 1593f, 1644f
formation of 74f
morphometry 1371
small 1371
Inner zona layer 1436
Inositol 48, 526, 547
deficiency 526f
deficient state 526
phosphatidyl trisphosphate 526
Inpatient management 907
Insemination
artificial 965
conventional 1327, 1343
intravaginal 401
per cycle, optimal number of 621, 628
site of 645
volume of 647
Insler scoring system, modified 706t
Insomnia 677
Insufflation system 580
Insulin 117, 293
action 532
disorders 188
growth factor 884
hypothesis 520, 525
resistance 227, 293, 518, 522, 525, 529
Insulin like growth factor 32, 83, 84, 118, 142, 225, 226, 294, 525, 529, 750, 1073, 1108
binding protein 32, 83, 84, 87, 92, 226, 227, 525, 529, 834
receptor 526
Insulin sensitizers 154, 666, 670
agents 172, 546, 902
Integrated platforms 1461
Integrins 78, 430
Intellectual disabilities 888
Intelligence quotient 216
Intensive care unit admission, indications of 1217
Interfere normal rhythmic uterine contractions 420
Interferon 89
Interferon-alfa 151
Interferon-gamma 88, 89, 99, 157f, 1021
Interleukins 80, 83, 84, 85f, 87, 89, 224, 225, 365, 566, 804, 896, 898, 1443
Internal iliac artery 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059
Internal quality control 1510
Internal reproductive organs, development of 3, 8
Interstitial tissue 14
Intervention fallopian sperm 628
Intra-arterial injection 1111
Intracavernosal injections 346
Intracellular calcium 80f
Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate 123
Intracellular ice
crystals 1389
formation 1389
Intracellular osmotic equilibrium 1389
Intracytoplasmic fertilization process 1450
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection 1038, 1048, 1277f, 1278, 1447, 1447f, 1448, 1450, 1451, 1476, 1486, 1486f, 1608
clinical significance of 1450, 1450fc
potential indications of 1277
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 48, 70, 112, 161, 211, 244, 307, 338, 350, 376, 386, 457, 566, 621, 643, 680, 724, 797, 819, 846, 877, 886b, 949, 962, 995, 1033, 1049, 1112, 1155, 1190t, 1237, 1254, 1277f, 1292, 1322, 1330, 1334f, 1360, 1409, 1435f, 1464, 1497, 1502, 1516, 1533, 1597, 1598f, 1602f, 1605
automation of 1344
cycles 716
dish 1658
preparation of 1598
failure 189, 1451
indications for 1334, 1335
insemination 1326
microscope 1309f
procedure 796, 1341f
process 1309f
results 1335
setup, location of 1335
workstations 1336f
Intrafollicular androgenic concentrations 814
Intralipids 431, 1023
Intramural submucosal myoma 420
Intramuscular ovarian grafts 1071
Intraovarian flow indices 708
Intra-testicular obstruction 328
Intrauterine
adhesions 101, 413, 597, 601, 611, 611f, 843, 1107
collection, small 1013
contraceptive device 419
devices 1019
fetal demises 1189
gestations, assessment of multiple 635
lesions 1517
perfusion 1110
recurrence of 602
sac 1203
severe 1042
synechiae 131
Intrauterine insemination 244, 245, 275, 338, 364, 376, 400, 401, 439, 457, 480, 510, 512f, 591, 617, 619, 625, 627, 643, 648, 659, 704, 723, 733, 800, 962, 973, 981, 1193, 1242, 1249, 1253, 1261, 1292, 1474, 1481
catheter 1654, 1654f
cycles 162, 647, 1190, 1512
efficacy of 635
factors for 643f
indications of 621, 644
monitoring of 645
number of 645
role of 543
safety of 635
technique of 647
time interval 646
time of 645
treatment, indications for 619
Intravaginal ejaculation latency time 335
Inversion 216
Iodide 143f
Iodine 143f, 1174
Irrigation system 580
Ischemia 306, 311
Isolation place 1216
Isoleucine 1444
Isoniazid 432, 469
Isotonic crystalloids 907
Isotretinoin 151
Isthmus 5, 446, 913
reanastomosis 446
J
Jacob syndrome 212, 212f
Jacobson and Weström laparoscopic criteria 442t
Jain's backyard theory 582
Janus kinase-signal transducers 83
Janus kinase-stat signaling 81
Joystick, movement of 1505
Jurkovic's diagnostic criteria 917
K
K system 1166, 1484
Kallmann's syndrome 124, 126, 135, 168, 170, 214, 305, 306, 329, 360, 363, 382
treatment of 363
Kappa opioid receptor 22
Karyokinesis 207
Karyotype 135, 170, 211f, 215f
Karyotypic aberrations 307
Karyotypic chromosomal abnormalities 189
Kato protocol 682, 682f
Ketamine 759
Ketoconazole 154, 324
Kidney
cells 1370
disease
chronic 284–286, 381, 1213
end stage 286
disorders 1294
single 1079f
transplantation 286
Killer cell inhibitory receptor 90
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor 832f, 1021
Kisspeptins 20, 117, 118, 721, 728, 729, 1039
agonists 20
antagonists 20
ligand 21f
neurons 117, 1039, 1040
pathway 118f
protein, structure of 20f
roles of 1039
system 117
Klebsiella pneumoniae 312
Klinefelter's syndrome 12, 60, 124, 126, 211, 211f, 305, 306, 309, 325, 329, 381, 407, 1299, 1310
Krebs cycle 1444
Kremer test 1246
Kretztechnik's mechanical rotary vaginal scanner 1304f
K-system bench top incubator 1166f
L
Labetalol 292
Labia minora 4
Labial arteries, posterior 1099
Labial tissue transfers 1099
Laboratory quality management program 1510
Labotect embryo transfer catheters 780, 781f
Lacker's model 522
Lactate 54
dehydrogenase 14
Lactic acid 1444
Laminar airflow 1483, 1483f
workstation 1168f
Laminar flow cabinets 1646, 1646f
Laminin 79
Lamotrigine 151
Lanugo 149
Laparoscopic adenomyomectomy 429
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling 524, 542, 543f, 545, 592, 672
surgery 173
Laparoscopic surgery 197, 580, 594
Laparoscopic technique 924
Laparoscopic tubal
anastomosis, indications for 587
surgery 584
Laparoscopy 197, 244, 439, 441, 466, 568, 919, 1036, 1096
application of 1077f
complications 593
over laparotomy, advantages of 923
Laparotomic uterus procurement 1057
Laparotomy 1059
Large nuclear vacuole 1449
sperms 1451
Large offspring syndrome 886, 1376
L-arginine 814
Laser 595, 1486
systems
number of 1404
types of 1403
therapy 153
uterine nerve ablation 607
Laser-assisted
drilling 1403
hatching 1410, 1618, 1620f, 1621f
sperm selection 1257
Lasmar's classification 594
Last menstrual period 1004
Late follicular phase 754
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome 124
L-carnitine 367, 548
Leiomyoma 217, 420, 433, 1016
classification of 421
subclassification system 495f
Leptin 23, 76, 85, 117, 224, 225
resistance 526
Lesbians 980, 982
Lesions
endometrial 492, 499
endometriotic 572f
hemorrhagic 306
Letrozole 172, 265, 283, 539, 623, 624, 653, 654, 669, 670t, 682f, 692, 818
supplementation 682
Leucine 1355, 1444
Leucovorin 920
Leukemia 48
acute
lymphocytic 253
myeloblastic 258
myeloid 253
inhibitory factor 29, 75, 81, 84, 87, 92, 98, 432
low 226
Leukocyte 76, 80, 311, 1268
detection test 1244
removal of 1274
specific antigens 1244
transendothelial migration 76
Leukocytospermia 364, 1244, 1262
Leukopenia 281
Leukotriene 50
Leuprolide 282, 680, 697
acetate 123
depot 154
Levator ani 333
contraction 333
muscles 8
Levofloxacin 451
Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device 427, 537
Leydig cell 14, 53, 111, 325, 370
function 370
secrete testosterone 14
tumor 121, 137
Leydig interstitial cells 63
Leydig producing testosterone 10
Libido 183
loss of 324, 394, 660, 677
reduced 286
Light emitting diode 1509
Light microscopy 1433
Lightheadedness 914
Limulus amoebocyte lysate test 1171
Linear catheters 598
Linear eversion cannula 197
Lipid 1112, 1320
peroxidation 365, 367, 1494
Lipophilic molecules 107
Lipopolysaccharide 451, 565, 566, 1171
Lipoprotein
high-density 157
low-density 30, 31, 157
Liquefaction 185, 375, 1291
Liquid chromatography 1440, 1444
Liquid crystal 1433
Liquid nitrogen 1139, 1292, 1382, 1395, 1490
electronic monitoring of 1172
levels 1172
sterilization 1395
use of 1382
Liraglutide 231
Lithotomy position 499
Live birth rate 228, 242, 610, 619, 787, 832, 843, 846, 864, 945t, 980, 1062, 1279, 1407, 1517, 1524
cumulative 263
low 1145
Live donor 1055, 1057, 1058, 1062
Live spermatozoa 188
Liver
dysfunction 669
enlargement 325
enzymes 369
failure 669
function test 905, 907
Liver disease 360, 363, 369
chronic 381, 922
treatment of 363
Living cells 1610
L-methylfolate 547
Local anesthesia 13, 380
Lomustine 253
Long antagonist protocol 1048
Long gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol 751
Longitudinal intussusception vasoepididymostomy 379, 379f
Loop mediated isothermal amplification 463
Loose adventitial layer 1080f
Lorcaserin 231
Low birth weight 121, 997, 1321
Low body mass index 898
Low fertilization 1516
group 1448
rates 1515
Löwenstein-Jensen medium 463
Lower abdominal pain 914, 923
Low-molecular-weight heparin 280, 431, 846, 1022, 1197, 1023, 1517
Lumen needle, single 767f, 1513
Lump, abdominal 466
Lungs 325
Lupus anticoagulant 282, 833
Luteal cell 34
changes 725
Luteal deficiency 619
Luteal follicular transition 26, 34
Luteal phase 34, 36
abnormal 158
deficiency 156, 668, 711
physiology of 156
renin activity 897
Luteal phase defect 156, 158f, 158fc, 159b, 484t, 515, 565, 664, 800
concept of 156
diagnosis of 159
pathophysiology of 158, 800, 800fc
treatment of 160
Luteal phase support 284, 647, 699, 727, 794, 799, 800, 803, 804, 804t, 898, 905
indications of 800
optimal time of 802
Luteal serum progesterone levels 159
Luteal support 727
Luteinized unruptured follicle 49, 282, 479, 502, 502f, 515, 705
syndrome 565
Luteinizing hormone 14, 24t, 35, 50, 74, 85f, 107, 130, 156, 170, 211, 225–229, 257f, 284, 294, 327, 353, 375, 427, 477, 484, 520f, 521–525, 550, 619, 645, 658t, 690, 692, 696, 704, 721, 724t, 734, 750, 793, 810, 812, 837, 838, 856, 896, 901, 938, 1024, 1128, 1137, 1148, 1302, 1344, 1358, 1424, 1434
activity, types of 753
beta 25
controls secretion of 17
detection kits 193
hypothesis 520
indications for 569
polymorphism 24, 25
receptor 25, 813
activating mutation of 121
role of 656, 656t, 739, 734, 750
secretion 23
supplementation 727
rationale of 750
surge 46, 721f, 722
absent 856
premature 647
use of 739, 817
window 24, 46
Luteolysis 37, 157, 1194
premature 1148
Lyase 111
Lymph nodes 467f
enlarged 466
Lymphatic drainage 12
Lymphatic response 1067
Lymphopenia 281
Lysine 1444
Lysosomal enzymes 1337
M
Machine learning models 1466
Macroglossia 886
Macromolecules 1495
Macrophage 88, 90, 567
colony-stimulating factor 87, 92
role of 90fc, 1072
Macroprolactinemia 140
Macrosomia 886, 1141
Magnetic activated cell sorting 646, 1268, 1272, 1272f, 1279, 1322, 1469, 1621, 1621f
Magnetic sperm organelle morphological examination 1277f
Major histocompatibility complex 88, 90, 91, 281
Makler chamber 1485, 1485f, 1557f, 1652, 1652f
Malar rash 281
Male factor infertility, severe 869, 1450, 1469, 1509
Male fertility 315, 1261, 1444
issues 1117
Male infertility 183, 228, 303, 305, 322, 329, 232, 355, 360b, 369, 390, 392, 394, 406, 624, 1557
causes of 306b, 322b, 322t, 359f
chromosomal disorders in 211
diagnosis of 329
etiopathogenesis of 305
genetic of 329
investigations for 326
medical management of 359
oxidative system 189
ultrasound in 350
unexplained 239, 240b
Male pelvis, innervation of 12
Male pronucleus, formation of 68
Male reproduction, hormonal circuit for 14f
Male reproductive
cells 1393
system 8, 16
tract 9f, 314, 1235
dysfunction 315f
Malformations, congenital 1095
Malignancy 124, 184, 1213
endometrial 495
treatment for 1294
Malleable catheter, stylet of 1329f
Malnutrition 124
Malondialdehyde 243, 367, 527
Mammalian genes 884
Mammalian oocyte 704, 1623
Mammalian ovary 28f
Mammalian phenotype 884
Manipulators, types of 1503
Marburg virus 312
Marfan syndrome 880
Marriage, nonconsummation of 332, 333
Maryland bipolar forceps 1058
Mass
abdomen 466
ectopic 915
spectrometry 1440, 1441
Mastectomy, bilateral 988, 988f
Master gland 140
Maternal cells contamination 881
Maternal diabetes 294
Maternal disomy 884
Maternal fetal interface 1020, 1185
Maternal genes 998
Maternal hypertension 1023
Maternal immune
cells 201
responses 1186
surveillance system 1021
Maternal killer immunoglobulin 832
Maternal spindle transfer 1045
Maternal weight and height 927
Matrix metallopeptidase 1108
Matrix metalloproteinase 33, 34, 76, 80, 83, 87, 92, 99, 430, 723
Maturation arrest syndrome, histological section of 13f
Maturation promoting factor 48, 68
Mature follicle 43, 47
Doppler ultrasound parameters of 480f
feature of 511
natural cycle 1323
Mature oocyte 886, 982, 1359f, 1533, 1537, 1597, 1610
corona cumulus 1533
cryopreservation 256
number of 945
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome 134, 414, 418, 954, 1041, 1059, 1075, 1093–1095
differential diagnosis of 1094, 1095t
types of 1091
McCune-Albright syndrome 121, 123, 124, 884
McIndoe procedure 136
McKusick-Kaufman syndrome 1095
Mean sac diameter 1005
Mechanical trauma 1209
Media alkaline 1497
Media systems 1496, 1496t
Mediastinal cyst 350
Medical disorders, chronic 278
Medical gonadectomy 698
Medical hypophysectomy 698
Medical termination of pregnancy 918, 969
Medical therapy 359, 569, 570
Medroxyprogesterone acetate 124, 133, 576, 818
Meiosis 48, 55, 207
resumption of 47, 48f, 722f, 1421
stages of 1434
Meiotic arrest 47, 1420
Meiotic cycle 1434
Meiotic maturation, timing of 1361
Meiotic spindle 1344, 1345, 1362, 1383, 1433, 1434, 1436, 1610f, 1612f
location of 1435
morphology 1470
presence of 1434
Melatonin 548
Membrane 1320
physiology of 1381
premature rupture of 1188
preterm premature rupture of 1210
region of 1364
Menarche 119
Mendelian inheritance 214
Menezo's group 1370
Meningioma 306
Meningitis 124
Menopause 51, 551
early onset of 51
functional 286
premature 289
treatment of 1068
Menorrhagia 426
Menstrual abnormalities 225
Menstrual blood 1111
stem cells 1120
Menstrual cycle 19f, 24b, 24t, 26f, 35f, 37f, 37t, 38, 85f, 116, 117, 160, 474, 477f, 712t, 713t, 815, 818, 1048, 1107
length 159
luteal phase of 156, 159
normal 16, 530, 664
physiology of 16, 26
regulation of 16
Menstrual disorder 286
evolution of 293f
Menstrual disturbances 281, 530
Menstrual dysfunction, management of 537
Menstruation 7, 16, 130, 481f
cessation of 38
physiology of 130
Mental health 1035, 1208
Meperidine 758
Mesenchymal stem cell 1111, 1117, 1120
Mesoderm 1117
layers 1117
middle 1004
migration 1006f
Mesonephric ducts 8
Mesoovarian vasculature 1070f
Messenger ribonucleic acid 23, 74, 117, 691, 1035, 1383, 1470
transcripts 215
vaccine 370
Metabolic complications 529, 601
Metabolic disorder 131
Metabolic dysfunction, risk of 530b
Metabolic profiles 152, 1186, 1444
Metabolic syndrome 345fc, 518, 530
diagnostic criteria for 530t
Metabolism 520, 1118
Metabolomics 1355, 1443, 1444
Metalloproteinase, tissue inhibitors of 83
Metaphase oocyte 66f, 1359f, 1537, 1538f, 1611f, 1612f
Metaphase spindle organizes 1434
Metformin 231, 546, 552, 693, 902, 1149, 1150
efficacy of 1149
group 1149
therapy 551
use of 1149
Methimazole 145
Methotrexate 253, 282, 920, 924, 1201
side effects of 921
treatment 922
Methylation 883
Methyldopa 292, 324
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 214
Methylprednisolone 1405
Metoidioplasty 988
Metronidazole 454, 455, 456
Metroplasty 600
hysteroscopic 601
hysteroscopy for 599
Microbiology 450, 452
Microdose flare
protocol 678, 678f
regimen 815
Microdose Lupron flare protocol 1129t
Microdot technique 379f
Microdrops systems 1456
Microfilaments, localization of 1421
Microfluidic applications 1256
Microfluidic device 1256, 1331, 1455, 1456, 1458, 1461, 1461f
Microfluidic sperm sorter device 1282, 1282f
Microfluidic systems 1331, 1458
Microimmunofluorescence 440
Microinjection 1339, 1346
dish preparation 1337
needle 1447
pipettes
alignment of 1338
setting up of 1338
preparation 1337
procedure 1337
Microinjector 1507, 1597
Micromanipulation systems 1503
Micromanipulation techniques 1481
Micromanipulator 1338, 1485, 1485f, 1502, 1597
research instrument 1598f
system 1650
use of 1502
Micronutrients factor 1188
Micropipettes 1506, 1507, 1597
alignment of 1338f, 1599
equilibration of 1599
Microribonucleic acids 311
Microscopes 1649
quality control of 1168
Microscopic varicocelectomy 389, 390
Microsurgery
evolution of 585
laparoscopic 585
Microsurgical techniques 444
Microtools, alignment of 1505, 1507
Microtubule organization 1497
Microtubule orientation 1610
Microvascular surgery 1073
Microvilli, superficial 1374
Microvolume air cooling 1395
Midazolam 758
Mid-luteal phase 484f
Mid-tubal disease 438
Migration method 1253
Migration sedimentation 1253, 1270
Mineral 368
oil 1661, 1661f
Minimal ovarian stimulation 737
Minimal sperm production 1299
Minimal stimulation
demerits of 1047
protocols 1047
Minimally invasive epididymal sperm aspiration 759
Minipuberty 115
Miscarriage 419, 876, 878, 999, 1019, 1384, 1474
anembryonic 1012, 1013f
causes of 227fc
complete 1012
diagnosis of 1013
incomplete 1012
rate 228, 538, 841, 843
clinical 868
spontaneous 867
recurrent 833, 876, 1019, 1040
repeated 955
threatened 1012, 1013f
Miscarried embryos 1021
Missed miscarriage 1012
diagnosis of 1012
Mitochondria 51f, 950, 1254, 1277, 1313, 1360
activity index test 1246
deoxyribonucleic acid 214, 406
disease 950, 1045
flagellar network 1295
function 1376
oxidoreductive enzyme 1246
replacement therapy 1045, 1046
Mitogen activated protein kinase 48, 68, 109
Mitosis 207, 1364
Mitotic chromosomal abnormalities 1327
Mitotic error 878
Mobile ovarian ligaments 1196
Mobile ovary 794
Mock embryo transfer 775
Mock transfer 775
pitfalls of 775
Modern rapid methods 463
Molar pregnancy 1015
Molecular binding 1278
Molecular failures 1376
Molecular injury 1383
Molecule 76, 79
Monitored anesthesia care 758
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 313
Monoamniotic twin 928f
Monocellular nature 1381
Monochorionic placenta 928f, 996
Monochorionic twin 928f
Monochorionic-diamniotic twin 930, 1011, 1012f
risk of 931
Monoculture media system 1496
Monocyte 88
cerebrospinal fluid 87
chemoattractant protein 224
chemotactic peptide 566
Monofollicular ovulation 900
Monogenic defects 310
Monogenic diseases 1441
Monogenic disorders 60, 214, 876, 879, 880, 1407
Monoiodotyrosine 143f
Mononuclear infiltrate 1081f
Mono-ovulatory cycles 540
Monopolar loop electrode 596
Monozygotic pregnancies 931
Monozygotic twin 928, 930, 996, 1010, 1376, 1404, 1405
formation 1404
incidence of 1376
percentage of 996
Mood swings 654
Morcellation
advantages of 597
disadvantages of 597
hysteroscopic 425, 597
Morphokinetics embryo assessment 1456
Morphologic scoring system 504
Morphological analysis 1254, 1255
Morphological assessment 1367
Morphology 186, 1242
calculation, abnormal 1243
Morula stage 70f, 1113f
biopsy 1411
Mosaic embryos 878, 1415
management of 878
number of 1356
Mosaicism 210, 878
fragment 878
Motile human spermatozoa 1248
Motile sperm 1256, 1456
high-power light microscope micrograph of 1449f
organelle morphology 1448, 1608
examination 1254, 1277, 1449t
suspension 1448
Motile spermatozoa 1254, 1257, 1269, 1273, 1282, 1339
amount of 1269
filtration of 1274
microfluidic isolation of 1281
number of 1273, 1293
single 1448
Motility 186, 1242
activators 1245
poor 1270
progressive 188, 327, 1242
score 1170
total 188, 327
Motor function 393
Motor module unit 1508
Mouse embryo 886, 1171
assay 465, 1490
culture of 1171
Mouse oocytes, maturation of 1324
Mu opioid receptor 22
Mucin 430
Mucosal cells of fimbriae 66
Müllerian agenesis 124, 131, 136, 414, 418, 1077
Müllerian anomalies 217, 413, 416f, 580, 1035
etiology of 413
Müllerian aplasia 1095
psychological aspects of 1096
Müllerian developmental anomalies 413
Müllerian duct 7, 8, 60, 101, 413, 487, 599
abnormalities 487
anomalies 419
development of 1075, 1090
Müllerian inhibiting substance 59
Müllerian malformations 1076
Müllerian structures 1093
Müllerian system 413
Multicystic ovaries, enlarged 1193
Multifactorial effectors, treatment of 846
Multifetal pregnancy 926, 928, 933, 1208
reduction 933, 1208, 1210, 1211
Multifollicular ovarian stimulation 50
Multigradient freezing technique 1312
Multiphoton microscopy 381
Multiple birth
pathogenesis of 928
pregnancies 871
Multiple cleavage-stage embryos 1377
Multiple displacement amplification 864
Multiple egg bank programs 947
Multiple gestation 995, 1368, 1375
etiology of 926
pregnancies, rates of 926
Multiple micromanipulation devices 1597
Multiple pregnancy 621, 632, 996, 1010, 1012f, 1207, 1208, 1208f, 1370
rate 245, 538, 654, 1146
risk of 1370
Multiple punctures 1515
Multiple-order births 926, 933
treatment of 932
Multiple-order gestation 931, 996
Multislice computed tomography 1035
Mumps 352, 375, 381
Muscle movement, loss of 395
Muscular dystrophy 880
Mutations 310
correction of 1046
preimplantation genetic testing for 407, 409
Myalgia 677, 1213
Mycobacterial smear 466
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 432, 441
complex 463
microbiology of 463
Mycoplasma 452, 966
genitalium 364, 453
resistance testing 453b
hominis 838
types of 452
Myoinositol 1444
Myoma 413, 420, 423, 580, 1035
blanched look of 583f
classification of 594f
enucleation of 424f
extraction 423
hysteroscopic
management of 424
morcellation of 425
intramural 421
removal of 583
retrieval 424f
screw 580
Myomectomy 842
abdominal 606
hysteroscopic 425, 426, 594, 612, 612f
laparoscopic 423
open 422
surgical techniques for 422
Myometrial blood flow 713
Myometrial cysts 496f
Myometrial echogenicity 713
Myometrial lesions 492
Myometrial wall thickness 489f
Myometrium 6, 492, 493
Myopathies, idiopathic inflammatory 281
Myosalpingeal hypertrophy 438
N
N95 masks 1219
Nabothian cyst 1005
N-acetylcysteine 367
Nafarelin 697
Naltrexone 231
Nanoparticles, use of 260
Narishige micromanipulator 1504
Narishige system 1338
National Family Health Survey 176
National Health Service 983
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 197
National Tuberculosis Elimination Program 469
Natural killer cells 90, 99, 201, 430, 832, 1020, 1021f, 1027, 1185, 1186, 1191
peripheral 88, 1186
testing of 836
Nausea 654, 655, 899, 1213
Near-infrared spectroscopy 1441
Neck 1277
Necrotic foci 1372, 1594
Necrozoospermia 188, 327, 1237
Needle aspiration biopsy 380
Needle-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration 1305
Nefazodone 339
Negative predictive value 440
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 191, 364, 450, 452, 459
Neodymium doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet 611, 1404
Neonatal care 933
Neonatal complications 931, 1207
Neonatal hypoglycemia 886
Neonatal intensive care unit 871
Neophallus, necrosis of 990f
Neoplasm 151, 352
adrenal 134
Neosalpingostomy 445, 589
Neovagina 1078f, 1079–1081, 1081f, 1090f, 1096
functional evaluation of 1089f
nonsurgical creation of 1097
octamer 1084f, 1086f, 1087f
surgical creation of 1097
vaginoscopic pictures of 1080f
Neovaginal canal 987f, 988f
stenosis of 990f
Neovaginal cavity 1099f
creation 1077f, 1096, 1098, 1098f
Neovaginal lining 1076
Nerve growth factor 29
Neuroblastoma 886
Neuroendocrine
abnormalities 289
dysfunction 520
function 1189
Neurofibromatosis 121
Neurohormone 18
Neurohypophysis 18
Neurokinin B 20, 118
Neuroleptics 141
Neurological disorder 281
Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein 386
Neuropeptide kisspeptin 1039
Neuropeptide Y 19, 117
Neurophysiology 396
Neurosecretion 17
Neurotrophin signaling 1039
Neurovascular bundle 987f
Neurovascular pudendal thigh flap 1100f
Neutral alpha-glucosidase 1249
Neutropenia, severe 922
Neutrophils 1072
Newer sperm selection techniques 1048
Next-generation sequencing 833, 865–867, 878, 1037, 1327, 1355, 1407, 1415, 1440–1442, 1662
advantages of 1327
Next-generation technology, use of 1445
Nick-end labeling assay 243
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 345, 386
phosphate 345, 365
Nifedipine 292
Nikon microscope 1504f, 1508f
Nitrates 346
Nitric oxide 32, 240, 333, 341, 345, 566
synthase 566
Nitroblue tetrazolium test 1243
Nitrogen species, reactive 311
Nitroglycerine 346, 582
patches 844
N-methyl-D-aspartate 117, 289
No scalpel vasectomy 12
Nocturnal penile tumescence 334
Nodules, endometriotic 567f
Nonadhering sperm 1255
Nonapoptotic spermatozoa 1279
Nonconsummation, signs of 333
Nonerosive arthritis 281
Nongonococcal urethritis 364
Nongonococcal-nonchlamydial infections 452
Non-in vitro maturation 769
Noninvasive preimplantation genetic testing 866, 880, 881
limitations of 881
Nonmaleficence, principle of 1208
Nonmalignant disease 256
treatment for 1294
Nonmotile
sperm 1456
spermatozoa 1256, 1282
Nonobstructive azoospermia 55, 189, 307, 352, 381, 382, 406, 407fc, 1050
evaluation of 382fc
types of 328t
Nonpolarized zygote 1364f
Nonpregnancy cycles 1422
Nonprogressive motility 327
Nonseptated clear cysts 501
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 49, 427, 568, 570, 576, 906, 1195
Nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor modulator 538
Nontoxic gloves, use of 1174
Nontubal ectopic pregnancy 917
Nontubal ectopic pregnancy, management of 923
Nontuberculous salpingitis 450, 459
Noonan syndrome 310
Noradrenaline 333
Norepinephrine 230, 231
Norethindrone acetate 427, 571
Normal fertilization 1515
rate 1343
Normal follicular
development 23
fluid 567
Normogonadotropic anovulation 170, 172
Normogonadotropic eugonadism 124
Normogonadotropic normoestrogenic anovulation 167, 664
Normogonadotropic normogonadism 168
Normospermia 374
Normozoospermia 188, 327, 1237
Normozoospermic
donors 1283
sample 1360
Novy's cannulation system 598f
Nuchal translucency scan 932, 1208
Nuclear abnormalities 1277
Nuclear assessment 1358
Nuclear chromatin decondensation test 1248
Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid 54
Nuclear magnetic resonance 1440, 1444
Nuclear maturation 1425
complete 1421
Nuclear precursor bodies 1571f, 1572f
Nuclear proteins, removal of 1263
Nuclear vacuoles
pathological aspects of 1449
small 1449
Nucleic acid amplification 441, 451
test 453
Nucleocapsid protein 1212
Nucleoside metabolism 1444
Nucleosome 884fc
Nuclepore membrane filter 1274
Nucleus 1254, 1295
paragigantocellularis 396
Nugent score 454
Nutrition, regulation of 1040
Nutritional status 325
O
Obesity 61, 121, 158, 169, 221, 224f, 226–228, 233, 234, 292, 360, 527, 530, 531, 550, 666
central abdominal 531
classification of 222
diagnosis of 222
effects of 225, 368b
fetal origin of 223fc
leading 226fc
male 229
origin of 223
pathophysiology of 223, 227fc
Observational studies 1224
Obstetric complications, risk of 995
Obstetric hemorrhages 997
Obstruction 306
Obstructive azoospermia 189, 311, 355, 375, 376, 406, 408, 409fc
management of 378fc
treatment of 377
types of 328t
Obstructive lesions 313
Obstructive sleep apnea 532
Octamer-binding transcription factor 1083f
Octuplets 926
Olanzapine 151
Oligoasthenospermia 213
severe 1310
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia 112, 310f, 327
severe 307, 949, 1293, 1450, 1513
syndrome 364
Oligoasthenozoospermia 1273
Oligohydramnios 996, 1188
Oligomenorrhea 141, 144, 147, 169, 549, 1118
Oligoovulation 150
Oligospermia 57, 213, 374
severe 355
Oligozoopsermia 228, 309, 327, 363, 406, 407, 407fc, 620, 1257, 1334, 1444
severe 329, 1293
Oligozoospermic samples 1275
Oliguria 893, 907
Omphalocele 886
Oncofertility 1048
Oncogenesis 883
Oncology 701
Ongoing pregnancy 1150
rates 572, 744
Onion-peel appearance 582
Oocyte 283, 628, 725f, 820, 834, 937, 946, 1140, 1116, 1331, 1338–1340, 1343, 1358, 1360f, 1361, 1361f, 1362f, 1383, 1393, 1410, 1429, 1433–1435, 1457–1459, 1506, 1516, 1542f, 1624f, 1626f, 1628f, 1649
abnormal 1322
atresia of 45
banking 946, 947f
collection 1331
content of 1497
cryopreservation of 256, 261, 967, 971, 1156, 1380, 1385, 1436, 1623
cryopreserved 997, 1140, 1311, 1312, 1435
cumulus
cell complex 877
complex 1267, 1421, 1512, 1533, 1597, 1597f
cytoplasmic transcriptome 1416
cytoskeleton 1169
decumulation 1455
deformation 1457
degeneration rate 1343
denudation 1435, 1457
developmental incompetence of 550
droplets 1337, 1339
dysmorphia 1306
evaluation 1599
exposure of 1173, 1381
fertilizable 1135
fertilize 1242, 1261
good-quality 815, 1324
holding side 1340
identification 1423
immature 1359f, 1384, 1420, 1423f, 1514, 1516, 1537
injection 1337
insemination of 1174, 1447, 1528, 1597
intravaginal culture of 1042
lower numbers of 1325
manipulation 1436, 1601
meiotic spindle structure 1323
microinjection of 1602
migration 1004
model 1448
morphological assessment of 1358
nuclear maturity 1537
number 813, 815, 1128, 1129, 1422, 1515
low 1515
pick-up 476, 682, 683, 726, 738, 793, 794, 844, 1422, 1515
plasma membranes of 67
poor morphology 1385
positioning 1461
postmature nature of 1359f, 1362
quality of 1434, 1435
recovery 1165
retrieval of number of 1156
second meiotic division of 67
secondary 43, 47, 66f
selection 1470
shape of 1358
size of 1358
source 945
sphere of 1381
spindle negative 1345
transfer of 1381
vitrification of 947, 1311, 1383f, 1384, 1623
vitrified 1380
Oocyte abnormalities 1322, 1541
category of 1541fc
Oocyte activation 43, 67, 1363, 1364, 1451
artificial 1516
assisted 1049
molecular mechanism of 68f
spontaneous 887
Oocyte aspiration 1305
foot pedal for 1655
set 1654, 1654f
Oocyte donation 275, 937, 938, 940, 946–948, 966
cycles 876, 943
indications for 938
legal status of 948
Oocyte donor 725, 943, 948, 1156, 1323
guarantee for 1156
programs 947
Oocyte freezing 1381
indications for 1380
Oocyte maturation 43, 47, 1420, 1513, 1514
in vivo 1420
inhibitor 50
period of 1323
physiology of 722
potential 1470
Oocyte maturity 1424
assessment of 1424, 1533
Oocyte morphology 1049
score 1470
Oocyte quality 225, 242, 830, 943, 1323, 1344, 1442, 1470
assessment of 834
Oocyte retrieval 743, 757, 765, 766, 769, 769b, 770, 772, 819, 904, 946, 1127, 1138, 1156, 1173, 1302, 1325, 1395, 1513, 1528
complications of 771
improper timing of 856
instruments for 766
needle 1172f
number of 997
procedure of 1515
rate 1422, 1524
sets 1512
steps of 768
technique 1135
Oocyte sharing 947
programs 947
Oocyte-cumulus oophorus cell contact, disruption of 724
Oogenesis 42, 49f, 665f, 1361
stages of 42
Oogonia 42, 43
Oogonial stem cells 259, 1118, 1313
Oolemma 1340, 1603
rupture 1340
Oophorectomy 924
Oophoritis 124
Open fine needle aspiration 379
Open system
freezing 1140
vitrification 1382
Open testicular biopsy 380, 1299
Open varicocele repair 388
Operative deliveries 999
Operative hysteroscopy 1147
Opiates 141
Opioids 521, 758
Optic astrocytoma 121
Optic glioma 121
Optical coherence tomography 381
Optimizing embryo transfer technique 794
Optimum estradiol window 715
Oral contraceptive 535, 678, 692, 1128
pill 153, 529, 531, 537, 545, 548, 550, 570, 668, 692, 815, 1128–1131
Oral estradiol 987
Oral estrogen 692
Oral glucose tolerance test 525, 550
Oral ovulation induction agents 538
Oral ovulogens 653, 693
Oral pharmacotherapy 340, 341
Oral progesterone 426
Oral ulcers 281
Orchidopexy 184
Orchitis 124, 307, 312, 375
acute 351
chronic 351
Ordinary binocular microscope 1168
Organ
ephemeral 1055
perfusion 893
regeneration, matrix for 1103
Organogenesis 413
Orgasmic disturbances 339
Original capillary tube test 1246
Original migration-sedimentation method 1270f
Orlistat 231, 535
Orthotopic transplant 1069
Osmolality 1169, 1497
Osmotic gradient 1388
Osmotic shock 1381
Osteopenia 369
Osteopontin 430
Osteoporosis 369, 1189
Ova, fertilization of 5
Oval mass 568
Oval sperm cells, large 1449
Ovarian abnormalities 487
Ovarian activity, re-establishment of 1429
Ovarian agenesis 1068
Ovarian aging 241, 857
Ovarian artery 1056, 1070f
Ovarian biopsy 561
Ovarian cancer 668
Ovarian cortex
biopsy of 561
freezing 1429
Ovarian cryopreservation 1068
Ovarian cycle 16, 27
Ovarian cysts 121, 654, 707, 1196, 1429, 1511
functional 669
Ovarian Doppler assessment 561
Ovarian drilling, procedure of 593
Ovarian dysfunction 168f, 215
Ovarian endometrioma 574
differential diagnosis of 568
Ovarian enlargement 1193
Ovarian failure 169, 171
acute 1226t
advanced 938
primary 131, 217, 532
Ovarian feedback 25
Ovarian fibroma 504f
Ovarian follicle 896, 1071
culture in vitro 258
in vitro activation of 259
transplantation 259
Ovarian fossa 568f
Ovarian fragmentation 820, 820fc
Ovarian function 24fc, 465, 1429
Ovarian hormones 76, 84f, 1193
Ovarian hyperstimulation 280, 644, 1148
controlled 195, 283, 572, 591, 690, 742, 1299, 1420, 1541
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 25, 118, 161, 173, 246, 263, 264, 278, 444, 478, 522, 621, 622, 644, 657, 669, 681, 690, 698, 704, 721, 726fc, 728, 729, 735f, 738, 742, 793, 802, 804, 893, 895, 898, 898fc, 900t, 901t, 903, 905fc, 906b, 907, 973, 1129, 1135, 1141, 1142, 1193–1195, 1195t, 1196f, 1323, 1409, 1420, 1512
classification of 894t, 899t, 1193, 1193t
clinical manifestations of 898
development of 897
hallmarks of 904
improvement of 907
lower risk of 900
management of 904, 906t
mild 906
moderate 903, 906
moderate-to-severe 999
pathogenesis of 893, 895, 897f, 897fc
pathophysiology of 895fc, 1194f
prevention of 753, 903, 905fc, 1194t
risk factors for 898, 898t
risk of 745, 943, 999, 1468
symptoms of 898
treatment of 905fc
Ovarian hypothesis 520, 521
Ovarian insufficiency 1117
Ovarian lesions 501
Ovarian ligament 593f
Ovarian malignancy 539
Ovarian neoplasm 150
Ovarian perifollicular blood flow 1036
Ovarian pregnancy 918, 924
Ovarian regeneration, proposed mechanism of 1119
Ovarian rejuvenation 1116
Ovarian reserve 193, 559, 707
assessment of 559
markers of 811
test 193, 559, 559f, 562, 734f, 809
role of 562t
Ovarian response 195, 707, 1323
abnormal 809
markers of 673t
monitoring of 1513
prediction index 715
test 812
types of 674t
Ovarian responsiveness 225
Ovarian size 1198
Ovarian steroid hormones 996
Ovarian steroidogenesis 109, 109fc
Ovarian stimulating drugs 264
Ovarian stimulation 51, 263, 280t, 444, 619, 627fc, 635, 651, 690, 713, 737t, 738, 745, 750, 886, 957, 1193, 1294, 1322–1324, 1514
contemporary 1324
contraindications of 283b
controlled 24, 118, 158, 257f, 647, 659, 659f, 665, 673, 674, 682, 690, 704, 733, 735f, 736, 737, 750, 754, 799, 810, 813, 817, 956, 896, 946, 1047, 1193, 1323, 1344, 1511
cycles 855
drugs for 653, 653b
effects of 1323, 1324
evolution of 742
hormonal monitoring of 714
monitoring of 704, 716
protocol 50, 664
mild 745, 1325
Ovarian stroma
assessment of 531
flow
index 709f
low resistance 510f
vessels, vascular parameters of 478t
Ovarian tissue 259, 1393, 1429
cryopreservation 257, 261, 283, 982, 992, 1421, 1429, 1430
process of 258f
transplantation 257, 1430
Ovarian torsion 1197, 1199, 1429
diagnosis of 1199t
laparoscopic picture of 1200f
treatment for 1199
Ovarian transplant 1065, 1068, 1071, 1074
indications for 1068
Ovarian transplantation, site of 1069
Ovarian trauma 1423
Ovarian tumor 121, 1076, 1196, 1197
Ovarian vascularization 531
Ovarian vasculature 1069, 1070f, 1071
Ovarian vein 1070f
Doppler blood flow 1072f
Ovarian volume 195, 561, 708, 709f
Ovary 3–5, 87f, 465, 507, 707, 913, 1035, 1117
artificial 259
control endocrine function of 17f
deep-seated 1513
enlarged 507
extraperitonealization of 895
hyperstimulated 906
in vitro activation of 1122, 1122f
innervation of 5
lies 1196
mobility of 584
normal 1196
simple cyst of 501
three-dimensional ultrasound of 510f
transposition of 258
volume calculation of 508f
Over radical surgery 1199
Ovulation 32, 37, 45, 49, 50f, 895, 1004, 1005f
assessment of 534
confirmation of 711
evidence of 1512
failure 538
physiology of 655, 665
prediction of 710
process of 50f
rate 538, 654
studies 244
suppression of 575
trigger 657, 721, 722, 729
Ovulation induction 170b, 171b, 439, 524, 539, 625, 659f, 664, 696, 739, 813, 996, 1190, 1375
evolution of 665
gonadotropin for 659
management for 666
medical options for 172
protocols 803
Ovulatory cycle 656t, 705f, 1037
Ovulatory dysfunction 225, 519, 567
Ovulatory function 192
evaluation of 198
Ovulatory phase 26
Ovulatory triggers, role of 723
Ovum
aspiration pump 1155
pickup 567, 766, 971, 1481
Oxidation 112
reduction potential 189, 243
Oxidative stress 239, 240, 365fc, 375, 385, 386, 527, 566, 1185, 1244, 1261
Oxygen
concentration 1498
saturation 1217
peripheral 1216, 1217
species, reactive 58, 239, 314, 315, 315f, 323, 365, 367, 386, 566, 814, 1023, 1189, 1243, 1243f, 1253, 1292, 1374, 1450, 1456, 1515
tension 1168, 1169
therapy 1217
P
Pain
abdominal 466, 899, 914
chronic 393
Palm Coine classification 495f
Palomo technique 389
Panhypopituitarism 168
Papanicolaou stain 1558f
Papillae, absence of 568
Papillomavirus 1394
Paracervical block 760
injection sites 761f
Paracrine factors 1122
Paraganglioma, familial nonchromaffin 884
Paramesonephric ducts 8
atrophy 8
Paraovarian cyst 501, 507
Parasympathetic penile innervation 395f
Paratesticular abnormalities 351
Parental chromosomes 1363
Parental karyotyping 834
Parenteral testosterone 987
Parkinson's disease 1044
Particulate air, high efficiency 1320, 1481, 1489, 1498, 1511, 1647
Pasteur pipette 1269
Paternal disomy 884
Peak systolic velocity 478, 512f, 709f
Pearson's correlation 1223
Pelvic adhesions 605, 613
Pelvic anatomy 605f
reconstruction of 607
Pelvic diaphragm 7
Pelvic discomfort 668
Pelvic examination 915
Pelvic floor muscles 333
contraction of 1090f
Pelvic infection 440, 1201, 1325
Pelvic inflammatory disease 438, 439, 440t, 444, 447, 455, 455b, 456b, 505, 506f, 584, 771, 913, 1028, 1201
Pelvic kidney, single 1079f
Pelvic pain 426, 914
chronic 466, 567
Pelvic surgery 376
Pelvic tuberculosis 450
Pelvic ultrasound 122, 533
Pelvic vasculature 1069f, 1073
Penetration 76
air, ultra-low 1164, 1489
Penicillin 1495
Penile erection, neurophysiology of normal 395f
Penile prosthesis 343
Penile skin 987f
Penile vibratory stimulation 399, 401, 402, 1515
Penis 9, 13
innervation of 13
Pentoxifylline 844, 1257
Peptide 117
calcitonin gene related 333
Percbiopsy 380
Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration 13, 354, 376, 380, 758, 1131, 1294, 1311, 1481, 1502
Percutaneous testicular
biopsy 380
sperm aspiration 380
Pericarditis 281
Periconceptional folic acid 295
Periconceptional period 1187
Perifollicular blood flow 710, 710f
Perifollicular flow, spectral Doppler of 512f
Peri-implantation corticosteroids 202
Perimetrium 6
Perinatal mortality 997, 999, 1141
Perinuclear theca 1339
Peritoneal factors 197, 244, 567
Peritoneal flaps
anterior 1078f
mobilization of 1078f
posterior 1078f
Peritoneal inclusion cyst 507, 507f
Peritoneal metaplasia 1079
Peritoneal pregnancy, primary 918
Peritoneal stem cells, identification of 1082f
Peritoneum 465
fallopian tubes 468f
use of 1076
Peritonitis 439
Peritubal adhesions 567
Peritubular myoid cells 53
Perivitelline space 1353f, 1361, 1537, 1541, 1545
large 1385
small 1538f
Peroxisomes 1360
Persistent depressive symptoms 1208
Persistent hemoconcentration 907
Personal protection equipment 1219, 1219b
steps of 1219b
use of 1219, 1220
Pesticides 375
Petri dish 1459, 1508, 1658
intracytoplasmic sperm injection 1255
replacement of 1508
types of 1658, 1658f
Phagocytosis 567
Phalloplasty 988, 989
Pharmacokinetics 667
Pharmacotherapy 340
Phenothiazine 324
Phentermine 231
Phenylalanine 1444
Phenylpropanolamine 365
Phosphatidyl myo-inositol 526
Phosphatidyl phosphate 526
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 27, 28, 526
Phosphatidylserine 1254, 1255, 1279
Phosphodiesterase 47, 47f, 48, 335, 347, 398
efficacy of 343f
pharmacokinetic comparison 345t
Phospholipase 68
Phospholipid 1444
Phosphorylation 87f
Photons, energy of 1320
Photooxidation 1165
Photosensitivity 281
Physical microfluidic system 1459
Physiological intracytoplasmic sperm injection 1048, 1247, 1447, 1452, 1605, 1606f, 1607f
advantages of 1452
disadvantages of 1452
dish 1606
Piezo-assisted drilling 1404
Piezo-intracytoplasmic sperm injection 1345, 1346f, 1347
Pigment epithelium derived factor 726
Pinealomas 121
Pinopodes over glands 1031f
Pipette 1658
alignment 1342, 1506
attachment of 1505f
types of 1658, 1658f, 1659f
Pisum sativum agglutinin 1247
Pituitary dysfunction 668
Pituitary failure 170
Pituitary gland, anterior 1047
Pituitary gonadotropins 14, 1040
Pituitary microadenoma 121
Pituitary secretions, ovarian control of 26fc
Pituitary tumor 141, 382, 383
Placenta 888, 927f, 928f, 930, 1185
accreta 997, 1141, 1391
previa 1141
risk of 996
Placental abruption 291
Placental dysfunction 1040
Placental examination 930
Placental tissue, development of 887
Placentation, dysfunctional 1185
Plasma
membranes, damaged 1244
protein A, pregnancy associated 916
rich protein 1121
Plasminogen
activator inhibitor 224–227
inhibitory system 33
Plastic petri dishes 1503
Plastic pipettes 1658f
Plastic test tubes 1657, 1657f
Platelet 1109
activation of 1109
poor plasma 1109
Platelet derived growth factor 1072
beta receptor 1072
Platelet rich plasma 432, 1046, 1108, 1110f, 1121
autologous 1109
preparation of 1046
Pleuritis 281
Pligoasthenoteratozoospermia, idiopathic 350
Pluripotent stem cells 259, 1116
Pneumatic injector 1336
Pneumatic syringe 1341
Pneumonitis 922
Polar body 68, 1361, 1545, 1547f, 1612f
biopsy 862, 864, 1409
extrusion of second 68
first 1537
second 1383
size of 1351
Polarization microscopy 1432, 1434t
components of 1433f
Poloscopy 1610
principle of 1610
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers 61
Polychlorinated biphenyls 61
Polycystic ovarian
disease 518, 580
morphology 147, 478, 508, 519, 531, 531f
signs of 531
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 47, 99, 124, 134, 140, 150, 158, 168–171, 192, 215, 217, 226, 289, 474, 478t, 508, 518, 519t, 520f, 520t, 522fc, 523f, 525, 528, 529fc, 529t, 530b, 533t, 535, 548, 551t, 552, 559, 592, 628, 653, 665, 673, 693, 723, 735, 793, 804, 831, 834, 898, 900, 999, 1020, 1137, 1311, 1328, 1420
anovulatory 47
diagnosis of 509t
differential diagnosis of 532b
evaluation of 545
management of 137, 529, 535t, 545, 545f
pathophysiology of 549f
phenotypes, classification of 519t
screening strategy for 535b
society 519
Polycystic ovary 44, 169, 170, 477f, 507, 509f, 511f, 518, 519, 735
bilateral 593f
Doppler features for 507
three-dimensional volume of 511f
Polydeoxyribonucleotide 386
Polydimethylsiloxane 1256, 1282
use of 1456
Polydioxanone 609
Polyethylene glycol precipitation 140
Polygenic complex female infertility 217
Polyhydramnios 996
Polymerase chain reaction 407, 441, 466, 468, 941, 949, 1409, 1441, 1662
Polymers 1139
Polymorphisms 240
affecting androgen receptor 310
Polypectomy, hysteroscopic 842
Polyps 101, 495, 498, 842
endometrial 241, 242, 498f, 612
Polysaccharide 1452
dextran 1254
Polyspermic zygote formation 1457, 1458
Polyspermy 830
Polystyrene 1456
Polyvinyl alcohol 1495
Polyvinylpyrrolidone 1268, 1337, 1337f, 1506, 1607f, 1660, 1660f
Pomeroy's method 446
Poor blastocyst formation 1517
Poor embryo quality, treatment of 839
Poor fertilization rate 1343, 1424
Poor oocyte
fertilization 814
quality 241, 565, 830, 1515, 1516
treatment of 839
Poor ovarian
reserve 739, 938, 1513
responder, management of 821
response 690, 809, 810
Poor quality oocytes 939
Poor responders, prediction of 810
Porcine capacitated sperm 1458
Port closure needle 580
Portal system 18f
POSEIDON
classification 738, 738t, 820
stratification 674f
Positive pregnancy outcome 1443
Positive pressure 1482
Postabortion survivor syndrome 1208, 1211
Postacrosomal lamina 1254, 1277
Postacrosomal region 1437
narrow 1449
Postcoital test 198
Postejaculate urinalysis 378
Postembryo transfer 785
Postfertilization 1261, 1402
Posthuman chorionic gonadotropin 1383
Posthumous reproduction 261
Postinflammatory obstruction 311
Post-insemination 1402
Post-IVF pregnancies 1189
Postmasturbation urine 336
Postmature oocyte 1516
corona cumulus 1535
Postmortem sperm retrieval 262
Postnatal growth 884
Postpartum 933
depression 997
hemorrhage 931, 958, 997, 999
thyroiditis 146
Postpubertal status 360
Post-zygote development 1337
Potassium 899, 905
chloride 1210
hydroxide 454
Potential cycle cancellation 745
Pouch of Douglas 464, 468f, 515, 567f, 591, 592f, 714, 1036
Powder-free latex gloves 1132
Prader orchidometer 325f, 353
Prader-Willi syndrome 310, 382, 383, 884
Prazosin 324
Preantral follicle 29, 43, 45
Precocious puberty 120, 121, 122fc, 701
causes of 121b
central causes of 121
evaluation of 123b
familial male-limited 121, 124
peripheral 121, 123
Preconception care 295
Preconceptional weight loss 233
Prednisolone 1187
Prednisone 253
Predominant hyperechoic stroma 508
Preeclampsia 931, 939, 997, 1185
Prefreezing embryo selection 1517
Pregenetic screening 1407
Pregnancy 142, 146, 264, 455, 550, 932, 945, 971, 1039, 1186, 1198, 1322
abdominal 918
biochemical 1247, 1299, 1518
complication 222
cornual 917, 923
ectopic 841, 913, 913t, 914, 915f, 921fc, 924, 1013–1015, 1201, 1202
effects of 88
extrauterine 1201
failure, early 1015
fear of 333
heterotopic 913, 916, 918, 924, 1015
high-risk 1190
hormones 90
human 1305
immune
acceptance of 87
paradox of 88
immunology of 201
interstitial 917, 923, 1014
intrahepatic cholestasis of 1062
intrauterine 1013, 1203
latter half of 1214
maternal recognition of 97
presence of 1201
progresses 1185
spontaneous 946
Pregnancy loss 1019, 1211, 1445
complete 1210
early 222, 924, 1012, 1019t, 1185, 1322
first-trimester 158
rates 1210
recurrent 211, 228, 800, 804, 868, 955, 1019, 1020, 1020fc, 1020t, 1022, 1024, 1145, 1186, 1188, 1191, 1407
spectrum of 1019f
Pregnancy rate 227, 583, 587, 654, 932, 1257, 1278, 1311, 1354, 1361, 1374, 1425, 1513
clinical 101, 244, 544, 568, 787, 804, 843, 868, 1060, 1146, 1137, 1524
cumulative 733
higher 100, 774
lower 810, 1150
poor 1517
recipient 943
Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin 655, 656
Pregnenolone 107, 110–112
metabolism 110, 113
Pregranulosa cells 1420
Preimplantation embryo 861, 876, 1046, 1320, 1380, 1443, 1495
arrest of 1351
development 73, 1361
isolation 1331
Preimplantation genetic
diagnosis 725, 861, 876, 949, 960, 995, 1020, 1022, 1131, 1311, 1328, 1355, 1375, 1407, 1408, 1455, 1473, 1481, 1502, 1662
screening 430, 793, 819, 840, 861, 864t, 886, 995, 998, 1022, 1033, 1131, 1355, 1375, 1407, 1408, 1415, 1662
techniques 1415
testing 407, 861, 862b, 863f, 865, 867, 869, 871, 876, 879, 880, 945, 1022, 1145, 1156, 1191, 1319, 1407, 1471
limitations of 879
Preleptotene 54
Premature luteinization 713
prevention of 49
Premature ovarian
aging 241
insufficiency 126, 215, 250, 857, 938, 1116, 1118
Premature ovarian failure 124, 131–133, 146, 169, 241, 259, 282, 1116
causes of 938b
management of 138
Premature thelarche 120
Prematurity 996, 1023
Prenatal growth 884
Preovulatory follicle 31, 43, 47
Preovulatory period 479
Preovulatory scan 511
Pre-sperm interaction 1516
Preterm birth 1142
Preterm delivery 291, 996
Prevasectomy 252
Prevent inheritable mitochondrial disease 950f
Prevotella 833
Primary amenorrhea 131, 133, 134, 138, 530
hypothalamic causes of 124
Primary follicle 29, 43, 44
formation of 44t
Primary oocyte 43
maintenance of 47
Primary testicular failure 306, 376, 381, 382
etiology of 381, 381b
management of 382fc
Primordial follicle 27, 43, 44, 44t, 982, 1122, 1429
activation model 28f
granulosa cells 28
Primordial germ cell 4f, 42, 43, 62, 885
migration 43f
Procarbazine 253
Progenitor cells, staining of 1083f, 1084f, 1086f, 1087f
Progesterone 16, 19, 24, 26, 32, 33, 37, 76, 84, 98, 107, 158, 160, 201, 474, 479, 534, 727, 800–802, 804, 837, 838, 858, 957, 1148, 1232, 1329, 1387, 1425
addition of 1112
administration of 1137
appearance of 1030
biosynthesis 157
correction of 484
induced blocking factor 89
intensive 803
intrauterine system 426
levels of 1142, 1148
natural 284
premature elevation of 1328
production 156
receptor 117, 834
secretion of 724
supplementation 1024, 1138
synthesis of 23, 107
use of 1518
Progestin 113, 427
challenge test 133, 133fc
primed ovarian stimulation protocol 683, 684f, 739
therapy 537
Program performance indicators 1182b
Programmed cell death 5
Progression, natural 393
Progressive precocious puberty 123b
Proinflammatory adipokine 244f
Proinflammatory cytokines 157f
Prolactin 23, 125, 140, 375, 534, 704
disorder 158, 532
homeostasis 23
secretion 23
Prolactinoma 124, 188
Proline 1444
Pronuclear stage 1565
Pronuclear transfer 1045
Pronucleus 1615
abnormal 1573
stage 1351
Propane sulfonic acid 1607f
Propanediol 1381
Propane-sulfonic acid 1169, 1512, 1623
Prophylactic antibiotics 1208
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