Algorithms in Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Kamini A Rao, Harpreet Kaur
INDEX
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Page numbers followed by b refer to box, f refer to figure, fc refer to flowchart, and t refer to table.
A
Abdominal bulge 78
Abdominal distension 86
Abdominal mass, suprapubic 61
Abdominal pain 25, 78
mild 170, 176
Abdominal ultrasonography 25
Abortion, post spontaneous 90
Abruptio placentae, recurrent 231
Abscesses 70
Achondroplasia 251
Acid tyrode 241
Acid-fast bacilli 87
Acinetobacterium 192
Acquired uterine anomalies 240
Adenoma, recurrence of 59
Adenomyomectomy, techniques of 17t
Adenomyosis 13, 15, 114, 116, 221
diffuse 114
effects of 115
hysteroscopic features of 17b
management of 115fc
ultrasound of 114
Adhesion
barriers 96
lesser risk of 12
location of 92
Adnexa
complete rotation of 185
partial rotation of 185
Adnexal pathology 73
Adnexal torsion
evaluation 186
investigations 186
pathophysiology 185
Adolescent congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 68
Adrenal androgen production 22
Adrenal gland 44, 44fc
Adrenal hyperplasia
classification of congenital 44, 44fc
congenital 24, 25, 44, 46
Adrenal hypoplasia congenita 67
Adrenal hypothesis 118
Adrenal tumors, functional 25
Adrenarche, premature 25, 26
Adrenocorticotropic hormone 65
Agents, injectable 135
Agonist protocols 163t
Alcohol
consumption 253
limit 228
Alpha-hydroxylase 226
deficiency 40
Alprostadil 218
Altruistic surrogacy 274
requirements for 275
Ambiguous genitalia 33, 44
Amenorrhea 33, 56, 61, 62fc, 78, 97, 261
causes of 62f, 63, 65fc
ovarian causes of 63, 64f
primary 42f, 61, 61fc
secondary 61, 62, 74
work-up of secondary 64fc
Amniotic fluid, contamination of 290
Anabolic steroids 4
Analgesia 12
Androgen
major 131
secreting tumors 61
source of 131
testing 236
Androgen action
classification of disorders of 41fc
disorders of 41
Androgen insensitivity syndrome 35, 41, 63, 64
partial 41, 46
spectrum of presentation of 41
Androgen synthesis 35
disorders of 40
Androgenization, signs of 215
Androstenedione 41
Anejaculation 217
Aneuploidy 35
Aneurysms 70
Anorexia nervosa 251
prevalence of 251
Anovulatory infertility, second-line therapy for 127
Antagonist cycles 128
Antagonist protocol 164t, 166f
mild 166f
Antagonist regimen 142f
Antagonist stimulation protocol, mild 163
Antenatal care 94
Antiandrogen therapy 133
Antiapoptotic molecules, upregulation of 265
Antibiotic therapy 96, 243
use of 96
Antiestrogens 168
Antigen–antibody interaction 57
Anti-inflammatory agents 219
Anti-Müllerian hormone 1, 35, 46, 69, 119, 161, 168, 172, 241, 266
Antinuclear antibody 231
testing 234
Antiphospholipid antibody 231, 233, 235
syndrome 240
Antiphospholipid syndrome 236
Antiretroviral therapy 128
highly active 290
Antisperm antibody testing 6
Antituberculosis treatment 87
Antral follicle count 161, 168
Anxiety 254
Aortic dissection 38
Apareunia 78
Arcuate nucleus, dorsal portion of 54
Aromatase 226
inhibitors 137
Arousal disorders 220
Array comparative genomic hybridization 45, 233, 234
Artificial cycle 197
with suppression 201, 203
without suppression 199, 203
Artificial reproductive technique 144
Asherman's syndrome 63, 89, 89f, 92t, 94fc, 194
classification 92, 93t
clinical features 90
diagnosis 90
management 93
Aspirin 168, 174, 192, 258
Assisted conception rates 108
Assisted reproduction technique 239, 256, 266, 285
Assisted reproductive technology 17, 37, 50, 106, 108, 112, 115, 172, 196, 219, 270, 273, 290
Act 271b, 274t, 275t
cycle 144
emergence of 239
methods 250
Asthenozoospermia 5, 157
Atopic dermatitis 221
Atrophic epithelial mono-layer 89
Atrophic uterine remnant 81f
Audiometry 38
Autoimmune 226
Autologous bone marrow stem cell transplant 96
Autosomal recessive disorder 40, 44
Axillary hair 61
Azoospermia 5, 72, 207, 207f, 208f, 208t, 261
classification system of 207, 207b
etiology of 207b
incidence of 207
management of 210, 210fc, 211f
obstructive 207, 211, 211t
permanent 261
work-up of 207
Azoospermic factor 209
B
Bacterial growth 222
Bacteroidetes 192
Bardet–Biedl–Moon syndrome 67
Bariatric surgery, indications of 128
Barker's hypothesis 118
Barrier contraception 287
Bartholin and paraurethral gland palpation 224
Basal estradiol 161
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin 186, 198f
Bilateral tubal
block 9f
spill 11f
Bilateral tubes 10f
Biopsy 87
Biphasic basal body temperature 3
Bipolar disorders 251
Bipolar resectoscope 113
Birth defects 253
Bladder neck closure 216
Blastocyst transfer 241
Bleeding, regular withdrawal 129
Bleomycin 261
Blind vagina 43f
Blindness
green color 279
red color 279
Blood 285
mononuclear cells, peripheral 242
pressure 208
tests 173
Blood sugar
fasting 86
levels 196
Body fluids 285
Body mass index 2, 61, 161, 168, 172, 215, 227, 239, 253
Bone
densitometry 71
health management 229
marrow-derived stem cell transplant, administration of 96
mineral density 40
Breast 42f
cancer 266, 266fc
patient 229
development 61, 73
examination 2
Breastfeeding 287
Bromocriptine 58
Bulimia nervosa, prevalence of 251
Burn out phenomenon 260f
Busulfan 261
C
Cabergoline 58, 175
Caffeine 253
Cancer 263
survivorship 260
type of 265t
Carboplatin 261
Carboxymethylcellulose 96
Cardiac magnetic resonance scan 37
Cardiovascular health management 229
Cardiovascular system 208
Cell sorting, magnetic activated 154, 155f
Cellular phones and radiation 254
Central adoption resource authority 276
Central nervous system 24, 63, 65fc, 70, 216
Central precocious puberty 23–25
Cervical
agenesis 81
cerclage 236, 236t
insufficiency 236
integrity 233
motion tenderness 186
pathology 221
secretions 2
Cervix 77, 82f, 86
Cesarean delivery 287
CHARGE syndrome 67
Chemical stimulators mediated sperm selection 157, 158f
Chemotherapeutic drugs 260
Chemotherapy 260f, 262, 266
effect of 260, 261
Childhood cancer survivor 260
Chlamydia 192
antibody test 8, 11
Chlorambucil 261
Choanal atresia 67
Chromopertubation 8, 10
Chromosomal abnormalities 36f
Chromosomal aneuploidies 241
Chromosomal microarray analysis 45
Chromosomal sex 43
Chromosome analysis, indications for 36
Cisplatin 261
Citalopram 218
Clinical pregnancy rate 168
Clitoral atrophy 222
Clitoral hypertrophy, degrees of 47
Clitoral pathology 221
Clitoroplasty 47
Cloacal exstrophy 35
Clomiphene citrate 136, 163, 190
mechanism of action of 136fc
Clomipramine 218
Coagulation 17
Coenzyme Q10 168
Cognitive, stage of 21
Cogwheel appearance 87
Colloid infusion-plasma expanders 175
Coloboma 67
Combined hormonal contraceptive pills 228
Combined oral contraceptive pills 73, 124
Comparative genomic hybridization 233
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome 46
Complete blood count 71, 86, 176
Conception karyotyping, products of 233
Conception, products of 233
Congenital anomalies 222
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 67
Congenital sensorineural deafness 67
Contraceptive vaginal
patch 133
rings 133
Contralateral ovary 42
Conventional testicular sperm extraction 211, 212
Corifollitropin alfa 163, 166f
Coronavirus disease-2019 196
Corpus luteum 256
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 251
Cortisol 41, 251
Couple, counseling of 196
Craniopharyngioma 70
C-reactive protein levels 186
Cryomyolysis 114
Cryptomenorrhea 61
Cryptorchidism 4
Cryptozoospermia 207
Cumulative pregnancy rates 74
Cushing's syndrome 25, 30
Cycle cancelation 161, 175
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 175
selective inhibitor of 192
Cyclophosphamide 261
high dose of 261
CYP17A1 gene 40
Cystic fibrosis 210
transmembrane regulator mutation 5
Cystoscopy 219
Cytokine polymorphism 236
Cytomegalovirus 226
Cytotoxic drugs 261t
D
Dacarbazine 261
Dactinomycin 261
Dapoxetine 218
Deep infiltrating disease 99
Deeper digital palpation 224
Dehydroepiandrosterone 24, 25, 41, 120, 168
sulfate 41, 46, 64, 120
Delayed puberty 27, 67
treatment of 29
De-novo mutations 41
Density gradient 148f
centrifugation 148, 149f
method 148
Deoxyribonucleic acid 1, 235, 287, 291
integrity of 5
percentages of 144
Depression 254
Desire disorders 220
Diabetes mellitus, type 2 129
Diethylstilbestrol 78, 79
Dihydrotestosterone 46, 48
Direct swim-up 146, 146f
Directly observed treatment short-course 88
Distal tubal block 17
Distension media, types of 14t
Diverticulitis 187
Donor cycles 258
management 272, 272t
Donor egg
indications for 271, 271t
recipients, additional screening for 272t
Donor gamete conception 272
Donor oocyte 229
Donor sperm 273
artificial insemination of 273
indications for 274t
Dopamine 54, 251
agonist 175
Double flap technique 17
Double stimulation 163
protocol 166f
Doxarubicin 261
Drug
abuse 253
and medications, use of recreational 5
Dual hypothalamic regulation 54
Duchenne's and Becker's muscular dystrophy 279
Dyslipidemia 128
Dysmenorrhea 114
severe 83
Dyspareunia 2, 78, 220, 222, 224
causes of 223t
classification of 220, 221t, 222t
etiology 220
management 222
oocytes 229
ovarian tissue 229
signs 222
symptoms 222
E
Ear abnormalities 67
Early follicular phase 167
Eating disorders 63
Ecosprin 192
Eflornithine 133
Egg
quality 241
recipients, screening of 271
use of 269
Egg donation 269, 270, 273
complications of 272
protocols for 273fc
Egg donor 277
eligibility criteria 271b
screening of 271
types of 271
Ejaculated sperm cryopreservation 266
Ejaculation
by prostatic massage, stimulation of 219
delayed 217
retrograde 216, 219
Ejaculatory duct
obstruction 208
transurethral resection of 208–210
Ejaculatory dysfunction 215, 216
diagnosis of 217fc
Electrocardiogram 177f
Electroejaculation 219
Electromyography 216
Electrophoretic method 153
Electrosurgical vaporization 113
Elevated intracranial pressure, symptom of 25
Elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone 50, 170
Embryo
adoption 269
cryopreservation 261, 287
culture 287
media, spent 282
damage 281
donation 269, 274, 274b
indications 274
freezing 197
mosaic 282
ovarian stimulation for 262
pooling 196
synchronization of 197
transfer 196, 204, 239, 256, 258
elective single 280, 283
sequential 244
transfer cycles 190
frozen-thawed 258
use of 269
Embryology 77
Emotional distress, lower level of 260
Endocrine
abnormalities 241
evaluation 25
therapy 266
Endogenous gonadotropins, release of 161
Endometrial aspirate 87
Endometrial biopsy 4, 13
Endometrial carcinoma, increased risk for 129
Endometrial cavity
normal 10f
outlining 92
Endometrial coring 194f
Endometrial hyperplasia 73
Endometrial injury 243
Endometrial mesenchymal cells, proliferation of 96
Endometrial pattern 191
Endometrial polyps 13, 15, 241
Endometrial preparation protocols 205
Endometrial proliferation, causes of 256
Endometrial receptivity
analysis 196
array 191
assay 244
Endometrial scratching 96, 237
Endometrial shedding 89
Endometrial stromal cells, proliferation of 96
Endometrial thickness 181, 190, 191, 241
measurement of 181
Endometrial tissue 236
Endometrial vascularization 191
Endometrioma 100b
Endometriosis 16, 99, 99fc, 100b, 104b, 104t, 105, 105b, 106, 107f, 221, 222
fertility index 103f, 106
management of 99, 103
pain with 104
pain with 105
stage of 100, 107fc
work-up of 99
Endometriotic excision 17
Endometritis
chronic 13, 15, 16b, 192
role of antibiotics of 194
Endometrium 10f, 89, 92f, 257, 258
causes 190
of thin 190fc
functional 81f
management of thin 190
normal 191f
synchronization of 197
thin 191fc, 192f
treatment 192
of thin 193fc
Endoscopic surgery 19
Endoscopic techniques 87
Enzyme deficiencies 226
Ependymal sperm aspiration, microscopic 211, 212
Epidermal growth factor 194
Epididymis 4
Erectile dysfunction 56, 215, 218
management of 216fc
Erection, medicated urethral system for 216
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 29, 86, 191
Escherichia coli 192
Estradiol 41, 51, 175, 264
levels 22
serum concentrations of 25
Estrogen 258, 259
component 228
replacement, duration of 200
treatment 73
Estrogenization, loss of 67
Ethambutol 87
European tissues 288
Euthyroid 51
Euthyroidism 51
Exercise 255
regular 228
Exogenous progesterone 74
initiation 201
Exosomes therapy 229
External genitalia 61
development 42
F
Facial hair, excessive 42f
Fallopian tube 8f, 77, 185, 187
distended 87
Female external genitalia 43f
Female genital
mutilation 222
system 77f
tract 86
tuberculosis 86, 222, 223
drug sensitive 88t
Female orgasm disorders 220
Female reproductive tract 77
Female sexual dysfunction 220
Ferriman and Gallway score, modified 121f
Ferriman-Gallwey
chart, modified 132f
score, modified 131
Fertility 37t, 96, 109, 115
evaluation 123
expert 1
female 55f
male 56f
natural 37
options for 48, 228
preservation 196, 262
strategies 266, 267fc
techniques 260, 261, 262fc
treatment 287t
Fertilization rates, impaired 51
Fertoprotective adjuvant therapy 265
Fetal cystic hygroma 36
Fibroids 108
classification of 108
diagnosis of 108
effects of 109
management of 112, 112fc
with infertility, management of 111
Filtration techniques 149
advantages 149
disadvantages 149
Fluid
management 177b
overload 13
Fluorescence in situ hybridization 233
Fluoxetine 218
Focal adenomyosis 114
Follicle-stimulating hormone 1, 2f, 22, 24, 25, 46, 62–65, 71, 74, 119, 120f, 135, 136, 139–142, 161, 172, 207, 209, 210, 215, 216, 261, 272
higher 288
receptor, mutated 170
Follicular early cessation protocol 162
Follicular fluid 285
Folliculogenesis 73, 258
Foods to eat 125
Fragile X mental retardation gene 1 227
Fragile X premutation 230
carrier screening 227
Franulocyte colony-stimulating factor 193
Free triiodothyronine levels 50
Freeze-all cycles 196b
Freeze-all protocol 128f
Frozen embryo transfer 115, 128, 168, 196, 203t, 204, 241, 242
cycles 258
monitoring of 200
endometrial preparation for 196
indications for 196
modified natural cycle, types of 197fc
planning 197
protocols 197
timing 200
Frozen thaw cycles 258
Frozen transfer 272
Fundoscopic examination 25
Fungal culture 224
Fungal growth 222
G
Galactorrhea 2, 56, 61
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase 226
Galactosemia 226
Gametes and embryos, vital portal for transport of 8
Ganirelix 141
Gender dissatisfaction 35
Gender dysphoria 35
General illness 61
Genetic analysis 209
Genetic syndromes 226
Genetic testing 5, 45, 70, 227
Genexpert 87
Genital abnormalities 67
Genital infections, evidence of 4
Genital mutilation 221
Genital outflow tract 61
obstruction 62fc, 63
Genital pituitary hormone deficiency 67
Genital surgeries 45
Genital tract, chronic infectious disease of female 86
Genital tuberculosis 18t, 19fc, 90
clinical features of female 86, 86b
diagnosis of female 86
management of 19fc
Genitalia, degree of internal 42
Genitopelvic pain 220
Genitourinary function 229
Genome of mycobacterium, rapid sequencing of entire 87
Gestational surrogacy 274
Ghrelin 251
Glass bead filtration 150
Glass wool filteration 150f
Glucocorticoids 175, 237
levels of 41
Glyceryl trinitrate 168
Glycine 113
Gonadal dysfunction 261t
Gonadal dysgenesis 40fc, 61
mixed 40
partial 40
pure 40
Gonadal estrogen production 22
Gonadectomy 40, 48
bilateral 47
Gonadoblastoma, risk of developing 43
Gonadotoxic drugs, treatment with 260
Gonadotoxic therapy, administration of 266
Gonadotoxicity, prevention of 265
Gonadotropin 22, 126, 142, 175, 212, 264
choice of 139
dose of 142
inhibitory hormone 254
injectable 139
release of 67
therapy 72, 73
treatment 73
use of 128
Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty 24, 25
treatment of 26
Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty 24, 25
Gonadotropin-only protocols 139
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 54, 56, 62, 71, 74, 104, 106, 118, 136, 163, 167, 178, 223, 257, 264
agonist 112, 128, 133, 144, 164f, 172, 175, 244, 256, 258, 265
long protocol 115
analogs, role of 141
antagonist 141, 262
premenstrual 161
deficiency 67
inhibition of pulsatile 251
neuronal migration 68
receptor synthesis 68
therapy 72, 212
Gonadotropin-stimulation, monitoring during 141
Gonads 44, 260
Gordon Holmes syndrome 68
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 193, 204, 237, 241, 242
Granulomas 70
Granulosa cells, aspiration of 175
Growth disorders in adolescent age 29
Growth factor, transforming 194
Growth failure, severe 30
Growth hormone 48, 65, 168, 193
Growth retardation 67
Guideline development group 100, 104
Gynecological history 2
Gynecomastia 5, 261
H
Hair, abnormal pigmentation of 67
Headache 61
Heart
defect 67
left-sided congenital 36
disease, worsening of 216
rate 176
Hematocrit 176
Hematologic malignancies 266
Hematometrocolpos 84
Hemivagina, obstructed 79
Hemoglobin 233
Hemophilia 279
Hemorrhage, internal 185
Heparin 242, 258
Hepatitis B 285, 287
E antigen 290, 291
immunoglobulin 288
administration of 287
virus 271, 273, 286–288, 291
transmission 291
Hepatitis C 285
virus 271, 273, 285–287
testing 288
Hepatotoxicity 87
Hereditary thrombophilias 240
Hermaphroditism, true 42
Hirsutism 2, 61, 121, 131, 132f
diagnosis 131
differential diagnosis for 131, 132t
evaluation of 131
incidence 131
laser therapy in 134
management of 131, 132
mild 134
patient-important 134
red flags of 131
Hodgkin's disease 261
Homocysteine levels 236
Hormonal assay 227
Hormonal evaluation 5
Hormone
administration of 257
medication 29
replacement treatment 228, 228t
sensitive cancer 228
supraphysiological doses of 73
therapy 37, 37fc, 48, 65, 70t, 73, 212
Hormone replacement therapy 192
cycles 258
regimen 73
Human albumin 175
Human chorionic gonadotropin 71, 74, 126, 139–142, 161, 163, 167, 172, 175, 178, 182, 193, 199f, 204, 212, 227, 256, 257, 257t
trigger 174
Human immunodeficiency virus 86, 271, 273, 285–287, 290, 291
Human leukocyte antigen 231
typing 280
Human menopausal gonadotropin 71, 73, 74, 139–142, 163
Huntington's disease 279
Hyaluronic acid 96
binding 153
physiological method of 153, 153f
Hybrid leiomyomas 109
Hybrid myomas 110f, 113
Hydrops 36
Hydrosalpinges 243
Hydrosalpinx 17, 87, 241
management of 18fc
Hydroxyethyl starch 175
Hydroxylase, deficiency of 44
Hydroxyprogesterone 41, 46
Hymen, imperforate 222
Hyperandrogenemia, manifestation of 131
Hyperandrogenism 120
biochemical markers of 120t
evaluation of 131
signs of 131
symptoms of 61
Hypercortisolism 30
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism 28, 29, 37
Hyperpigmentation 67
Hyperprolactinemia 54, 58t, 59
causes of 55, 55f
effects of 55, 55f, 56f
evaluation of 56
management 57
medical management of 58fc
microadenoma-associated 57
surgical management of 58fc
Hypertension 229
Hyperthyroidism 51
infertile women with 51
Hypogonadism 67, 68
anabolic steroid-induced 213
primary 5, 207
secondary 5
signs of 215
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadal
female, management of 72
male, management of 67, 70
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 29, 55, 67, 69, 71, 207, 210
adult-onset 68
causes of 27
clinical condition of 67
differential diagnoses 68
etiological types of 67fc
Hypogonadotropic state 265
Hypo-osmotic swelling 157f
test, modified 156
Hypoplasia 70
Hypothalamic amenorrhea 63
Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone 67
pulsatile secretion of 22
Hypothalamic neurons 54
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis 67, 254
normal 266
Hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus of 55
Hypothyroidism 50, 51
primary 59
Hysterography 89
Hysterolaparoscopy 100b
procedure 13
Hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography 3f, 4, 8, 10, 10f, 109
Hysterosalpingogram 9f, 13, 79, 107, 272
normal 8f
Hysterosalpingography 3, 3f, 4f, 8, 63, 87, 91, 92f, 93t, 94, 223
Hysteroscope
flexible 13
parts of 12, 13f
types of 13t
Hysteroscopic adhesiolysis 95f, 96, 97, 194
Hysteroscopic morcellator 113
Hysteroscopic myomectomy 16t, 116
methods of 16
Hysteroscopic surgery 93
Hysteroscopy 4, 13, 63, 78, 87, 92, 93t, 109, 112, 191, 192
indications of 13t
usage of 12, 13
I
Idiopathic hirsutism 134
Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia 55
Idiopathic infertilit 50
Idiopathic short stature 30
severe 36
Immotile spermatozoa 157
Immunological disease 260
Immunotherapy 242
Implantation failure, repeated 204
In vitro activation 229
In vitro fertilization 51, 71, 105, 107, 124, 144, 161, 163, 167, 175, 178, 186, 196, 200, 204, 210, 234–236, 242, 254, 256, 272, 282, 285, 288
cycles 111, 168t
development of 269
planning 40
treatment 256
regimens 174
In vitro follicular growth, encapsulated 266
In vitro maturation 174, 262, 264
Indian ART Act 270t, 274
Infections 240
Infertile couple 51, 108, 158, 250, 254
Infertility 18fc, 33, 37, 54, 67, 78, 114, 115fc, 251, 253
causes of 1, 8, 99, 108
degree of 261
duration of 4
etiology of 2, 2f, 19fc
female 51, 253f
indications of 1
lifestyle factors in 250, 251
male 51
management of 17, 74f, 105fc, 112, 112fc, 125
obsesity related male 252f
treatment of 71, 73
tubal evaluation for 8fc
unexplained 6, 13
with endometriosis, management of 105
work-up of 1, 1t
Innovative molecular tests 45
Insemination 287
Insulin 251
hypothesis 118
resistance, signs of 131
sensitizers 174
sensitizing agents 137
Insulin-like growth factor 65
binding protein 138
Intercourse, timed 126
Interferon gamma release assay 86
Intermenstrual bleeding 114
Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels 157
Intracervical adhesions 89
Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection 152f
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 51, 151, 163, 210, 287, 288
bypass 144
cycles 111, 161
treatment 192
Intralipids 243
Intramural extension, degree of 15
Intramural fibroids 108
distorting 109
Intramuscular progesterone 175, 257
Intraovarian renin-angiotensin system, activation of 171
Intrauterine adhesions 16b, 63, 89, 91f, 95f, 97
causes of 16b
classification of 16t
hysteroscopic appearance of 92f
management of 16b
Intrauterine androgens, abnormal levels of 44
Intrauterine anomalies 243
Intrauterine device 94, 221
malfunction of 222
Intrauterine fetal deaths, recurrent 231
Intrauterine insemination 71, 74, 105, 106b, 107, 108, 112, 126, 145, 210, 288
processing techniques, use of effective 144
ovulation induction protocols for 135
Intrauterine synechiae 13, 15
Intravaginal ejaculation latency time, basis of 216
Intravenous calcium gluconate 175
Intravenous immunoglobulin 237, 242
In-vitro fertilization 48
Ipsilateral renal anomaly syndrome 79, 82
Iris, abnormal pigmentation of 67
Isoniazid 87
Isosorbide monohydrate 168
Isothermal amplification, loop-mediated 87
K
KAL1 gene 68
Kallmann's syndrome 67, 210
Karyotype testing, indication of 45
Kearns–Sayre syndrome 280
Ketoconazole 175
Klinefelter's phenotype 5
Klinefelter's syndrome 38, 38fc, 47fc, 209
L
Laparoscope, parts of 12f, 12t
Laparoscopic chromopertubation 11f
Laparoscopic entry techniques 14fc
Laparoscopic myomectomy, robotic-assisted 114
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling 124, 127
indications of 128
Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation 223
Laparoscopy 4, 8, 10, 113
diagnostic 87
instruments for 12
Laser, types of 134
Lasmar's classification 16t
Lasmar's STEPW preoperative classification 113t
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy 280
Leiomyoma 13, 108, 221
classification of 109t
Leptin 251
Lesser blood loss 12
Letrozole 137, 163, 167, 168
Leukocyte antigen antibodies, anti-human 236
Leydig cell 254
failure 261
Lifestyle behaviors, modify 254
Lifestyle factors 250
Lifestyle modifications 125, 215
Lignocaine, topical 218
Lipid profile 38, 215
Live birth rate 168
Liver function test 29, 71, 86, 176
Long follicular
agonist protocol 162
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol 164f
Lower abdominal pain 86
acute onset of 186
Lower luteinizing hormone level 254
Low-molecular-weight heparin 233, 258
Luteal agonist protocol, long 162
Luteal antagonist administration 175
Luteal estradiol 161
Luteal phase
agonist 194
defect 256, 256fc
support, role of 258
Luteinizing hormone 1, 2f, 35, 46, 62, 64, 67, 74, 118, 119, 120f, 127, 136, 164, 192, 198f, 204, 210, 215, 216, 242, 256
increased 261
induction of 55
kit, positive 3
levels 22, 256
restore 256
premature 161
testing 236
Luteofollicular transition 139f
Luteoplacental transition 74
Lymphocyte
immunization therapy 237
immunotherapy 243
M
Macroadenoma 57, 70
Macroprolactinemia 55, 56, 57fc
Malaria 226
Mannitol 175
Mantoux test 86
Marfan's syndrome 279
Marijuana contains 254
Maternal age, advanced 283
Matrix metalloproteinase 258
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome 46, 63, 64, 222
McCune-Albright syndrome, treatment of 26
Mechlorethamine 261
Medical illness, chronic 61
Medroxyprogesterone 163
Menopause, premature 261
Menorrhagia 114
Menstrual cycle 240
irregular 121
luteal phase of 256
time in 167
Menstrual disorders 86
Menstrual early cessation agonist protocol 162, 165f
Menstrual history 2, 61
Menstrual pathway, normal 62f
Menstrual pattern 93
Menstruation, absence of 61
Mental disorders, statistical manual of 220
Mental retardation 68
Mercaptapurine 261
Metabolic disorder 123
Metabolic syndrome 128
Metformin 168, 174
mechanism of action of 138
Methotrexate 261
management 180
Metroplasty 82f
Metrorrhagia 114
Microadenoma 57
Microcode flare agonist protocol 162
Microfluidic channels 156
Microprolactinoma 55
Midluteal progesterone measurement 3
Migraine 229
Migration sedimentation 147, 147f
Mimicking estradiol levels 73
Minimally invasive surgery 12
role of 12
Miscarriage 197
age-related risk of 232t
increased risk of 108
Misconception 254
Mitochondrial activation 229
Mitochondrial disorders 279
Mitochondrial genes, mixed 279
Monofollicular cycles 142
Monogenic disorders 279
Monopolar resectoscope 113
Mosaicism 281
Motile sperm
organelle morphology examination 152f
selection of 157
Müllerian agenesis 63, 80
Müllerian anomalies 13, 15, 78t, 243
complex 84
hysteroscopic features of 17t
management of 77, 79, 79fc
Müllerian duct 15
anomalies 77
classification 77
derivatives
embryogenesis of 77f
embryological development of 77
Müllerian structures, well-formed 44
Multidisciplinary team 229
Multifollicular cycles 142
Multifollicular development 142
Multiple dense adhesions 93
Multiple pregnancies 161
lower risk of 137
Mumps 226
Muscular dystrophy 67
Musculoskeletal conditions 221
Mutation 41
Mycobacterium
bovis 18, 86
tuberculosis 18, 86, 90
Mycoplasma 192
Myolysis 114
Myomas, role of 240
Myomectomy 13, 112
indications of 111
N
National TB Elimination Program 88
Natural cycle
modified 198, 198f, 203
transferred in 197
true 197
Natural killer cell 236
Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 133
Neonatal congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 68
Nerve conduction velocity 216
Nervous system, peripheral 216
Neuritis, peripheral 87
Neurobiological causes 216
Neurofibromatosis 279
Newer molecular methods 87
Next-generation sequencing 45, 233
platform 68
technology 87
Nifedipine 168
Nimodipine 168
Nitric oxide 192, 258
Nitrogen mustard 261
Nocturnal penile tumescence 215
Nocturnal sperm emissions 219
Nonapoptotic spermatozoa 154
Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia 48, 120
Noninvasive preimplantation genetic testing 282
Noninvasive prenatal testing 282, 283
Noninvasive tests 191
Nonmalignant disorders, cytotoxic drugs for 260
Nonobstructive azoospermia 209, 211, 212
evaluation of 210fc
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 79, 95, 104
Nosocomial infections 285
Nuclear receptors 87
Nucleic acid amplification, cartridge-based 87
Nucleotide polymorphism, single 233
Nutrition 255
Nutritional factors 251
O
Obesity 68, 253f
Obstetric history 2
Ocular lens assembly 12
Ocular toxicity 87
Olfactory placode aplasia 70
Oligoasthenospermia, severe 5
Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia 5
Oligomenorrhea 56
Oligospermia 5, 261
Oligozoospermia 157
Oocyte 261, 270
cryopreservation, mature 262, 266
cumulus complexes 286
effect on 261
pickup 264
retrieval 200f, 286
Oogonial stem cells 265
Oophoropexy 188
Opioids 251
Oral agents 135
Oral contraceptive pill 65, 129, 104, 133
pretreatment 161
third-generation 133
Oral estradiol 72
Oral glucose tolerance test 137
Oral ovulation induction agents 138
Oral ovulogens 125
Oral prednisolone 243
Orgasm disorder 220
Osada's triple-flap technique 17
Osmotic diuretic 175
Osteogenesis imperfecta 279
Ostium, atresia of internal 93
Ovarian cyst 186
functional 25
ruptured 187
Ovarian drilling 135
Ovarian dysfunction 271
Ovarian effects 260
Ovarian endometrioma 17b, 100
Ovarian endometriosis 17
Ovarian enlargement, unilateral 186
Ovarian failure
following chemotherapy 63
premature 190
Ovarian function
normal 271
resumption of 265
Ovarian hyperstimulation
controlled 112, 161, 163
rates 142
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 163, 164, 170, 171–173, 173t, 175–177, 177f, 178, 196
classification of 170
clinical features of 171
complications of 172, 173b
management of 170, 176fc, 177
pathogenesis of 172f
pathophysiology of 171, 171f
predicting 171
prevention of 161, 172
risk of 74, 256
severity of 171t
types of 170, 170t
Ovarian hypothesis 118
Ovarian implants, morphology of 100
Ovarian insufficiency, primary 61, 94
Ovarian metastasis risk 265t
Ovarian reserve 266
diminished 50
hormonal tests for 2
reduction in 260
tests of 2, 236
Ovarian stimulation 174, 197, 264
controlled 162f, 167, 264
effects of 51f
iatrogenic complication of 170
protocol, controlled 136fc, 161, 263f
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation 48, 262, 264
Ovarian torsion
clinical features 186
diagnosis of 185
differential diagnosis 187
management of 185, 187
risk factors for 186
Ovarian transposition 265
Ovarian tumors 186
Ovary 86, 185, 261
support system of 185f
Overt hypogonadism 56
Overt thyroid dysfunction 51
Ovotestes 42
bilateral 42
Ovulation induction
agent, second-line 126
indications of 135
methods of 135
prerequisite for 135
Ovulatory cycles 204fc
Ovulatory dysfunction 120, 121
categories of 3f
tests for 3, 122t
Ovulatory response rates 74
Ovum donation 196
Ovum pick-up 197, 258, 286
P
Pain
adjunctive treatment of 105b
cyclical 61
management for 104fc
medical 104t
surgical 104b
Painful ejaculation 219
Painful injections 257
Parasite 226
Parental aneuploidies 241
Parental genetic analysis 233
Paroxetine 218
Partner's oocytes, reception of 275
Pelvic
adhesions 221
examinations 2
floor muscle spasm 220
infections 222
inflammatory disease 8, 168, 187, 221–223
organ prolapse 221
pain 114, 220
chronic 86
tuberculosis 86
ultrasonography 25
Penetration disorder 220
Penile Doppler clubbed 215
Penile vibratory stimulation 219, 266
Pentoxifylline 157, 168, 193
compound 157
use of 157
Peptide YY 251
Percutaneous ependymal sperm aspiration 211, 212
Percutaneous sperm aspiration 219
Perimenopausal women 200
Perinatal morbidity 128
Perineal muscles 216
Peritoneal endometriosis 16, 17b
types of 17t
Peritoneal implants, morphology of 100
Peritoneal lesions 99
Peritoneal pathology 8
Persistent hypogonadism 29
Pharmacological therapy, first-line 129
Phenotypic females 33
Phenotypic males 33
Phosphodiesterase-5 218
inhibitor 215, 258, 266
Photoepilation, sources of 134
Physical exercise 253
Physiological intracytoplasmic sperm injection 235, 236
Pituitary adenoma 63
Placenta express thyroid peroxidase 50
Platelet-derived growth factor 194
Platelet-rich plasma 94, 193, 242, 243
intraovarian infusion of 229
Pleasurable sensation 216
Polycarbophil-based gel 224
Polycystic ovarian morphology 120, 122, 172
Polycystic ovarian syndrome 13, 46, 50, 55, 61, 64, 118, 119, 131, 135–137, 161, 168, 227, 233
diagnosis of 120, 173
etiopathogenesis of 119fc
management of 118
pathophysiology of 118
related infertility 124, 125
Polycystic ovary 62, 122f
Polydactyly 68
Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome 226
Polymerase chain reaction 87, 234, 286
Polyp
hysteroscopic appearance of 15b
management of 15b
Polypectomy 13
Postcoital cervical mucus test 4
Postcoital testing 6
Postejaculate urinalysis 209
Postepididymal obstruction 211
Posthumous reproduction 269, 275
Posthumous sperm 275
Postsurgery, monitoring 211
Potential reproductive options 80
Pouch of Douglas 186
Precocious puberty 23
classification of 23
evaluation of 24, 25
incomplete 24
peripheral 24
treatment of 25
Preconception counseling 285
Prednisone 261
Pregnancy 37, 96, 229
complications 290
ectopic 180, 187
high-risk 229
hypertensive disorders of 231
intrauterine 180
loss 232fc
recurrent preterm 231
type of 90
management, multidisciplinary approach in 229
medical termination of 79
nonviable 180
test, positive 181, 259
viable 180
Pregnancy of unknown location 180, 182
classification of 180
clinical features 181
diagnosis 181
differential diagnosis 181
management of 182
Pregnant women, management for 59
Preimplantation genetic
diagnosis 233
screening 242, 244
Preimplantation genetic testing 196, 234, 279, 282, 283
aneuploidy 163, 280, 282
types of 279, 283t
Pre-in vitro fertilization treatment 106fc
role of 106
Premature ejaculation 216, 218
evaluation of 218fc
management of 218fc
pharmacotherapy for 218t
Premature ovarian insufficiency 50, 226, 227, 229, 230
causes 226
management of 226
prevalence 226
risk factors 226
sequelae 228, 228f
terminology 226
Prenatal diagnostic testing, role of 282
Prepubertal ovary 261
Priapism 216
Prilocaine 218
Procarbazine 261
Progesterone 41, 73, 129, 161, 182, 256–259
administration 257
delaying 257
different routes of 257
routes and dosage of 257fc
luteal phase support with 257
micronized 228
optimal dosage of 258
primed ovarian stimulation 128, 163, 167f
production 259
impairment of 256
receptor membrane component variants 226
role of 236
supplementation 242
benefit of 258
support 242
type of 202
Progestin medication 29
Prolactin 55, 56, 58, 62
disorders 61
inhibitory factors 54
measurement, prerequisites for 56
neuroregulation 54f
releasing factor 54
secretion 55
regulation of 54
Prolactinomas 55
Prostaglandin E1 analog 216
Prostate-specific antigen 71
Protein-rich fluid, massive transudation of 171
Proximal tubal block
causes of 18fc
management of 18fc
Pseudoprecocious precocious puberty 24
Psychosexual development 34, 35fc
Psychosexual health 33
Psychosexual therapy 215
Psychotropic agent 59
Pubarche, premature 26
Pubertal development, evaluation of delayed 28
Pubertal events 22
Pubertal milestones, sequence of 22
Puberty 21, 73
absent 33
disorders of 21
induction of 37, 70, 70t
Pubic hair development 61
Pudendal nerve, regulated by 216
Pulmonary tuberculosis, secondary to 86
Pulse
amplitude increases 55
frequency 55
generator 55
Pyelonephritis 187
Pyrazinamide 87
Pyridoxine 87
Q
Quality of life 220, 260
R
Radial artery-resistance index 191
Radiation therapy 63
Radiofrequency ablation 114
Radiotherapy 260, 262
effect of 261
Rathke pouch cysts 70
Recipient cycles management 272, 272t
Reciprocal translocation 280
Recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone 71
Reconstruction surgery
decision for 211
type of 211
Reconstructive surgery 211
advantages of 211
Recreational drugs 255
Rectal examination 215
Rectovaginal septum, palpation of 224
Recurrent implantation failure 239–241, 245, 280, 283
management of 241, 242f
pathology of 240
risk factors for 239, 239t
Recurrent miscarriage 231, 233fc, 236
risk factors for 231, 232t
Recurrent pregnancy loss 78, 89, 231, 234, 234fc, 235–237, 258, 280, 283
diagnosis of 231
evaluation of 233
Relcovaptan 175
Renal agenesis, unilateral 209
Renal function test 86, 176
Reproductive hormones 69
Reproductive maturation, maintenance of 70t
Reproductive technologies 285
Ribonucleic acid 290
Rifampicin 87
Rigid hysteroscope 13
Ringer lactate 177
Robert's uterus, obstructed 83
Robertsonian translocation 280
S
Saline
infusion sonography 4f, 63, 109, 109f
slide preparation, diagnosis 224
sonography 4
sonosalpingogram 9f
Salpingo-oophorectomy 188
Salvage reproductive potential 229
Schistosoma 90
Schizophrenia 251
Scoliosis 38
Scrotalization 44
Segmentation strategy 177f
Seizures 25
Semen 285
analysis 5
abnormalities in 5
culture 5
deposition of 216
parameters, abnormal 5
processing 287
sample 5
volume, normal 210fc
Seminiferous 56
Sephadex columns 150
Septate vagina 82f
Septoplasty 13
Septum, partial 84
Serial diagnostic testing 285
Serotonin reuptake inhibitor, selective 218
Sertoli cell-only syndrome 261
Sertraline 218
Serum
anti-müllerian hormone 2
CA-125 86, 181
concentrations 41
estradiol 192
human chorionic gonadotropin 181, 182
Serum progesterone 181, 182
levels
increased 41
measurement of 181
Sex chromosome 35, 38
Sex development
differences of 33, 46
disorders of 35
Sex hormone-binding globulin 120, 133, 138
increased levels of 51
Sex hormones, management with 29
Sex-steroid
deficiency shunting 40
hormones, doses of 74
Sexual abuse 222
Sexual activity 47
Sexual characteristics, secondary 48, 70
Sexual development
crucial, stage of secondary 31
disorders of 33, 35
type of abnormal 33
Sexual differentiation
classification of abnormal 35t
normal 34, 34fc
Sexual dysfunction 215
causes of 215
evidence of 4
Sexual function 229
Sexual health inventory 215, 216
Sexual history 2
Sexual infections 285
Sexual maturation, complete 29
Sexual maturity 26
Sexual organs, secondary 61
Sexual pain disorder 220
Sexual transmission of viral infections, risks of 286t
Sexuality, expression of 220
Sexually transmitted
diseases 4, 254
infections 219, 253
Sharma's ascending colonic adhesion 87
Sharma's blue python sign 87
Sharma's compartmentalization sign 87
Sharma's hanging gallbladder sign 87
Sharma's kissing fallopian tubes sign 87
Sharma's parachute sign 87
Sharma's sigmoid colonic adhesive band 87
Short luteal phase 56
Short stature 29
Sildenafil 168, 215, 218, 258
citrate 192, 258
Single gene
defect testing 5
disorders 279
variants 227
Singular dense adhesion 93
Skin, abnormal pigmentation of 67
Smoking 232, 239, 252
Social issues 269
Sonohysterography 4
Sonohysterosalpingography 8, 9, 78
Sonosalpingogram 272
Sorbitol 113
Sperm
birefringence 153, 153f, 158
concentration 5
donation 269, 273, 274t
donor 277
found 207
membrane 154
morphology 51, 158
number, total 5
parameters, evaluation of 5
preparations 286
sorting technologies 158
transport, impairment of 115
use of 269
Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid
fragmentation 5, 234
integrity 251
Sperm retrieval techniques 211t
advantages of 212t
disadvantages of 212t
Sperm selection 145, 151, 153
laser-assisted 157, 157f
magnetic activated 244
microfluidics based 155, 156f
Spermatogenesis 210, 254
Spermatozoa 219
free 287
quality of 144
Spermicide free condoms 219
Sphingosine-1-phosphate 262, 265
Spontaneous ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 170, 170t
Spontaneous pregnancy possible 265
Standard operating procedures, use of 285
Standard sperm selection techniques 157
Staphylococcus spp 192
Stem cell 193, 229
platelet-rich plasma 193
treatment 96
Step-down protocol 139f
Sterility 261
Sterilization, permanent 133
Steroidogenesis 44, 44fc
pathway 40
Stimulated cycle 199, 199f, 203
Stimulated ovaries 186
Stimulation protocols 139
Stimulation, types of response to 161
Streptococcus spp 192
Streptomycin 88
Stress 5, 232
Strict waste management protocols 286
Stromal cells, installation of 96
Stromal edema 185
Subclinical hypothyroidism 50
Subfertility 78
Submucosal fibroids 15, 108, 109, 109f
hysteroscopic features of 15b
Submucosus leiomyomas 109
Submucous fibroid 110, 110f, 113f, 116
classification of 108, 108t
Submucous myoma 113t
multiple 113
removal of 61
Subserosal fibroids, multiple 110f
Substance abuse 2
Sudden infant death syndrome 253
Supraphysiological E2 levels 263
Supraphysiological estradiol levels 161
Surgery, principles of 17b
Surgical sperm retrieval 210
methods 219
techniques 211
Surgically extracted sperm, cryopreservation of 266
Surrogacy 115, 269, 270, 274
commercial 274
cycles 196
indications for 274, 275b
partial 274
program 275
protocols for 276fc
traditional 274
types 274
Swim-up technique 145f
Swyer syndrome 40, 63
Sympathetic nervous system 216
T
Tadalafil 215, 218
Tall stature 30
Tamoxifen 137, 168
Tanner scale 22f
Telomere length 251
Teratozoospermia 5
Terminal hair 121
Testes 42
Testicular azoospermia 212
Testicular biopsy 6
role of diagnostic 210
Testicular development, disorders of 35
Testicular extraction 219
Testicular failure, primary 207
Testicular sperm
cryopreserved 212
extraction 48
microsurgical 210–212
Testis, bilateral 4
Testosterone 4, 25, 168
enanthate 70
gel 70
patch 70
production 210
replacement therapy 39, 71
secretion 254
supplementation 39
undecanoate 70
Thelarche, premature 27
Theophylline 157
Third party reproduction 269, 269t, 276t
protocol for providing 270
types of 269
Thrombophilia 233
history of 258
Thyroid
autoantibodies 227
autoimmunity 50, 51f
disease, history of 2
disorders 50, 51, 52fc
management of 51
prevalence of 51
disturbances, symptoms of 61
dysfunction 51
examination 61
fertility 50
function 196
ovarian stimulation on 50, 51
tests 25
hormone 51
replacement 59
treatment 29
peroxidase antibodies 50
stimulating hormone 1, 2f, 3, 58, 63–65, 69, 215, 227, 241
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 54, 55
Thyroxine-binding globulin 50
Torsion
chronic 187
early-stage of 186
Total body irradiation 261
Tramadol 218
Transdermal estradiol 72
Transdermal testosterone 70
Transglutaminase antibodies 38
Transmembrane migration 147, 147f
Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells 193
Transrectal ultrasonography 217
Transthoracic echocardiogram 37
Transvaginal color Doppler 181
Transvaginal scan 4f, 114
Transvaginal sonography 180, 191, 196
Transvaginal ultrasonography 4
Transvaginal ultrasound 9
Transverse vaginal septum 84
Triggering factor 171
Trocars, primary 12
Trophoblastic human chorionic gonadotropin 170
Tubal cannulation 13
Tubal evaluation methods 8
Tubal factor 17
infertility, assessment of 8
tests of 3, 3f
Tubal mucosal thickening 87
Tuberculosis 18, 190, 208, 221, 223, 226
Tubo-ovarian
abscess 187
relationship play 8
Tumor 70
necrosis factor 243
Turner mosaic syndrome 229
Turner's syndrome 35, 36, 36f, 37, 37fc, 38t, 48, 63, 226, 229
clinical characteristics of 36f
management of 37
mode of delivery in 38
U
Ultrasonography 69, 91f, 191, 198f, 199f, 204, 223, 233, 236
Ultrasound 91, 100
Umbilical cord 290
Ureaplasma 192
Urethra
increasing pressure of posterior 216
posterior 216
Urinary tract infection 221, 223
Urine
analysis, routine 219
pregnancy test 94, 126
Urogenital examination 215
Urogenital sinus 44
Uterine
anomalies, management of 78
cavity 82f, 90, 96, 109
curettage 182
effect 261
factor, tests for 4, 4f
microbiota 192
sepsis 61
size 2
structural malformations 234fc
transposition 265
Uterine artery 185
embolization 114
pulsatility index 191
Uterine fibroids 108, 116
hysteroscopic features of 15
Uterocervical characteristics 15
Utero-ovarian ligament 185
Uterus 9f, 77
arcuate 17
assessment of 15
bicornuate 17, 82, 82f
complete septate 83f
didelphys 82, 82f
hysteroscopic assessment of 15b
normal 15t
septate 17, 82, 83f
unicornuate 17, 81, 81f
V
Vacuum constriction devices 216
Vagina 77, 86
Vaginal atresia 35
Vaginal atrophy 222
Vaginal delivery 229
Vaginal dilatation 47
Vaginal discharge, abnormal 86
Vaginal dryness 220
Vaginal lubricants, water-based 224
Vaginal pH test 224
Vaginal secretions 2
Vaginal septum 222
longitudinal 79, 83, 83f
Vaginal sildenafil 258
Vaginismus 220
Vaginitis 220, 223
Vaginoplasty 47
Vaporization 17
Vaporizing electrodes 113
Vardenafil 218
Varicella 226
Varicocele 5, 212
treatment 212
Vas deferens
absence of 208
bilateral 4
congenital bilateral absence of 208–210
Vascular endothelial growth factor 171, 172, 176
Vasoactive angiogenic factors 176
Vasoactive intestinal peptide 54
Vasodilators 168
Vasoepididymostomy 210
Vasovasostomy 210
Venereal disease research laboratory test 271
Venous blood flow, impairment of 185
Venous thromboembolism 229
Veress needle 12, 14fc
parts of 13f
proper positioning of 14b
Vestibulitis 221
Vhromosomal abnormalities 38
Viable nonmotile spermatozoa, selection of 156
Vinblastine 261
Viral hepatitis, transmitted 285
Viral infection 285, 287t
chances of 285
effect of 287t
transmission of 290
risk of 290
Virilization, severe 47
Virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia 44
Virus specific management 287
Vitamin E 193
Vulva 86
Vulvodynia 220, 223
W
Waardenburg syndrome 67
Whirlpool sign 187, 187f
Whole-genome sequencing 45, 233
X
X chromosome 41, 279
deletions 226
disorders 226
structural rearrangement of 35
X syndrome, triple 226
X trisomy 230
X-linked dominant inheritance 279
X-linked recessive diseases 279
Y
Y chromosome 279
microdeletion 5
microdeletion tests 209
Z
Zeta potential method 154, 154f
Ziehl–Neelsen staining 87
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Chapter Notes

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